tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39519289255143045522024-03-04T23:43:19.314-08:00New School of LivingBill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-17384652050683073912021-04-01T07:05:00.000-07:002021-04-01T07:05:07.555-07:00Borsodi Memorial<p> Bill Sharp (c) April 1, 2021</p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ralph Borsodi died October 26, 1977, two months short of his 89<sup>th</sup> birthday.<span> </span>He was reported to have had a fall and died a week later in the hospital.<span> </span>His remains were apparently cremated; there is no gravestone registered.<span> </span>There was a memorial service at Phillips Exeter Academy, but I have no details on it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I think it’s safe to say that Borsodi was more or less in retirement during his last four or five years after he turned over the helm of the International Foundation for Independence likely around August 1973.<span> </span>This chapter is intended to fill in the blank of those last five years and serve as something of a memorial.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Most of what we know about the last years of Borsodi’s life come from a 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary jubilee, of his building Dogwoods, and a tour of Dogwoods, Bayard Lane and Van Houten Fields in 1973.<span> </span>At that time Borsodi was presented with a sheaf of testimonials.<span> </span>These and perhaps later items were printed in a small book, <i>Borsodi As I Knew Him,</i> as a proof edition, 99 copies, in 1986.<span> </span>This was a bequest of Mildred Loomis.<span> </span>I’ve extracted some material from that publication.<span> </span>It is available as a pdf at this <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ajR0nMkF6EToxZ6tPXYTRNzEAseT83Py8oTGfgqRREw/edit" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To that I am going to add material Mildred published in her biography of Borsodi and other odds and ends I have been able to find.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwly1htpTX9veFjr0GN_IJtlJlOP6lsEHrjEwdnCH7HjQfSMI52SVjpHGpDlvFTPVXbCfam4HyScO8-oImvTjrXDbSLoQgJh5AaLgKacmqupMPEcMLfvg2bZOezJ3nKlXw4eDcusJd3UQy/s1638/Borsodi+Last+Blog%25281%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1638" data-original-width="1397" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwly1htpTX9veFjr0GN_IJtlJlOP6lsEHrjEwdnCH7HjQfSMI52SVjpHGpDlvFTPVXbCfam4HyScO8-oImvTjrXDbSLoQgJh5AaLgKacmqupMPEcMLfvg2bZOezJ3nKlXw4eDcusJd3UQy/s320/Borsodi+Last+Blog%25281%2529.jpeg" /></a></div>I am adding a bullet list of Borsodi accomplishments, a list of his books and a chronology that covers his life and includes Mildred’s work with their School of Living.<o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In a eulogy written in 1977, Mildred wrote of him (and this is the last known photograph of him):<br /><br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Dr. Ralph Borsodi preceded decentralist prophets of the 1970’s by half a century and lived his whole adult life working to right the evils that created industrialist centralization.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Dr. Borsodi has worked at solutions to major problems of living.<span> </span>Not the problems of war and peace, of poverty and hunger, of population and overpopulation.<span> </span>Serious as they are and serious as are economic growth, inflation, unemployment and economic depression, they do not head the list.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><u>“The most important problem” </u>(and Mildred underlined this statement herself)<u>“in the world today is the philosophy by which men and women should live, and by which both human individuals and society as a whole, should be animated.”</u><span> </span>To this she added:<span> </span>“The essential character, the disposition – the goal – of a people, Dr. Borsodi maintains, should be the maximum, fully functioning living and lifestyles people need, to understand mankind’s basic problems, and choose rationally among alternative solutions to them.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Trifling problems can be dealt with indulgently and even playfully.<span> </span>But the really important problems of mankind – those which affect human beings and the Earth upon which each human is dependent – must not be taken for granted.<span> </span>They must be dealt with only with the greatest wisdom.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Human beings live not only in the moment, but in anticipation for the future and in recollection of the past.<span> </span>Wisdom dictates that any action which makes for enduring satisfaction, in a sense, is not a sacrifice at all.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“In practical terms, the critical problem now (1977) is mis-education.<span> </span>If man is to survive, if civilization is not to collapse, if man is to live like a man (not a two-legged animal), if he is ever to organize a rational and human society – adults must recognize the educational-philosophical problem as their first, continuous and most important one.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“As these pages delineating Ralph Borsodi’s life and work have attempted to show, the educational problem is at least two-fold:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Determining what is right education; that is applying wisdom to all the basic problem of mankind; and<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Using methods that enable the determining minority of men and women to attain this wisdom.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“All history, biography, drama, literature, science and social science, is replete with both wisdom and folly.<span> </span>These disciplines should all be tested by human norms and needs; they should be approached from a high priority on human values.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Right solutions – sufficiently right solutions – for each and every one of the basic problems of mankind already exist.<span> </span>But until education is problem-centered instead of subject-centered, the truth, Borsodi believes, will not be recognized.<span> </span>No consensus among thoughtful and concerned men and women about what to do about them will emerge.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Many people are convinced that the twilight of Industrialism has fallen; that technologists, industrialists and pragmatists are finished.<span> </span>Wisdom dictates that a new way of living be found; and new social institutions be developed.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Jubilee<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a 1973 New Year’s Eve celebration at Borsodi’s house and a collection of friends, said Mildred, paid tribute to his work.<span> </span>This was also a celebration of the jubilee, the fiftieth anniversary of Borsodi building Dogwoods (Spring 1923).<span> </span>At some point, and I’m not sure it was this time, a sheaf of testimonials was presented to him.<span> </span>There are snippets from these testimonials in Mildred biography of Borsodi but that was completed several years after his death.<span> </span>I believe the originals (some editing my Mildred) are published in <i>Borsodi as I knew Him</i>.<span> </span>See excerpts below.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">But first let’s look at this last scene:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpBT6LMkK8afl4XbYI7xlvukHPzRwbHuiJ1r3XXAJ_hctb2pedlKxa7680VhhuYhyphenhyphenrOJaEN4eLThto6aRZTRNOmhWK3xvQ8_DFrFZFdggUX33xUCzG7QxHFpBnr9tvRslDgMmo8lbYuBDu/s1970/Borsodi+Last+in+Office.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1970" data-original-width="1544" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpBT6LMkK8afl4XbYI7xlvukHPzRwbHuiJ1r3XXAJ_hctb2pedlKxa7680VhhuYhyphenhyphenrOJaEN4eLThto6aRZTRNOmhWK3xvQ8_DFrFZFdggUX33xUCzG7QxHFpBnr9tvRslDgMmo8lbYuBDu/s320/Borsodi+Last+in+Office.png" /></a></div>Borsodi ended his days at a lovely house in Exeter with his wife Clare, still a very nice neighborhood, a block or so from Phillips Exeter Academy.<span> </span>This is apparently the second house he and Clare owned in Exeter.<span> </span>The first was a two-story farmhouse with 70 acres on the edge of town where he worked in the garden and in his woodworking shop making inlaid furniture.<span> </span>He moved to town in 1964, it was said, to be closer to the libraries.<span> </span>One friend described “his immaculate office with a few valuable books.” He walked daily across the Academy campus to town for his copy of the <i>New York Times</i> and to chat with the many friends he made there.<span> </span>Borsodi loved Exeter.<span> </span>There were, outlined below, two articles published in the <i>Green Revolution</i> which described his experience in what he called Eutopia (the good place – see house photo below). <o:p></o:p><p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s Final Five<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I want to briefly summarize Borsodi’s last five years.<span> </span>I think this will help fill in the blanks in Mildred’s biography of him.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtbxCWtIX8vgPxU_hSe36iR4UDGH1j-EoyRjLQzjKLP-m1-NqiWQnda-3DmheBud6nCobtaqTye8As1cj7Wsx0WOnM5Wku9o1PGIA_ACo7qemEG8AM4WAIXIgTRBU3UFkEYoE6wBy7mLDo/s2048/Borsodi+Bayard+Lane+73+Blog%25281%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1573" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtbxCWtIX8vgPxU_hSe36iR4UDGH1j-EoyRjLQzjKLP-m1-NqiWQnda-3DmheBud6nCobtaqTye8As1cj7Wsx0WOnM5Wku9o1PGIA_ACo7qemEG8AM4WAIXIgTRBU3UFkEYoE6wBy7mLDo/s320/Borsodi+Bayard+Lane+73+Blog%25281%2529.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>We begin in 1973.<span> </span>In April Borsodi spent three weeks in Europe establishing and organizing the International Foundation for Independence.<span> </span>It was a major enterprise.<span> </span>There was more than a man of 84 should be expected to do.<span> </span>In August, he stepped back from directing IFI.<span> </span>The month following his return from Europe was the Jubilee of the founding of Dogwoods and the Bergan County Record sponsored a tour for Borsodi, Loomis and friends of Bayard Lane and Van Houten Fields.<span> </span>The attached photo is of Borsodi and friends in front of the first house built at Bayard Lane.<span> </span>It illustrates his stance and engagement at age 84.<span> </span>This is one of the rare shots of him not wearing a bow tie. <span> </span>That event was also published in the July – August 1973 issue of <i>Green Revolution</i>.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In that edition of GR was also an interview with Borsodi.<span> </span>This was done just after the School of Living conference over the Labor Day weekend at Conway, N. H from which the booklet <i>Moving Into the Front Ranks of Social Change</i> was produced (edited by Mildred Loomis).<span> </span>It addressed the issue of why there had been so many failures building community.<span> </span>In the background, of likely, was Mildred’s departure from Heathcote.<span> </span>Borsodi started by noting that man and community are highly complex subjects.<span> </span>He outlined three types of communities:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Religious communities which tend to be more successful and long lasting<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The business community built around an economic activity<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The idealistic community, which are mostly short-lived<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi said he developed the problems of living to help people build successful community.<span> </span>It takes work.<span> </span>There are a lot of things that must be harmonized.<span> </span>It is a whole system.<span> </span>He was leery of trying to build community from scratch.<span> </span>Basic requirements included land, a workable system of exchange; it must be fair, honest, human; it must be able to cope with the influences of the larger social system.<span> </span>This was covered in <i>Education and Living</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Addressing questions, Borsodi added the following points.<span> </span>First, a community requires a clear vision.<span> </span>You must understand what it provides it members, how it is managed, what are the duties and obligations of members.<span> </span>You need a “plan” but you can’t build a community from a [static] blueprint.<span> </span>You need to understand its essence, it’s dynamics. <span> </span>You learn along the way.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The problems that need to be addressed are in the book <i>Seventeen Problems</i>.<span> </span>You have to address all of these problems.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred commented about the young turning against rationality and don’t like plans.<span> </span>Borsodi responded that this comes from laziness – both physical and mental laziness.<span> </span>They can’t live “from impulse to impulse.”<span> </span>It takes industry and energy.<span> </span>Humans are good at supplying this.<span> </span>They enjoy using reason.<span> </span>His system effectively educates the emotions.<span> </span>The motto of the School of Living as it was first formed was:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i>Dignifies labor<o:p></o:p></i></b></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i>Justifies suffering<o:p></o:p></i></b></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 1.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i>Gives significance to Life.<o:p></o:p></i></b></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Sea Change<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The next five issues of the <i>Green Revolution</i>, late 1973 through 1974, were produced by Richard Fairfield, living in Los Angeles.<span> </span>There was an effort to establish a west coast School of Living, possibly two.<span> </span>There were active groups in Los Angeles and the Bay Area.<span> </span>These five issues were devoted to the “Seventeen Problems of Living” and together represent a significant publication in their own right.<span> </span>Richard is the Editor, Mildred and Borsodi are the contributing editors.<span> </span>The content has been reported elsewhere.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The September – October 1973 issue carried two items by Borsodi.<span> </span>The first was about the Green Revolution and the Counterculture.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The Green Revolution is a social, economic and political movement.<span> </span>Unlike most movements it does not begin with clamoring for new legislation; it begins not with political agitation but with persuading people to themselves live in accordance with a culture fundamentally different from that which is now prevalent.<span> </span>This fact makes it important to distinguish it clearly from most of what is called the counterculture.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It is of the utmost importance, therefore, to distinguish between 1) the lunatic counterculture – the hippies, yippies, and zippies; 2) the drug, sex, dress and tramping culture nihilists; 3) the violent revolutionaries; and 4) the fundamentally sane and working counter culturists.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“This last, like the others, are against the prevailing way of living.<span> </span>They want to get out of the rat-race, they want to get out of this urban and industrial quagmire, and they loathe what the corporate polity and the corporate economy of today are doing and what it represents.<span> </span>But they are also against the zippies, the nihilists and the revolutionists.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This part of the counter-culture, however seems to be in urgent need of a program.<span> </span>It needs to articulate both its principles and practices.<span> </span>It needs both an economic and political philosophy.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The program of the School of Living has one enormous advantage over all other movements which want a profound change but which only agitate for it.<span> </span>People can put the School’s programs into action themselves, directly.<span> </span>They can organize land trusts and anticipate the economic process which the Georgists advocated; they can resort to an alternative currency and end inflation for themselves; they can form cooperatives to escape from the corporate system; and they can build homesteads and avoid at least for themselves the economic and ecological catastrophe toward which this nation is heading.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The second was a two-part article about how Borsodi found life in Exeter, “I Live in Eutopia.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Eutopia is not the same as Utopia.<span> </span>Utopia translates into “no-place.” Eutopia translates into “good-place.”<span> </span>Borsodi said that Exeter is a Eutopia.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwTsFZMjfGE17LAC4OmaowDDcbmmFHvZFatV_BpgmaFIzwpJsl0lpjs7Vmh8CiQHbkX3VVbw1lUUBjG1XZKw6AKIqnWAl7jtQ7HiA7hD-Y2HWWr91Cy0g9PM5Iq0YjcVOPHTRm-FGBOBJ9/s2048/Borsodi+House+Blog.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1378" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwTsFZMjfGE17LAC4OmaowDDcbmmFHvZFatV_BpgmaFIzwpJsl0lpjs7Vmh8CiQHbkX3VVbw1lUUBjG1XZKw6AKIqnWAl7jtQ7HiA7hD-Y2HWWr91Cy0g9PM5Iq0YjcVOPHTRm-FGBOBJ9/s320/Borsodi+House+Blog.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div>Exeter, he continued, “has attractive homes, good neighbors, adequate industry, almost no crimes, moderate taxes, good schools.”<span> </span>Phillips Exeter Academy is a prestigious preparatory school.<span> </span>It is a New England town [meaning iconic small community].<span> </span>It was a hotbed of American independence.<span> </span>It has just under 9,000 people.<span> </span>“Cultural and intellectual life of its citizens is high, led by the community schedule of the Academy which exceeds that of most colleges.”<br /><span></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi went on to say:<span> </span>“The chief attribute of a Eutopian is his tendency to respond rationally and humanely to the challenges with which they have to deal … Intellectual and logical, yes, but also consistent with feelings , values and the reality situation at hand. … Hence, behavior in my Eutopia permits both diversity and harmony.<span> </span>It’s like an orchestra … Here life is meaningful and zestful. … As a result, they live without the ‘desperation’ which Thoreau said was the lot of most people.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote of three styles of dealing with the challenges of life.<span> </span>With the third, which he favored, the “group responds philosophically to challenges of living … the leading and determining number of persons in Exeter tend to this third approach to change.<span> </span>Few of them are swept off their feet by mere fervor.<span> </span>None of them are fanatics.<span> </span>None believes in resorting to violence in order to achieve what they believe should be done.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The following issue of GR included Borsodi’s comments about the counterculture on the back of the cover and continue his thoughts about Exeter.<span> </span>It carried the title “Flaws in Eutopia.”<span> </span>So, OK, it isn’t perfect.<span> </span>High on the list is Exeter’s vulnerability to forces outside the community, to growth, industry, government and corporate control.<span> </span>These trends, unless reversed, could destroy Eutopia itself.<span> </span>A good School of Living is needed to preserve the best of it.<span> </span>There is a local School of Living Study-Action Group which he directed (photo).<span> </span>They are studying the problems of living.<span> </span>He went into the program in some detail.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZSlQOrHd9T_7SeOt5Rp4MvMnNcxgKvqucHG9gPr8FuB6biPmXXkbcv01p2nxkMi9CtN13eNbHFUzAG0ZylWMQCVygMd_i5_JIr-2jgsaUcvCHA7b6hBC5eazNpo8lRkdgw5pn2St7CKW6/s1744/Borsodi+Study+Group+Blog%25281%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1744" data-original-width="1222" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZSlQOrHd9T_7SeOt5Rp4MvMnNcxgKvqucHG9gPr8FuB6biPmXXkbcv01p2nxkMi9CtN13eNbHFUzAG0ZylWMQCVygMd_i5_JIr-2jgsaUcvCHA7b6hBC5eazNpo8lRkdgw5pn2St7CKW6/s320/Borsodi+Study+Group+Blog%25281%2529.jpeg" /></a></div>In the following, Feb. – Mar 1974, issue, there are two articles by Borsodi:<span> </span>“The Task to Decentralize” and a “New Declaration of Independence.”<o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the former, Borsodi gave six objectives to pursue to end increasing centralization:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A just system of land tenure; a land trust<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Develop local resources and industries through locally owned and operated independent enterprise, cooperatives and credit unions<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Repeal of special privileges that favor big business at the expense of small concerns<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A local credit system<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Instruct farmers on how to live on the land rather than exhaust it to produce cash crops<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Re-education of all people in the abiding values of human and vitalized life.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the second article, Borsodi started with “this is a time of crisis.<span> </span>The social order which the Western world has accepted during the past century and a half is collapsing.”<span> </span>There was plenty of news about the difficulties of life for people those days [and there was a lot of social unrest then, and government programs to attempt to deal with them].<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The alternative:<span> </span>“The full development al all our faculties and attributes, intellectual as well as physical, make us truly human.”<span> </span>He described a list of issues needing address:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Humanity and Society:<span> </span>Community<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Duties and Obligations to family and support of needed social institutions<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Rights and liberties<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Conservation<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Government – at a minimum<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Liberty and property<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Jobs versus work – and that means access to land<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the following issue Borsodi wrote a short outline of “Five Influential Beliefs,” which I interpret as a continuation of the one just reported.<span> </span>They are beliefs with negative influence:<span> </span>Commercialism, Finance Capitalism (exploitive practices), Mechanism, Over-industrialism and Socialism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And in the fifth issue of this series, he added six more “Ogres of the Economy:” Classical vs. Corporate Capitalism, Enterprise vs. Exploitation, Property vs. Trusterty, Imputed vs. Realized Income, and Property vs. Privilege.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With the January 1975 issue, <i>Green Revolution</i> was back at Heathcote.<span> </span>Fairfield had gone back to graduate school.<span> </span>It was about this time that Willis Hunting, as president of the School of Living, took over Heathcote and attempted to organize its programs.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In that issue it was briefly reported that Mildred had visited Borsodi in November and reported:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Borsodi has several engagements a month with Universities and other groups; he talks with concerned seekers, and counsels with School of Living staff as well as officers of the International Independence Institute and the International Foundation of Independence.<span> </span>These three represent agencies sponsoring three ‘revolutions’” which Borsodi hoped to contribute to during his life-time: a “revolution” in education, stressing human solutions to universal problems of living; a “revolution” in land tenure, i.e., the land trust; and a “revolution” in money exchange, i.e. constant currency.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the April 1975 issue of GR is a short article by Borsodi:<span> </span>“1776 1876! 1976 2076?”<span> </span>In it, Borsodi noted that the fist Centennial was celebrated with “pride in the Republic and faith in the future” [hence the !].<span> </span>But “What went wrong?<span> </span>Five things:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Nothing was done to end speculation in land.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Nothing was done to end the inflation of the currency.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Nothing was done to end Wall Street’s stranglehold on the economy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Nothing was done to save the backbone of the republic – the family farm and small communities these millions of farms supported.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Nothing was done to stop the centralization of industry, population and of government.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He added, “We may save the Republic if enough people act in time.<span> </span>Constructive action would include [reiterating]:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A new land tenure; land trusts<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A non-inflationary currency; the Constants<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Laws removing privileges to corporations<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Widespread adult education in universal major problems of living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A “Completing the American Revolution” conference was scheduled for July 5 – 11, at Heathcote.<span> </span>The May 1975 issue was mostly devoted to this theme and a full page (11 x 17 inch) was devoted to the program.<span> </span>It would open with Tom Paine and then “The Three Documents” – being the Declaration of Independence, U. S. Constitution and Bill of Rights and what they mean.<span> </span>That was presented by a representative of the Peoples Bicentennial.<span> </span>There were five other sessions outlined, each addressing a major problem of living.<span> </span>There was an impressive reading list – enough to keep a good reader going for a year.<span> </span>Borsodi attended, accompanied by his friend Gordon Lameyer, and contributed to almost every session.<span> </span>His comments focused on the Community Land Trust and Commodity Constant Currency. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The following month there was a note from C. S. Dawson about how he enjoyed hearing Borsodi at the conference – “his unusual ability to state the ‘problem’ and quickly define it.”<span> </span>He said he then visited Borsodi in Exeter and taped his responses to questions about “Nine Queries for Nine Decades.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was conspicuously absent from the <i>Green Revolution</i> in 1976 and 1977 except for the December issue of each year.<span> </span>The December 1976 issue was “The School of Living:<span> </span>The First 40 Years.”<span> </span>The lead article was by Mildred and it told her story through the Dayton experiment.<span> </span>She credited Borsodi with organizing the School of Living in 1936.<span> </span>It was, in fact chartered in 1934.<span> </span>What happened in 1936 was the completion of the School of Living building at the center of the Bayard Lane community.<span> </span>The bulk of the issue consisted of articles about the then four affiliated School of Living Communities: Deep Run Farm, Downhill Farm, Heathcote and Sonnewald Homestead.<span> </span>There was nothing new from or about Borsodi.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I would note that there were a lot of land trust articles by Bob Swann in the 1976 GRs, a number of articles by Mildred (possibly from files) and support for coal miners and for natural gas as an alternative energy form.<span> </span>The December 1976 issue was the last produced at Heathcote.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The January 1977 issue of GR was from Deep Run Farm. <span> </span>Mildred had moved there in 1975 and took the School of Living organization with her.<span> </span>The issues carried a good mix of homesteading articles.<span> </span>Borsodi died in October 1977 and the December 1977 issue was “A Man for All Season:<span> </span>Life and Work of Ralph Borsodi.”<span> </span>The lead article was by Mildred, “A Testimonial.”<span> </span>She opened:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Looking back along the corridors of time, scanning mankind’s slow ascent, appreciation comes for the seers and wise ones whom we know as social critics and crusaders for a better world.<span> </span>Every age has known them.<span> </span>If a line were drawn representing the upward climb, steps and bulges would appear, resulting from the impact of heroes, sages and doers.<span> </span>Because of Confucius, Buddha, Aknanton, Plato, Ruskin, Krishnamuti<a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></a>, Edison, human life has improved.<span> </span>Most of them have worked quietly and struggled patiently, their contributions not known nor accepted until long after their life and death.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Dr. Ralph Borsodi belongs on that list.<span> </span>He was one of the quiet, singularly revolutionary philosophers and achievers of the modern world.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">She added other names in the article:<span> </span>Gandhi, Eric Gill, William Morris, Thoreau, Sir Albert Howard, Coomarasway and others, including a number Borsodi had drawn on.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred went on to write about Borsodi as “Pluralist, Wholist, Activist.”<span> </span>She said that he had made an <i>unquiet</i>place for himself for at least three reasons:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“His emphases were many; his contribution is not single.<span> </span>…. He was a pluralist, encompassing the many concerns of living a good life.” <span> </span>He created the universal problem structure.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“As a wholist, “Borsodi integrated activity around normal, fully functional living.”<span> </span>His sweep of knowledge embraced the accumulated wisdom of humankind, past and present, East and West.”<span> </span>As I have written, Borsodi was clearly a pioneer in systems, or perhaps more accurately ecological, thinking.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“And he did things.<span> </span>He wasn’t just a thinker and writer.”<span> </span>[I will get to my own list of those things below.] <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He was, in short, “a forerunner and prophet.”<span> </span>To this line of thinking, Walter Chase, a friend of Borsodi’s during the last five years of his life, wrote: “Perhaps, if our present world civilization survives another 50 years without a major disaster, perhaps then Borsodi will become known as ‘a contemporary philosopher’ and his ideas will become widely popular and ‘accepted.’”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were articles by him included his last personal presentation, in October 1976 in St. Louis, “The Moral law By-Passed.” <span> </span>In that article he made a moral indictment of the course and effect of industrialism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That issue of <i>Green Revolution</i> can be found at this <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVSDZiaTJ6T3Nickk" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Following his death, Mildred, if anything, accelerated her work to preserve Borsodi’s legacy.<span> </span>She tried to make a School of Living holiday of his birthday.<span> </span>She apparently believed that he was a prophet whose time would come.<span> </span>In 1980 she published a book on decentralism that was revised and issued as <i>Alternative Americas</i> in 1982.<span> </span>With it she not only highlighted his legacy but provided a strategic vision – something she would personally continue to advance during the last few years of her life.<span> </span>She also completed the manuscript for her biography, <i>Ralph Borsodi:</i><span> </span><i>Reshaping Modern Culture</i>, which was published after her death.<span> </span>And she set up a Borsodi Memorial Library [which was dismantled immediately after her death].<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I should point out that as of this writing, Borsodi has been gone almost 44 years.<span> </span>Civilization is still here.<span> </span>The challenges are more pressing.<span> </span>The Borsodi legacy nearly vanished.<span> </span>My two volumes, which this chapter concludes on the 101<sup>st</sup> anniversary of the founding of the Borsodi Homestead, April 1, 1920, it is hoped, will inform those who have the capacity to affect transformative change.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Testimonials<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I mentioned the short publication <i>Borsodi as I Knew Him</i> above and gave the link.<span> </span>It is just over 80 pages and worth the read (link above).<span> </span>It represents what Borsodi’s friends thought of him.<span> </span>I would, however, like to highlight some key thoughts that spoke not so much to Borsodi’s work as to his character.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I’m going to parse these comments about Borsodi into three categories:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Personality<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Influence on others<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Thinking style<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Personality<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Slender, nearly six feet at 80.<span> </span>He always wore a coat and hat, a bow tie or bolo tie.<span> </span>He had a strong handshake to the last week of his life.<span> </span>Photos above demonstrate this.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">His eyesight always seems to have troubled him and made it difficult walking which gave him an odd gait. When Borsodi return from India in 1961 he appeared frail and old, one lens of his glasses opaque.<span> </span>He had a cataract operation.<span> </span>He recovered his health, became active in local affairs and went back to work.<span> </span>His health would be up and down for the rest of his life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He always maintained a disciplined schedule.<span> </span>He got up in the middle of the night and typed to dawn.<span> </span>Then he followed a regimen of cold showers, stretching exercises and health foods.<span> </span>He fasted when he was sick.<span> </span>Following downturns in his health he often made, as one person said:<span> </span>“a remarkable physical renaissance.”<span> </span>He ate healthy to the end, sparsely, threating a meal as a ceremony. <span> </span>He was not a vegetarian but rather believed humans were made for sensible amounts of animal protein.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He had a quick intellect, eloquence.<span> </span>A master of conversation and mutual exchange of ideas and information.<span> </span>He could talk extemporaneously on any subject.<span> </span>A serious, gravelly voice.<span> </span>He responded to questions cheerfully.<span> </span>He liked the give and take of good conversation and did not wish people to be differential to him.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">People enjoyed conversing with him. <span> </span>He usually gave more than he received.<span> </span>His tone was kind, never became verbally inflamed or noisy in any way.<span> </span>He laughed easily.<span> </span>He had an uncanny humor, chuckled often at things that amused him, twinkling eyes, never sour or dour.<span> </span>He was sentimental. <span> </span>He reminisced a lot.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In his 80s he could read a stack of books in a day, speed reading.<span> </span>He liked to read to his grandchildren. He took the Declaration of Independence seriously with them. <o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Influence on Others<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“A skillful teacher.<span> </span>He could excite and stimulate an audience even in advanced age.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“An excellent teacher, vast knowledge, sensitivity to the attituded and opinions of others, quick mind and ready supply of illustrative data, a sense of humor.<span> </span>He enjoyed working with undergraduates, graduate students and professional academicians.<span> </span>He was good with questions.<span> </span>He held his audience’s attention and had the capacity to excite and stimulate them.<span> </span>He could make history come alive through personal accounts of events and persons.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi taught us to be the “masters of our own fate.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“One of the greatest influences on my long life.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Templin’s and Keene’s had been missionaries in India and had worked with Gandhi.<span> </span>They found Borsodi’s School of Living at Suffern the closest thing to Gandhi in the US.<span> </span>Ralph Templin wrote:<span> </span>“At the new year in 1941, we and the Keene’s became students of the Borsodi’s at their School of Living.<span> </span>We experience re-education as Borsodi saw it, and understood his vision of revitalizing all of America, and the whole of humanity.<span> </span>We canvassed the whole range of Borsodi’s major, universal problems of living; we aimed at the distribution of ownership and control among the people.<span> </span>We agreed with the need for self-development, personal integrity, conviction of consensus, intelligent possession of natural resources, and sharing in community development.<span> </span>The similarity of Borsodi’s concepts and programs with Gandhi’s was striking.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“At Bayard Lane, School of Living, Ralph Borsodi was director and chief lecturer, Myrtle Mae in charge of nutrition and meals, an assistant directed gardening and care of animals, Bill Borsodi supervised the Guilds, and Ed Borsodi was office manager and accountant.<span> </span>The guilds included:<span> </span>carpenter, mason, finisher, etc.; they planned and built homes.<span> </span>Around the school building lived sixteen families with 2-3 acres homesteads.<span> </span>The Bayard Lane Homestead Association was the first cooperative agency to implement community land tenure which RB<a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> had implemented at Dayton.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Henry Winthrop wrote, “From my very first meeting with Ralph Borsodi [1958], it was clear that he was an ‘original.’<span> </span>His ideas stemmed more from his experiences and research than from books, more from his own deep examination of issues than from wooden borrowing of other men’s thoughts on matters that interested him.<span> </span>…<span> </span>Borsodi is a deeply creative thinker and a man of action whose innovations were always a product of his deep commitment to think for himself. <span> </span>His general conservatism always appealed to me, and I believe that this conservatism was fed to some degree by his recognition of the general social complexity of our time. … Borsodi was an unusually gifted man and displayed a very rare, three-forked lifestyle.<span> </span>He was interested in general ideas; he could immerse himself in analytic and/or empirical detail, and he was quick to translate the former two concerns into some concrete form.<span> </span>In this sense, Borsodi was a whole main in an age in which the single-channeled, particularistic viewpoint held sway.<span> </span>It was this strong, holistic bent that appealed to many influential intellectuals who paid him tribute. … He has been a milestone on the road to the intellectual development of the West.<span> </span>In the drastic reconstruction of society which will be a great part of the social agenda of the decades to come, his thinking is sure to play a major role.<span> </span>His ideas concerning the achievement of an organic sense of community and his ideas concerning the proper ways for achieving personal development, self-realization and the construction of a civilized way of life in a word growing increasingly complex socially, will all, I am sure, have a decisive influence in the future.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Finally, wrote Winthrop:<span> </span>“RB’s confidence was in re-education. … no such changes are possible without the re-education and humanization of at least a determining number of men and women in the world.<span> </span>If humankind is to be saved from a mechanical and materialistic barbarism, the educators of mankind must furnish the leadership which the crisis calls for.<span> </span>They will consecrate themselves to what is true, what is good, and what is beautiful.<span> </span>They will motivate those whom they influence to live on a high moral, intellectual, and cultural level.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Wintrop’s <i>Ventures in Social Interpretation</i> reflects the 17 problems as he used them in his classes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dorien Freve wrote about a meeting in 1948:<span> </span>He said that Borsodi rejected moral relativism:<span> </span>“The school fulfills or fails to fulfill its role in society in proportion to the extent to which it passes on from generation to generation the eternal verities, instead of merely passing on the culture in which it exists.<span> </span>Certain truths are eternal.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He was interested in the entire spectrum of human affairs.<span> </span>He “studied man from A to Z.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> he said that of 1,000 people, 997 were herd minded, 2 will be quantity minded and one in a thousand quality minded “men.”<span> </span>Borsodi wrote for the latter.<span> </span>And, the quality minded must lead by example.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi said, “Relatively few people enjoy thinking. <span> </span>Thinking is quality minded man’s greatest departure from the mass.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s basic thesis was:<span> </span>“The most important problem in the world today is the philosophy by which human beings live, and the philosophy by which society is animated.<span> </span>And this is just another way of saying the philosophy of living is the most important problem with which education deals.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Each of his books questioned things as they are and suggested alternatives.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Just three ways he guided us: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->He was advocating decentralization when everyone … was screaming for more centralization<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->He told us that small-scale production was more efficient and better when everyone else was saying “the bigger the better.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->He understood how inefficient and inhuman large centralized systems are.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi dared to be different and has since been vindicated because he never lost sight or right and wrong, truth and falsity.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He called for us to reexamine the philosophy by which we live, to be certain our own lives are in accord with the principles of Normal Living, with acting rationally and morally.<span> </span>A re-dedication to Normal Living will, for most of us, mean changes in our lives we have been avoiding.<span> </span>He never said it would be easy.<span> </span>But if quality-minded people are to have a quality world to live in, then they should lead the way and educate people by example.<span> </span>If the quality-minded do not simplify their lives – if they refuse to lead and provide an example – then they might not even have a world to live in.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The ideas of Ralph Borsodi, and his name, will become household concerns soon, or we will have no household, no society, no world.<span> </span>Ralph Borsodi’s commitment to truth must be vindicated or there will be strife, chaos, pollution, and perhaps even total destruction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Don Werkheiser met Borsodi about 1940. He remembered dinners at Lane’s End with him and came away with this impression:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“In a deep sense, RB spent most of his life as an intellectual knight-errant, doing battle for justice and freedom.<span> </span>Always he was original, often first – or among the first – to perceive the error of established ways.<span> </span>His generalization about modern factory practice, known as the Borsodi Law, stated that as the unit cost of mass production decreases, the unit costs of distribution increases.<span> </span>Much current business is [thus] uneconomical.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“To his final day, he was a learner and a great teacher.<span> </span>He first taught himself, then others. <span> </span>Perhaps his greatest accomplishment is his global vision, an approach that only recently has emerged into explicit formulation in our culture.<span> </span>That came out of his understanding of the common experiences and problems of people everywhere.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He pondered this problem endlessly.<span> </span>He gathered people to probe and discuss them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He set up the School of Living in 1934 to express his vision, assist in research and publish his findings.<span> </span>In seminars and workshops, the nature of universal problems was analyzed, Borsodi’s definitions assessed and various historical and modern ‘solutions’ were considered and compared.<span> </span>Students thereby <i>tested</i> their knowledge, values and daily life cycles. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi added two unusual ‘techniques’ to the exploration of ideas.<span> </span>He not only defined and classified the problems, but deliberately examined, classified, and tested the various “answers” which people throughout history have lived by.<span> </span>Moreover, RB integrated the answers – the solutions, or actions – into his ideological system.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">RB continually asked, “Are these norms or standards among the various solutions to guide our practice?<span> </span>If so, what are they? Can they be used to humanize life?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With the praxiology (practical) problems, he redefined some accepted disciplines into nine universal problems of action.<span> </span>For these problems, Borsodi sought ‘norms’ for solution.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">For him ‘liberty meant the opportunity for deliberate choice of one’s own action – “an attribute or prescription for action which …permits the fulfillment of all the other functions of a human being. “ <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He was ahead once again of a new science, general systems theory, being developed to synthesize 200 years of scientific analysis.<span> </span>This has not been attempted in the social sciences.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">David Stry knew Borsodi at Melbourne village.<span> </span>He wrote:<span> </span>“We learned from him the basic principles of simple living, how to be self-sufficient, but also how to further social change for security and independence.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“RB was a great student, a good writer, and a tireless worker.<span> </span>He was busy and at and at home in his garden or his shop as in his library or at his desk.<span> </span>He liked to quote that “one’s character is better formed in one’s work than in one’s leisure.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“He was persistent in searching for truth.<span> </span>How do you know what is right or wrong?<span> </span>How do you validate your actions?<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“He was never dogmatic.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“I loved Borsodi both as a person and a brilliant teacher.<span> </span>He educated for ‘maximum living’ – not for commercial, job-inspired conventional existence.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“In my mind, Borsodi ranks with Tolstoy, Plato, Gandhi, Goethe and other world philosophers.<span> </span>He devoted his whole life to examining western civilization, pointing out what was wrong (inhuman), setting up standards, working and demonstrating what was better.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Outstanding in his work is the challenge to clarify and formulate ‘the moral law.’ <span> </span>His final speech, given October 1976, before the Fellowship for Religious Humanist at St. Louse, Missouri was titled, “The Moral Law By-Passed” (see memorial GR link below).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“He devoted his whole life to examining western civilization, pointing out what was wrong (i.e., inhuman) setting up standards, working and demonstrating what was better.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He de-educated and re-educated thousands of people.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred Loomis had this to say:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“I knew Ralph Borsodi as an inner-directed person, a brilliant mind, sensitive and responsive to simple, beautiful things, but always disciplined and committed to acting on clear, ethical principles.<span> </span>I have seen him impatient and occasional blunt, but predominately quiet, considerate and compassionate.<span> </span>We who know him well marveled at his energy on so many levels.<span> </span>While many know him only as writer and author, I am a reporter of his activities and experiments in progress.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“I knew Ralph Borsodi as an inveterate seeker, committed to human ‘norms’ (for which he said records of life for thousands of centuries had left adequate guides).<span> </span>As an indefatigable worker, he achieved on many levels.<span> </span>He was always ready to move on, leaving behind, if need be, those who chose not to understand, or who preferred a different standard.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In terms of moving on, she gave as an example the failure of Dayton project, where she first worked with him.<span> </span>After which, “Borsodi said to his family and Suffern friends, ‘If American people are to develop wisdom about their lives and their problems – what do to use government for, where to live, how to be healthy – a new education is needed.<span> </span>Let us build a School of Living for this.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He did not know how to retire.<span> </span>He continued to learn and inspire.<span> </span>A friend said:<span> </span>“He was a teacher in the highest sense of the word.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Thinking Style<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He is a conscientious student and teacher of <i>living</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He had penetrating insights into academic subjects, not abstractions, not symptoms, but the way things work.<span> </span>It was never about the quick fix.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A walking encyclopedia.<span> </span>He had a profound knowledge of many things.<span> </span>Soil was one of them.<span> </span>Dirt was life.<span> </span>He loved working the soil, making compost. <span> </span>He knew the science, the biology, of soil, of composting.<span> </span>It was the vital elements of life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I also caught a glimpse of the depth, scope, and persistence of his goals for a human, ‘normal’ society of freedom and security.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He said that the unexamined life is not worth living.<span> </span>Most, he said, lived lives of quiet desperation as Thoreau had observed. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It takes time for study and reflection (and writing).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He was willing to experiment, to try and fail and try again.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the <i>Pan-Humanist Manifesto</i>, 1958, in India, he advised scrapping the old world, building a new one. <span> </span>It “ranks among the greatest revolutionary pieces of the world – a magnificent dream by a practical man. “ <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">RB’s social philosophy was grassroots: <span> </span>Jeffersonian, family and local community.<span> </span>It was to be learned through schools of living centered in each locality, working on real-life problems.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Ralph Borsodi, a complex and fervently dedicated innovator, has been challenger and “model” for many of us on many levels.<span> </span>Few of us, in the early days, knew how revolutionary he was.<span> </span>Some agree he was a ‘voice crying in the wilderness.’<span> </span>Now in the ‘80s, we hope his contributions can be better understood and practiced, that the revolution can be the quiet one of re-education which Borsodi began.”<span> </span>… “Profound ‘revolution’ in a strict sense is always basically education.”… “I think of Ralph Borsodi as an American Gandhi, a guide toward the human mastery of human destiny, grounded within one’s self, moving outward to the pursuit of truth, and finally to human freedom.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Gordon Lameyer, a close friend for many years wrote:<span> </span>He was an outstanding intellectual, had a deep concern for life on the land, crusaded for justice.<span> </span>He was not a static thinker.<span> </span>He had a flare for exacting definition of problems.<span> </span>He traveled, conducted research and experiments.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He was more a sociologist than a philosopher.<span> </span>He liked radical sociologist C. Wright Mills<a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>But he had his own terminology:<span> </span>our vocabulary must be improved, he insisted. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi saw that we could not solve social ills, including mental illness and crime, without changes in the social structure.<span> </span>That meant leaving the cities.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a mass tribute to Borsodi in California.<span> </span>Gordon then wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Ralph Borsodi is the Socrates of New Hampshire, the Sam Johnson of the North, the Gandhi of America, the Free World’s answer to Karl Marx, the Aristotle of Classification of the Social Sciences, and the best teacher I ever had.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Socrates.<span> </span>The answer to problems depends on how you frame the questions.<span> </span>In discussion he had a probing mind.<span> </span>He knew what he meant by the words he used.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">RB loaned Lameyer a book from his friend Stringfellow Barr about emulating Socrates (it may have been one written by St. John’s cofounder Scott Buchanan).<span> </span>St. John’s uses the Socratic method in its seminars (no lectures).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He knew what questions to ask, and his integrity led him often to unpopular answers.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi sought to sort out the “fog of jargons” of many disciplines and set up a new Interdisciplinary Vocabulary Project.<span> </span>Words need to have a single meaning.<span> </span>RB sought a new interdisciplinary vocabulary.<span> </span>This came out as his <i>Definition of Definition</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Ralph Borsodi was a thinker and a doer with courage.<span> </span>He was one of a rare breed who used what Mahatma Gandhi called ‘truth force’ to do what Fritz Schumacher called ‘good work.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the last year of his life RB met and had a discussion (and a difference of opinion) with E. F. Schumacher (who died a few months before Borsodi did) about a renaissance of rural life.<span> </span>Schumacher focused on appropriate technology, RB on land tenure and money<a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was committed to decentralization and rural revival, as was Gandhi.<span> </span>Fostering small communities.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was working on revising <i>Seventeen Problems</i> under the title <i>Quest for Wisdom</i>.<span> </span>The Possessional Problem, he believed, is the most difficult for Americans<a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">RB intensely disliked communism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ralph Templin (above) spent 15 years as Methodist missionaries in India, managing a boy’s school, with the Keene’s.<span> </span>They knew and worked with Gandhi.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Keene’s, moving to Suffern and studying with Borsodi, said it was:<span> </span>“the closest thing in America to Gandhi’s three-part program:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Swadeshism – self-education, self-development, using personal authority to manage and control society<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Satyagraha signifies the inner spirit – the integrity of conscientious assertion of human power<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sarvodya, the extension of the human community and the general welfare.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Templin wrote that the seventeen problems volume is “enough to keep mankind working for a thousand years.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was a wise and erudite man.<span> </span>His intellect was still growing, and he attracted others who were still growing.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He was certain that his ideas were sound, having rigorously tested them.<span> </span>He could be assertive but was solidly grounded in his views.<span> </span>He engaged in searching interchanges of the Socratic style, constantly rethinking.<span> </span>Often with a grin on his face.<span> </span>If you challenged him, you had to be ready to argue your point<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi Associates, Inc. was established in the 1960s to typeset Borsodi’s books in India and print them in America.<span> </span>The only book so produced was <i>Definition of Definition</i>.<span> </span>He made a trip to India to set this up and apparently had a conversation with J. Narayan then – leading to the International Foundation for Independence, along with the Institute of Independence.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s life was full of building – ideas and material.<span> </span>Building his homestead at Dogwoods, RB was a “No. 1 do-it-yourself man.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mail flooded into Dogwoods from early on, and so did people.<span> </span>it was already a school in the 1920s.<span> </span>RB said [early] that for a decentralist movement to occur we will need a new education:<span> </span>The School of Living.<span> </span>An alternative education for adults.<span> </span>A life study of the “universal problems of living.”<o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page;" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The following contributions made by Borsodi were recorded at the 1973 Jubilee session by Mildred:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Diet and food reform, <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Organic agriculture<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Composting, <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Homesteading, <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Community.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Extended family, <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Family planning, <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Natural childbirth and breast feeding<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->A precursor to today’s ecological and environmental concerns <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->The changing attitude in medicine towards understanding minds and bodies instead of emphasis on pills and drugs.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Grassroots, anti-government movements. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->But the most important, they agreed was his work on adult education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Including work in classifying the world’s wisdom around problems of living. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Clarified free market economics and set real reforms in motion. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Championed and practiced home and small-scale technology<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">My own list, my Borsodi Resume is as follows:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Ralph Borsodi was one of the leading figures of the twentieth century whose work defined much of what we now call sustainability. A detailed chronology of the School of Living is included below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s list of accomplishments is astonishing:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->About 1903, Borsodi became active in the Henry George movement, gave speeches, edited the newsletter and taught classes. In 1919 he was the Chair of the state association.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1920 he relocated his family to an independent homestead outside of New York City where he achieved, and documented, personal financial independence.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->During the 1920s he wrote three books critical of the American economy, including <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>(1929) which anticipated the Great Depression.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i>This Ugly Civilization</i> was serialized in a major national magazine, drew the attention of Eleanor Roosevelt and her husband Franklin who was then governor of New York. The book inspired a back-to-the-land movement, including Scott and Helen Nearing who over the coming years popularized “the good life.” With it Borsodi established the basic, three-part, outline of the work that would occupy him throughout his life. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1933 he published his popular <i>Flight From the City</i>, a homesteader’s handbook, which documented the economic advantages of homesteading.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1933 he was called to advise on the Dayton Homestead Project. There he expanded his vision from personal homesteading to community. He left as the new Deal Homesteading Division took over (and failed). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1934 Borsodi established his School of Living with a mission to provide practical and philosophical foundations of the good life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In the second (1935) edition of <i>Flight From the City</i> he described The School of Living association and a life-long, adult educational model for the improvement of our understanding and achievement of the good life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1935, Borsodi formed an Independence Institute to fund homesteading land trust.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->He formed the first of two homesteading communities in Rockland County, New York in 1935. This project inspired the formation of many other land trust communities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->1938 – 1939, he and his wife produced a series of Homesteading Bulletins (booklets) entitled “How To Economize” to demonstrate the productive economics of household tasks. These sold well at a quarter per copy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Borsodi organized a variety of craft guides and production units. I know the School of Living made looms.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Borsodi and friends launched a Decentralist movement to promote localized and self-sufficient economic production. This included a journal, <i>Free America</i>, started in 1937. Borsodi became a leader of the decentralist movement.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1938 Borsodi published <i>Prosperity and Security. A Study in Realistic Economics</i>, in which he established a comprehensive economic framework for his homestead community model. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1939 he coauthored <i>Agriculture in Modern Life</i> with two senior US Department of Agriculture staff, where he further elaborated his economic model.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->During the World War II years, he developed a peace plan that anticipated the United Nations.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1943 Borsodi published <i>Inflation is Coming and What to Do About It</i>. This book was revised in the 1970s, during a period of troublesome inflation. It went through a number of editions and sold some 500,000 copies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Towards the end of the war, he was giving well-attended seminars on the universal problems, both theory and practical application.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1945, Borsodi closed the School of Living at Suffern and transferred the headquarters to Ohio under the directorship of Mildred Loomis. Mildred would continue to lead that branch of the School of Living for four decades. Borsodi would increasingly focus on his education model. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Following World War II, he articulated his educational principles in <i>Education and Living</i>, two volumes published in 1948. In this book he described optimal living at the personal, family and community levels. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In <i>Education and Living</i> he also established the framework of the universal problems of living which defined the following three decades of his lifework.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1950 Borsodi sold Dogwoods, moved to Melbourne, Florida and opened a new School of Living program. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1952 Borsodi and wife traveled to Asia (an around the world cruise) on an extensive fact-finding mission and he later published <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> in which he examined the impact of global industrial development with particular emphasis on India. He first made friends in India at that time with home he kept in touch.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1954 Borsodi launched the Melbourne University experiment. He developed a graduate level curriculum for the problem-centered system. It offered both a masters’ and doctorate degree. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->1955 – 1957, Borsodi published <i>The Journal of Praxiology</i> in which he promoted problem-centered education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1958 Borsodi returned to India for a two year stay during which he worked closely with Gandhian agriculturalist.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1958 Borsodi also published, at the request of Indian colleagues, his <i>The</i> <i>Pan Humanist Manifesto</i> in which he outlined his decentralists views (renamed <i>The Decentralist Manifesto</i>).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1961 Borsodi returned to the US and settled in Exeter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1963 Borsodi published <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>; a book written while working in India. In it he systemized his problem centered framework and provide curriculum material for university level education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1967 Borsodi incorporated the International Independence Institute (III) to support the idea of land trust. With friends he developed an organization. From this emerged the Community Land Trust, which is one of his enduring legacies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1968 Borsodi (age 79) published his monumental <i>Seventeen Problem of Man and Society</i>. With this book he provided a textbook, a taxonomy of approaches people had throughout history used to solve the problems of living, and elaborated on his rationale and philosophy. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1972, Borsodi incorporated Independent Arbitrage International which issue the Constant, an inflation-proof local currency.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->In 1973 he incorporated the International Foundation for Independence in Luxembourg and established an international banking system to support an alternative, inflation-proof currency, worldwide. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In Summary:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi lived nearly 89 active years. He wrote 15 books and over 100 articles. He was granted a Master’s degree by St. John’s College (a prestigious private college) and a doctorate by the University of New Hampshire. He founded, or cofounded, perhaps a dozen corporations. He founded or cofounded, and edited, several popular journals. He delivered uncounted lectures and and seminars. He had a long list of distinguished friends in the US and in India.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The list of his major works by Ralph Borsodi includes: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The New Accounting, 1922<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">National Advertising Versus Prosperity 1923<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The Distribution Age, 1927 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">This Ugly Civilization, 1929<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Flight From the City, 1933<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Prosperity and Security. A Study in Realistic Economics, 1938<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Agriculture in Modern Life, 1939<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Inflation is Coming and What to Do About It, 1945<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Education and Living 1948, Volume 1<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Education and Living 1948, Volume 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The Challenge of Asia: A Study of Conflicting Ideas and Ideals, 1956<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The Education of the Whole Man, 1963<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The Definition of Definition 1967<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Seventeen Problems of Man and Society, 1968<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Inflation and the Coming Keynesian Catastrophe, Published posthumously by the E. F. Schumacher Society 1989.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0in;">Some of these books are available digitally at this <a href="https://www.schoolofliving.org/borsodi">link</a><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page;" /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 13.5pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Borsodi Chronology <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; color: black; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">20 Dec 1888<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi born, Vienna, Austria</span><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1891<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">RB’s mother died, RB arrived in New York where his father had a business<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4 Aug 1896</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">William Borsodi (father) naturalized.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1900<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi at Gerlach Academy, a prep school.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1900, January 5<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred born, Blair, Nebraska<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1903<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">RB moved into own apartment, working for father, speaker and newsletter editor for the Georgist movement. Voracious reader.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1908<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Rice, Texas, land management and newspaper editor<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">18 Aug 1911</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Married Myrtle Mae Simpson<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1918 or 1919<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Chair New York Single Tax organization<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1918<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Stops using processed foods.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1 Apr 1920<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Moved to Seven Acres homestead, Rockland County, NY<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">31<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1921<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Purchased 16 Acres, Ramapo Hill. Built Dogwoods a large stone house, in 1923<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1922<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The New Accounting<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1923<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">National Advertising Versus Prosperity <o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1927<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Distribution Age<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Summer 1929<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">New Republic </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">printed<i> This Ugly Civilization </i>in three installments.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1929<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">This Ugly Civilization<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">40<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1930</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">NY Census, Tallman, Ramapo Twp., Rockland Co., Nyack Turnpike</span><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1933<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Flight From the City<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1933<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Started <i>Homestead Notes</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Spring 1933<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dayton, Liberty Homestead Project<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">19 July 1934<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">RB left Dayton in disgust and returned to Dogwoods<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">September 3,1934<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">School of Living founded, Suffern, NY</span><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">46<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1935<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Independence Institute, First land trust corporation. Formed two communities.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1936<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Bayard Lane School of Living opened.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1937-40<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Homestead Bulletin-How to Economize</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">. At least 34 Bulletins were produced<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jan 1937<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi, Stillman and Agar start <i>Free America</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1938<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Prosperity and Security. A Study in Realistic Economics<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1939<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Agriculture in Modern Life<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1939 - 1940<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred’s year at School of Living Suffern<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1940<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred married John Loomis, settled at Lane’s End homestead, Ohio<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1940<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Oberlin College problems of living seminar. Seven ending in 1948. See 8<sup>th</sup>, 1954<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1940 - 1945<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The School’s publication was named <i>The Decentralist</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1942<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi awarded master’s degree for thesis by St. John’s College<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1945<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">School of Living building sold. Headquarters moved to Lane’s End, Ohio<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jan 1945<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">School of Living Institute Chartered in Chicago (Headquarters Ohio)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jan 1945<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred starts <i>The Interpreter</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1945/1948<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Inflation is Coming and What to Do About It. </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sold a half-million copies<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1948<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Education and Living</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, Two Volumes<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1949<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Established a new School of Living at Melbourne<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dec 1949<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Myrtle Mae died<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">61<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1950<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Met and married Clare Kittredge. Built new house at Melbourne<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1952<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Chartered School of Living of America<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May 1952<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Cruise to Asia, and around the world<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1954<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi and friends began organizing University of Melbourne<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1954<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi eighth seminar on problems of living (see 1940)<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1954 <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred incorporated School of Living in Ohio<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mar 1955<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Journal of Praxiology appeared <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1956<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Challenge of Asia: A Study of Conflicting Ideas and ideals<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4 Jan 1956<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Melbourne University formally opened<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">67<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1957<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred proposed <i>Green Revolution</i> book<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Jan 1958<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Balanced Living</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> replaced <i>The Interpreter</i>. Ran until <i>A Way Out</i> in 1962<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Spring 1958<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Melbourne University closed<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1958<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi to India. Arrived August 1958. Stayed two years<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1958<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pan-Humanist Manifesto<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1958 – 1960<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Worked on manuscript that became </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Education of the Whole Man</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1960<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi health breakdown, nearly died. Long convalescence in India<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">72<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1961<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Clare bought homestead at Exeter, NH late in year. Borsodi returns to US<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">July 1962<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Begin publishing <i>A Way Out</i>. Ran until 1967<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">January 1963<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred Launches <i>Green Revolution</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1963<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Education of the Whole Man</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> published<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">74<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1965<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred Loomis, </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Go Ahead and Live</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1966<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi 4<sup>th;</sup> (?) trip to India<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">January 1, 1967<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Heathcote Dedicated<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1967<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">International Independence Institute (III) Land Trust. In Exeter<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1967<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Definition of Definition<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1968<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi fifth trip to India<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1968<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Seventeen Problems of Man and Society<o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">79<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1968<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">John Loomis died; Mildred moved to Heathcote<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May 1969<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi award honorary doctorate at University of New Hampshire<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1972<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Independent Arbitrage International (IAI) Local Currency, The Constant, Exeter<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">83<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1973<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">International Foundation for Independence (IFI), Luxembourg<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1974<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred Loomis, Ed., <i>Moving into the Front. Ranks of Social Change</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1975<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred took School of Living to Deep Run Farm near York, PA<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">26 Oct 1977<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi died, Exeter, New Hampshire <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">88<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1980<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred Loomis, <i>Decentralism: Where It Came From, Where is it Going?</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1982<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred Loomis, <i>Alternative Americans</i> – A second edition of <i>Decentralism</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1982<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred dedicated Borsodi Memorial Library<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1986<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred Loomis, Ed., <i>Borsodi as I Knew Him.</i> 99 copies<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1986 <o:p></o:p></span></i></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred completed <i>Ralph Borsodi: Reshaping Modern Culture. </i> 300 copies<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">18 Sept 1986<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mildred Loomis died at York, PA. Age 86<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1986<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Borsodi library closed, books disbursed, and records lost<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1989<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ralph Borsodi, <i>Inflation and The Coming Keynesian Catastrophe</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">December 2018<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Last issue of <i>Green Revolution</i><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">September 2019<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">This Ugly Civilization</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, 90<sup>th</sup> anniversary edition published, forward by Bill Sharp<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">April 1, 2020<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ralph Borsodi, A Confident Future Blog, and centenary. <o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">January 24, 2021<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ralph Borsodi, A Confident Future: Learning and Living<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 89.75pt;" valign="top" width="120"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">April 1, 2021<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 342.4pt;" valign="top" width="457"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ralph Borsodi, A Confident Future: The Green Revolution<o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 35.35pt;" valign="top" width="47"><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"> <i>Borsodi As I Knew Him</i>: </span><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ajR0nMkF6EToxZ6tPXYTRNzEAseT83Py8oTGfgqRREw/edit"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ajR0nMkF6EToxZ6tPXYTRNzEAseT83Py8oTGfgqRREw/edit</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> Krishamurti was a then popular figure living in California. Mildred was interested in him.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> Borsodi GR memorial issue: </span><a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVSDZiaTJ6T3Nickk"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVSDZiaTJ6T3Nickk</span></a><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> Borsodi was known as RB by his friends and signed his letters with those initials. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> Mills had his own methodology for penetrating to a “lucid summation” which provided the energy for action.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> Borsodi was 50 years ahead of Schumacher in the development of appropriate technology.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> This was the subject of Borsodi’s last book, <i>Wealth and Illth</i>; the manuscript of which was lost.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> Borsodi Digital books: <a href="https://www.schoolofliving.org/borsodi">https://www.schoolofliving.org/borsodi</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;">World War I Draft Registration, Jun 1917 5’10” 150 lbs Brown hair, brown eyes. No disabilities. Date and place of birth</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"> $30,000, Has radio, M/W/42, Economist, Publisher<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://271103E0-F449-42A1-833E-5ECA52857A16#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt;"> Date from Seventeen Problems Preface<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-73916189560793528802021-03-28T12:21:00.003-07:002021-03-28T12:21:40.143-07:00Ralph Borsodi and the 1920s <p>Bill Sharp (c) March 28, 2021</p><p><br /></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi began his back-to-the-land experiment as the “Roaring Twenties” began. He established and then expanded his homestead near Suffern, invited people to visit on weekends where he provided practical training in homesteading and other instruction likely including Henry George. He continued his work, commuting to New York City, as a consulting economist. During this decade he wrote two books on consumer advocacy, pioneering that field. The last year of the decade he published his classic critique of American industrial society, <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>. That came out just before the Great Depression started at the end of 1929. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I originally wrote this chapter to provide context to the life and work of Alfred Korzybski. As my readers will see, I have the work of Borsodi and Korzybski closely associated. Korzybski published his <i>Manhood of Humanity</i> in 1921 and worked through that decade to develop general semantics. He published his classic <i>Science and Sanity</i> in 1933, the year before Borsodi opened the School of Living. Both were skeptical of the prospects of American society and both worked to develop an alternative way of living, living effectively, fulfilling the potential of the life we are given. <o:p></o:p></p><h1>The Roaring Twenties<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">During the last half of the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution dominated American society. The vast frontier was settled, crisscrossed by rails and telegraph lines. A second industrial revolution begin to emerge towards the end of the century, driven by the internal combustion engine and electricity. The pace of change accelerated.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The dividing line between the first and second phase of industrial development is arguably not the year 1900 but the First World War. The war brought the United States onto the world stage. It had also deeply shaken traditional American values. Economic development had uprooted many from the family farm. They came to build the cites and a modern industrial establishment. But the changes experienced in the first two decades of the new century, as great as they were, would be as nothing compared to the changes that would come in the following two. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The decade following World War I has been called by some the Roaring Twenties, by others the Jazz Age, or by some the Lawless Decade. The changes and challenges of that decade alone, as incredible as they were, were soon eclipsed by the successive upheavals of the 30s, with the Great Depression, the forties, with World War Two; and for that matter, the economic expansion and value realignment of the 50s, the social upheavals of the 60s and finally the birth of the information age, or what could be called the third "industrial" revolution. Borsodi was formed by the events leading up to and immediately following World War I. The post war era and its challenges would bring his work to a focus and occupy him for the rest of his life – a half century and more.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">One of the marks of the between-wars decades is the increasing complexity of life. There are many themes which must be explored if we are to gain any understanding of this period. The economy is one of the greatest themes of these two decades. Global politics was yet another. Then there was the march of science and the overall explosion of knowledge occasioned by the radio, cheap paper and high-speed presses. There was a great surge in literature of all forms, not the least of which was the new art of social criticism driven by the fall of the old (monarchial) world order, the rise of socialism, the displacements of industrialization and urbanization, and the loss of traditional standards of value. A virtual army of academic intellectuals took to the field in hope of founding their own "science of man." And like a vast host of camp followers, a swarm of the unattached intellectuals, among them such greats as Lewis Mumford and the Durant's, also took to the field with a vigor and at time with a vengeance. The emerging science of psychology, Freud, Jung and their students, many following their own paths, vastly transformed our understanding of the mind while Einstein, Planck, Bohr and others equally transformed our understanding of physical reality. The new physics had undermined Newton's and Euclid's model of the universe, introduced indeterminacy and probability. Traditional values were undermined in ordinary life in which optimism changed into uncertainty. In the field of fiction, we saw the development of a whole new face of humanity. It wasn’t a pretty one. The automobile had a huge impact not only on the American economy but lifestyle. It changed the structure of the city. The Wrights took to the air in 1903 and flimsy planes fought over the skies of Europe during the war. But they opened a new transportation frontier, something Bucky Fuller called the “air ocean” when Charles Lindbergh soloed the Atlantic in 1927. In Russia a whole new political backdrop was formulated as civil war followed revolution and Stalin followed Lenin. The Russians formed a new type of society which represented a real challenge to the remnants of empire, the emergent capitalism of North America and of Europe and of national socialism. In global polity the age of colonialism was being replaced by a new age of nationalism and monarchs were replaced by despots who begin to play the leitmotif, with the contending crescendo and melodies of capitalism and communism, which dominated the last half of the twentieth century.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>A World At War<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We begin with the parenthetical marks that open and close this period: global war. The "War to End All Wars" was in fact nothing more than a manic intensification of a global political past-time. There were many wars before the "Great War" and after. Some were of historical importance while others hardly made the news. The Balkan states fought amongst themselves in an ages long quarrel and who would have guessed that these conflicts could lead to the "minor altercation" which was the final spark of a world class conflagration. Wars became a test of the efficacy of industrial development by new powers on the global stage and these contests changed the tides of the fortunes and the balance of power between these new powers. Before World War I, the Japanese defeat of the Russians and the America defeat of Spain catapulted these two new industrial societies unto the world stage and set them on a path that would lead to a series of military and economic contest for world dominion. In America the Indian Wars had only come to a close on the eve of the Spanish war. The United States was involved in numerous incidences including the Philippine Insurrection, 1899 to 1905; the Panama Revolt in 1903, the Cuban Pacification in 1906-1909 and again in 1917; Honduras and Nicaragua in 1912; Haiti in 1915 and again in 1918-1919; and the Dominican Republic in 1917. The Mexican Revolution of 1911 occasion several interventions such as Veracruz in 1914, and the Mexican Border Operations 1916-1917. Colonial wars in Africa continued even through the World War. The infamous Amristar Massacre in India occurred in 1919. The Boxer War in China in 1899 was followed by continuing turmoil and civil war hardly abated by the World War and not cumulating until the Communist Revolution in 1949. Russia and Poland fought a pitched battle in 1920. Italy tested its powers on the Greeks between 1920 and 1922. The Russian Civil War continued from 1917 until 1922. At its height during the seventeenth century the Ottoman empire, successor of the East Roman Empire, dominated nearly half of eastern Europe and much of North Africa and the Middle East. By the 20th century Turkey was the sick man of Europe. In 1908 a revolt by the Young Turks dethroned the Sultan and set Turkey on the road to Nationalism and involvement in emerging European affairs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The new wars were closely tied with the evolution of technology, and visa-versa. Repeating rifles, machine guns and fast-firing field artillery made warfare increasingly more dangerous and costly. The outcome between a small and large contestant on open ground could not be in doubt but the price gave pause for second thoughts. Guerrilla tactics were already changing the form of warfare and proved to be very difficult to fight and the leaders of these movements, from Pancho Villa to Fidel Castro, in this hemisphere, became popular heroes, even in the U. S. But more important than weaponry was communication: Telegraph, field telephones and then the radio gave commanders the power to coordinate battles miles away, over vast territories. At sea the battleship had been important because of its potential impact on ocean commerce but then the tiny and cheap submarine relegated the battleship to history even faster than the airplane which brought a staggeringly powerful new dimension to warfare in the air, on land and at sea.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">For those who rode the wave of economic growth there was a heady sense of optimism before the Great War. But the war itself was a tragedy of such unparalleled dimension that it left deep scars on every sensitive soul. We were promised that we would not enter it. We did. Two million of our troops were sent to Europe. They saw some of the most vicious battle but, fresh and well equipped, they were victorious. Most of the weapons of modern war had emerged then—some prototypes of weapons of mass extermination. But battle tactics were of an earlier, more gallant age. Casualties on all sides, military and civilian were appalling. Russia lost five million lives before the communist revolution allowed Germany to turn all its remaining resources to the western front to battle the Americas who eventually overwhelmed them on land as it did at sea (the U. S. had cut U boat sinkings by 3/4s in one year). The war wiped out a generation of French, Russian, British, German, Austrian and Hungarian manhood. The war cost the U. S. $400 billion – an astonishing figure given the U. S. gross national product at the time was less than $80 billion. But we came out of it a world figure. Isolationism was effectively dead.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The impact of war was social as well as military and political. War and innovation, both technical and social, have always progressed hand-in-hand. The war industry drove the American economy. Poor political planning, over – rapid demobilization – bruised the economy, but a new industry was established and within a few years it turned to production of goods for domestic consumption and international trade. The transatlantic telegraph had already linked America to Europe and much of the world but now hundreds of thousands of Americans had been off to see the world. Ocean liners were plying the Atlantic with increasing regularity now that the submarines were gone. People traveled for both business and pleasure. The era of the luxury liner was in full stride. It didn't take long for the radio to make an appearance and become an immediate success, bringing voices over the air waves that by the end of the thirties came from around the world – the speeches of Winston Churchill and the reports on the Battle of Britain by Edward R. Murrow. The automobile advanced quickly as American innovation turned a decades old European invention into a new way of life. The airplane came to a slow maturity. During the war pilots, those who survived flight training, could expect only a few hours of life in aerial combat. Even after the war the life expectancy for a civilian flier was less than one hundred hours in the air. And yet people lined up to buy surplus planes or to ride a few moments in one. The epic Charles Lindbergh set out on was not just to conquer the Atlantic all alone but to prove the reliability of civilian airplanes – his life-time mission was promotion of civilian aviation. But, in the last analysis, the technology came from warfare. It seems at all times that the greatest progress is made directly by or stimulated by the military--from metallurgy to steam to space.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Looking forward, as the 1930s decade came to a close America lay completely transformed. As sleek new monowinged fighters zoomed through the skies at 300 mph blasting each other with massive machine gun and cannon fire above Spain, Imperial Airways and Pan Am encircled the globe with the drone of their great flying boats carrying mail and passengers to exotic realms. Those airways connected the world around and became important routes in the upcoming war. As the decade closed first Hitler then Stalin launch invasions into Poland and the firestorm of the second world war begins to sweep from continent to continent.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Economy: The Era of Progress<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The U. S. came out of WWI essentially unscathed. At the end of the war the United States had achieved world leadership in production and per capita income. It had also achieved a new type of economy, a market economy, through the power of mass-production and mass advertising. It relied not only on improved productivity based on a rapidly expanding scientific and technical knowledge but also on advances in distribution, including advertising and transportation. Expanded consumption impacted heavily on social patterns and the very structure of national life. This was Borsodi’s specialty. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Adjusting back to a peace-time economy was anything but easy. The government cut contracts and employers cut employees. As European exports resumed further efforts were made to cut wages resulting in agitation by labor leaders. But by 1921, despite serious economic setbacks, the nation entered upon a period of unequalled prosperity. It would be misleading to suggest that everything was well for every class of people. That would be patiently untrue. Indeed, the imbalances in economic well-being would plague the country during both the 20s and the 30s (and beyond) despite the incredible gains in overall material wealth. Both Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt foresaw the coming economic inequities. Wilson, who sought a world peace based on justice, felt there should be cooperation between capital and labor. Shortly before his death in 1919 Theodore Roosevelt, in an almost prophetic message to his cousin Franklin, declared "The man who wrongly holds that every human right is secondary to his profit, must now give way to the advocate of public welfare, who rightly maintains that every man holds his property subject to the general right of the community to regulate its use to whatever degree the public welfare may require it."<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Agriculture<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">America farms had been Europe's breadbasket during the war. By 1919 farm production had doubled and prices fallen; commodity prices began to sink in 1925. Agriculture and the rural life declined throughout the 20s. The basic form of life, even in the industrial societies, had been essentially rural and agricultural. Even since the time of the Roman empire, rural agricultural society dominated western civilization. As power declined in the Roman cites, dependent as they were on commerce and trade for survival, it shifted towards the great farming estates (latifundia) which became the model of the feudal order that would last into the 20th century in Europe. The southern plantation is our most vivid image of the large-scale 19th century farm enterprise – one founded on slavery rather than serfdom (best exemplified by Russia). But the farm, in its more traditional American form, the family farm, was also a key economic and social component of early twentieth century America.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Agricultural society felt the impact of the machine. The farm of 1860 was oriented to agricultural self-sufficiency but that was about to change. The steel plow came in 1840 (iron plow widely introduced in 1820). Between 1820 and 1890 the man hours needed to produce a bushel of wheat dropped from 3 hours to 30 minutes. Farm acreage nearly doubled between 1870 and 1900. In 1852 the grain elevator came into widespread use. American agricultural exports rose from $400 million in 1860 to $2.5 billion in 1914.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The U. S. Department of Agriculture was founded in 1862 to promote new agricultural technology--new plows, reapers and other technologies. The railroad opened far-flung markets. Urbanization and immigration greatly increased demand for agricultural products. Land grant colleges worked to teach farmers scientific agriculture and to improve the culture of small communities across the great American out-back. Agricultural experimental stations were established in 1887 to help greatly increase the yield per acre. Farm production doubled between 1870 and 1890. By 1890 the age of commercial agriculture had arrived. The railroads brought with them the agents of big retail business and the money of urban banks. Different areas specialized as rail and river navigation developed coast to coast. The Midwest became the grain belt, the south specialized in tobacco and cotton, California in fruits and vegetables, and the great plains in cattle. In 1914 Federal country agents were located in 3,000 counties to demonstrate new agricultural methods. In 1916 the Federal Farm Loan Bank was formed to provide capitalization. The Highway Act ended isolation or rural communities. World War I greatly increased the demand for agricultural products, to feed war-torn countries whose young men were in uniform instead of behind the plow, and Federal subsidies were provided to promote farm production. Farmers increased production fifteen percent during the war. At the end of the war farm prices crashed and farm income dropped from $18 billion to $10.5 billion. In 1921 farm prices were half the value of 1919. The price of land declined but mortgages did not. Life in farms and villages was primitive: no central heating, few telephones and no electricity--even into the 1940s. Sons and daughters left the farm to live and work in the cities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Declining markets and rising debts undermined the old rural-agrarian society. Technology overwhelmed it. Technology increased productivity by 25% and cut prices even more. Agriculture was becoming an industry driving the family off the small farm. Horse drawn plows were replaced by tractors and mechanical harvesters. Milking machines and threshers became common. These new investments increased debts and displaced farm workers. Urbanization increased land prices. The diet of urban dwellers changed from bread and potatoes to meats, fruits and vegetables. New fashion standards brought an increased figure consciousness. The chemical industry developed artificial fibers. New agricultural centers opened in Canada, Australian and South America as European farms recovered, and long fiber Egyptian cotton was shipped around the world. American farms declined through the 20s and as they declined, they lost their political and cultural power. A new revolution in agriculture occurred after 1938 leading to vastly improved productivity. Agricultural employment declined from 25.2% of the work force in 1920 to 10.1% in 1954 (it is about 3% today).<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Industry:<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The war was a boon to American industry. Many corporations plowed their war earnings into improvements, in part encouraged by excess profit taxes and in part to take advantage of modernization and electrification. Bond drives alone changed its direction by accustoming people to invest in securities which in turn increased the financial resources available for development. It helped create the big banking houses, the era of monopolistic capitalism and the rise of the tycoons, the Carnegies, Rockefellers, and Morgans. Industrialization produced an ever-increasing concentration of decision-making power leaving a small number of men and businesses that wielded tremendous economic power. Electricity was a great technical improvement. Electricity freed industry from river valleys and coal fields. It put industry closer to markets. Since before the turn of the century there was heavy investment in electrical utilities and railways – both street railways in the cities and freight and passenger railways between cities. By 1910 energy consumption was rising faster than capital investment. More competition put a premium on more efficient management. Scientific management emerged under the leadership of Frederick Winslow Taylor to improve the productive efficiency of workers and entire factories. His methods involved both improved productivity and financial management. Improved management soon demonstrated that a well organize group of ordinary people could outperform the "great man." Better management lead to even larger factories. Business established itself as the mainstay of the economy. The economic temper was hopeful, optimistic – an age of rapid technological development.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Population: Demographics played a crucial role in the development of industry in terms of quantity, location and market power. From 1800 to 1860 American population increased six times and real income nine times. There were major burst of growth before and after the American Civil War. There was another burst of growth at the end of the century. From 1860 to 1920 population increased fourfold, production rose tenfold and personal income rose threefold. The population of the U. S. in 1900 was 76 million with a median age of 22.9 and a life expectancy of 47 years. In 1920 it was 106 million people with a median age of 25.3. In 1950, there were 151 million people with a median age of 30.2 and a life expectancy of 68 years (an increase of 21 years since 1900). Population was growing and people were living longer. And they were concentrating in population centers. Before 1880 there were no cities in the U. S. with populations as great as one million. New York was the first. By 1900 there were three (with a total population of six million – half of whom lived in NYC) and that held through the early 1920s. In 1930 there were five millionaire cities (with a total population of 17 million people). Percent of population living in towns and cities (localities of at least 2,500 people) was 40% in 1900, 51% in 1920, 56% in 1940, and 64% in 1950 with post war suburban development.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Manufacturing: Before the war, in 1910, there were 265,000 manufacturing establishment with 6.3 million workers. In 1920, with the start of the boom, there were 270,000 factories employing 8.5 million production related workers. In 1929 there were 207,000 manufacturers with 8.4 million employees. In 1931, after the crash, there were 171,000 plants and 7.8 million production related workers. In 1940 it was 173,000 plants and 7.8 million workers and in 1950 260,000 plants and 12 million workers.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">But the number of plants and workers was not the crucial factor. Productivity would tell the story in terms of both material progress and employment. The first industrial revolution was driven by raw materials, by resource input. Growth during the second industrial revolution was not as dependent on access to raw materials as much as it was founded on processing those materials. Extraction inputs actually declined. So did labor inputs. The index of production was 24 in 1910, 34-38 (two estimates) in 1920, 58 in 1930 (end of 1929), 39 in 1931, 30 in 1932, 36 in 1933, 66 in 1940, and 113 in 1950. Steel production rose from 26 million tons in 1910 (up from 10 million in 1900), to 42 million in 1920, dropped to 41 million in 1930 then to 26 million in 1931 and 14 million in 1932. In 1933 23 million tons were produced and it was back to 56 million tons in 1940 and up to 86 million tons in 1950. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Making goods was only half the market game. Distribution was the other. This was the age of the ad and the super salesmen. And it was the age of the chain stores: Woolworth, J. C. Penny, Standard Oil, Safeway, Western Auto, Lerner, Piggly Wiggly, Macy’s. Mass production created standardized products which created economies of scale – cheap and plentiful goods. Mass marketing sold them through the standardized outlets. By 1925, magazines drew 70% of their income from ads. Many ads were loose with the truth. There was an increasing use of psychology – an appeal to deeper motivations which sold an attitude rather than a product. Indeed, John Watson, founder of behavioral psychology, became a highly successful Madison Avenue advertising executive. His technique was “conditioning,” providing pleasure and decreasing pain. Psychologists begin doing motivational research – looking for weak spots. Celebrity endorsements were used with a lot of sex appeal and sophistication. We were then, as now, a nation of hero worshipers. Then as now there were celebrities aplenty. It was an age of self-promotion. In the 20s the emphasis on advertisement began to change: ideas, not things, were marketed – glamour and renown among them. Toiletries made you more socially acceptable. Adds traded on fear and anxiety about social acceptance. The ads were often vulgar, but they sold products. Advertising became the backbone of the economy. Today we get hit with 1,500 or more ads a day. They emphasize youth, health, activity, good looks. They have a lot of "O you need _____________," or "Let me tell you about ______________." They are optimistic and buoyant.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Railroads moved the merchandise. The number of operating railroads declined through mergers but hauling capacity increased through improved steel and even more so through control technology, especially an efficient braking system that could stop a long freight train without causing jackknifes. From a high of 1,306 operating railroads in 1910, the number dropped to 1,085 in 1920 and was down to 809 in 1929. In 1933 there were 700 but as industrial productivity returned the number continued to decline to 574 in 1940 and 471 in 1950. Railroad passenger miles peaked in 1919 and declined steadily except during World War II.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">One indicator of the growth in the economy and change in lifestyle is found in the telephone. In 1900 there were 1.4 million phones, in 1910 7.6 million, in 1920 13.3 million. In 1900 there was one phone for every fifty people. In 1965 it had grown to one phone for every two people. The trans-Atlantic telephone cable was laid in 1926. The number of phones remained at 20 million from 1929 through 1931. By 1940 it was 22 million and in 1950, 43 million. The average number of daily calls went up fivefold between 1900 and 1910 doubled again by 1920 and again by 1929 but dropped during the Depression. In 1940 the level was only 90 percent of the 1929 record but by 1950 the rate had returned to more than doubling each decade.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The war stimulated aviation. In 1913 43 aircraft were produced. In 1918, at the height of WWI it was 14,020. A year later it was down to 780. In 1929 the production was 6,193, in 1930 3,417, in 1935 1,710, in 1939 5,856, in 1940 12,804, in 1944 96,318 and in 1947, after the war, 17,717 (or more than the World War I peak). Air mail subsidies encouraged commercial aviation and development of both domestic and foreign air routes--in which Pan Am took a clear lead. Total civilian aircraft in 1927, the year of Lindbergh's solo Atlantic crossing, numbered 2,740. In 1930 it was 9,818, in 1940 17,928 and in 1950 92,809. By 1930 there were 122 American airlines, employing 10,000 pilots, that carried over 1/2 million passengers over 50,000 miles of air routes for a total of 37 million miles flown. This was a 360% increase over 1928. Ford dominated the airlines almost as much as he did the roads. The Ford Trimotor, the mainstay, established the airlines and over 200 were built between 1925 and 1933. They were cramped and uncomfortable, slow, but rugged and reliable. Franklin Roosevelt flew in one to his nomination in Chicago in 1932. Transcontinental express in 1933 consisted of fly by day, rail by night. It took two days (in good weather) to travel from New York City to Los Angeles and cost $350. It was a grueling journey. That was the last year of production of the ten passenger Ford Trimotor. In May 1934 the sleek Douglas DC-2 was to carry 14 passengers and was the first airliner to earn its way through passenger fares. In 1936 the DC-3 had 21 seats and by 1939 carried 90% of the world’s passengers. Transcontinental flight time dropped to 20 hours, all by air.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Technology advanced sea travel as well and an era of ocean-liners was soon to dawn. At the end of the war a fast ocean-liner made 17 knots. By 1924 it was up to 24 knots and by 1928 the Bremen and Europa hit 28 knots, nearly double that of a decade earlier. The luxury steamship was called a "state of grace" by Cunard. The passenger liners were luxury hotels afloat. In 1902 70,000 people went to Europe by ship. The prices were good for those with the means. A month in England and France cost $250. Two months cost $400. Of that $150 was round trip, first class steamer passage. A good hotel went for two dollars a day. In 1929 517,000 Americans went abroad.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The chemical industry was spurred by wartime production of explosives, by the U. S. confiscated German coal-tar patents which alone produced a 50% growth in the chemical industry during the 20s, and by popular demand for chemical self-sufficiency resulting in high duties on chemical imports. The electro-chemical industry was aided by abundant and cheap electrical power. Increases in processing efficiencies tripled the quantity of gasoline produced per barrel of crude. There were important improvements in steel production. Better steel plus good gasoline led to better, more powerful engines and spurred the development of the automobile and the airplane.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>The Automobile<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The big stories in industry were the automobile and the mass media (radio, newspaper and cinema). These two industries lead the market until the Crash. Both were chiefly products of new technology and methods. The first American car was sold in 1896. By 1900 4,000 Americans owned cars—all hand built. The automobile became commercially feasible in 1903. In 1907 43,000 were sold. By 1910 there were 60 American car companies. (There have been a total of 2,726 auto makers in the U. S.) Henry Ford revolutionized the industry and the world economy with his mass production system. In 1908 Ford sold the assembly-line produced Model T for $950. By 1913 the price had dropped to $550 and 168,000 were sold that year. In 1914 Ford opened the Highland Park plant with the world first electric conveyor belt. In 1913 it took 14 hours to produce a car. In 1914 it took 93 minutes, and 248,000 cars were produced and sold at $490 each, earning Ford a $30 million profit. In 1915 Ford introduced the Model A. There were 2.5 million cars in the U. S. then. By 1920 two million cars and trucks had been made and the horse and buggy were disappearing from the roads. By 1925 the Model A cost $260 and went 45 miles per hour. To stay ahead of GM (Chevrolet) Ford launched the Model A campaign with full-page ads in 2,000 newspapers for five days. By 1927 Ford had a surplus balance of $700 million—a sum comparable to the budget of the U. S. Government.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The number of passenger cars built rose from 4,192 in 1900 to 181,000 in 1910 to 1.9 million in 1920 to 4.5 million in 1929. In 1930 the number was down to 2.8 million, in 1940 up to 3.7 million and in 1950, reaching for new peaks in expansion, 6.7 million. The mileage of the Federal highway system rose from 55,000 in 1921 to 194,000 in 1930 to 235,000 in 1940 to 644,000 in 1950. The miles traveled by motor vehicles quadrupled between 1921 and 1930. It more than doubled between 1930 and 1950. The number of trucks built grew from a few hundred in 1900 to 6,000 in 1910 to 322,000 in 1920 (war production) to 881,000 in 1929, down to 575,000 in 1930, back to 755,000 on the eve of WWII (1940) to 1.3 million in 1950. Motor fuel usage was 3.5 million gallons in 1920. It was 15.8 million gallons in 1929, 24 million gallons in 1940 and 40 million gallons in 1950. One of the reasons of the decline of railroad passenger mileage was the automobile.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The automobile was a technological revolution and the nation’s largest industry. It evolved quickly from a horseless carriage to a work of art, from a dangerous contraption to a technological marvel: hydraulic brakes, balloon tires, improved transmission and clutch, from open to the elements to closed, from block to streamlined, from "any color as long as it is black" to bright colors, from utility to elegance and luxury.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The early automobile was simple, dependable and easy to repair. They came with tool kits, including a towing cable. Speed limits on open roads were usually twenty miles per hour (in Missouri it was nine mph). The Ford of 1925, selling for $290, had four cylinders, developed 22 horsepower and carried five passengers. Top speed was 35 miles per hour. It was a very basic machine. It had top canvas but no doors. Sears carried the accessories. Ford sold fifteen million of them – half of all cars produced in the U. S. Sears continued to carry spare parts into the sixties. In 1915 6,000 people were killed in auto accidents. The number was low, but the death rate was five times as high per 10,000 as today. The machines were dangerous. It took a personal accident to convince Henry Ford to install shatter-proof glass.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1920 there were three million miles of roads, mostly dirt, passable for horse-drawn wagons in good weather. There were only 36,000 miles of hard-surfaced, all-weather roads. In 1921 the Federal Highway Act, a hidden subsidy for the auto industry, got the government involved in construction and by the end of the decade was adding ten thousand miles of paved surface per year. By 1924 Ford was turning out a car ever 10 seconds. But the strain on the credit economy played against industrial development. The damper on the economy turned out to be the buying power of the consumer. Personal credit had stretched buying power but as people begin to pay more and more interest on larger and larger debts, with stagnant wages, the market began to decline. By 1929 26.5 million cars had been produced. Four and a half million cars and nearly 900 thousand trucks were produced in 1929 alone. The automobile became the backbone of the U. S. economy. The automobile industry accounted for one eighth of all manufacturing dollar value. A manufacturing and service industry had grown up around the automobile including gasoline, oil, glass and tires, an industry employing nearly four million people, about a tenth of the U. S. work force. By 1929 there was one car for every five or six people in the U. S., one for nine of every ten families. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Cars changed the country. Restaurants and service stations sprung up all over, as did motels and tourist cabins. Towns and cities begin to sprawl. New cities did not develop around central business districts as they had previously. In 1900 the average traveler covered 500 miles in a year. In 1904 a Chicago lawyer drove from NY to SF and wrote a book about it. By 1929 many families were hitting the road for motor vacations. Camping became a craze. In 1920 a million people went camping. By 1923 2,000 communities had municipal camp sites. Soon came the motels (200 in 1922), gas stations, the roadside diner, and before long, the auto junk yard. The National Park system flourished. In 1900 there were only four national parks. By 1940 there were 26. Theodore Roosevelt had a big part to play in developing these preserves, but Henry Ford got people to them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The auto blurred distinction between town and country, rural and urban life. The car and the mass media blended farm and town into a common culture. The traditional distinctions between town and country, rural and urban, begin to disappear. The automotive truck not only took produce to the city, but it took farm kids to schools and farmers to town for off-season work, families to the movies, sports events, markets and fairs, and it took newspapers and magazines, radios, appliances and other manufactured goods to the farms. By 1929 practically everyone was part of the mass culture. People read the big-city newspapers, listened to national radio programs, heard the same commercials, bought goods from chain stores in nearby towns and catalogue stores in distant cities and followed national athletic events."<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Radio<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1844 Morse revolutionized communication with the telegraph. But a telegraph message could only go where the wires went. A lot of wires were strung but wire was expensive, especially to cross oceans. They didn’t go to the ships on the sea. They didn’t go to homes and who wanted to learn the dot and dash code of the telegraph. Yet the telegraph established and whetted a global appetite for nearly instantaneous communication. It was the first internet.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Marconi was experimenting with long-range wireless telegraphy before the turn of the century. Early transmitters were little more than spark generators. But this was an irrepressible technology. Success depended on more sophisticated electronics. In 1907 DeForest invented the vacuum tube which allowed amplification of electric signals. In 1910 he broadcast Caruso from the Metropolitan Opera House. Even before the U. S. entry into the war there were thousands of radio sets around. For about a dollar a youngster could buy a crystal receiver and tune into the world. No batteries required. The more technically inclined were building battery powered sets, receivers and transmitters, with vacuum tubes. Amateurs were busy tapping out messages over the airwaves. In 1916 David Sarnoff designed a "radio music box. Frank Conrad, a Westinghouse employee, had been broadcasting music for several years when his employer decided to install the first station, KDKA in Pittsburgh in 1920. In 1921 there was one broadcasting station, the following year there were 30 and in 1923 556. By 1930 the number had grown to 618, to 765 in 1940 to 2,086 in 1950. In 1922 60,000 families had radio sets and sixty million dollars’ worth of radio sets were sold. By 1925 there were 2.7 million radios. By 1929 40% of American families owned radios and had invested $842,000,000 into receivers. By 1930 there were 13.8 million radios, by 1940 30 million (in 1950 98 million and by 1972, with the transistor radio craze, 176 million of them). The radio carried music, news, sermons, plays, comedy, mysteries, children's programs and, of course, advertisement. The soap operas came early and caught on. By 1947 there were 25 of them. They included villainy, female suffering, nobility and five episodes a week: twelve minutes of dialogue spread thickly with advertisement. The radio was the "theater of the mind." The image of a baseball diamond forms as dad listens to the ball game, of a fancy ballroom as sister listens to music. It carried great pathos as in the live news of the Hindenburg crash. And it carried real fear as in Orson Welles' "War of the Worlds" broadcast. In Great Britain the growth of radio was much slower and controlled by the government. The British saw radio as an educational medium. The BBC motto was "Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation." It sought to maintain high standards of spoken English and good taste.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Ironically the number of Post Offices reached a peak in 1920 (76,000). In 1950 there were 41,600 of them.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Social Conditions<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Technology was a driver of social change. The way people lived across the country changed relatively little from the colonial days until about the beginning of the twentieth century. Industrialization, particularly steam power and transportation, slowly changed the nature of life but as technology evolved and proliferated, and perhaps of greater importance, as big business came to dominate the economy, we moved from relative isolation and local self-sufficiency to a mass market culture. Borsodi was an expert on these trends. He wrote <i>National Advertising vs. Prosperity</i> and <i>The Distribution Age</i> in response to what he considered growing economic disadvantage occasioned by the added cost of the mass market. And, as we will see, took this to a whole new level in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>The Jazz Age:<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What defined the temper of the twenties, the Jazz Age? The Twenties were, first of all, an unparalleled period of prosperity. It was the mass production era – a time of conspicuous consumption and profligate living. It was the era of the motor car and all the freedom a ready means of travel provided the young and prosperous. The cultural image that portrays the Jazz age comes from the works of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis and Ernest Hemingway and other contemporary writers. What they depicted was a moral vacuum, a loss of values, the aftermath of a meaningless and destructive war, rampant and mindless stock speculation, inflation, and a general uncertainty bordering on hysteria. In politics they had the corrupt Harding administration. Great Gatsby heroes, the gangsters and the well-born, were the popular images of the day.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was much emphasis on the bazaar and transitory. The lifestyle of the 20s was less ordered, expressed in the syncopated rhythm of ragtime and blues, the symbols of the Jazz Age. The automobile allowed people to go to more places. New appliances saved time--made more available for leisure pursuits. It would be wrong to portray the American character exclusively in these terms, however. What we see is the culture of the young and the cities. Balancing this were those, mostly rural, small town, who worked hard, were thrifty and religious.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the cities it was different. The twenties were a decade of the under-forty, the young middle class. They knew there was something different about the way they lived – yet probably without reflecting on the vast changes that had occurred as they grew up. Like Peter Pan these young people refused to grow up, perhaps because of a hysterical detachment from the crushing reality of the recent war and the pace of change. It was a time of Emile Coue, Mah-jongg, the "yo-yo," contract bridge, roller skating, the crossword puzzle, bathing beauty contests, the Scopes trial, racketeers, Teapot Dome, Sacco and Vanzetti, "True Confession" magazines, radio, speakeasies, Al Capone, Charles Lindbergh, automatic traffic stops and finally the Wall Street crash. It extended into the thirties and the flamboyant well-to-do continued the flaunt the lifestyle of music and booze to re-emerge in the swing of the forties.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What caused the wild behavior? What caused it during the 60s? Most people said it was the War. Others say it was the great increase in material goods, the implosion of the mind occasioned by radio, the freedom realized through the automobile. Scott Fitzgerald in his first novel in 1920, <i>This Side of Paradise</i>, said it this way: "Here was a new generation grown up to find all gods dead, all wars fought, all faith in man shaken...." Fitzgerald was a legendary hero to the youth. He was married to the "beautiful, witty and unstable" queen of jazz, Zelda. They were known for their drunkenness, their mad-cap antics and their extravagant capers. They were always running out of money, but the party must go on.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A new war was unthinkable, but an air of hysteria and naive innocence prevailed. Disillusionment, cynicism, despair, even rebellion were common attitudes. Political the doctrine was one of 'Normalcy," a world of peace and democracy. On the dark side people just didn't think the war had been worth the price so why fight another one. There was a desperate search for security and self-assurance. People turned to Freud. His new sexual theories sparked a lot of interest. Did they have anything to do with a steady erosion of family life? Companionate marriage and free sexual consort were common, especially among the young. Birth control made the matter not only theoretically attractive but practical. Prohibition stimulated a counterculture. This mood helped provoke unrestrained hedonism. Clothing and cosmetics became exotic and extravagant.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The decade is characterized by the music and the dance. it was the "jazz age." Jazz spread from New Orleans to Chicago to New York. Many of the musicians were southern blacks: Louis Armstrong became a world favorite as did Duke Ellington, Fats Wallis and others. In New York, Harlem drew young, middle class whites with its music. In the south young whites would cross that forbidden line between them and black society late at night to listen to and play with jazz bands. The music and beat evolved through the forties and the big bands. The Charleston became another symbol of the age: every joint twisted and contorted. It began around 1913 in Charleston, South Carolina. It was energetic, at once loose and disciplined. Dancing was very popular in all forms, formal, marathons, the Charleston, the Tango. Arthur Murray appeared in 1925 in New York to teach dancing. On the floor the gloves came off and the dresses became backless<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Rudolph Valentino and his heroines defined a new style: Sheiks and Shebas. Young men sought to imitate Valentino, the Sheik. Young women acted very liberated. When Valentino died in 1926, at age 31, people lined up for eleven blocks for a last look. Gone were the ideals of gallantry, industry and idealism. The old order had been knocked to pieces. Lust was as good a reason as any for pursuing adventure. It was a time of non-conformist conformity. Cloche hats, shorter skirts, gaudy fake jewelry, clandestine drinking – a sport for both men and women, cynical opinions and "don't care" attitudes. A new slang, a private language, emerged. There was little interest in politics: "Why bother?" It was an era of "wonderful nonsense." The march of science continued steadily to undermine man's centrality in the order of things. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The economy boomed and money made all things possible. People wanted excitement, not theories, not problems to solve. They reveled in scandals, gory murders, the fall of great names, sports. Beneath the glitter, millions were untouched by affluence – those who lived on the farms and in thousands of small communities – farmers, miners, southern sharecroppers. In the south the Klan was reborn and among the workers in the cities sentiment against immigrants was widespread. Most toiled and suffered.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The US Presidency even exampled the style. Harding was a good-natured soul whose policy of government inactivity made him popular, but his friends betrayed him – two even committed suicide. He died in office. Plenty of drama. Coolidge became most famous for his long naps.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Prohibition<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">As a further aid to polarizing and destabilizing society, the 18th Amendment, prohibiting consumption of alcohol, was ratified and put into effect nation-wide on January 16th, 1920. Prohibition provided a means for states, controlled by rural-agrarian legislators, to attempt to enforce their morality on the cities. It created urban-rural and ethnic polarizations, middle-class working-class divisions, and precipitated an outbreak of crime, violence and the rise of the ethic of disobedience to cultural norms, if not blatant pursuit of "victimless" criminality, and authority. Many people did not accept prohibition, went to Canada, Cuba, Bahamas (Pan Am got its start ferrying partygoers to Cuba and Bahamas) for flings of drinking and gambling. Lots of homebrew was produced and smuggling became a major industry, soon taken over by gangsters who fought for monopolies. It was the age of the Speakeasy. Not nearly enough enforcement officers to cover everything. Police corruption was common.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Prohibition served to introduce new social rules. Women, for example, had been prohibited from using saloons. They flocked to the speaks to drink, dance and freely socialize. Moonshine became a big business. Even politicians engaged in it. A portable still could be purchased in almost any hardware store and instructions for making beer, wine and distilled spirits could be found in most libraries. Vintners in California produced a grape juice that in sixty days turned into wine with fifteen percent alcohol. Grape production grew throughout Prohibition. Near beer came with packets of yeast. The hip flask became as common as the pocket watch. There were 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone in 1926.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was an explosive growth in big-time crime capitalizing on Prohibition. Chicago became the gangster capital of the country and Al Capone, with an army of 700 men, its biggest boss. Capone controlled 10,000 speakeasies and ran most of the bootlegging business in Chicago. During his reign there were 400 gang murders per year. A number of gangsters were public celebrities. They were public heroes and public enemies all at once. Their passing, often violent, was big news and their funerals better attended than movie stars’. Crime was both widespread and very newsworthy during the 20s. There were seamy murders, the Lindbergh kidnapping and the Sacco and Vanzette affair. George Orwell did a composite on the society murderer: A little man, professional class – say a dentist, intensely respectable, fine home, temperate, conservative, in love with another woman, he murders to protect his career. The gangsters were not people like us. Orwell's composite was just like us. But there were brutal and senseless murders, like the Bobbie Franks affair in which two affluent young men senseless killed a boy just for kicks.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Sacco and Vanzetti represented a different way of life. They were immigrants and radicals, representing, in the public mind, socialism and anarchy. Like the Scopes trial there were political overtones: Judge Thayler wanted to make an example of these "dago anarchist bastards." It took seven years before they were sentenced to death in what is still a controversial trial. George Bernard Shaw, Albert Einstein, Galsworthy and H. B. Wells pleaded for a reduced sentence. There were gatherings on their behalf all around the world.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Urbanization<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1860, only 20% of the U. S. population lived in cities and these "cities" were defined as places in which 2,500 or more people resided – a very small town by today's standards. There were 16 cities with population over 50,000. By 1910 46% lived in towns and there were 109 cities with 50,000 or more people. After 1880 the U. S. had more population than any European state except Russia. Much U. S. population growth was immigrant.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The decline of the small town was one of the major social forces at work during the latter half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. Small towns were criticized for conformism, limited aspects, stifling social constraints and became the subject of popular satirical novels such as Sinclair Lewis's <i>Mainstreet</i>, and Thornton Wilder's <i>Our Town</i>. But they were also the place where the strong national sense of self-reliance and individualism resided. Today the idea of the small town is largely in the domain of nostalgia – small town of youth memories idealized – a half imaginary, tranquil life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The small town was the home of the old guard – white, Anglo-Saxon, protestant (WASP), native born, predominantly agricultural. The U. S. was largely homogenous in the 19th century. In 1914 most shared common values centered on the protestant work ethic which stressed industry, self-reliance, thrift and above all, success. But that was already changing. Twenty-four million new immigrants arrived between 1860 and 1920 – many were Catholics and Jews. Many southern blacks moved to northern and mid-western cities. Many of the Old Guard thought the country was a melting pot and that it would readily absorb this great diversity of humanity through education, employment and recruitment into mainstream culture. That didn't happen. The cities became more and more diversified. Ethnic groups solidified into neighborhoods and worked to preserve old world customs, language, newspapers and books and their own brand of political organizations. One reaction to the advancement of blacks and eastern Europeans is symbolized in the revival of the KKK after World War I – WASP to the core but even the term "WASP" became pejorative. Anti-Semitism, at times virulent, became public. Immigration quotas were imposed in 1921. The Sacco-Vanzette trial (1927) demonstrated the deep antipathy toward immigrants.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Urbanization and increased mobility were obviously contributors to social change and increasing tensions. Congested city living lead to new forms of social behavior cloaked increasingly in anonymity. Close social aggregates dissolved. Freudian psychology legitimized questioning old values and the search for new forms of life more appropriate to close-packed city life. The city dwellers begin to look down of the rural "hick" and "hayseed."<o:p></o:p></p><h2>New York City<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">New York took the lead in urbanization, followed by major industrial cities around the Great Lakes, San Francisco and Los Angeles. In 1920 the New York City Metropolitan District consisted of 20 cities with over 20,000 people, including portions of New Jersey and Connecticut. More people lived in that metropolis than in Canada. Within its boundaries were manufactured more goods than in Canada and South America combined. Along the waterfront were refineries for sugar, oil and copper. Forty percent of men’s and 70% of all women's cloths made in the U. S. were manufactured there. Indeed New York City itself manufactured the majority of all goods in the U. S.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Detroit<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">During the 1890s Detroit was in the midst of a bicycle craze. The speed limit was 15 mph but "scortchers" liked to exceed it and "scortcher cops" chased them down at their best "code 3" peddling. In 1900 Detroit was already a fast-growing iron and steel city. It had 285,700 citizens. Gasoline engines were being built into boats for Great Lakes trade. There were many skilled wagon and carriage makers. There was a lot of money available. Living in the city were people like Ransom E. Olds (Oldsmobile), Henry Ford, David Buick, Henry Leland (Cadillac) and William Durant (GMC). The automobile became "The" industry for Detroit. The population of the city rose from 465,800 in 1910, to 934,000 in 1920. The Great War was the first motorized war. The army needed trucks and ambulances. The assembly line met the need. Indeed, Detroit made more cars than the railroads cold carry, so a special heavy duty concrete highway was built to Toledo. The whole war effort was put on the assembly line: helmets, rifles, ammunition, the Liberty (famous aircraft) engines. Ford made small tanks (Whippets) and motorized subchasers (Eagle Boats). When the soldiers returned there was a housing shortage. Suburbs sprung up and people commuted to work. The rich moved out of their city mansions which became tenements. Detroit was one of the first American cities to experience urban blight.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1909 Henry Ford developed the production line and by 1914 was mass producing cars. By 1923 Detroit was producing 23 million cars per year – turning the city into a congested urban center. In 1929 Ford opened the Rouge plant, the largest industrial complex ever built up to that time. It employed 50,000 workmen – from all over the world. It produced four cars a minute. Half the cars in the world were made by Ford. Ford paid $5.00/day when the average plant wage was $1 and a skilled worker earned $3.50. But conditions went with it: The workers were expected to display good, American, moral character. Workers were checked on by a social service department formed which told workers how to live and spend their money. Indeed, there was a social ethos about this. Detroiters were determined to Americanize immigrants, to "Americanize" Detroit. They did that through economic pressure. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Ford had vast resources to draw on outside of Detroit. He had rubber plants, iron mine and coal mines. He employed a half million people around the world, and he wanted to control every aspect of their lives. He published his own newspaper, "The Dearborn Independent" and to his discredit launched an anti-Semitic campaign through it. Ford was a tyrant, in the older Greek sense of the term. Working conditions were abominable – his plant was a vast human machine. With the Depression he cut wages and speeded up production and the profits were immense. In 1930, as unemployment reached 50% in Detroit, Ford earned $30 million. In 1931 the 20 millionth Ford went on tour but one third of the Ford dealerships were out of business. As unemployment soared in the cities (in Toledo reached 80%) Ford stopped making cars and in 1931 laid off 60,000 workers. He gave his son Edsel a million dollars, the equivalent of 700 years income for the average work, to tide him over.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Chicago<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Chicago sits on the site of an ancient portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi basin. it was used for millennia by the Indians and then by the French from the seventeenth century. The French built a stockade there in 1682 and a bit later a Catholic Mission. The Americans secured several square miles of land by treaty with the native inhabitants and built Fort Dearborn in 1803. The town of Chicago was laid out in 1830 and incorporated in 1833 with 150 inhabitants. At the time of the Chicago fire in 1871 the city had 300,000 people, nine rail roads and an opera company. On the second night of the fire, which destroyed over 13,000 buildings and left a quarter of the population homeless, the city hosted its first symphonic performance. Chicago was quickly rebuilt after the fire and rapidly established itself as the "Metropolis of the Midwest" and as one of the world’s largest trade centers. It was also becoming an important cultural center with performances of grand opera and symphonic concerts. The University of Chicago was founded in 1892 and, generously supported by John D. Rockefeller, became a distinguished teaching institution, center for research and graduate education, home of a major medical school, center for educational innovation under the guidance of John Dewey, and home of the Great Books program founded by Robert M. Hutchins and Mortimer Adler in 1931. The University has always been known for its distinguished faculty. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Chicago was a city built by transportation, by the rail roads which ran from there across the great plains to the Pacific. Innovation in rail technology made Chicago possible. In 1871 there were 23 different track standards – goods had to be moved from car to car at depots. By 1880 80% of the track in the U. S. was standard gauge and by the mid 1880s rails were steel, a great advance over iron. Steel was also used for stronger boilers and more efficient steam engines. By 1920 axial weight increased three and one-half times and towing power tenfold. Coal cars alone went from ten tons to 100 tons. This cut unit cost by half between 1860 and 1900, lowered prices to consumers, increased traffic and raised profits. This opened huge markets. For Chicago this meant the mid-west. Development of the refrigerated rail car helped concentrate the meat industry there. World War I produced a great increase in growth and by 1930 Chicago was one of the nation’s three millionaire cities. Chicago hosted the "Century of Progress Exhibition" 1933-34.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Washington, D. C.<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The nation’s capital, in contrast, was for most of its history a sleepy southern city – slow and genteel. It was a city of colleges and universities, culture, museums, and most of all, government and military operations. At just under a half million (486,869) in 1930 it was large but by no means on the scale of the great commercial cities. Its location was fixed by political compromise. Designed by a French engineer who fought for the American colonies, it was the world’s first planned capital city. The government moved in in 1800. During the course of the nineteenth century and into the current century it has become one of the world’s greatest scientific and intellectual centers. The Library of Congress contains a copy of every book and pamphlet copyrighted in the United States plus perhaps the largest general collection of books in the world. It is one of the world's premier research libraries. The Smithsonian was established in 1846 by Congress and named after an Englishman, James Smithson, who donated his fortune to the U. S. to be used for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." It is one of the world's major scientific institutions and the mother of many of the city’s diverse museums. The city includes Georgetown University, founded in 1789 by the Jesuits, Howard University – one of the great African American seats of learning, and other institutions of higher education. It contains the Naval observatory, the Zoological Gardens, the National Museum, two great art museums and is the home of the National Geographic Society. This city was a fabulously rich trove of knowledge with both bound volumes and resident in the minds of accomplished scholars and men and women, many of whom possessed a great practical learning in world affairs. Under Franklin Roosevelt the city blossomed as a scientific and intellectual center as well as a nerve center for the American Civilization and into which an unparalleled level of power was focused during World War II.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>The Archetypical American City<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Where was Middletown? In 1925 sociologists Robert and Helen Lynd decided to study a typical American city to record the change in American life. They choose Muncie, Indiana and called the study <i>Middletown</i>. In 1920 Muncie had 37,000 people. Some 100 companies manufactured over 300 products there. The Lynds noted that machines were already beginning to replace skilled workers and that a boy of 19, with a few weeks experience, could turn out more work on a machine than a skilled worker by hand.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Lynds were studying lifestyle. It was not uncommon to find households with a car, electric iron and vacuum cleaner and washing machine, with a hand pump well and out-house. Refrigeration and factory canning had a tremendous impact on city life. Canned goods meant more fruits and vegetables were eaten during the winter. The first refrigerated shipment of beef was made (to London) in 1880. By 1900 cold storage houses abounded in the US. Most homes had ice boxes. Kelvinator introduced home refrigeration in 1918. By 1926 250,000 homes had them. But the ice man was not to go the way of the lamplighter for another decade or so. More and more women were working, going out of the home to earn money. Smaller houses, ready-made cloths, canned goods, bakery bread, labor saving machines, linoleum floors, running water and coal, vs. wood, stoves, all saved time. Free time meant activity. The study noted a sharp increase in students in higher education. More money meant children could go to college. More vocational training was available in night schools and there was expansion in community colleges. Two of three families had a car. Most families bought cars before bathtubs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Lynds went back to Muncie in 1935 to observe the effect of the depression. Jobs were few, many businesses were closed, college enrollments were down. Marriages were postponed. Not as hard hit as many cities, however. Emphasis shifted from "How can we make more money?" to "How can we survive." The city had lived with the belief that everyone should support himself. Now it had to cut relief payments from $2 per week to $1.50 for two people. The general attitude: We must go forward. Things will get better. The system is right, the person wrong. Improvement will come when people change their attitude. The bad times would pass.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Standards of living<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The high standard of living provided by consumer products made life richer. Life was more comfortable. Public works in health and hygiene helped to lengthen and improve the quality of life. By 1939 the average life span was 61 years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">High school and college enrollments doubled during the 20s. Young people stayed in school partly because of shortage of good jobs. The greatest increase in college enrollment came in practical fields such as engineering, teaching and business administration.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The safety razor replaced the straight razor. School masters frowned on the fountain pen as a detriment to good penmanship, but the public bought them in large numbers. At first, they were bulky but by the mid-thirties they became very modern in lines. Cigarette lighters and frozen ice cream appeared, and zippers begin to replace buttons. Neon lights begin to emit their glare on main streets.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There were steady advances in health. In 1920 there were relatively few reported "coronaries." By 1940 medical knowledge, a better understanding of cause of illnesses and death, was probably the contributing factor in the 20-fold increases in heart disease reported. Adenoids and tonsils were considered major sources of human ills, along with constipation. Surgery, pills and other remedies were prescribed. Leeches were still in use in some hospitals. In 1922 insulin was successfully produced for the treatment of diabetes. In 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin but it would be over a decade before it became widely available. Diets included large amounts of carbohydrates and fats, but a "New Health" movement was under way advising better eating habits. Diets did, in fact, become faddish in the 20s. In England a vegetarian movement was under way. Fresh fruits and vegetables became more common with portable refrigeration. Concern for the care of children made breast feeding fashionable and stimulated Montessori to introduce the kindergarten. A. S. Neill founded Summerhill, a model of progressive childhood education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">By 1929 tremendous changes had been worked on the American household. Suburbs were springing up and suburban populations swelled. In 1900 the electrical appliances business was under two million dollars. In 1912 1/6th of American families had electricity. By 1927 it was 2/3rd. By 1925 80% of the homes with electricity had appliances other than electric lights: Irons (80%), vacuum cleaners (37%), washing machines (25%). (Radios and telephones were, however, powered by batterie. By 1929 it was a $176 million dollars industry. Growth continued through the Depression. In 1935 there was $218 million worth of appliances and by 1937 $333 million.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Real per capita income increased 30% between 1919 and 1929, from $543 to $716 (both in 1929 dollars). Manufacturing increased output by 2/3rds due largely to increases in labor productivity due to new technology. There were many displaced production workers. Unions declined. Then, as now, workers were displaced into white collar service occupations.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Men and Women<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The relationship between the sexes changed. Even in the early thirties 26 of 48 states had laws prohibiting married women from working. A majority of public schools prohibited hiring married women for teachers. But the war had called women into the workplace where they found a new independence. Women entered the professions and adopted new forms of dresses, cut their hair, smoked in public, danced the Charleston, discussed sexual issues frankly. The Mary Pickford Sweetheart, sweet, shy, demurring, gave way to a new archetype: bold, sexual, outspoken, and in 1920, with the 19th amendment, the vote, a force in politics.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A new style of dress and appearance emerged: bobbed hair (first cut short for work in factories), cloche hats, dresses got shorter and thinner, but figure was deemphasized by straightening the waist and flattening the breast. Fashion became a passion. By 1929 there were 1,500 brands of face cream and 2,500 of perfume on the market. At the movies, actresses were first of all beautiful, second actresses. Some were high-spirited, others were 'vamps' – sweet but naughty. The stars included Greta Garbo, Rudolph Valentino, Gloria Swanson, Douglas Fairbanks, Lon Chany, Janet Gaynor, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Joan Crawford, Ronald Cohn, Charlie Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Clara Bow, the Marx Brothers, Maurice Chevalier, Al Jolson, Gary Cooper, Lillian Gish, John Gielgud and others. At school there were contests for the prettiest and most attractive girls. There were coming out parties for debs and "dream girls." Margaret Gorman was crowed the first Miss America in 1921. The "American Girl" was: "refined, washed, manicured, pedicure, permanent-waved." Blond and tan was in. In 1927 figures begin to come back in.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The war had introduced a new promiscuity, especially in Europe. They had been denied access to saloons. Prohibition gave them ready access to the Speaks. As men went to war and women went to work, rented their own apartments and adopted independent lifestyles. A British junior officer had a life expectancy of only three weeks at the front. They were given short leaves before going "over there." Brief and passionate affairs occurred and many of the "New Women" considered it not only the right to give of herself as she chooses but a privilege to brighten the life of doomed and dashing young warriors. Freud, after all, spoke against undue sexual restraints. Margaret Sanger coined the term "birth control" in 1914 and opened a clinic in 1916 in Brooklyn – which was quickly raided and shut down. She served 30 days for obscenity but in 1923 she opened a permanent birth control center. After the war there were more young women than young men. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Young men also responded to the fashion craze. They wore double breasted jackets, two-toned shoes and dinner jackets for formal occasions. Many had tailor-made suits. Creases had knife-edges. They slicked back their hair, often parted it in the center, adopted thin moustaches, and equipped themselves with fine watches and pens. They looked like movie stars.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The level of divorce reached one in six marriages by 1928. Sensational affairs became the gist of tabloids and novels. Motion pictures emphasized romance and sex and movie actors played roles in real life much like, only more sordid, than those on the silver screen. Novels were more explicit in sexual detail. Youth were generally more rebellious and free-thinking. Premarital chastity was openly challenged.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Past-Times<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">During the early part of the century most entertainment was found in the home. Before the phonograph and radio nearly everyone learned to play some instrument or sing. It is said there were more pianos in America than bathtubs. Musical skills were common among the American population. Virtually everyone played some form of musical instrument. The family piano, fiddle, wind instruments and voices provided much evening entertainment. First the phonograph (Edison, 1877) and then the radio introduced passive entertainment. Musical skills and the sales of instruments and sheet music declined steadily. Games were also popular: cards, checkers, dominos. Collecting stamps, arts and crafts and reading were all popular. Children's games included marbles, jacks, baseball, skating and roller skating.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Music and Dance: Many of the memorable songs were written in the twenties and thirties. They come to us today because they were recorded and thus became a permanent and readily accessible part of our culture. Music is a universal language. It will cross not only cultural boundaries but time as well.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Recreation: For several decades, before the widespread use of automobiles, the bicycle was an important part of American social life. Balloon tires were developed in 1888 and set off a bicycle craze. By 1900 10 million Americans had bicycles. There were 312 bicycle manufacturers. The Wright brothers ran a bicycle store and started building gliders there. Boxing, baseball and football were popular sports as were bowling, swimming, billiards, hiking, golf and tennis and croquet. When time permitted there was hunting and fishing. There were horse races. Spectator sports came later but they were a great hit. The National Baseball League was formed in 1876. The first world series was played in 1903. The majors drew national attention, but the minors attracted a great deal of local enthusiasm. Band music was popular, John Phillip Sousa was a musical sensation. Ragtime became popular in the 1890s.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The newspapers had become a popular part of American life. Newspaper circulation was 8.3 million in 1890 and 15 million in 1900. It was 24 million in 1910, 33 million in 1920, 42 million in 1929, down very slightly in 1930 to 41 million, up to 44 million in 1940 and jumping again to 52 million in 1950. Literacy was rising. There were a number of top-notch correspondents. Stories included exposes, murder, political corruption. <i>The New York Times</i>, in one issue, presented more information than encountered in a lifetime during the middle Ages. Circulation rose from 25 million copies to 40 million during the 20s. The first of the tabloids came out in 1919 – one-half regular size and lurid news: murder, sex, dramatic photos. Magazines also did extremely well.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Reading and theater were popular pastimes. Books published stood at 6,356 titles in 1900, doubled to 13,000 in 1910, dropped to 8,000 in 1920 following the war and rose slowly to 11,000 in 1950 (after which the industry boomed). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Photography also entered family life. In 1880 Eastman sold a self-contained camera that would take 100 photographs. You sent the whole thing in for development. In 1891 he offered the box camera with loadable film. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Theater and movies: The professional theater, many of which were traveling troops, with their own tent, who appeared in villages and towns around the country, were well attended. In 1910 there were 2,000 established theaters. By 1920 many were showing moving pictures. By 1930 most of the remaining professional theaters were in big cities. In some larger cities, like New York, the stage thrived. In New York, in 1928, at its peak, there were 80 theaters and 270 productions. Tickets went for up to $8.00. Playwrights lived well. One play, "Abie's Irish Rose," ran for 2,327 performances over five and one-half years. The number of theaters and productions steadily declined and after World War II there were 30 theaters and 87 productions. Many scripts then were taking on a more intense "social consciousness."<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The camera was also to transform stage entertainment. Edison developed the kinetoscope in 1894, and two years later, with significant improvements, a new industry was launched. The early films lasted only a few minutes and were often played between acts at vaudeville houses. The first film with a plot (crime-chase-retribution), "the Great Train Robbery," in 1903, ran for eight minutes. Many of the songs, the scenes and the characters of the talkies are still with us as part of our cultural heritage – not only the actors but the cartoons: Micky and Minnie Mouse, Felix the Cat. By 1907 there were four or five thousand moving pictures theaters drawing two million people per day. There were up to twenty showings per day. Acting was dramatic. Melodramas were the staple. Theda Bara was the first of the sultry vamps. Cowboys and comedians were popular. There was a rash of gangster films in the thirties. Horror, cliff hangers and even some science fiction were offered. The public preferred the lighter stuff. But the mainstay was the romance films with the likes of Valentino and Garbo. In 1927 the talkies arrived, and attendance doubled. Tickets were often only a dime. The movie industry continued to grow by giant strides throughout the 30s and into the forties. Screen writers lived well. By 1945 100 million tickets were sold to the American public each week. But the movies too would bow to a new media – the television. By 1958 only 42 million tickets were sold each week.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Working People<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1901 the US population was reported to be 77.6 million, sixty percent of which was rural and the great majority of the remainder living in small towns and cities close to the country (half of the "urban" population lived in places with fewer than 10,000 people). Most people lived and died in the county where they were born. A journey of even a hundred miles was a serious undertaking. The rhythm of the day was set by the sun. Horsepower and manpower did the planting and harvesting. There were 21 million horses and mules. Most food consumed in the country was raised by the farm family but flour, beans, molasses, oatmeal and some dried fruits were purchased at the general store. Workdays were long – 60 hours per week. Vacations were few. The average cash income for a farm family was $500 per year. Even by 1935 only one farm in ten had electricity. There was no plumbing on the farm. Roads were dirt. Schools had one room and teachers were paid $325 per year. A country newspaper might arrive weekly. Mail was rare. Social events were organized around the church, harvest time, barn raising and the annual country fair. Life was hard so the young moved to the city when possible.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The advent of farm machinery turned the farm into a business enterprise. By 1940 only 45% of the population was rural. In 1920 32 million people lived on farms. By 1960 only 15 million did and only seven percent of the work force was engaged in agriculture (its half that now although one in five workers are involved in some aspect of the food processing and distribution industry). Over time electricity and indoor plumbing came to the farm. The one room school virtually disappeared, replaced by large regional schools and bus networks. Improved highways went everywhere.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The turn-of-the century small town was very different from the large industrial city. Streets tended to be paved, homes had gas, if not electricity and plumbing. Gas lamps gave good light. Central heating was still rare. The dining table in a large kitchen was the center of family life. The kitchen was an all-purpose room. Houses were large, often two storied, surrounded by large lots. Gardens were common. Furniture was massive wood, walls were papered and hung with patriotic and sentimental pictures. Remington's western scenes were popular, and Maxfield Parrish's' romantic "Daybreak" sold a million copies into the 20s. Everyone knew each other. On Sunday the towns shut down. it was a day of rest and people rested: no picnics, no sports, no carnivals; just church. Prices were cheap but the average wage was 29 cents per hour (farm labors made a dollar a day, with keep). There was little culture – art or literature. Isolation from the world at large was pretty complete before the radio. Sears Roebuck was the primary contact with the outside world. Tent Chautauqua did bring everything from bellringers to Shakespeare. By 1924 the Chautauqua circuit reached 12,000 towns and thirty million people. By 1930 this too had become victim of the radio and Depression. Traveling speakers came to every town. William Jennings Bryan delivered one speech 3,000 times. Dr. Russell Conwell gave one of his speeches to 6,000 audiences. The life of the small town has been captured, often in bitter satire, by writers such as Sinclair Lewis who belabored the sterile, drab life of 1920 in <i>Mainstreet</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A tremendous change occurred in the life of the ordinary person – from subsistence farming and shop keeping, to industrial workers, clerks and middle management. The impoverished conditions of the early factory workers (fist industrial revolution) and immigrants changed markedly. Thirty million people worked for wages during the 20s averaging $1,500 per year. The recognized minimum wage was $2,000. Some worked 84 hours per week under grueling circumstances. In a Carolina cotton mill, workers earned nine dollars per week for 66 hours of labor. Children under 15 were paid five dollars per week. Few unskilled workers belonged to the labor unions and had no voice to seek improvements. Mass production raised productivity forty percent during the 20s while wages rose only seven percent. This hurt the worker and it hurt the market.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Marx had predicted a growing concentration of capital and with that the impoverishment of the working class. While there was tremendous concentration of wealth and general exploitation, especially in the (then common) colonies, this did not occur to the degree Marx anticipated in the western industrial nations. Militant communism evolved into socialism which advocated thoughtful and deliberate social reform, rather than revolution, and did much to improve the plight of factory workers. Such were the Fabians in Great Britain: Shaw, Wells, the Webb’s. Marxism favored conflict. The Fabians rejected Marist extremism and advocated gradual socialist evolution. There continued to be many forms of socialism running from the benign and humanistic Fabians to hard-core Soviet Russian inspired armed revolutionaries. Labor unions declined during the 20s by half. They were open only to skilled workers. But the division between labor and management was so great it erupted as virtually open class war in 1934 in Minneapolis and San Francisco and other places resulting in deaths. A new form of unionism appeared in the early 30s which grew in strength, evolving through a period of bloody strikes. In 1937 ten workers were killed by police in Chicago. Roosevelt tended to side with the working men. Under the Roosevelt New Deal, unions won by degrees the right to strike and negotiate for better wages and benefits and working conditions. The factory workers were joined by middle class intellectuals to bring enormous pressure against the corporations and government for social reforms. The impact of such movement did much to weaken the laissez-faire (hands off) philosophy of the 19th century. Governments and corporations gradually became responsible for the welfare of citizens and employees. The welfare state became an active agent in the relief of social ills and the redistribution of wealth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A third element, Christian socialism, sought collaboration between workers and employers, through Christian brotherhood rather than conflict. In 1891 Pope Leo XIII condemned both the Marxist concept of class struggle and attacks of socialist against private property. The Marxist antipathy towards religion did much to alienate Party members from Christian humanitarians.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Depression<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><i>This Ugly Civilization</i>, our next chapter, came out in 1929. In his two earlier books critical of the American economy, Borsodi had not foreseen a collapse. By 1929, while he might not have predicted the Great Depression, he clearly understood some basic frailties of the American economy and the society it created. The severe recession following World War I motivated Borsodi to create a rural family homestead which would provide security for his family during economic downturns. As we will see, he went well beyond merely economic concerns. He advocated a lifestyle that would provide not only economic independence but develop a strong sense of personal independence. But the Great Depression did occur and it propelled Borsodi to the public stage.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">October 1929 marked the beginning of an extended decline in the American economy and the beginning of an apparently irreversible change in political and social evolution. There are a lot of reasons for the crash, for the onset of the Great Depression – a mix of fact and opinion. There is a lot of myth about the Crash in the popular culture. Most of it is close to the truth but misses essential elements of it. It is a complex story, a frightening one for those who lived it, one that left enduring scars on the individual and collective psyche, and one that played an important role in the shaping of American character.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There had been two smaller economic setbacks already in the twentieth century, 1907 0 1911 and just after World War I. There had been three major depression after the Civil War: 1873-78, 1882-85 and 1892-94. The 1929 experience was of a different order and the greatest economic calamity in American history. The crash didn't start on Black Thursday, October 29, 1929. It started the day before. Indeed, the sag had begun in September. Some say the signs were clear a year earlier that the market was weakening. First the construction industry weakened, then manufacturing. But the panic hit on that Black Thursday. Attempts to stem the tide were tried and failed and by the end of that eventful day many stocks were selling at half their price a month before. The economy declined suddenly, recovered briefly, then plunged through 1930, '31 and '32, and into 1933 to the eve of Roosevelt's inauguration. It took four years to reach bottom (many more to recover). By the time it bottomed out, the market had lost two-thirds of its value.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There were warnings in plenty but no action before, during or until well after the crash. Who was in command of the economic ship? Not the Presidents. Not the Federal Reserve. Not Congress. And not the new President, Herbert Hoover. On March 4, 1929 Herbert Hoover, former Secretary of Commerce and Chief Economic Officer under Harding and Coolidge, and a principal architect of the New Era, hailed as "the Great Engineer," took the oath of office. Hoover was a successful, self-made man: a true Horaito Alger, rags to riches, prototype. Orphaned early in life, he worked his way through Stanford, became wealthy and devoted himself to public service. He organized famine relief in Belgium, became Secretary of Commerce under Harding where he earned a reputation for competency, continued under Coolidge and successfully ran for President in 1928. He was energetic, intelligent, a trained engineer. He was also rigid, dogmatic and vindictive. On March 4, 1929, when Hoover took the Oath of Office, America was basking in a golden glow, prospering at home and abroad. When the crash came, he had no plan how to moderate it. His personal philosophy was one of individualism and self-reliance. He expected leaders in business and commerce to work voluntarily to keep the economy solvent. He despised the very suggestion of "socialism." He turned the matter back to the people telling them to work cooperatively and work hard. He tried many programs with limited results. When he left office on March 4, 1933, American was in despair and in its darkest days since the Civil War. He was awakened on the morning of March 4th, 1933 to the news of immanent bank collapse as the states begin to close their local banks – the ultimate failure of his administration. The major agenda for the day: Roosevelt's inauguration.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It might be easier to understand the stock market crash in terms of the recently emerging science of "chaos." Not that we can actually explain it, only that we better understand the function of turbulence that arises in a stressed, fast flowing, system. In the pages above we see an explosive pattern of growth, an explosion that is without precedent in human history, uncontained, without moderating influences. Technology, wealth, the personal power afforded by wealth, urbanization, immigration, global war, mass communications and transportation, etc. How much does it take to strain a society to the breaking point? It is remarkable that so much change was absorbed. It is a testament to the capacity of the human species that it was. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In fact, there may never have been a let up if it had not been for the fundamental limits in human nature – a weak link in the chain of human evolution. The mortal error was not greed but ignorance – that shortfall of understanding that has plagued the human race throughout its history. It came about as a result of building a technology we could no longer master (a major concern of Korzybski’s). It came about because of the vast disparity of benefits provided members of our society, in the accumulation of wealth, and power in the hands of fewer and fewer people. Ten percent of the population controlled 40% of the wealth and half of that was in the hands of but one percent of the populace. Two hundred, of 400,000 corporations, controlled half of all corporate assets and over 40% of corporate income. The 1,350 largest corporations earned 80% of all corporate profits. Sixty thousand families at the top had the same assets as the bottom 25 million. It is they who defined the national "style.” It came about because wealthy men thought they could control the course of history by virtue of their capacity to create wealth. They saw themselves as somehow "superior" in both Darwinian and Calvinistic senses. They were God-fearing and intolerant, greedy and callous. Power and wealth lead to rigidity in the social order and in the economy. This early ideology of success and wealth spread to all levels of society, largely through the service clubs – Kiwanis, Rotary, Lions, Elks, the Chambers of Commerce – the groups in towns and cities who fought to advance the interest of local business, at times getting into the face of the business giants but on the whole shoring up the system of American values. If we have learned anything in the 20th century it is that centralization does not work. If we have learned anything from the study of life it is that rigidity precedes extinction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Part of the problem lay in the holding corporations which even more rigidly centralized economic control, which dictated the lives of manufacturing businesses without understanding the needs of the companies whose fate they controlled. Assets were milked from profitable enterprises, weakening them and weakening the whole economy. Holding companies, and the great banks that built them, dealt in an essentially insubstantial commodity: stocks and securities, wealth formed out of purely paper transactions. The only real money came from profits, commissions and debt interest. The principle was simple not there. The ratio of corporate earnings to the market price of shares rose to 1 to 16, nearly twice what it should have been. Stocks were devalued even further by the practice of buying "on margin," for a fraction of the value of the stock, usually forty cents on the dollar – in effect an unsecured loan. J. J. Raskob, Director of General Motors said, "everyone could become rich by investing $15 per month in sound common stocks.” Banks speculated with this paper wealth, greatly over extending themselves in loans. One and a half million people had invested in the market. Money short, interest high, sound enterprises were deprived of ready cash and driven into debt.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">After four years there was no end in sight for the Crash. In 1929 the GNP was $104.4 billion. In 1933 it was $74.2 billion. In short, 25 years of economic progress had been wiped out. In 1929 there were 1,500,000 unemployed, a mere three percent of the work force.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Unemployment increased steadily:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">1930 4.23 million 8.8%<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">1931 7.9 million 16.1%<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">1932 11.9 million 24%<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">1933 12.6 million, one quarter of the labor force.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This was only part of the picture as another one-quarter were working seasonal and part-time jobs at greatly reduced wages. Income from labor fell 42.3% between 1929 and 1933. The per capita income dropped from $857 to $590, lower than 1907-1911. Production dropped by 70%. Farm prices fell 61% from 1929 to 1933 and farmers were already hard pressed in 1929. Exports were off by 68%. Business failures increased 30% but bank failures increased five-fold. Bank closures wiped out $1 billion in savings between July 1930 and June 1931. Operational railroads declined from 809 to 700 in one year and continued to decline to under 600 in 1940. Small businessmen were forced to give up their business and seek employment, if they could find it. The index of major industries – power, RR, steel, lumber, textiles and automobiles – fell by half.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">During the Depression poverty and hunger became common, people left homes and farms to try to find low paying wage jobs. Families pawned everything and moved to the slums. Many families went on relief at only three to four dollars per week. Many families broke up. Housing standards declined and vacancies were numerous. There were foreclosures and a new practice of “doubling up." In January 1937, President Roosevelt stated that, "1/3 of the nation [was] ill-fed, ill-housed and ill-clothed (and conditions were better than in 1932 and 1933). Some say he deliberately downplayed the figures even then to avoid mass hysteria and that they should have been twice what he said. In 1932 in Philadelphia, 27% of school children were undernourished. Dislocations became pandemic. The country became more mobile and began to move around at an even greater pace. Will Rogers quipped that this was "The first nation ever to go to the poor house in an automobile." Automobile production fell by 40% but miles traveled by motor vehicles and gasoline usage rose steadily throughout the 30s. People kept dilapidated heaps running, moving their families and few possessions in search of a livelihood. The new Federal public works programs set out immediately to add 150,000 miles of new roads during the 30s. Population begin to concentrate in the cities. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Worldwide, production dropped by 1/3, prices more than half, 30 million people lost their jobs. Germany was hit harder than the average with only 1/3 of its workers fully employed. Debtor nations defaulted. Tariffs went up around the world to protect fragile economies. Democracy failed only to be replaced by dictators. Britain remained the strongest economy in Europe. France retained a huge gold reserve to shore up its economy, virtually untouched until 1935 when it swiftly collapsed. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Some businessmen agreed that the Depression was due to a "tragic lack of foresight." Intellectuals agreed with them and blamed the government as well as business for the lack. By 1932 public despair and anger were becoming dangerous. Fourteen million were unemployed and national income had dropped by half. Farmers, shopkeepers and businessmen were now in the bread lines. Public contempt for Hoover grew. Slogans appeared such as "In Hoover we trusted, Now we are busted." A riot at the Ford plant left four dead. The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched across the country to Washington, D. C. Two veterans were killed by police then Douglas MacArthur with six tanks and troops with fixed bayonets drove them from their encampment. There were fears of communist agitators. Mussolini had already established fascism in Italy. Communist Party membership doubled, and brown-shirted militants begin organizing in several localities. The growing pressure for change favored consolidation of production and ownership.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the mid-west our first major ecological disaster unfolded, a result of 75 years of exploitation of the land. Droughts begin in 1930 and the dust started to blow. It blew in 1931 and 1932, worse in 1933 and "murderous" in 1934 as great clouds of fine, yellowish dust rolled across America's heartland. The winds depleted top soil, ruining thousands of farmers the Depression had so far spared. Farmers facing imminent disaster sold to the large agribusinesses. They joined the impoverished tenant farmers and sharecroppers in the growing morass of rural poverty. By 1940 one million farmers, known as "Oakies" and "Arkies" had migrated to the west coast. Cities in California posted signed stating "No Bums Allowed." Roosevelt, an actual expert on soil conservation, later used the CCC to combat the dust bowl. The CCC planted rows of trees to break the wind and trained farmers in methods to prevent erosion. Recovery would take years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">For those who were employed full-time the range of income was exceedingly wide. Among the best paid people in the country in 1933 were U. S. Congressmen with a salary of $8,700 per year and airline pilots who earned an average of $8,000 annually. Executives in industry earned around $5,000, engineers and police chiefs around $2,500, medical doctors $3,400, lawyers $4,200, college teachers $3,100, public school teachers $1,200. Registered nurses, bookkeepers, and construction workers earned just under $1,000, Secretaries just over $1,000, airline stewardess and salesmen $1,500, coal miners less than $750, a typist $625, a waitress $500, depending on tips, a live-in maid $260 and a farmhand just over $200.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">At this time a new Dodge sold for $595, a used 1929 Ford for under $60 and a six-room house with garage for less than $3,000. Sirloin steak was 29 cents a pounds, bacon and chicken 22 cents, milk ten cents a quart, butter 28 cents per pound, eggs 29 cents per dozen, bread a nickel a loaf, coffee 26 cents per pound, sugar five cents per pound, potatoes two cents per pound. A large toothpaste sold for a quarter a tube, razor blades ten for 49 cents, cigarettes fifteen cents per pack, gasoline 18 cents per gallon, a fountain pen for a buck. A box camera went for $2.50, a bicycle for just over ten dollars, a doll carriage for $5 and a baseball glove for just over a buck. An electric washing machine could be had new for under $50, a vacuum cleaner for under $20 and an electric iron for $2. A grand piano went for under $400, a console radio, three-piece bedroom suit or eight-piece dining room set for under $50, coffee table of fine wood for $11. The grueling 48-hour coast to coast plane plus train ticket (one way) was $295 while a train ticket cost about half that but it took four days and three nights. You could go around the world by ship in 85 days with 14 stops for $749.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>The New Deal<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1933 Franklin Roosevelt, elected the previous year by a landslide 60% of the popular vote, took office. During the four-month interregnum between the elections and the inauguration, the economy continued to fail, and government came to a complete stand still. There was no continuity between the Hoover and the Roosevelt administrations, no continuation of economic and fiscal policy. Roosevelt not only made a new deal; he dealt a whole new game.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The idea of social reform had grown slowly in America. Theodore Roosevelt had preached it as had Woodrow Wilson. It had some support from the Christian ethos of charity. It was attractive to a beleaguered agrarian population, stifled labor leaders, and a mass of unemployed workers who could not feed their families. Sociology and social welfare were becoming established fields. A new generation of liberal economist were established in universities and the government. Both Franklin and Eleanor had developed a strong interest in social reform at the onset of his political career (around 1910). Franklin Roosevelt was a strong supporter of Woodrow Wilson and served him as Secretary of the Navy in 1912. He struggled to establish himself in national politics, running for Senate in 1915, nominated as candidate for Vice-president in 1920, during which he campaigned across the entire country. He was stricken by polio in 1921 at the age of 39 and lost the use of his legs. He decided to remain active in politics and was elected Governor of New York in 1928. He was one of the few Governor to fight back against the Depression. He became popular for his hard work and was nominated for the Presidency on the Democratic ticket in 1932. He surrounded himself with economic advisors and at the convention pledged a "New Deal." The term was taken apparently from economist’s Stuart Chase’s 1932 book entitled <i>A New Deal</i>. The nation wanted change. Hoover seemed, unwittingly, to help Roosevelt pursue it. During the last year of his office Hoover launched an investigation into Wall Street hoping to find support for his polices. What was found was wide-scale corruption, abuses, virtual bribery of public officials, stock discounts, everything "from grasping stupidity to calculated criminality” – which played right into Roosevelt's hands. After the election unemployment continued to rise and banks were failing at an alarming rate. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">FDR almost didn’t make it into office. He was nearly assassinated in Miami in February (Chicago Major Anton Cermat was mortally wounded in the attack). Once he was in office Roosevelt moved quickly. His first act was to close all banks for a week and put together a new national banking policy. Congress passed the new banking bill overwhelmingly on the first day and Roosevelt signed it into law that evening (3/9/34). Gold came under Federal control and a new currency was issued: Federal Reserve Notes – On April 19th the U. S. went off the Gold Standard. The banking community readily embraced this new policy. The banks reopened March 13th.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Roosevelt opened a communication channel directly to the American people: He begin his fireside chats via radio on March 12th. He was a great communicator. He exuded confidence. He brought an immediate sense of optimism to his new administration. His ideas were radical. He appointed a strong, progressive cabinet backed by a shadow cabinet, the brain trust.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Roosevelt supported legislation beginning with the National Industrial Recovery Act. The National Recovery Administration was created to control competition and pricing. Three point three billion dollars was infused into industry using a "carrot and stick" approach to implement a package of standards on production, pricing, marketing, fair treatment of labor, wages and hours. The NRA "Blue Eagle" identified businesses that cooperated with the government to mobilize public support. Roosevelt urged Americans to buy only from such companies. He strengthened labor's bargaining power.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">FDR launched the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in April, to feed the hungry, then the Civil Works Administration and the Civil Conservation Corp to provide temporary employment. By the end of his first 100 days the New Deal was well underway. Where Hoover had relied on principle, and failed, FDR accepted experimentation. Where Hoover and his predecessors had attempted to preserve American values, FDR turned American society, and its values, on its head. It was just the beginning. In June came the Public Works Administration, with another 3.3 billion dollars. The PWA was deliberate and painstaking in its execution. It rebuilt two aircraft carriers, built public roads, dams, schools, hospitals, airfields and subways. Roosevelt initiated banking reform, giving centralized authority to the Federal Reserve, regulated truth in advertising in stocks and security, consolidated private power companies and created the Tennessee Valley Authority to produce cheap and plentiful electric power, promote flood control, manufacture fertilizers, develop recreational areas, and improve navigation. The TVA brought relief to rural poverty, new power, new industry. It built 21 dams in ten years. It opened power markets not only locally but stimulated them across the country despite the greatly reduced rates. New businesses produced new revenues which were invested in new schools, hospitals and public services. He regulated trucking, shipping and aviation and pursued a vigorous anti-trust campaign. The Social Security Act was passed in 1935 to create an old age pension, unemployment insurance, and stipends for dependent persons. The Revenue Act of 1936 made income tax progressive. He created a U. S. Housing Authority in 1937. The Fair Labor Standards Act came in 1938. The pillars of what some called a welfare state were now in place.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">With the New Deal came the "New Dealers," young, professional experts, "Roosevelt's Young Men," to run the expanding machinery of government. Many were exceptionally able. Roosevelt's second major action had been agriculture reform. The new Secretary of Agriculture, Henry Wallace, an agricultural leader, set about to dramatically reform the agricultural system. Farm prices were still sliding. The farmers were arising in armed revolt and there had been bloodshed. The new administration imposed production controls, began benefit payments to farmers for taking acreage out of production, established market quotas on farmers and provided Federal purchase of surplus. Crops were destroyed and livestock slaughtered and buried. Planting was restricted. Farm mortgages were taken over by the government. Crop prices and farm income rose, debts were paid on. The armed vigilantes of farmers left their blockades.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Roosevelt's programs were not uniformly accepted. They changed the fabric of society to such a degree that they made almost everyone uncomfortable. The U. S. Supreme Court reacted to Roosevelt's highhanded policies. The conservative judges, under Louis Brandeis, held the advantage so Roosevelt set out to reorganize the Court by appointing six new justice and urging incumbents to retire. This precipitated a constitutional crisis and his first setback. There was a public outcry, and he withdrew. But within two years he succeeded in appointing four replacements and the Court became more favorable to his reform legislation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">By 1939 the New Deal had virtually run its course. By 1940 recovery was more or less under way. There was a war coming and industry to prepare. Manufacturing and production related labor was growing. The index of productivity was above the 1929 level. Steel production was well ahead. Population had reached 132 million. The median age was 29. Life expectancy was 61 years. The number of people living in cities and towns was constant. There were still only five "millionaire" cities. The number of passenger cars and automotive trucks produced were approaching 1929 levels. There were 235,000 miles of highways with half again as much traffic as 1929. Motor fuel usage was up 40%. Nearly 6,000 aircraft were produced in 1939 but, in anticipation of the war, the number more than doubled in 1940. Nearly 18,000 planes were in civilian hands. It was possible, if one had the means, to fly to any corner of the globe in about a week. Pan Am (founded in 1927 by Juan Trippe) flew to South and Central America, to Hawaii, and to China and pioneered a route across the Pacific to the Philippines and Hong Kong, where it met the British Imperial Airways coming the other way around the globe from London. Both Pan Am and Imperial flew the Atlantic regularly, both using the American Boeing 314 flying boats. The number of families with radios more than doubled. In 1941 two television stations were licensed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Depression unsettled American consciousness. Government and business had faltered. The free-market system had been tested to its limits and the family strained by economic hardship and geographic mobility. Hoover had kept government out of business and private affairs. Roosevelt had done the opposite. Ironically, he deliberately preserved capitalism while challenging many cherished, traditional, economic and social beliefs. His increased of the role of government, against the backdrop of Stalin's Russia and Hitler's Germany, did make many people nervous. The level of government spending and employment rose steadily. In 1929 the Federal budget was $3.3 billion; in 1933, 4.6 billion; in 1940, 9 billion; in 1941, as preparations for war began, 13 billion; at the end of the war the budget peaked at 98.4 billion. It settled to 39.6 billion in 1950. It has, of course, risen steadily ever since.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The American system had now been thrice tested: By economic growth, by economic catastrophe, and by a recovery that changed the social fabric as much as material prosperity had changed the physical aspects of our lived. The American people absorbed three great shocks and emerged, staggering, on to the road to Pearl Harbor. America's romance with material success had faltered. The value system that had undergone so much strain during economic development was to be tested again and again between the time of the crash and 1950: The depression, the New Deal, World War II, and a staggering post-war economic recovery.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">This is the world that Ralph Borsodi inherited.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">As a practicing economist and keen intellect, he knew it well.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">As a humanitarian he sought to remediate it.</span> </p>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-3003775101061504242021-03-28T12:05:00.002-07:002021-03-28T12:06:12.109-07:00The Unmaking of the Counterculture<p> Bill Sharp (c) March 28, 2021</p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As noted in the previous chapter, Mildred left Heathcote after only a short stay. She eventually moved on to Deep Run Farm to start a new School of Living headquarters. There were a number of hints for the reason why she made this change. During the School of Living meeting Labor Day weekend 1973, which she organized and lead, and printed in the proceedings of that conference, <i>Moving Into The Front Ranks of Social Change</i>, she gave a more exact statement of why she made the move.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Mildred’s presentation was about “Ralph Borsodi & School of Living.” She outlined the history of Borsodi’s work and her role in it. Bringing that story to a close she spoke of the acquisition of the Heathcote property in Maryland in 1965, an old mill in shambles which was laboriously restored. It was to be the new center for the national School of Living. She moved there at the end of 1968 following the death of her husband. She implied that her move to Heathcote may have been too late: “As a consequence, supervision at Heathcote was at low ebb.” It had become a commune: “A group of autonomous young people functioned here somewhat on their own terms … in return for publishing the <i>Green Revolution</i>,” she said. While there was a “roster” of School of Living “graduates,” she added, there were more simply drifting “seeking,” and moving on, she added. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Mildred credited some great work that had occurred at Heathcote and the numerous people who were spreading the Green Revolution around the country. She moved out and was living with the Anakers, from whom the old mill had been purchased, at that time. She had decided to go back to work, at age 73, as Director of Education for the School of Living and continue to build her network across the country. She wanted to continue the Borsodi legacy. She wanted to encourage more Schools of Living to form. In a real sense, she rebooted the School of Living. That story is coming up.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Communes. Hippies. Counterculture. What do these terms mean? What was going on the 1960s and 1970s that was causing such a stir among the young. During my research into the Human Potential Movement, which ran parallel with the Counterculture and had many areas of overlap, I developed the following profile. As an early Boomer, I experienced that phase of American history, often as a participant. In many ways, my upbringing and the counterculture were what has been called “cognitive dissonance.” The Counterculture emerged as a traditional culture was dying. I was brought up in that old culture and sensing its loss. The Counterculture was not a cause but an effect. It thus, in a real sense, represented the “unmaking” of a traditional way of life, not a new way of life. And it was a short-lived phenomenon. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeWIL9Zb4YWB-oG_YsgNhUuFVIle425dIytDsa2Xw6_wRQYv6RCVbE4JQuR3Dw-5HzKpwY9g5M8-6kUDa7XFmsZJzv_20U7KX7JHaITUYEnqWs54a9hZIV_Sx_bI1w26PJ_ZpJDtIEQYpD/s942/Counterforce.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="942" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeWIL9Zb4YWB-oG_YsgNhUuFVIle425dIytDsa2Xw6_wRQYv6RCVbE4JQuR3Dw-5HzKpwY9g5M8-6kUDa7XFmsZJzv_20U7KX7JHaITUYEnqWs54a9hZIV_Sx_bI1w26PJ_ZpJDtIEQYpD/w200-h112/Counterforce.png" width="200" /></a></div>There was also a dissonance between the Counterculture and the New Agrarians of which Borsodi and Loomis were leaders. The New Agrarians then, and now, are essentially traditionalist. <br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As we will see, there was far more to the Counterculture than youth. In a very real sense, this movement continues, but it is more an expression of the end of one era than the beginning of another. If Spengler, Sorokin and Toynbee were right, society was, and continues to be, on an inevitable downslope. It is with the young that we will start.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">The Unmaking of the Counterculture<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The youth Counterculture has a mythical connotation. It was, in fact, largely myth. It represented a rebellious spurt of energy that was gone almost as soon as it was defined. There were millions of young Boomers of college age in those days, but the active membership of the Counterculture was maybe 100,000 young men and women. By 1972 it had passed its peak. It continued as an urban legend and as fad and fashion. Bellbottoms could be bought at your local department store. Nonetheless, it had its impact, it left its marks, and it redefined the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">They were tumultuous times. There was a cold war going on with lots of people dying; thousands of nuclear warheads, missiles and bombers. Vietnam was a troubling war for both generations. There was poverty, rising crime, riots in cities, students seizing university campuses, civil rights, environmental pollutions, and a conservative political reaction. The students rocked, and sometimes threw rocks. But their parents, it must be remembered, were the products of the Great Depression and World War II. That their lives were unsettled is an understatement. What the young Boomers were experiencing was something different. Both generations were experiencing it but in very different ways. One trying to preserve their culture, the other discarding it. Neither really understanding what was going on.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There is nothing new about Bohemian culture; a loose, lazy and rebellious lifestyle. Societies are diverse. There are many cultures. There is always a considerable margin of deviation from the status quo. The American Republic was formed by rebellious young men, and some older ones like Ben Franklin. It appears that Borsodi spent much of his early years, in New York City, hanging out in Greenwich Village, a place known for its Bohemian culture. He rebelled against the establishment as a youth and he continued to do so to the day he died an old man. The literature of the time was rebellious, filed with angst, bitter. There was a “lost generation,” many of them expatriates who fled to Europe. The Beats emerged after World War II, their philosophy a dark and dreary existentialism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">One of the landmark academic books about the counterculture is Theodore Roszak’s <i>The Making of a Counterculture</i> (1969). Roszak was a professor of history who taught at several colleges and universities in the San Francisco Bay area. He is of the Silent Generation, more of a Boomer observer than a participant. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Roszak approached the counterculture from the realm of ideas, as a scholar. He saw these ideas in the popular literature of the day, especially in the existentialist. He was in touch with the Bay area Beat existential scene. He also consulted the literature in sociology and psychology. He related how Freud equated alienation with social repression. He also touched on Marxist literature, radical sociologist such as C. Wright Mill, “the dialectics of liberation;” and takes a journey to the East with Hesse. He reviewed Enlightenment rationality and particularly the rise of technology as a major source of youth alienation. Technocracy has a stranglehold on our civilization, he wrote. We are technology’s children: docile, compliant and profoundly unhappy. The source of the counterculture is our disaffiliation with the dominant culture<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Roszak was critical of the Sixties Counterculture. The Sixties were a Romantic movement, one based on European Romanticism, he wrote. There is a danger in unrestrained passion such as that exemplified by the great romantic composer Wagner. On the other hand, there is danger in “mad rationality.” The two can come together as they did in Hitler’s Germany to produce cold, calculating technicians capable of efficient genocide. Bay area longshoreman philosopher Eric Hoffer had already written of the mass movement in <i>The True Believe</i> and <i>The Ordeal of Change</i>. People with a poor sense of self-worth, he wrote, often abandon themselves to cults, demigods and escapist movements. And that doesn’t apply only to the young. There is thus a side of countercultures that is not pretty at all. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Roszak quoted psychologist R. D. Laing: “As a whole generation of men, we are so estranged from the inner world that there are many arguing that it does not exist; and that even if it does exist, it does not matter.” Behavioral psychology, a well-accept field, discounted the inner experience. Such too is the rhetoric of postmodern deconstruction, the systematic reduction of values to situational irrelevances. Huxley’s <i>Brave New World</i> (or Orwell’s <i>1984</i>) could be just around the corner. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Roszak found much that was juvenile, gullible, hedonistic, if not narcissistic, and vulgar in the youth movements. He found them all to ready for exploitation by drug dealers and corporate vendors ready to provide bell-bottoms, tie-died apparel, love beads and records through chain store outlets.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The myth of the Hippie counterculture came to print just as the Hippie movement itself subsided. For example, one of the most definitive books on the counterculture is Charles Reich’s <i>The Greening of America</i> (1970). Reich was a lawyer, had clerked with a Supreme Court Justice and was a professor at Yale Law School when he published <i>Greening</i>. He was then 42 years old and a rising star in the legal profession. He was riding the peak of his generation (like Roszak, Silent generation) and developing a solid reputation as a man of influence. The book, however, depicts a man living a very marginal life full of uncertainties and doubts. He was attracted to the youth culture in places like New Haven (Yale) and Boston (Harvard). He witnessed it in a visit to Berkeley. After writing the book he dropped out of his comfortable established life and moved to California where he discovered he was gay and begin to find himself a part of another rising counterculture and one persistent enough to become a stable subculture today.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Reich’s basic argument was that the US was losing its control of the machinery of society. He saw that even though he was himself a successful agent of social management, of maintaining the status quo. The issues he wrote about included social disorder, corruption, poverty, uncontrolled technology, decline in liberty and the democratic process, alienation and powerlessness, absence of community, loss of self. It’s a comprehensive indictment. Why can we not solve these problems, he asked? There is, he concludes, something “even deeper behind the crisis of structure and the crisis of inaction.” It is “a profound lack of understanding,” or of consciousness. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Reich defined the stages of civilization in terms of “Consciousness.” He believed there have been three stages of social consciousness. Consciousness I is “the traditional outlook of the American farmer, small businessman and worker who is trying to get ahead.” This is the consciousness of small-town America. “Consciousness II represents the values of an organizational society.” This is the consciousness of the Corporate State, defined by “depersonalization, meaninglessness, and repression, until it has threatened to destroy all meaning and all life.” Consciousness I and II have lagged behind the times, he believed. They are not only irrelevant but also a source of social distress. “Consciousness III is the new generation.” Reich devoted nearly 200 pages to describing Consciousness I and II before 150 or so more for Consciences III. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The key characteristics of Con III (as it came to be called) is life affirmation, or perhaps more accurately, self-affirmation. This is the consciousness of the emerging youth counterculture. It starts with “self” rather than “society.” The individual is the true reality. “It postulates the absolute worth of every human being.” It is egalitarian. There are no master institutions; no master systems. But Con III carries the burden of personal responsibility. There is a lot we each, as individual participants, have to work out. There are some overriding principles: We must, for example, live on a modest scale and take jobs that improve the lives of others. We must be agents of change. And, by the way, the importance of bell bottoms is that they make the ankles free. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Con III must reach beyond youth or fail, Reich asserted. We must all free ourselves from the oppressive conformity of Con I and Con II. The way is open to everyone who is unhappy with their way of life. It opens with acceptance of radical politics and social ideas. It is a matter of mental liberation, of stepping beyond fear, rigidity and submission to power. It is a way open to the workingman and woman and to the working-class professional who has the education to know better, who resents their employer, hates their work and struggles with senseless conformity.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Con III seeks to restore the “non-material elements of man’s existence.” It seeks to restore creativity in daily life. It seeks to transcend the industrial era (post-industrialism). Con III is the assertion of the right to choose a new way of life. This is, in a word, revolutionary. It will take a new system of education, a new vocation, de-specialization, a more flexible society. “A truly successful culture must be one in which education, work, and living are integrated.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">Disney<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">If Roszak sees something of the juvenile in the Counterculture then what, we may ask, shaped the minds of the Woodstock generation? Dr. Spock’s permissive child rearing is often cited as a cause of youthful rebellion. But the early Boomers grew up with something no other generation until then had, the television. There were a lot of children’s programs available. Disney was one of the main producers of these programs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Screenwriter, playwright, novelist and film historian Douglas Brode wrote an interesting book about Disney and the counterculture, <i>From Walt to Woodstock: How Disney Created the Counterculture</i>. His thesis is that the Woodstock generation grew up with Disney TV. What, he asked, were the values Disney presented to these young minds? How did Disney film products effect the way the young learned to think and feel?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Walt Disney was born in Chicago and started in the animated film business early. He set out to form his own company and set out for Hollywood. After several reversals, Disney developed Mickey Mouse and the character became extremely popular in the 1930s. He received an Academy Award for Mickey Mouse. He soon added Donald Duck, Goofy and Pluto. Against advice of friends, Disney decided to produce a full length, Technicolor animated film, <i><span lang="EN">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</span></i><span lang="EN">. It nearly bankrupted the company. When released in 1938 the film was the most successful motion picture of the year and earned Disney millions. He went on to produce <i>Pinocchio</i>, <i>Fantasia,</i> <i>Bambi</i> and other classic features. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">After the World War II, the Disney Company ground out one classic after another. In 1955 Walt opened Disneyland. He moved from animated to live-action movies. Disney also worked with Werner von Braun in the mid-50s to produce three features on space travel, released a couple of years before Sputnik. Those features did a lot to create the space age subculture and von Braun, in just twelve more years went from a fictional rocket to the Apollo project that landed two men (and then more) on the Moon. Disney went on to create Future World at Disneyland. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Disney started showing work on TV in 1950. In 1955 he started the Mickey Mouse Club. Disney’s fame and fortune soared into the 1960s but in 1966 he died of lung cancer.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Disney features had a strong core of values. These included: community loyalty, putting others ahead of oneself, breaking rules, disobeying and questioning authority, telling lies, undermining the rational ethos of modern society. Risking all to stand against conformity. Individuals standing alone fail. All for the common good, of course. There is survival in groups of friends.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Disney’s features always embraced the sensuous. He had lovely, pagan maidens and wise, benign female leaders and witches, some good, some not. He had Jungian archetypes, heroes ready to give up victory to go to the aid of another, and bittersweet endings – life must go on. His features had “dance, dance, dance.” Characters were always making music with a strong beat. Mickey Mouse Club stars appeared on American Bandstand and the Dick Clark Show. He gave youth an identity and championed a youth culture. <i>Fantasia</i> suggested psychedelics. It was re-released in 1969. Alice (in Wonderland) took a drug trip. Her adventure started with a bottle labeled “drink me.” There was a lot of surrealistic imagery. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Disney preached a new self-reliance. The wise backwoodsman mentor said: “Be sure your right, then go ahead.” Davy Crocket was the epitome of anti-establishment, rebellious, free spirited individual. Around him was a tight fraternity, a brotherhood of mountain men. In many features working people living in communal solidarity. They showed self-sacrificing moral strength. The settings were often in the country, among country folk. Life was lived close to the Earth: Something of Rousseau’s natural types. There was a strong egalitarianism that formed unions between tramps and aristocrats. Disneyland recreated the ideal small town: Mainstreet, filled with homey characters. There is every type of building in Disneyland except a church.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Many of his films took on the Robin Hood mystique, glorified social bandits fighting against the power structure for the common good. Society was corrupt and unlivable. We are morally obliged to disobey unjust laws. His heroes always have a social purpose: They are rugged individualists forced to make a choice been good and evil – a crisis of consciousness. There is plenty of violence and bloodshed. But the enemy is cold-blooded, evil. They have their fast-talking, money grubbing minions. They deserve what they get.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The movie <i>20,000 Leagues Under the Sea </i>(released in 1954), based on Jules Verne’s 1870 novel by that name,depicted the inhumanity of the industrial world and glorified the direct action at sea that Greenpeace would come to exemplify. There is a submarine, the <i>Nautilus</i>, powered by a mysterious natural force, used to wreak havoc on the great imperial navies of the time, steam-powered warships. The US Navy also launched its first nuclear submarine, named after the Verne’s Nautilus, in 1954.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Rachel Carson’s <i>Silent Spring</i> came in 1962 and Disney depicted the wholesomeness of nature. True Life Adventures glorified the lives of animals (albeit not a few were predators). These nature programs highlighted human destructiveness and wantonness. <i>Bambi</i>, with its own depiction of human heartlessness, was released every seven years. The Swiss Family Robinson went back to nature. There was always a strong element of pantheism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As the youth came of age, absent-minded professors, brilliant, eccentric non-conformists characters, appeared. In the early sixties Mickey Mouse clubbers doubled the US college population. Do we not see Disney values in the youth culture, the Counterculture?<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">Post Industrial World<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">A long line of thought leaders have blamed the ruin of human consciousness on industry. It was clear to everyone, from Emerson, to Freud, in Verne and Wells, increasingly in science fiction (pulp) literature, to Borsodi, to Roszak; that if we are to salvage civilization, we must do something about urban industrialism. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Harvard sociologist Daniel Bell (died January 2011) came up with the idea of a post-industrial society. He wrote a best-seller masterwork on post-industrialism in 1976, <i>The Coming Post-Industrial Society</i>. He had envisioned the idea of the post-industrial society by the late 50s and began publishing papers on the subject in the early 60s. Bell did not claim priority for the idea<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a>, there were others writing about the end of industry, but his became a leading voice. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bells’ book came not with the Sixties but with the Seventies, the Decade of Doubt and Despair. That was ideal timing. Since the end of World War II, if not before, popular journals had been touting the social advantages of advancing industry. Since early in the century scientific management had been studying how to make work more efficient, albeit for the benefit of the profit takers. Following the war came the promise of automation. We were led to believe that the future would be one of abundance, security and of leisure. The workweek was supposed to have dropped to 30 then 20 hours and perhaps even a single day per week. It would be the world of the Jetsons. It didn’t happen.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell was considered one of if not the most influential sociologist of his day. He had a very unusual career. He grew up in the slums of New York City. His father died when he was an infant. English was his second language. At around age 15 he lost his faith and became a socialist, attending classes at the Rand School about the time Scott Nearing, a rising radical intellectual, was teaching there. He got a degree at the City College of New York in 1938 and started a career as a journalist, first for a leftist magazine and then for the leading business magazine of the day, <i>Fortune</i>. He taught for a while at the University of Chicago and then at Columbia. He spent twenty years as a journalist before attaining his doctorate in sociology at Columbia in 1960. He was 41 when he was granted his Ph. D. Columbia promoted him to full professor in 1962. In 1969 he was invited to Harvard where he taught the remainder of his life. He wrote 14 books, over 200 scholarly articles and an estimated 500 popular articles. He became a powerful leader of the East Coast intelligentsia. Two of his books made the <i>Times</i> 100 most influential books of the last half of the twentieth century.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell moved beyond socialism to become an old-fashioned traditionalist. Bell lamented the loss of tradition. He believed in the family and community and in a strong public morality. He believed in a Jeffersonian elite. He was critical of the student protest that erupted at Columbia. While holding with traditional values, he sought for and wrote about, with considerable imagination and energy, a more ideal, more enlightened, more just, and more humane life. He firmly believed in social evolution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">For Bell there were many discrete domains of influence in a culture. Each domain has its own distinctive character, technology and social order. There was thus a high degree of discontinuity between these spheres and he did not believe they could all be encompassed in a single grand theory as some of his colleagues did. Nature, he held, was something outside of man. It was, however, a subject of technology, or instrumental manipulation of matter by “men.” Society was a distinct sector that, ideally, served as the source of moral order, defined by consciousness and purpose. Bell believed that through the pursuit of knowledge; as we became more conscious of the consequences of our action, we would learn to more effectively harmonize the parts and better guide society as a collective. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell understood that our civilization is driven by technology. He saw the roots of progress in the unfolding drama of industrialization in the history of western society. He liked German sociologist Max Weber’s idea of the protestant work ethic and its effect on the rise of industry. He noted that we moved from a family-based economy to industrial to, in the Sixties, a rationalistic, scientific management of society. The industrial order is subject to corruption and it dehumanized human labor, in his opinion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell had three great ideas: 1) The end of ideology, 2) Post-industrial society, and 3) the cultural contradiction of capitalism. Let’s start with his experience of ideology.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell grew up in an era of politician extremism. He became engaged on the left and moved towards the right. At that time the ideological extremes were communism and capitalism. Bell was not alone in the sentiment that there must be a resolution of ideological conflict and a middle ground established. His voice was among the strongest in this debate, and he, by and large, defined the issue.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell said that the reason strong ideologies must go is that they are contrary to the best interest of a good society. How they would go is that we would simply “exhaust” themselves. They would prove unworkable and be dropped. However, he failed to address the problem of the basic human inclination to find justification for their actions, be it violent terrorism or the current US extreme political partisanship; an ideological confrontation Ronald Brownstein came to call the second civil war (2007).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">We also have to struggle with the FUD (Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt) of modernism and post-modernism, philosophies of relativistic values that themselves produce deep angst. We end up not so much with a moderation of values as a loss of any sense of guiding principles in our lives. Bell became a social conservative. He wanted to find a model for a normative, rule-based, society focused on humanistic principles. He found that in embracing traditional norms. Postmodernism was his nemeses. Postmodern deconstruction has systematically dismantled all normative “narrative.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell was correct, I believe, that we have become person-centered vs. society centered. He was seemingly right in his opinion that our behavior is being shaped by the market, not by cultural forces. “Culture” itself is becoming a commodity of the entertainment and advertising media (e.g. Disney). We have become an experience-oriented society. We love theme parks and restaurants with ambiance. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell’s progressivism had a powerful appeal to achievement driven Boomers. He justified Yuppy (Young Upwardly-mobile Professionals) success orientation of the 70s. But he failed to “read the lips” of a manipulative media and consumption driven economy that swept away any sense of the traditional or humanistic orientations he though so important.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The end of ideology was intricately intertwined with the coming of the post-industrial society. Bell was profoundly insightful regarding the changing dynamics of capitalistic-industrial society. He was, however, very wrong about the dynamics of de-industrialization in the US and its consequences. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell saw the coming of post-industrial society as, in part, due to technological change. He also saw it as a humanistic ideal: we should make the most out of technology to improve our lives. He believed that industrial society was an evolutionary consequence of pre-industrial society and reasoned that social evolution would carry us through industrialism to something else. “Automation” was already in the air. <i>Popular Science</i> was busy forecasting a strange new world of abundance, leisure and technological wonders. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell observed the already emerging transformation of the workforce and the appearance of new non-industrial jobs. Even within manufacturing there was a shift from blue to white-collar jobs. The level of education was on the rise. Women were entering the services workforce in large numbers. Blacks were gaining access to service sector jobs. The non-profit sector was growing. An information, or knowledge, economy was already in place before the computer became a desktop appliance. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell was hopeful that trends in the economy, particularly in the level of education, would have a positive influence on the reconstruction of society. He saw rising levels of education and professional employment as a positive trend in democracy. He believed that power in society would shift to the subject experts and away from the traditional centers of economic and political power. He didn’t see traditional authority as effective. He believed the lack of legitimacy of authority was causing social chaos. They had lost the values of the past. In their place came fad, opportunism and self-indulgence. Experts, knowledge workers, would set things to rights.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">We are, Bell feared, losing our sense of the ethical. This was, again, part of nihilistic post-modernism. There is a paradox involved here in his writings. He firmly believed in individualism. He, however, failed to consider the consequences of greater personal autonomy on the cohesion of society; what we would call today the loss of social capital. Our value choices were then, and have increasingly become, personal, discretionary and idiosyncratic. We are increasingly outer driven rather than inner. Our thoughts are shaped by the media and not by the inner voice of conscience. We are conformist individuals with little sense of society.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As a traditionalist, he believed we should have a strong culture that would sustain identity, a moral conception of self, social cohesiveness, and an ordered feeling about life. We should have a sense of the sacred, ritual forms that engage us with tradition, and the capacity (and courage) to confront and overcome adversity. He did not, however, believe that formal religion had a social function. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">He seems to have forgotten that traditional values, like industrialism (of which they were an integral part) would also be exhausted. Gone is the bourgeois morality of early capitalism. Ditto the protestant work ethic, hard work, frugality, sobrieties, restraint, and the New England Puritan temper focused on farm, family and community. Gone are the small towns that shaped American value commitments. Gone are Franklin’s virtues of self-reliance and community service. There is little sense in our society of a transcendent ethos.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In the place of the old values and the society they formed we find a society shaped by advertising that cultivates new wants and demands; acquisitive, hedonistic. The modern consumer is compulsive and delusional. We justify our lives not by hard work but by acquisition of lots of stuff. Advertising is driven by sexual fantasy and self-gratification. Modern literature has no structure, only a storm of emotion. Art is abstract, fractured; music atonal. Debt, once shameful, is now part of our lifestyle. The squirrel cage protestant work ethic, shaped by a sense of guilt, sought to achieve salvation and justified through worldly success. Today quilt is something to see the psychotherapist about or take a pill for.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Bell was a futurist, a forecaster. His crystal ball was, however, clouded and distorted by his own hopes, dreams and ideas. It was utopian, abstract, engaged in a flight of fancy. He got a lot of things right, but he seemingly failed to understand the root causes of social dynamics. In the 80s he saw the shift of industry to the Asia Pacific, a shift towards low-cost labor. But he didn’t understand the impact the loss of industry would have on our economy and society. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">His idealism, however, was contagious. It was appealing. There was evidence of positive change, albeit seen through tinted lenses. He had, however, only a whiff of the future. Even he had to admit that the times were chaotic. He dreamed, as many did, of a global society but he fell short in understanding the culture of his own country. He knew that the fragmentation and ineffectiveness of nation states, the failure to control the conditions that determined their economies and social well-being, would cause the great nations to lose legitimacy, to fall apart, perhaps dissolve into smaller states. He saw that nations would split along ethnic lines and possibly into organized corporate groups.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">We owe a lot to Bell. He was imaginative, visionary, and courageous. That he got most of it wrong is instructive. That he got it wrong speaks to his method and ideals, to his dwelling in the abstract. We are today a post-industrial society, but not for the best. Industry, the making of things, moved offshore. We became a service economy. We have moved not so much into the post-industrial ideal as we have stumbled into the end of progress.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">A Coming Golden Age?<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">A more radical opinion of the post-industrial age, or rather the end of progress, came from another noted academician, in this case a scientist, Gunther Stent. Stent was Graduate Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of California at Berkley. Wikipedia remembers him for little more than his considerable scientific accomplishments. He was a leading geneticist working on the cutting edge of DNA research. In 1969 he published a fascinating little book <i>The Coming of the Golden Age: A View of the End of Progress</i>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Stent was teaching at Berkeley during the student protest days. He opened the book with these lines: “The trauma inflicted on the University of California professors by the 1964 Free Speech Movement of the Berkeley students forced upon me and many of my colleagues an agonizing reappraisal of earlier and now obviously outdated attitudes regarding our life’s work.” Stent concluded that the Free Speech Movement was a manifestation of a new, epochal, Golden Age. The Greek myth of the Golden Age is one without sorrow, toil or grief, dwelling in peace and ease upon the land, man rising to god-like qualities. Stent’s evidence: The current epoch has run its course.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The first four chapters of the book are about the history of his own science, molecular genetics, in which he was a star player. He used the progress of science as a foundation to the theory of progress in general. He believed that science was then reaching the end of its evolution. Like science, progress must be self-limiting.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Stent described four stages in the evolution of his field. First there was a long period of trying to get an intellectual grasp on the process of heredity, or the basics of any other science for that matter. It was long known that species tend to make more of themselves. And yes, there are variations. Primitive agriculturalist used an innate sense of genetics to breed improved varieties of food plants like wheat and corn and domesticate animals. Gregor Mendel began to work out a law of heredity in the first half of the nineteenth century. Darwin followed him shortly with a grand theory of evolution of species. At that time came advances in the microscope and organic chemistry and a great surge in the study of biology and microbiology. This was the classical age of genetics.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The classical age of genetics moved to a new phase about 1940 with advances not only in scientific tools and methods but a whole new science, a new paradigm, expressed in the atomic and subatomic realms as quantum physics. At this level the laws of reality change. At this level we begin to examine the very idea of life, how it originated from matter and how it evolved from single cells to the human brain. Quantum physics asks the question of how order is created at all? It asks how life reverses the second law of thermodynamics; from entropy to negative entropy; from disorder to order. This shift in the scientific imagination kicked off a new wave of genetic research. Stent called this the Romantic period.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">During the romantic period, lasting barely more than a decade, DNA was isolated and investigated. A new technology was developed, a method of using X-rays to investigate organic molecular structure. The structure of protein molecules was discovered in 1953. Two years later James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA and its double helix pattern. The double helix was not only a breakthrough in science but opened the human imagination. Next to the portrait of the Earth hanging in space, the double helix is one of our most potent iconic symbols.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Following the discovery of the DNA structure, genetic research entered its third period of “dogmatic,” causal, step by step, laboratory science. The architecture of DNA was steadily elaborated. The work was more technical than creative, a vast enterprise of systematic experimentation to elaborate rather than discover. This steady, methodical work by a growing army of scientist eventually led (some years after his book) to the genome project and the precise decoding of the DNA of humans and other species. This was, of course, an exercise in technics.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">By the late sixties, at the time of Stent’s book, genetics had evolved from a cutting-edge romantic exploration into the unknown into a routinized assemblage of academic courses and routinized laboratory work. Genetic scholarship had become something of a priest craft. There was elaboration but little that could be called “progress.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Still in the future are the consequences of genetic research. Where, asked Stent, would our increasing knowledge of genetics take us? Would it allow us to become as gods? Would there be tragic consequences? Or will we hit the wall on our ability to advance and utilize knowledge? To explore this Stent moved to the history and philosophy of knowledge. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Stent touched upon the Faustian metaphor. Faust sold his soul for knowledge and power. He was a creation of the eighteenth-century German philosopher and novelist Goethe, but he is also found in Nietzsche (nineteenth century) and Spengler (twentieth century). Nietzsche coined the term “will-to-power.” Faustian man has a boundless will-to-power and he finds his power through knowledge. The conditions that made Faustian man have been the dynamics behind the rise of modern, western, civilizations. As long as there is scarcity, there will be a will-to-power. The will-to-power is manifest in insecurity. Faustian man is never satisfied, however. In Goethe’s Faust, we see power pursued not as a means to and end but as an end in itself<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Both the Enlightenment and Romanticism, foundations of modern western culture, gave us a sense of the will-to-power. The will-to-power is driven by reason, by rationalization – and what is science, or economics for that matter, other than a stringent exercise of methodical reason. The Romantic and Enlightenment movements gave us the notion of the self as a free agent exerting will-to-power against the outer world. It gave us laissez-faire capitalism. In the end, however, progress is seen as a good thing because it will give us abundance and prosperity and these achievements satiate the will-to-power. However, the results are often tragic. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">We see the emergence of the modern will-to-power, of the Faustian man, in the Renaissance and the acceleration of knowledge. Printing played a large part in this movement. Soon came the Reformation and challenge against the worldly authority of the Church. Science came of age. The world was explored and colonized. The Enlightenment gave us the French Encyclopedists who sought to systemize the accumulation of human knowledge. Then came Marx, positivistic sociology, Darwin, Freud; all of whom rationalized the idea of evolutionary human progress.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Henry Adams came up with a Law of the Acceleration of Progress in 1904. He observed that the production of coal had doubled every ten years between 1840 and 1900 and that the efficiency of steam engines had also multiplied. He was perhaps the first to use the “hockey stick” curve of progress. Adams thought the overall rate of progress of society doubling was 25-50 years. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">How far can progress accelerate, asked Stent? Is there an “Einsteinian” or relativistic limit to the speed of progress? Is there a point at which we will simply collapse? In 2005, American techno-entrepreneur Ray Kurzweil defined such an event as a singularity. It is a point in which the rate of change reaches a point where it virtually implodes, like a black hole. Kurzweil, referencing Moore’s law – a doubling of the rate of progress in computer technology every 18 months, said we will reach that limit, a time when the rate of progress will simply be incomprehensible, within a couple of decades. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Stent cited other theories on the limit of knowledge such as Godel, Mandelbrot (fractals), Quantum indeterminacy (multiple, probabilistic outcomes), second stage indeterminacy (indefinable conditions) and the Pareto principles (it takes 20% of effort to produce 80% of work and then 80% of effort to produce the last 20% of work – a law of diminishing returns). There is a lot of science that treats disequilibrium in complex systems. Bottom line is that there will be a point, in the not too distant future, when progress will grind to a halt.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Stent sought evidence that we were reaching an end of progress. He saw the emergency of Beat culture in San Francisco in the early 1950s as a manifestation of the decline of the Faustian ideal. He noted that the Beats represented a vanguard of radical mores, a rejection of the established view of the world, renunciation of worldly success and a revolt against rationalism. They produced an abstract art and a literature and a poetry (Kerouac and Ginsberg and friends), existentialism and Zen. Now there was a new wave. The Free Speech Movement at Berkeley awakened a new youth radicalism. A wave of nonconformity swept American college youth. The Hippies appeared in the Haight-Ashbury in 1966, successors of the Beats (who had settled in the North Beach area), representing a further adaptive step toward the Golden Age.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Stent admitted that his anticipation of the Golden Age is an impression, not scientific prediction. There is an assumption that we are on the verge of abolishing want and in the absence of want we can achieve something of a Polynesian economic sufficiency. By abolishing want we will reduce the will-to-power and settle into cooperative society, much as envisioned by the counterculture idealists.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">He was, of course, completely wrong. This book came out as the Counterculture flashed to its peak and faded faster than a sunset. Disco was on the way.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Ecotopia<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Ernest Callenbach wrote a fictional counterculture classic in 1975, <i>Ecotopia: The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston</i>. It is the story of a journalist who traveled to an independent republic composed of Northern California (from about Santa Barbara), Oregon and Washington State. It had seceded from the United States. The new republic called itself Ecotopia. Weston would be the first US journalist, the first American outsider, to enter Ecotopia since its secession. The borders have been sealed against the US for 20 years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Callenbach started working for the University of California Berkeley Press in 1955 and saw the youth movement in the Bay area. He was a film editor but also edited natural history publications and took a strong interest in ecology. <span lang="EN">He grew up on ten acres in Central Pennsylvania (not far from where this is being written), close to nature, gardening, interested in biology. </span>He was a fan of Edward Abby. <span lang="EN">In 1972 he wrote <i>Living Poor With Style</i>. He got interested in waste management and wrote a script about the topic. That was what got him started on <i>Ecotopia</i>. </span>He found his expression of the environmental movement in this utopian novel and a prequel titled <i>Ecotopia Emerging</i><span lang="EN">. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN">Callenbach was interested in how societies organize themselves</span>. He borrowed the term <span lang="EN">"ecotopia," from E. N. Anderson, an anthropologist at University of California, Riverside who used the term in an article, “The Life and Culture of Eco-Topia” in 1972. Anderson argued that environmental problems were facets of social and economic oppression. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="EN">Callenbach was then (died 2012) living in Berkeley and liked being there. Ecotopia is more about sustainable cities than a back-to-the-land appeal. He found inspiration for rebuilding urban cultures from Jane Jacobs. The basic theory is that cities are efficient ways to live. They could, however, be more compact and far more efficient<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a>. The problems in changing society are, Callenbach believed, mostly political. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Let’s get to the story. In <i>Ecotopia</i> Weston flew to Reno, Nevada, on the border between the two nations, where he caught a train to San Francisco. Aircraft are not permitted over Ecotopia. The train is magnetically levitated and propelled. Between stops it hits 225 mph. Boeing, being cut off from its defense contracts with the US, developed and built the trains<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Weston found San Francisco a densely settled community. Streets had been converted into walking malls. Service vehicles were small and electrically powered. Electric trams ran every five minutes. There is no fare. There are thousands of bicycles, another free public service. High-rise office buildings have been converted into apartments. The streets are filled with small shops. Nobody is in a hurry. Flowers grow everywhere. There are many gardens. The air is clear and the Bay, once a cesspool, is clean and safe. Streets are dark at night. There are no police in sight.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Weston finds the people relaxed, open and friendly, colorfully dressed (no synthetics) happy and playful. For a New Yorker, who carried a concealed weapon as a matter of course, their behavior is unsettling. There are no professional sports, no sports page in the newspaper. Volleyball is a favorite recreation. People stay in shape walking. They are accustomed to carrying loads with backpacks. There are a lot of newspapers, five dailies in San Francisco, and numerous small presses. There is no news from the US but excellent coverage from the rest of the world. Newspapers are acquired at print-on-demand kiosk. Books are also printed on demand.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The story is dated 1999. Callenbach missed the mark on technology. Picture telephones are everywhere but there are no personal computers. There are plenty of typewriters and there are models that create magnetic tape as the digital source for newspaper and books on demand. There are videodiscs. There are also numerous handheld video recorders. These are a major source of local news. Ecotopians do not use florescent lights, finding them bad for the eyes and using toxic chemicals. Lighting is used where needed, as needed. (No LEDs.)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Weston made appointments with several public offices. He found them small, crude and staff relaxed and easy-going. Government is open, participative and minimal. He learned that the workweek is 20 hours. Income is lower but so is the cost of food, clothing and other necessities. Energy is expensive. Nobody owns cars. This is a low consumption society. The economy is stable state; it does not grow. Population is slowly being reduced. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Farms are small again, family owned. Farming has become more labor intensive. Chemicals have been eliminated. There is an abundance of local organic food. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The economy is thoroughly decentralized. Businesses are employee owned and managed. Few businesses have more than 300 people. There are no assembly lines but rather work groups that assemble complete products or subassemblies. Durable goods are in fact durable and readily repairable. Stores are small and sell far fewer, more standardized and thoroughly sustainable products.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">After Ecotopia seceded, labor was redirected into rebuilding the infrastructure and tearing down useless structures. There was a lot of dislocation, but people quickly adjusted. The workweek was cut to make more jobs. People quickly adjusted to living with less. Each community took charge of its own affairs. There was a lot of price regulation and public takeovers of essential services. A program was put into place to recycle 99% of everything used. Oil, gas and nuclear power plants were closed and renewal energy facilities built including solar, geothermal, ocean thermal and wind power. Ecotopia retained trade with Canada, Asia and Europe but not with the US.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Weston was invited to visit a forestry camp. Wood is the number one building material and the feedstock for a biodegradable plastics industry. It is an abundant and carefully managed resource. Ecotopians have a reverence for wood. Many do a period of work in the forest. They build with wood but do not paint it. They replaced much metal with durable plastics. They developed a packaging material that begins to disintegrate into compostable organic components after a month. The lumber camp owns some of the few remaining internal combustion vehicles, some diesel trucks used for heavy hauling. While apologetic about it, these vehicles are lovingly maintained and put away spotless each evening. Electric tractors and draft animals are used as much as possible.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Weston is startled and surprised by the openness and the free emotionality of Ecotopians. The play, they laugh, they argue intensely at times and they cry without inhibition. They live in groups of five to twenty, an extended if unrelated family. These “families” eat at a common table, take care of the children and spend evenings together. While in the city Weston was invited to move from his hotel to live with a group of journalists. There is television but all stations are independent and local. They serve as social networks. They carry lots of news, films and other entertainment; commercials are strictly limited. TV takes a distant second to face-to-face socializing. There is a lot of music, dance, gatherings, fairs and events. Musical instruments are acoustic, with no amplification. There is a lot of art and craftwork.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Schools are small, a handful of teachers and no more than 125 students. There is only one hour of classroom per day. The students spend time on projects, working together, applying what they learn. Teachers teach everything<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a>. Academic standards are still very high. Students are tested at ages 12 and 18 and there is intense competition between schools for top scores. There is a very high value placed on excellence and yet there is no prejudice for those who are not academically gifted. Each student is allowed to find his or her own way. Students participate in school and college administration. Relatively few, however, go to college. Colleges are teaching institutes, not research facilities. Research is done in small, private laboratories. There is little specialization. Healthcare is also local, small hospitals, few specialists, holistic.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Towards the end of his official visits, Weston is invited to meet with Vera Allwen, founder of the Survivalist Party and Ecotopian head of state. Ecotopia is not, per say, a nation. Ecotopian government is localized. There are five urban and four rural regions. Most political power resides in the local community. Government is organic with society, not standing outside of it. The majority of government leaders are women. All meetings are open and participative. But there are disputes aplenty and an army of lawyers to settle them. There is a judiciary. Pollution and business fraud are the most serious crimes and are dealt with severely. Taxes are on corporations, on production. There is also a land use tax, but no property tax. There is no individual income tax. There is an armed force, a militia. Everyone trains in guerrilla warfare and the former defense industries produces an abundance of small and sophisticated anti-vehicle weapons that were used just once, with devastating results, against an airborne assault by the US. This was a conflict Americans were kept in the dark about. Allwen told him there is no chance of reconciliation with the US; no compromise on values and lifestyle. Ecotopian society, Weston found “is strong and beautiful.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As in all good novels, love wins out. Weston falls in love with a woman at the forest camp. He falls in love with Ecotopia. He files his report but does not go back to New York.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1981 Callenbach wrote a prequel to <i>Ecotopia</i>, <i>Ecotopia Emerging</i>. In this book he described the formation of Ecotopia. The leading character is Vera Allwen, although there are many others. Vera was a California state senator living in San Francisco. She got some Boomer friends together one evening for a wine and spaghetti dinner. They decided to start a new, environmental party. They called it the Survivalist Party. They quickly distinguishing it from the guns and gold backwoods fanatics. The objective, they agreed, was biological and social survival. They took up the issues of oil depletion, waste and toxic substances, businesses and governments that worked against the public interest, the hidden cost of government and economics. The government and economy must serve people, not the other way around. They backed quality local foods, renewable energy, recycling, public transportation, de-suburbanization. Allwen became the spokesperson for the new party and found ways to make the news. The Survivalist Party bought a TV station in the Bay Area. They worked to set up a regional ecological authority. The movement quickly spread to other cities, to Oregon and Washington State.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There is a parallel story in the work of a high school science wizard, Lou Swift, who was experimenting with ways to make more efficient, inexpensive solar cells (photovoltaic) that could be manufactured in small shops or at home with readily available materials. She developed a working prototype and soon agents of special interest groups were at her door. She refused to sell out. Pressure from business and government increased, some of it through academic researchers doing industrial research who made her lucrative offers. Soon there were strangers hanging around the neighborhood. A burglary was foiled and both government and business implicated in the plot. Lou decided to forego personal gain and take her solar cell public. She did a crash project to perfect it and a way of manufacturing it. She trained a group of trainers and then, with Vera Allwen, went public on TV. With this new technology, every home could go off the grid with 150 square feet of homemade solar panels.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As they gained a public voice, the Survivalists were hit by critics and mounting resistance and pressure from both business and government. The governor (a Ronald Reagan type) was pro-business. He opposed the Survivalist but most of his support base was southern California. Vera told the public that social crises were like earthquakes: a slow buildup of pressure followed by a sudden release; a warning of things to come. A shadow Survivalist government began to form as public support grew. Several cities and then a state voted in Survivalist administrations. As differences between the environmentalist and business and industry interests became irreconcilable, and as pressure from state and national governments mounted, talk of secession took root. The US became involved in another unpopular war and military involvement in the Middle East escalated to protect oil resources (and that did happen). Finally, a nuclear power plant meltdown occurred on the west coast causing massive outrage. A couple of terminally ill Cancer Commandos destroyed a dioxin plant and became public heroes. Secession began with one small town that faced down the National Guard under the glare of lights from news helicopters.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Finally, a constitutional convention was held in San Francisco. It carried the tone of a declaration of individual rights. It refused to compromise over environmental and social conditions. People claimed a right to live well and freely in a sustainable society. Northern California, Oregon and Washington formed the republic of Ecotopia and severed relationships with the US. The borders were closed, and work begun on a new society.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">George Leonard: The Transformation<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">We have observed four keen minds struggling with the problem of the counterculture: Reich, Bell, Stent and Callenbach. One was a prestigious legal mind, one the best-known sociologist of his day, one of the finest scientific minds in his field and one a Bay Area environmentalist. They were idealist and dreamers. Their visions did not pan out. Yet there is something extremely instructive in their efforts. And, in fact, some of the ideas they put forward have to some degree or another become part of twenty-first century popular culture.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There is another dimension to the quest of a new culture. I find this in George Leonard and Fritjof Capra and one of the other major movements of the Sixties, the Human Potential Movement.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">I’ve mentioned the relationship between the School of Living in Mildred and Borsodi’s days and the Human Potential movement. Arguably the meridian of the HPM was the Esalen Institute in California. There, in 1962, two young Stanford graduates, Michael Murphy and Richard Price, set up weekend seminars. The setting was a motel on the Big Sur Coast owned by the Murphy family. Murphy’s grandfather built it because of a hot spring located on the property. He had hoped to set up a European-type spa. The scenery is spectacular.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The first seminar featured Alan Watts, an icon of the San Francisco Beat subculture and leading teacher of Zen Buddhism in American. Murphy and Price were able to attract a steady stream of distinguished speakers. Esalen soon became a full-time operation and is still at it, at this writing, going on six decades. Until his death in 1985 Price managed Esalen while Murphy organized programs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Murphy studied philosophy at Stanford. He was also captain of the golf team. He took a special interest in eastern philosophy. In 1957 he went to India to study at the Aurobindo Ashram. On the way he played golf at St. Andrews in Scotland and later wrote two novels setting his mystical explorations there. He also wrote the massive <i>The Future of the Body</i>; a compilation of his voluminous research and investigations into the paranormal.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1965 George Leonard was invited to a dinner with Murphy. George was a senior editor of <i>Look</i>. George grew up in Alabama, got a degree in English, flew low-level attack bombers during World War II and then went to work for <i>Look</i>, then one of the nation’s largest magazines. He covered many of the world’s breaking stories such as the building of the Iron Curtain and the Civil Rights Movement. He became friends with Martin Luther King, Jr. and a strong supporter of the Civil Rights Movement.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>Look</i> sent George to California to cover the emerging culture there, then in part military industrial complex, part Hollywood and part an emergent individualistic lifestyle. He moved to San Francisco, wrote a definitive article on the Beats and edited an entire issue of <i>Look</i> on the California scene. He also wrote a best seller on educational reform. He took an intense interest in the emerging field of what Aldous Huxley, author of <i>Brave New World</i>, called “human potentialities,” indeed a major popularizer of the idea. Huxley, among others, had inspired Murphy and Price to start Esalen. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Huxley (1894 – 1963) was a critique of modern urban-industrial society. His <i>Brave New World</i> depicted an industry world gone made. He was an Englishman, grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley who defended Darwin, and Oxford educated. He settled in Los Angeles (Hollywood), CA, in 1937, where he remained the rest of his life. He wrote more than a dozen novels, short stories, poetry, screen plays, travel books, a children’s book, dramas and nearly two-dozen collections of essays and articles. He was a philosopher with roots in Eastern spiritualism. He explored psychedelic drugs. He worked with Borsodi on an unpublished manuscript<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a>. He had a large and admiring audience <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">George set out to write an article about human potentialities. He interviewed a long list of psychologists, brain researchers, educators and others. A friend suggested he interview Murphy, living then in San Francisco, and arranged a private dinner. This was the beginning of a highly productive partnership that lasted until George died in January 2010.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">George wrote an autobiography, <i>Walking on the Edge of the World, </i>in 1989. After reading it I decided to meet with him about the history of the HPM, which I was researching at the time. I joined him for a week at Esalen in the spring of 1990. The following year I attended a seminar with George and Michael at Esalen. In that seminar they introduced a synthesis of the vast experience of their two lives devoted to the Human Potential. The title of the seminar was “Integral Transformative Practices.” ITP International continues to offer live and online programs. In 2019 I participated with some two-dozen other practioners across the country and in Europe in a three month “Challenge.” That is included, along with an evaluation of ITP and the HPM, in my updated blog: Thirty Years of Integral Transformative Practice: A Critique (<a href="https://newschoolofliving.blogspot.com/2013/05/twenty-two-years-of-integral.html" style="color: #954f72;">link</a><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a>).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">George coined the term “Human Potential Movement.” In <i>Walking</i> he described the development of the movement and the programs at Esalen. The list of seminars held there would fill a large catalog. He wrote eleven books and uncounted articles and gave numerous talks about the human potential. He has been described as the third founder of Esalen.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The book I find most relevant to this discussion is his 1972 <i>The Transformation</i>. The theme of that book can be found in the quote: “An uncommon and persistent malaise afflicts the advanced industrial nations.” Along with this malaise, which dates at least from the First World War, he wrote, “there has recently arisen a widespread feeling that a change of large dimensions is in the air.” There is an anticipation of a new age. There is a sense of the end of industrial civilization. Civilization, as we know it, will come to an end and a new era may be born. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">George did not attempt to describe how the transformation will occur or the outcome but sought to “help the reader recognize the changes that already have occurred and are occurring, to help bring about the kind of understanding that may render the changes less painful and abrasive, to warn of hazards along the way, and to attempt a few glimpses at transformed behavior and being.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">George lived in Mill Valley, on the lower slopes of Mt. Tamalpais, Mt. Tam, north of San Francisco. He loved that mountain. He was clearly a romantic and a mystic. With the opening lines of <i>The Transformation</i> he invites us to join him to watch the sun rise over the Bay from high on Mt. Tam. As the sky began to gray, he enters the life of the trees near him and into a meditation on what it means to be a human being. He senses the differences between what he is experiencing and what he has been taught to see and feel and think. His meditation moves on to the “larger destiny of humanity.” To find that destiny he must shake himself free of the chains of social illusion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">You may begin to feel a difference between what George is experiencing and the chillier rationality of our preceding academic theorist. Perhaps because I’ve worked with him and shared long conversation, I have a different sense of his method. He had both an intense intellect and a powerful physical presence. He loved hiking and he loved the outdoors. He was a great amateur jazz musician. He loved touch football and Frisbee and he, after starting late in life, became a recognized leader and teacher of Aikido. His life was vital. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Aikido was the foundation of George’s method. His sensei taught him a deep understanding of human energies. George translated this understanding into Leonard Energy Training. He wrote a book, <i>The Silent Pulse</i>, in which he sought to explain some of his research. He conducted seminars at Esalen on “the Modern Warrior.” He wrote a book about Aikido, and another titled <i>Mastery,</i> that leave a legacy of his understanding of energy awareness. He and Murphy wrote a handbook for Integral Transformative Practices, <i>The Life We Are Given</i>, which embodies much of what they learned of human potentiality into a daily practice. But I believe the summary of <i>The Transformation</i> below will tell its own story.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In the course of human “history,” civilization is a relatively recent phase of how we live on the Earth and the modern, industrial age a mere flash of lightening. Human beings, conscious of ourselves and surroundings, forming societies, using languages and rituals, have been around for at least 200,000 years. If we translate that 200,000 into a 24-hour day, civilization has been around less than an hour and the industrial age not two minutes. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">For much of our existence, and it is in our genes, we have lived in intimate association with the Earth. Now we have lost that physical attachment. We have become civilized. We have paid a price for life in civil society, removed from direct contact with the forces, of nature, now almost completely in our isolation in cities, offices and factories. As a result of our urban lives we have been thrown out of the rhythms of life. We are never alive in the present moment. We have thus lost a common point of identity and sense of being.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In the not too distance past, in the course of the evolution of civilization, we choose to divide mind from body, self from the world. The Greeks did that at the time of Plato. The world’s great religions picked up on that theme. They made a distinction between the human soul and the body and world associated with the life we are given. As a result, we have come to see life beginning only after death, not in this world. We have denied the body and the senses. Science and technology further removed the sense of feeling and attachment to the world and to the very objects we touch. In science, until the disturbing suggestions of quantum physics, the observer is detached from that which is observed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Civilization has set us apart from the direct experience of life. We have created a synthetic life. Our standard of living is the stuff we have accumulated. Money (or credit) is an impersonal media that stands between seller and buyer and between us and what we buy. Our lives are lived for us, vicariously through the media. We don’t know what it is like to be alive. We live in the abstract. We have no words for the direct experience of life. We are as if asleep. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Civilization has bestowed upon us a “gift,” said George. This gift is something like that bestowed on children who are to be beggars in many cultures. Their “gift” is to be maimed, crippled, blinded, mutilated so that people will have pity on them and give alms. We too have been maimed, psychologically and physically. George called this gift NDD for Neurosis/Disease/Discontent. Freud and other psychologists wrote about it. So too have sociologist and philosophers. The Human Potential Movement itself was a response to the effect civilized, industrial, living has had on our psyche. A lot of therapy was served out at Esalen, and in other “growth” centers, in clinics, classrooms and workshops, to relieve the stresses of industrial society.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Civilization forms the superego – psychic self-regulation. Civilization requires standardized components. They must be predicable. The superego is formed of “repressions” that shape our behavior through shame and quilt. As a result of repression, we have a high level of mental health impairment, seen increasingly in depression and attention deficit disorder, among other things. We seek, and this is built into the “health” industry model, not to address the impairments but to make ourselves adequate despite them. That may mean just numbing the pain. Mental and bodily states are closely related. For example, biologists are aware that the germs that cause illness are everywhere in our environment. So why do we become ill at times? Our mental state reduces our natural immunities. NDD makes us sick.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The nineteenth century was one of intense industrial development. It also saw a systematic desensitization of human senses. We see it in movements like temperance, sexual abstinence and Graham crackers. In school and church and community we were taught not to feel, certainly not to give into temptation and not to weep. In church, in the presence of God, we were taught to feel nothing. Our bodies became rigid, our mouths tightened. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">A large part of our GDP is used for education, but schools stifle emotional and intellectual development. In the classroom children are neat, clean, orderly, sitting still. In 1968, in his best-selling <i>Education and Ecstasy</i>, Leonard imagined a school in 2001 in which students thrived, they learned with joy, they became human. In a half century of educational reform, however, we have not improved the schools as social institutions. They are still dull and stultifying. In many ways, critics say, they are even worse. This is what Borsodi called, in the 1940s, mis-education. He too called for re-education, right-education. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Lewis Mumford wrote about the myth of the machine, from ancient civilization, during which human bodies were the cogs of the machine, to modern technology, where machines are made of metal. He charged that we are selling our souls for technics. From agriculture to industry we have been manipulators of matter, builders, and conquerors. We are thoroughly materialistic. We have bought into the myth of growth, of progress. Since Newton and Descartes, we have come to deny anything that is not readily measured. Newton gave us the myth of an orderly and predictable universe. From science to school and church, our lives are lived according to rules, orderly, no dancing in the isles. We have the myth of duality, of separation between self and world, body and soul. We do not share the feelings of others. This is where the stories of Faust and Frankenstein come from. We are, however, largely unconscious of our myths. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">We are acquisitive, competitive: “I’m getting mine, buddy!” In watching sports we vicariously participate in smashing and disabling an opponent. We are conditioned to “aggression, violence, hot competition.” The ads tell us to drink ourselves into insensibility and to light up. We can rape and pillage the land and terrorize anyone who gets in the way on our path to progress. A TV commentator could describe a scene of carnage in a cool, detached tone just like reporting a chess match. Our huge prison populations (it has grown tremendously in the last few decades) reflect the myths of our civilization. We shuffle our elderly into homes, out of sight and out of mind, to be forgotten and to die. “As life drains away, only the neurosis remains.” We have no compelling vision for the future. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Every human paradigm contains the seeds of its own destruction. There have been transformative periods in our recent history, such as the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment. We can learn from them. We can learn how a society works by looking at its myths. Leonard cited a study of the myths of 50 societies. There are four basic stories: Creation, witchcraft, Oedipus situation (generational rifts) and the saga of the hero. There are common themes: Floods, incest, sibling rivalry, slaying monsters.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Many societies have a myth of cosmic cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth. We are looking for a myth about the arrival of a new epoch. The myth that seems to dominate our lives today is about the environment. We are, however, like the fish in the sea, unaware of water. It is only when we leave the water, as our primitive amphibian ancestors did, that we become conscious of wetness. There is more to us than we are conditioned to see, subtle, primal energies we have been taught to ignore, to forget. It is only by learning about them that we “get out of the water,” become conscious of ourselves and our world, and take the path to a human future.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There are subtle dimensions to our being if we choose to be aware. Both the HPM and Counterculture provided many breakthroughs in consciousness, brief awakenings, glimpses of transformative possibilities. The very ground of Esalen seems saturated with these energies. But the personal experiences, the highs, rarely last long<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a>. But perhaps, George mused, our goals in life are hard to obtain because we have set them too low. Transformation is about changes in “perceiving, feeling and being.” We must become aware of our NDDs, move out of them and set new goals. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Awareness is the Transformation. Awareness, awakening, brings pain. Pain masks the hiding place of NDD. We have to work through the pain. We cannot assume that changing our head, the way we think, will do the trick. Drugs won’t do it. It takes discipline and effort. Blake said, “the best lack all conviction, while the worst/Are full of passionate intensity.” We need that passion intensity for the best. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Our culture is dying, George observed. Our living essence is draining away. The vacuum must be filled. Many things have been tried, and many have been failed but some practices have survived, even thrived. No straight-line interpolation will reveal the future. But change we must for only disaster lies on the present course. A few make lasting breakthroughs. They do so by constant practice and discipline. These transformed individuals are going to be misfits, possibly judged crazy. But out of them a new “species” will perhaps be born. It will be a painful birth. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">George closed <i>The Transformation</i> with these lines: “And after all the journeying, all the pain and joy, we may discover that the Transformation was difficult to grasp, not because it was so far away, but because it was so very near. To find the immense world of delight is, in the end, to come home again, where it always was.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Fritjof Capra: The Turning Point<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Fritjof Capra was born in Vienna and studied theoretic physics at the University of Vienna. He conducted extensive research on particle physics in Europe and America. He is best known, however, for his work in mysticism and the environment. He has written a number of best sellers starting with <i>The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism</i> (1975). This section will look at the key ideas of <i>The Tao</i>, his 1982 <i><span lang="EN">The Turning Point</span></i><span lang="EN">, and the story he wrote about his early transformative experiences in <i>Uncommon Wisdom</i> (1988). Capra has written or coauthored another half-dozen books. He is the founding director of the Center for Ecoliteracy. I got to know him over several days at a small conference at USC in 1983. I continue to follow his outstanding work. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra was rigorously trained in physics. He also embraced Eastern mysticism. It is perhaps worth noting that the founders of the New Science, relativity theory and quantum mechanics, under whom he studied, themselves underwent profound changes in consciousness – not a few of them writing articles and books about an experience of reality than can only be described as mystical.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In <i><span lang="EN">The Tao of Physics</span></i><span lang="EN"> Capra related that </span>science has its roots in the ancient past, with the Greeks of some 2,500 years ago in particular. There was then no division between science, religion and philosophy. The Greeks sought to understand the nature of all things. About the time of Plato, mind and body, sprit and matter, were separated and Western philosophy became dualistic. Modern science is based on an extreme dualism between mind and matter. A new formulation of this dualism appeared in the seventeenth century with Descartes. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The idea that reality can be divided into many parts, separated from each other, has alienated us from nature and from other human beings. This degree of dualism did not occur to the same degree in the East where the unity and interrelationship of all things is better understood<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span></span></a>. In contrast to dualism is the “organic,” the whole, expressed in part, in the West in recent years, by general system theory. Capra is a leading proponent of systems theory.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In Capra’s estimate, there are two forms of knowledge available to our nervous systems: rational and intuitive. Science discounts the latter and this causes an imbalance, a disharmony. How are these two features of our conscious brought into unity? Capra explored a number of ways. He found almost identical expressions of mystical experience in his scientific teachers and the works of contemporary Zen. Obviously, he concluded, they addressed the same experience. There are paradoxes to overcome. Some schools, like Rinzai Zen, give students statements that are deliberately rationally impenetrable, the koan, which is resolved only through strenuously effort, through meditation, and finally through intuitive insight, the satori. The quantum physicist faced a similar experience of probing a universe they found in many ways conceptually impenetrable.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Early science, from Galileo to Newton and Descartes, was mechanistic. Classical, mechanical physics is called Newtonian. “Newtonian” and “mechanical” are virtually synonymous. Modern physics, starting with electromagnetism, began to see the world in terms of forces and relationships rather than rigid mechanical connections. Einstein jarred open the door to a new awareness of our world, our existence, by developing the perception to penetrate where classical physics could not go. Classical physics, in fact, had declared itself almost complete by the end of the nineteenth century. But then scientist penetrated the atom and they found that matter is mostly empty space. An atom, represented by a nucleus the size of a grain of sand, is surrounded by a shell of electrons about as big as a professional football stadium. The machine, in short, is not solid at all. In the 1920s came quantum mechanics with Planck, Bohr, de Broglie, Schrodinger, Pauli, Heisenberg, Dirac and others. What they observed was an almost koan-like reality. It challenged scientific discourse. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra provided a survey of Eastern thought with a chapter each to Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese philosophy, Taoism and Zen. He then brought parallel thoughts from the East and West into a convergence, into unity. He sought a “mystical” approach to resolving the scientific koan. He pointed out that Yin-Yang, for example, represents a unity of opposites, a conceptual model for addressing paradox, such as quantum indeterminacy, particle and wave duality, space and time, etc.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The universe is not stagnant. It is based on “movement, flow and change.” Space and time are mental constructs, a way of ordering the world; not fact. Solid matter is another apparency, not fact. The new physics does not see matter as passive and inert but as dynamic, a continuous dance, vibrations, and an expression of probability rather than mechanical certainty. Reality is not in substance but in relationship and again, the cosmic dance.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">How we see the world is nothing but how we categorize and measure it. Science restricts us to the observable, to the concrete, but there is far more to the spectrum of energies than our narrow band of senses can detect. There is light beyond the limits of our eyes; particles too small to see. There are sounds beyond the ear and many orders of radiation through radio to cosmic energies that we cannot even begin to perceive until we make a leap of consciousness, build apparatus to expand our senses and conduct experiments to explore these realities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Newtonian science is reductionistic. It breaks reality into small parts. It rarely attempts to put the parts back together again. Each little fragment belongs to narrow specialization. They each have their own language; they cannot talk to each other. We have been dimly aware of the need to develop a holistic approach to reality for decades<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a>. We have a lot of work to do before we can see reality as a whole. Much is to be gained from the intuitive insights of the East, says Capra.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1982 Capra published a sequel to <i>The Tao of Physics</i>, <i>The Turning Point: Science, Society and the Rising Culture</i>. In <i>The Turning Point</i> Capra took up the idea that science went through a crisis and scientists formulated a new paradigm. Civilization is also in a deepening, and inevitable, crisis. Civilizations rise and they fall. He highlighted the inevitable depletion of fossil fuels, but he was an optimist, placing the threshold at 2300. There are plenty of other problems. This crisis in civilization is not a different crisis but part of the system, the culture, science emerged from. Both are crises of perception. The future of civilization, like science experienced, depends on developing a new paradigm, a new model of existence.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The bulk of <i>The Turning Point</i> is devoted to a review of the type of thinking that got us into this mess. This old thinking is best exemplified in the classical scientific paradigm, in the Newtonian system described in <i>The Tao of Physics</i>. Again, Newtonian science is reductionistic, Cartesian; fragmented. We need a way to see the universe as a whole. Capra discussed systems theory, an approach that embraces the interrelatedness and interdependency of all phenomena: Living organism, societies, ecosystems, etc. Systems theory is a recent Western response to the difficulty of trying to deal with complex problems in isolated, specialized, chunks. Our society is disintegrating as a result of our mechanistic thinking. We have got to put the pieces back together again<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Scientific knowledge has changed the world and it hasn’t all been for the best. It removed us from our comfortable place in the center of the universe, challenged the authority of the Church and dramatically alternated the way we live. It was bad enough that we had been separate from the natural order of things, but Descartes turned duality into an iron law. He inflexibly segregated mind from matter. We have become subject and object. We are no long part of the world, affected by it, or have any feeling for it. Indeed, doing science, or business, it is best that we suppress all emotional involvement. We reduce everything to orderly machines – including living entities. In more ways than one this type of science reflects the religious rejection of the world.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Newton was born the year Descartes died. He carried on to develop a precise mathematical formulation for our mechanistic universe. Descartes made mind superior to matter. Newton built on that by developing a mathematical logic that gave us increasing power and control over matter. We set out to conquer it. We became Faustian. All investigation of natural phenomena became science; measurement, calculation, emotionless and utterly detached.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The mental model Descartes and Newton developed was quickly picked up by philosophies that tried to fit human consciousness into equations. By this reasoning, all human activity would have to become scientific law. Certain life processes, however, could not be explained by the laws of physics. For example, in a universe in which complexity and information are lost through entropy, life grew increasingly more complex. Despite repeated efforts, reducing human behavior to laws provided impossible. Not that it slowed the effort to do so, however. Our economic system is still based on the assumption that human behavior is predictable. Indeed, economics has declared itself a science with its own Noble Prize. Marx tried to create a science of history. Darwin’s discoveries produced theories of human social organization that tried to become sciences. Freud tried to create an exact science of psychology. Twentieth century behaviorism tried to take mechanization of the human mind to an even more exacting level. Today socio-biologists are still trying to reduce human behavior to genetic, that is scientific, formulations. Medicine has by and large taken the human body as a complex organic machine that can be fixed by the application of chemicals or surgery (repair). Specialists treat different parts of the body in mechanical isolation and forget the mind and feelings of the patient.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The new vision Capra offered is the systems view of life: bringing it all back together and treating each part as a component of the whole. The systems approach reintegrates the parts and looks for their interrelationships, their ecology. It begins to treat the Earth as a living organism, Gaia, a living, planetary being. The Newtonian model sought control. The systems model seeks coordination. We become part of our world, of nature and of society.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Life has a dynamic. It evolves in the direction of increasing complexity. It undergoes extinctions and recoveries. It is self-replicating and self-organizing. It adapts to change. It creates ecologies that are constantly adjusting, always on the edge of disequilibrium. Disequilibrium, or crisis, is the opportunity that life uses to evolve.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">From matter to life to consciousness: we became self-aware, develop abstract language, freely use imagination, develop complex social organization, etc. We have to learn to have a social system dominated by natural human qualities. One area of pressing need is health. Our lack of wholeness causes disease. If we treat the symptoms in isolation, when they go away something else will pop up. Holistic medicine seeks to treat the whole body, mind and spirit. The East has been aware of holistic health for millennia. Their knowledge needs to be integrated into Western medicine Capra insisted.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">What applies to physical health also applies to mental health. Advances in holistic psychology have been made by Laing, Jung, Maslow, Rogers, Perls and others. Ken Wilber has more recently given us deeper insights into psychology (and philosophy) through an exploration of sources from both the East and West. He called it an integral philosophy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">An alternative economy must also be developed, says Capra, a holistic, human-centered economy. Contributions have been made to the idea of this economy, he noted, by E. F. Schumacher, Ken Boulding, Hazel Henderson and others. We need to add Borsodi to that list. We need new definitions for productivity and prosperity, definitions that embrace the environment. We need a new measure of “GNP,” the Gross National Product; of the true values of goods and services produced. We need a human-scaled and human focused economy, low energy and resource demands, renewable energy, participatory management, etc.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">After <i>The Turning Point</i>, Capra took pause, as a scientist might, to document his methodology. In 1988 he published an autobiographical record of his exploration into science, mysticism and society in <i>Uncommon Wisdom: Conversations with Remarkable People.</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>Uncommon Wisdom</i> provides a rare insight into the development of an author’s thought, his struggle to understand. It is a rare look at a mind probing the frontier of human evolutionary potential. It also introduces us to a number of remarkable individuals who influenced the intellectual climate of the 60s with whom Capra conversed. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra started <i>Uncommon Wisdom</i> by reflecting on his own education and work in science. He completed his Ph. D. at the University of Vienna in 1966, did two years of post-doc work at the University of Paris and then went to the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1968, where, he said, he received his last paid employment as a professional scientific researcher. Capra pointed out that during the 60s society came under question. He got caught up in that questioning. He added that in the 70s things settled down and in the 80s there was some further development. These events shaped the course of his life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">At Santa Cruz he experienced two awakenings: one spiritual and one social. There he discovered the Counterculture, which he immediately fell in with; and there he had a mystical experience, the Dance of Particles/Shiva. His brother introduced him to the philosophy of the East and Beat culture in 1966. From Kuhn’s <i>The Structure of Scientific Revolution </i>he learned of the paradigm shift phenomena in 1968. He went in search of that shift.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">While at Santa Cruz he studied Zen with Alan Watts and met Carlos Castaneda. In an interview with J. Krishnamurti in 1968 Capra disclosed his attempt to reconcile science and mysticism. Krishnamurti told him that he was first a human being and secondly a scientist, that there was no innate conflict between the two and that the way to resolve the paradox was through self-understanding.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra reiterated that he was taken by the similarity between the Zen koan and what was called the quantum paradox. The more he studied Zen the more striking he found the similarities. The koan is a mental impasse. Solving it takes a new level of consciousness. Quantum physics also demands a different state of consciousness. He called these experiences “quantum koans.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">When his visa expired, Capra went to London for four years. He was unable to get work in research, so he supported himself with odd jobs, teaching, tutoring and translating. His marriage broke up. He moved to a small room and began a systematic study of Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism. Castaneda’s writings were an influence: seeing the essential nature of things. He hitchhiked around Europe, sleeping in parks, mixing with Hippies, further experiencing the counterculture. In 1971 he published a preliminary article on his work, “The Dance of Shiva.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra sent quantum scientist Weiner Heisenberg a copy of the article. Heisenberg responded favorably. Capra met him in Munich in 1972. Capra explained his work on <i>The Tao of Physics</i> and Heisenberg told him how his own research had been influenced by Eastern thought. Heisenberg had spent time in India in 1929. He strongly encouraged Capra to continue this line of work. Other scientists also responded favorably.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra found an agent who wanted an outline and three sample chapters. He stayed with his parents in Innsbruck for two months preparing the material. He secured some financial support from a wealthy friend. After a dozen tries a publisher finally offered a contract and an advance. He finished the manuscript in 1974 and went back to California. The <i>Tao of Physics</i> quickly became an international best seller and launched him on his new career.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>Uncommon Wisdom</i> is about the people Capra met while research <i>The Turning Point</i>. Staislav Grof was one of the first of these individuals Capra encountered. Grof had a MD and a Ph. D. in medicine. He achieved fame for work with LSD. He and Abraham Maslow had decided to go beyond the human potential paradigm based on a humanistic psychology. Maslow founded the school of transpersonal psychology. Grof had a house on Big Sur, near Esalen, and Capra stayed there often when the house was vacant. Capra made long visits to the Easlen Institute and became friends with cofounder and manager Richard Price.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra met Geoff Chew, David Bohm and Gregory Bateson. Chew was working on a “bootstrap theory” in an effort to relate diverse ideas in physics, something on the order of “connecting the dots.” Bohm, an established quantum theorist, who had also studied with Krishnamurti, was doing mystical explorations similar to Capra’s. Bateson had devised a new “ecology of the mind.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra first worked on a change in the paradigm of psychology. He moved into the field of medicine, principally with Carl and Stephanie Simonton who were doing groundbreaking work in cancer treatment. They worked with their patient’s belief system about cancer, taught them guided imagery and befriended them. Capra devoted a long chapter to holistic medicine. In that chapter he also mentioned a number of other people he met and talked with.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra then moved to an investigation of economics. He had a long interview with E. F. Schumacher who’s <i>Small is Beautiful</i> had become a bestseller. Capra was attracted to his “Buddhist economics.” Schumacher was attracted to Gandhi and non-violent economics. He held that economic systems are based on a belief about human nature that is fundamentally flawed. Capra described to Schumacher the vision that was emerging from quantum physics and: “its emphasis on interconnectedness, relationship, dynamic patterns and continual change and transformation.” Capra was surprised, however, when Schumacher took issue with science. Schumacher explained that he saw a fundamental error in the scientific paradigm which, he believed, sees knowledge as power. Its purpose is manipulation. We have lost the pursuit of wisdom, of understanding, he said. We need to regain wisdom, not add to our powers of manipulation. Schumacher, by-the-way, had recently converted to Catholicism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Capra is a strong advocate of feminism. He explained that he grew up in a matriarchal house under the rule of his grandmother. He found a deep connection between feminism and ecology. This led him to Hazel Henderson<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[13]</span></span></span></a>, “a self-educated futurist, environmentalist and economic iconoclast.” Henderson also believes that the Cartesian paradigm is bankrupt. Our crises are the product of, she said, “’inadequate, narrow perceptions of reality.’” For her, economics is not a science but politics. She is a systems thinker. She helped him work out the intricacies and interrelationships of “economics, ecology, values, technology and politics,” each fragmented, each ignoring social and environment consequences.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Henderson also gave Capra a history of economics. It began in the seventeenth century, she explained, with a contemporary of Newton’s who wanted to work out a “political arithmetic.” The notion of private enterprise emerged. “Private” she explained is derived from a root word than means “to deprive.” Economics developed as a purely materialistic subject. Adam Smith and others thought they could make economics an objective science. Despite repeated failures, political economics still claims priority as a guide for human affairs. Great corporations control resources and create markets. The planet has been pillaged. As resources are depleted, they become more profitable. The only real solution is to decentralize economics. Bottom line, she told Capra, is that she did not believe in economics and had learned to get beyond it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Looking at contemporary economics, President Reagan, she said, brought inflation under control with a severe recession that caused enormous hardships on working people. He gave us a massive budget deficit, high foreign trade deficit and foreign debt.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">At the end of 1978, as Capra completed the bulk of his research, he organized a three-day symposium to review the conceptual structure of <i>The Turning Point</i>. He invited a group of about a dozen people he had worked with to an estate near Esalen. Over the three days the group worked through health, psychology and economics. It then took him the better part of three years of rigorous disciplined writing to complete <i>The Turning Point</i>. As the book came off the press, he headed to India for six weeks.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">On a personal note: I included Capra partly because I had a remarkable conversation with him in 1983 at the time <i>The Turning Point</i> came out. I met him at a small three-day conference at USC which was investigating a new paradigm called “life as career,” a theme developed by David Tiedemann and Anna Miller-Tiedemann. I had been working closely with them for several years by then. That conference was an extraordinary assembly of creative individuals. It was a turning point for me.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">I was attracted to Capra also in part because while he was researching the East in London, I was doing something similar in Denver. I had a profound encounter with Zen, specifically Bushido, in Japan in 1968. Starting in the summer of 1972, I spent more than a year of intense reading in sociology, systems theory, Einstein and Planck (new science) western philosophy and D. T. Suzuki’s Zen Buddhism. I wasn’t writing a book, but I achieved a satori-like experience, a profound insight into the essential unity of all things that informs this work. This gave me a sense of unity with Capra’s work.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Postscript<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In this chapter I’ve reviewed the work of seven highly influential “counterculture” thinkers who stood out in the ferment of the 60s and 70s and then the 1980s<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[14]</span></span></span></a>. They all witnessed profound changes in their world. Each collected facts, did research, conducted interviews, participated in events of the day and thought deeply about their experiences. Two were scientist, two social scientists, a lawyer, a journalist/writer/martial artist, and an editor/film writer/novelist. Five of them were drawn to the youth movements of the Sixties, two were more or less repelled. They all believed fundamental changes in human society were about to occur. Changes did occur but not in the manner they expected. The youth counterculture in particular was a flash in the pan, a fad that quickly faded. So was the post-industrial vision of abundance and leisure. Ditto a shift in consciousness and the emergence of a new humanistic civilization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In a real sense these are opportunities lost. Had a subculture formed, with a set of shared values and norms, with dynamic leadership, perhaps a new society would have emerged. That was Borsodi’s dream as well. These dreams resonated with a strong popular sentiment but in the end simply faded away. Nonetheless, we learn a very great deal. Change occurs but it may not be for the best. Money, power and sex are strong motivations. So is dominance and submission. Our planet and its people continue to be ruthlessly exploited. We are certainly not more secure than we were then. Indeed, there is great peril in our immediate future.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There have been dramatically “successful” movements in history. The Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution and American Revolution were times of profound social changes. In each of these there was vision, will and sacrifice. That is also true in careers of Lenin and Stalin, Mao, and Hitler, the dark side of human history. But we have had Gandhi, King, Mother Theresa, Mandela, the Dali Lama, and others who left a legacy of good in our time. We have seen nations and businesses and movements formed by force of will, leadership and vision: some good, some not. There are lessons to be learned, human experiences to be contemplated, and new vision to be formed and pursued.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">What is certain is that our adventure continues. What I have found is that trying to change a system we see as wrong is unlikely to be more than frustrating. Most greater leaders of thought know that opposition, as implied by the two arrows at the beginning of this chapter, is futile, often violent. Gone are the days we could change the world, or our country, or of even a city. Evolution, in nature or society, is not about reform. It is about replacement. It is about emergent conditions that have greater power of success. Today we are speeding down the track of history, completely out of control. No one is even remotely in control. The great speed and energy of our mindless drive should be a source of concern. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Chinese<a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[15]</span></span></span></a>, wise to the ways of change, have a term for crisis: wei-ji. It is composed of two words, danger plus opportunity. Borsodi well understood this. I think his work can be better understood in the context of the individuals I have discussed above who continue to give substance to the work he devoted his life to. <o:p></o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="Footnote" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Roszak wrote a small piece on the rise of Silicon Valley. Youth and technology would be worthy of another in-depth study today.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> George Reisman may have been the first to use the term “post-industrial.”<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Spengler saw the Faustian drama play out in history leading to the inevitable collapse of western civilization.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> New Urbanism is founded on this theme.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Boeing is now headquartered in Chicago, not Seattle.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span> There is something absurd about students getting a “well-rounded” education from teachers who know only one subject.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> Huxley later wrote <i>Science, Liberty and Peace</i> (1946) in which he shared his views of Borsodi and decentralism. Borsodi started using the term “human potential” about that time. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a> “Thirty year of Integral Transformative Practice: A Critique”. <a href="https://newschoolofliving.blogspot.com/2013/05/twenty-two-years-of-integral.html" style="color: #954f72;">https://newschoolofliving.blogspot.com/2013/05/twenty-two-years-of-integral.html</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="Footnote" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a> My conversations with George and Michael were often about this “seminar effect.” Their response was Integral Transformative Practices, see below. Mine has been sustainable communities.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[10]</span></span></span></a> The East is rapidly learning the ways of the West.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a> Korzybski was an important leader in this endeavor.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[12]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi was an early pioneer in this type of thinking.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn13"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[13]</span></span></span></a> Henderson wrote the introduction to two of Mildred Loomis’ books and remains an admirer of Loomis.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn14"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[14]</span></span></span></a> To that list I could add Marilyn Fergusons <i>The Aquarian Conspiracy</i> (1980).<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn15"><p class="Footnote" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://F1BCC7FF-D8AB-4F94-9332-CA84F9D78682#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[15]</span></span></span></a> Despite their cumulative wisdom, the Chinese seem no more in charge of their destiny than we. Indeed, they have become as we, an industrial giant with little in mind except profit.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-70574415391898519512021-03-24T08:13:00.000-07:002021-03-24T08:13:06.768-07:00Ralph Borsodi and the New Agrarian Culture <p> Bill Sharp (c) March 24, 2021</p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ralph Borsodi was by no means a lone wolf in his campaign to revive an agrarian culture.<span> </span>It gives context to the Borsodi legacy.<span> </span>He was a standout leader in the movement.<span> </span>That movement reached its apogee about 1940, the eve of World War II.<span> </span>I think of greater importance, its fading after World War II tells us a great deal about how our society and culture has changed over the course of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first.<span> </span>From a New Agrarian perspective, that is not a change in our best interest.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-fVF3fWnNPubeaFGCwUv5btMG1dOHnfapLEH2sFAewnMoXUEh4nH3ernd0GRjWYczsxU22WH1-6lUXJ1Wou8MbesqicvCBda_JwSF4Y_0UWaerCffqxKY0_07Os0bsYu51EASaVvZeKna/s475/FFTC+Cover+2+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="279" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-fVF3fWnNPubeaFGCwUv5btMG1dOHnfapLEH2sFAewnMoXUEh4nH3ernd0GRjWYczsxU22WH1-6lUXJ1Wou8MbesqicvCBda_JwSF4Y_0UWaerCffqxKY0_07Os0bsYu51EASaVvZeKna/w118-h200/FFTC+Cover+2+copy.jpg" width="118" /></a></div>There are several lessons to be learned from this movement.<span> </span>The first is about social and cultural change.<span> </span>The New Agrarian movement started as a reaction to the dramatic change industrialization was working on society.<span> </span>A movement formed in the US, Great Britain and in Europe.<span> </span>And it wasn’t only an agrarian movement.<span> </span>A new social science literature grew up both as a result of the new scientific ideology, the scientific study of human beings, but also about the course of change and the effect it had on society and individual psychology.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Three major ideas shaped this thought.<span> </span>Darwin produced a naturalistic theory of evolution that many adopted, and it wasn’t an optimistic one.<span> </span>Marx developed a deterministic theory of history.<span> </span>Freud probed psychopathology and one of his most popular books was<i> Civilization</i> <i>and its Discontents</i>.<span> </span>The major force, however, was industrialization.<span> </span>Over the course of the last half of the nineteenth century, it had already dramatically transformed societies in Europe and North America.<span> </span>The German sociologist Max Weber wrote of the iron cage of centralized bureaucracy and the French sociologist Emile Durkheim about suicide as a result of social alienation, of social change.<span> </span>Oswald Spengler published a history of the decline, the collapse, of Western civilization.<span> </span>There were also philosophical and literacy response.<span> </span>Nietzsche’s dark philosophy dominated the literature.<span> </span>In England Dicken’s novels described the society of the dark satanic mills.<span> </span>John Ruskin and William Morris lead an Arts and Crafters countercultural movement in England which also found roots in the US.<span> </span>It also had expression in political reform movements.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Emerson and Thoreau had responded to the growing mechanization of America society beginning in the 1840s and the need to return to our agrarian roots.<span> </span>In the US it took roots in the Granger and Populist movements.<span> </span>Henry George wrote a new economics about poverty as an outcome of wealth as industrializing became firmly established.<span> </span>The New Agrarians, with Borsodi a leader, brought these threads together during the first half of the twentieth century.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The second is that movements run their course.<span> </span>There was no stopping industrialization.<span> </span>It transformed the land, society, people and culture, generation by generation.<span> </span>The change continues but our understanding of the past dims with time.<span> </span>Each new generation is now given a label that defines its time, the influences that shaped it, the values that resulted and the adaptations made.<span> </span>A primary effect is individualization.<span> </span>We have become increasingly individualized – isolated and alone.<span> </span>I believe that individuation is not as much an ideal as a consequence.<span> </span>This comes from the decay of community.<span> </span>The industrial transformation swept away or undermined our institutions – family, community, church.<span> </span>New Agrarianism was largely a reaction to those traditions, those norms and mores, being lost.<span> </span>What will replace them?<span> </span>Will coming generations have the understanding of life, a sense of meaning and purpose, to undertake the challenges of technological transformation, environmental degradation, economic instability and unending armed conflict?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This is the question we must address today.<span> </span>In order to do so we will make a case study of the New Agrarian movement of which Ralph Borsodi was a key player.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Who Were the New Agrarians?<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The agrarian movement was initially asocial and economic response to industrialization.<span> </span>It was in part a political reaction including the formation of a new national political party.<span> </span>There was a flight from the farm to the city.<span> </span>As the cities grew, they had to be fed.<span> </span>Railroads were built to carry food, fiber, raw material and finished products across the country.<span> </span>The railroads were granted vast tracts of land along their right of ways.<span> </span>The distribution system, as Borsodi noted, came to dominate the economy.<span> </span>Land grant colleges established schools of agriculture to promote production farming.<span> </span>Farming moved from local self-sufficiency to a national market scale.<span> </span>Farmers had little control over the cost of land, the cost of farming or the cost of the goods they produced.<span> </span>Small farms felt it the most, many closed, and people, of course, migrated to the cities and jobs.<span> </span>By 1900 the population was roughly evenly split between urban and rural.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was another side to this issue.<span> </span>It was a moral and philosophical issue.<span> </span>America was then becoming a great nation.<span> </span>We were assuming an identity as a people.<span> </span>How do we justify our greatness?<span> </span>What are the qualities that make us world leaders?<span> </span>The answer was, at that time, that we were a product of our land and our history on the land – a then brief history of expansion across a continent.<span> </span>We made it to the world stage with a little war with Spain, a war that left us with an unadmitted empire in two oceans.<span> </span>We declared our Manifest Destiny.<span> </span>We built a canal in Panama to connect the two oceans for our commerce and for our navy much as the French/British did with the Suez Canal.<span> </span>And soon, we went to war in Europe, built a vast commercial enterprise and started building a strong government to support economic expansion.<span> </span>We are still on that trajectory, but that is another story.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">So, who were we, we upstarts, on the world stage?<span> </span>A vast land of free people with rich resources.<span> </span>Great factories, financial houses and a rapidly growing transportation system.<span> </span>The answer was that we were an agrarian people.<span> </span>We were defined by our settling of new lands, farming, liberal government, Christianity.<span> </span>Theodore Roosevelt exemplified those virtues.<span> </span>And, as I will describe, lent his support to New Agrarianism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The term “New Agrarianism” is perhaps a misnomer.<span> </span>While it was about preserving nineteenth century agrarian economy and society, it came to focus on moral character.<span> </span>It had its roots in tradition.<span> </span>Above all, it recognized the destructive influence of industrialization on that value system, on this culture, on land tenure.<span> </span>Did the Carnegies, Morgan’s and Rockefeller’s define us or was there something more fundamental.<span> </span>And yes, a business culture, a culture of success, was clearly forming.<span> </span>“Go West, young man” didn’t mean go to farm.<span> </span>It meant go to make money.<span> </span>But a more liberal persuasion questioned the ethics of “make it rich;” and with considerable justification.<span> </span>The growing cities, filled with displaced farmers from both the American countryside and Europe, were crowded, squalid, noxious and dangerous.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At root, the New Agrarians were champions of small-scale farming and rural society, opponents of urban industrial development, but far more importantly, advocates of the Jeffersonian ideal of an educated, enlightened, people.<span> </span>Borsodi exemplified this position.<span> </span>His <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> clearly stated his idea of the “quality-” vs. the “quantity-mind,” and that position characterized his work to the end of his life.<span> </span>The New Agrarians sought to restore an agrarian civilization with its virtues.<span> </span>Yet it recognized a lack of intellectual cultivation, so dear to Jefferson, in rural America.<span> </span>It sought to develop the institutions of rural society, particular the school and church, to serve a higher ideal – not just to preserve the old but to shape an elevated civilization.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Culture<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In sociology and anthropology, the term used to define the way a people see their world is “culture.”<span> </span>Culture is the accumulation of things and ideas that define us.<span> </span>It is in essence tradition.<span> </span>Our modern age has lost its sense of tradition, save perhaps certain nostalgic fads and political adds about “main street.”<span> </span>I will argue that this is the most important problem we must address in shaping the destiny of the human race.<span> </span>We are faced with a perfect storm of threatening issues including climate change, resource depletion and population growth. <span> </span>We have lost our standards of meaning and purpose.<span> </span>We are adrift.<span> </span>We have come to understand that our future is no longer manageable, not sustainability.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We must adapt to the runaway challenges of this century.<span> </span>Culture is about resiliency – how people learned to survive and prosper.<span> </span>We must become resilient again.<span> </span>And to achieve resiliency we must draw on the accumulation wisdom, that is the tradition, of our forebearers.<span> </span>Otherwise we go into the future blindly.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The American agrarian culture has deep roots.<span> </span>It defined our early, pre-industrial culture.<span> </span>Agriculture is the foundation of human civilization.<span> </span>Our remote ancestors started an agrarian culture, cultivating their food, some eight to ten thousand years ago.<span> </span>Where they planted, they, for the first time, begin to settle and in time there were cities and the beginning of what we call civilization.<span> </span>Civilization represents an evolutionary jump second only to the appearance of the first of our kind:<span> </span>a self-conscious, thinking being.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The glue that holds civilizations together is culture.<span> </span>Culture consists of the ideas, the arts and the artifacts that define a society.<span> </span>Each is distinctive.<span> </span>We understand that there was an Egyptian culture (several stages actually), an Indian culture, a Chines culture (again several stages of each of these), a Greek culture, a Roman culture, etc.<span> </span>With Western civilization we developed national cultures.<span> </span>In America we developed, more recently, regional cultures – New England, Southern, Mid-western, etc. – and these become part of our story.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">While there are many cultures, the idea of culture is singular.<span> </span>It is, as they say, hardwired into us.<span> </span>In addition to art and architecture, culture is ideas; it is values and beliefs, norms, mores, customs, traditions, etc.<span> </span>Historian Oswald Spengler said we run the course from “culture,” the creative values upon which a society was founded and built, to “civilization,” an ossification, a hardening of the arties, of habits and practices that typically describe a society in decline.<span> </span>He described the evolution of society in terms of seasons: from the creativity of Spring, the pleasant summer, to the decline of Fall into the final winter.<span> </span>Jumping ahead, what he had to say was that Western Civilization is moving towards its end.<span> </span>Historian Arnold Toynbee and sociologist Pitirim Sorokin also wrote extensively about the cycles of history, of civilization:<span> </span>rise and fall.<span> </span>There is a sizable current literature about the state of our global society that is far from optimistic.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">One quality that defined cultures from the beginning, until a few hundred years ago, is agrarianism.<span> </span>Over the course of our history, some 5,000 years or so, most people lived on the land to produce food and fiber.<span> </span>The American Republic was founded upon agrarian principles.<span> </span>However, the year our Declaration of Independence was signed, Adam Smith published <i>The Wealth of Nations</i>.<span> </span>And just prior to that, James Watt had “perfected” the steam engine.<span> </span>The scientific, industrial, urban era was already aborning but this was the turning point into what has become known as the Industrial Revolution.<span> </span>Today only one percent of us work on the land and most of those in industrial agriculture to produce for the global market.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">History begins with the cities, but agrarian culture evolved over thousands of years of trial and error before the first cities appeared.<span> </span>Abundant food allowed some people to work off the land and these formed the cities.<span> </span>Most of these cities remained small, a few thousand people supported by the farms around them.<span> </span>Over the course of 5,000 years cities and civilizations came and went and when they declined, people returned to the land.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">By comparison, the Industrial Revolution represented an explosive transformation of human society.<span> </span>Industrialism emerged before the 1776 turning point.<span> </span>Factories were being built along streams using waterpower.<span> </span>Land weas consolidated to supply these machines, driving displaced farm families to the cities.<span> </span>Steam allowed building factories anywhere and provided the motive power to move raw materials and finished goods.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The second turning point came in 1861 with the start of the American Civil War.<span> </span>That war was histories first industrial war.<span> </span>It was driven by a massive factory production; with thousands of miles of railroads and telegraph lines.<span> </span>Historians have argued that it was not only a war against slavery but between an emerging industrial and a traditional agrarian culture.<span> </span>The war ended in 1865.<span> </span>In 1869 the transcontinental railroad was completed linking North America from sea to shining sea.<span> </span>Even a cursory view of history will illustrate the stunning growth of science, industry and technology from the time of the Civil War to World War I, to World War II (modern wars accelerate technological development) into the Cold War and now into the digital era.<span> </span>The social, economic, political and psychologically impacts were stunning.<span> </span>Social change accelerates.<span> </span>We move ahead so rapidly that we rarely turn our gaze to the past.<span> </span>We have largely forgotten our past.<span> </span>We should pause to think about what we have lost.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Reaction<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Industrial Revolution was, from a historical perspective, sudden, stunning and disruptive.<span> </span>It didn’t go unopposed.<span> </span>As industrialism begin to dominate the economy after the middle of the nineteenth century, an agrarian reaction began.<span> </span>Farmers organized in protest.<span> </span>A Populist movement formed.<span> </span>Writers joined the front ranks of protest.<span> </span>The social sciences were founded and developed largely along the lines of exploring the effects of industrialization on the lives and minds of people struggling with the transformation.<span> </span>A lot of leading minds worked to preserve, revive, renew and develop what could already then only be defined as an alternative culture, a counterculture – the way we were.<span> </span>We will explore why a close study of culture is mandated by what many today see as potentially catastrophic transformation, over the course of this century, of unmanaged and unmanageable economic expansionism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A society’s culture once lost is gone for good.<span> </span>There are organizations that work to preserve cultural heritage, but they become the exception rather than the rule.<span> </span>They create museums and theme parks.<span> </span>Each generation is further displaced from its ancestral transitions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Cultures cannot just be wished into existence.<span> </span>Many utopians have died in despair.<span> </span>In a society, be it a state or town or corporation, cultures form spontaneously.<span> </span>All healthy cultures continue to transform.<span> </span>New cultural forms are built out of old ones.<span> </span>Old ideas continue to persist even as societies transformed, as ours did, with the Industrial Revolution, and continues to do in this digital era.<span> </span>Cultures are diverse.<span> </span>We have conservatives and liberals, people who are tolerant and others who hate somebody or other, and so on.<span> </span>The drift today is that each of us forms our own set of values, chooses with whom to associate, attaching and detaching as we please.<span> </span>Instead of diverse we have become divisive.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Society today is multicultural and explosively transformative.<span> </span>There are a lot of choices.<span> </span>Each of us is part a variety of cultural groups:<span> </span>work, home, neighborhood, organizations. <span> </span>We are cultural amphibians, chameleons, shapeshifters.<span> </span>We are “denominational,” in the broader sense, to the extreme.<span> </span>It is increasingly common for us to pursue a religion of our own – singular and unique.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It should be clear that “culture” is a complex idea.<span> </span>The term is what Korzybski called multi-ordinal:<span> </span>The interpretation comes out of context.<span> </span>Civilizations and nation states have cultural distinction at a higher level, with a capital “C”.<span> </span>But groups and organizations also have culture, with a smaller “c”.<span> </span>Many are shaped by strong founding personalities but over time they develop spontaneously.<span> </span>You likely identify with you job and may take pride in your employer.<span> </span>Apple, Amazon, Google and other brands evoke an image.<span> </span>Each of us is part of numerous groups, each with its own elements of culture.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A new culture can, usually does, start small.<span> </span>Margaret Mead stated that an organization or movement starts with a small group.<span> </span>It starts with an idea and a handful of people who say, “I like that!”<span> </span>Most such groups are but brief encounters.<span> </span>The one’s that persist draw more and more people, get organized and set to work with purpose.<span> </span>They are groups of people who want to get something done:<span> </span>create a product or service, end world hunger or climate change.<span> </span>Some make things happen while others talk themselves into apathy.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the business section of a bookstore, you will find a lot of authors who think they can help others undertake crucial turning points.<span> </span>They are about visioning, team building, leadership, market developed, etc., etc.<span> </span>Each of these writers is working to develop a mind-set, a sense of group identity, clarity and purposefulness.<span> </span>Ideally, these are the expressions of culture.<span> </span>Too often workshops actually go against the grain of corporate culture.<span> </span>To a large extent these programs are self-help – simply individual motivation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The question before us is whether or not we can guide our own destiny, as individuals and as a society.<span> </span>Only individuals embody culture, but it is they, and their understanding of the meaning and purpose of life, that defines their society.<span> </span>A community, a culture, forms when a group of individuals form around shared principles.<span> </span>Purpose is not only a personal vision but a collective mission.<span> </span>It requires a group of people who want the same thing and share an understanding of what needs to be done to achieve it.<span> </span>That can be a business, a club, a non-profit organization, a governmental entity – any collection of people.<span> </span>Achieving that degree of consensus, in both thought and action, has become extremely difficult these days and is becoming increasingly more difficult.<span> </span>It was difficult for the New Agrarians and their story is instructive.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Why focus on agrarianism?<span> </span>For one thing, as the New Agrarians asserted, it is an expression of lifestyle, of a desirable quality of life.<span> </span>It is a traditional and deeply rooted way of life.<span> </span>Of great importance, however, is the increasing disequilibrium of our global society.<span> </span>Climate change can and likely will have a serious social and economic impact over time.<span> </span>More immediately, we have the specter of continued population growth and the decline of nonrenewable resources.<span> </span>The more people, the greater the demand for critical resources.<span> </span>If the economy does not adapt, these trends could lead to a significant crisis point in the short term.<span> </span>For the agrarians, adaptation comes through a return to the land, to the fundamental style of life that has defined much of history.<span> </span>The land supplies most of the family’s needs, not distant markets.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is a third idea, and this is economic as well as social.<span> </span>Industrialism has created a global marketplace.<span> </span>Communities have become highly dependent on things that happen on the far side of the world.<span> </span>There is a growing movement to do much as the agrarians proposed and that is to put the community’s economy on a more local footing.<span> </span>That can be done in stages, in manageable steps.<span> </span>Transition Centre has proposed a ten-percent localization in ten years in a variety of social and economic sectors.<span> </span>This model is conducive to both prosperity and quality of life.<span> </span>It begins to make the community more resilient.<span> </span>It makes a community more self-conscious – that is more of a community.<span> </span>And it generates revenues that stay in that local economy.<span> </span>You can find that model on the Transition Centre web site.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Rise, Decline and Fall of Agrarianism<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">For those of us who like history, this is an interesting story.<span> </span>It has some great personalities and not a little drama.<span> </span>The movement ran its course over about the span of a single lifetime.<span> </span>It is a story with several acts and each act, essentially punctuated by global war, has its own cast of characters and internal plot.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">If history, if culture, is our story, then this movement gives us some great insight into how human society evolves and devolves.<span> </span>Like any problem, we need to understand it in order to offer solutions.<span> </span>I should note that we are not only trying to mediate pathologies, and yes there are serious social pathologies at work then and now, but also innovating.<span> </span>We have to use the conditions, the materials, the human resourcefulness, at hand to build a new culture.<span> </span>I have to repeat that we are not, cannot not, restore the past.<span> </span>We, as various sages have said, have to invent our future.<span> </span>We do not have to toss out science and technology but rather learn to make them our servants, not our masters.<span> </span>While the perils are real, the opportunity to create a new, enlightened and inclusive culture can be our destiny.<span> </span>That is what the America Founding Fathers sought and to a degree achieved.<span> </span>That is what Ralph Borsodi and friends sought to achieve.<span> </span>History is cyclical, long cycles and shorter ones and there have been several episodes in the history of America since Europeans arrived.<span> </span>We merely carry on.<span> </span>But we have to become purposeful.<span> </span>We must restore that “creative minority” as Toynbee described.<span> </span>Borsodi’s call to action defined them as the teachers of humankind.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Henry George<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">While we might well begin this story, as I have elsewhere, with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, they entered the scene rather early.<span> </span>We could have included Whitman, indeed several American poets and novelist.<span> </span>For this chapter, I find Henry George as a good place to start.<span> </span>I’ve provided a cameo of his life and work in another chapter.<span> </span>George was in the front ranks of the Populist movement.<span> </span>George developed a systematic economic theory that started with the problem that land, held in massive quantities by speculators, became too expensive for common folk to hold and earn a livelihood from.<span> </span>He advocated putting land into the public domain and making it available for a single tax on what was produced.<span> </span>This idea is the backdrop for the New Agrarian movement.<span> </span>His<i> Progress</i> <i>and Poverty</i> is still in print and he continues to have a large following.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">George was deeply embedded in the Populist movement and that movement can’t be understood out the context of settlement, not only of the “Frontier” beyond the Mississippi River but also since the arrival of the first Europeans.<span> </span>That story, the story of American agriculture, I have written elsewhere and Emerson and Thoreau are in it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I have noted that Borsodi was a leader in the Georgist movement.<span> </span>His involvement with the homesteading programs during the Great Depression led Borsodi to distrust the government as landlord.<span> </span>His alternative was the private land trust and that has become a lasting legacy.<span> </span>But for him, as for many to follow, there was a lot more than land and homesteading.<span> </span>They sought to restore a philosophy of life, a more natural, organic and satisfying way of living back on the land.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Liberty Hyde Bailey.<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Liberty Hyde Bailey was born (1858) on a farm in Michigan.<span> </span>He attended college in Michigan and then at Harvard studying horticulture and botany.<span> </span>He taught for a few years at Michigan Agricultural College and then moved to Cornell.<span> </span>He founded the College of Agriculture there in 1904 – perhaps the leading institution in agricultural education at that time.<span> </span>He showed clear leadership qualities from the beginning.<span> </span>His accomplishment includes development of the agriculture extension service and the 4-H movement.<span> </span>In 1907 Bailey made a speech, “The State and the Farmer,” in which he called for a revitalization of rural society.<span> </span>President Theodore Roosevelt was in the audience.<span> </span>In 1908 Roosevelt invited Bailey to the White House and asked him to chair the National Commission on Country Life.<span> </span>Bailey is considered a founder of the New Agrarian movement.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Why Roosevelt formed this Commission is of interest.<span> </span>At the time farming was in the so-called “Golden Age of Agriculture,” but it was a troubled paradise.<span> </span>Farming was, overall, profitable but not as profitable as work in the cities.<span> </span>The country was in a flux of industrial and urban development and a middle class was rapidly growing.<span> </span>Dissatisfaction with the lack of amenities in the country had become epidemic.<span> </span>Rural people were flocking to the cities seeking better jobs and lifestyles and this alarmed those, like Bailey, who saw rural America as not only the economic and social foundation of a democratic way of life but its moral cornerstone.<span> </span>They saw agrarian values as a foil against the morality of predatory capitalism, big business and business-oriented government.<span> </span>At root was the issue of redressing economic inequities by revitalizing the Federal role in regulating companies, conserving natural resources and leveling the political playing field between rural and urban populations.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Roosevelt prefaced the purpose of the Commission in these words: “No nation has ever achieved permanent greatness unless this greatness was based on the well-being of the great farmer class, the men who live on the soil.<span> </span>…<span> </span>There is but one person whose welfare is as vital to the welfare of the whole country as is that of the wage-worker who does manual labor, and that is the tiller of the soil – the farmer.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chairman Bailey described the country life movement as “the working out of the desire to make rural civilization as effective and satisfying as other civilizations.” <span> </span>The Commission held thirty public hearings all over the country, circulated over half a million questionnaires, and held numerous other meetings. <span> </span>Bailey edited the final report that was printed in 1911.<span> </span>In brief, its findings included:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Rural people are socially isolate<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Roads are bad<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Communication poor<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Farm credit needed<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Farm cooperatives needed<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Extension support needed<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Rural schools deplorable<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Commission made three recommendations:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Nationalize the agricultural extension service, which was done by the passage of the Smith-Lever Act in 1914.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Foster the development of agricultural economics and rural sociology in universities, which would provide ongoing surveys to gather information on rural life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->And an ongoing campaign for rural progress.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In short, and this is important, the Report called for rebuilding a great agricultural civilization in America.<span> </span>This theme is a cornerstone of the New Agrarian movement and the foundation of Borsodi’s philosophy.<span> </span>Bailey continued to support the basic thesis, although increasingly supported of big-ag.<span> </span>The National Country Life Association, which first met in 1919, remained influential into the 1950s.<span> </span>Borsodi specifically advocated restoring the Country Life Movement in the 1970s.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Rural Sociology<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Rural sociology was founded in the US in the 1910s following in the wake of Country Life movement.<span> </span>Sociology is the study of people in society.<span> </span>It has more branches than there are letters in the alphabet – each pursuing a special area of study – and there are branches within each area.<span> </span>It is a complex field.<span> </span>There is still a school of rural sociology, often attached to colleges of agriculture at universities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Sociology had its roots in the European Enlightenment.<span> </span>It got its name from Frenchman August Comte (1798 – 1857).<span> </span>It came with the idea of human evolutionary progress and was intended as a science of man.<span> </span>Sociology was founded as a formal academic discipline by Frenchman Emile Durkheim in 1895.<span> </span>That date and Durkheim’s focus are important.<span> </span>By this time the industrial revolution was dominating the economy and reshaping society in a dramatic fashion.<span> </span>Traditional institutions were failing.<span> </span>Durkheim studied alienation – the sense of loss of connection and context people were feeling.<span> </span>One of his major works was on suicide.<span> </span>This was also the time Nietzsche’s existential philosophy became prominent. – in short, life is a bitch and we are on our own.<span> </span>Sociology emerged as a discipline under the influence of Darwin, Marx and Freud and they’re not so optimistic views of natural and social evolution.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That time was a turning point in history and a turning point in our effort to understand the progress and destiny of history.<span> </span>It doesn’t take much more than a casual interest in modern history to appreciate the incredible stresses introduced by “progress.”<span> </span>Yes, they were exciting times.<span> </span>There was, and continued to be, incredible progress in science, technology and energy.<span> </span>The Progressives, many in academia or journalism, studied the trends.<span> </span>Many were optimistic about positive change.<span> </span>Most were reformers:<span> </span>We can correct the problems, they said.<span> </span>And even more; we can make a better world.<span> </span>The New Agrarians were clearly in this camp.<span> </span>What was considered lacking by Bailey and others was a scientific foundation for understanding agrarian trends, in short, a rural sociology.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Allan Carlson, in his excellent <i>The New Agrarian Mind</i>, identified two rural sociologists of note:<span> </span>Carle C. Zimmerman and Pitirim Sorokin<a href="applewebdata://52839C87-3073-4B5D-9109-853EF1BC1308#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>They were close friends and collaborators first at the University of Minnesota and then at Harvard.<span> </span>They coauthored two books.<span> </span>When I suggest that specialization lacks scope, I particularly reference Sorokin.<span> </span>While Sorokin was a rural sociologist, he was also a generalist who wrote books about the field of Sociology.<span> </span>Sorokin was also a leading proponent of cyclical history along with Spengler and Toynbee.<span> </span>In short, he had a comprehensive understand of the dynamics of history and psychology.<span> </span>I have a bias towards Sorokin.<span> </span>I came under the influence of his ideas early in my studies of sociology and had the good fortune of studying under a man who studied with Sorokin.<span> </span>Both were distinguished scholars, and both served as President of the American Sociological Society.<span> </span>I believe a grand theory of society is one of the reasons Sorokin is so important to the early Rural Agrarians.<span> </span>They too had a vision of the rise of a new civilization from the ashes of industrialism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Sorokin was exiled from Communist Russia.<span> </span>He was a leading sociologist there but supported the wrong party.<span> </span>He barely escaped with his life.<span> </span>He was of peasant stock and had great sympathy for the rural life so found a niche in rural sociology in America.<span> </span>Zimmerman was all-American, distinctly anti-urban, and believed that the family and farm the economic foundation of the countryside.<span> </span>His strongest focus was on family.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Sorokin’s legacy is his theory of history.<span> </span>Through a study of the values, art, literature and polity of human civilization over 5,000 years, in 20 years increments, Sorokin saw a pattern of an alternation between two dominate culture forms:<span> </span>Ideational and Sensate.<span> </span>Ideational cultures are based on spiritual, religious, values.<span> </span>Sensate cultures are based on materialistic values.<span> </span>Societies rise through the Ideational phase and decline through the Sensate phase.<span> </span>Sorokin clearly believed that Western sensate civilization, if not the emerging global civilization, was well advanced in its decline.<span> </span>Ideational values give societies coherence and cohesion.<span> </span>Sensate values undermine those values and the institutions they support.<span> </span>They lose order and cohesion.<span> </span>Sorokin published his work in a four-<i>volume Social and Cultural Dynamics </i>and summarized his thesis in his popular book<i> </i>(available as a paperback) <i>The</i> Crisis <i>of Our Time</i>.<span> </span>And crisis it was and is.<span> </span>The collapse of sensate cultures is inevitable.<span> </span>Unlike Spengler, who thought we would enter a dark age from which we would never again emerge, Sorokin believe that our innate sense of order would assert itself and that a new Ideational culture, likely a new religion, would emerge.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Father Luigi Ligutti<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Dayton Homestead Project where Borsodi served as adviser, was one of nearly 200 (estimated) homestead projects incorporated into the Federal homesteading program.<span> </span>Perhaps the most important of these was the Granger homestead project under the leadership of Catholic Father Luigi Ligutti.<span> </span>Ligutti came from Italian peasant stock and was proud of it.<span> </span>He worked land in Italy that had been held by his family for more than 1,000 years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ligutti immigrated to the US, chose to enter the priesthood and after seminary was posted to Granger, Iowa, a village of some 300 people.<span> </span>In 1932, in response to the Great Depression he began to acquire land, much through gifts, and settled people into a homesteading life.<span> </span>About two-thirds of the settlers were Catholic.<span> </span>Ligutti served as both administrator and spiritual director for this community.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The National Catholic Rural Life Conference (NCRLC ) was founded at a Catholic conference in St. Louis in 1923.<span> </span>It came under the able leadership of Father Edwin V. O’Hara.<span> </span>Its purpose was to strengthen Catholic presence in rural areas.<span> </span>It was a marginal movement in the predominantly urban US Church until the Great Depression. <span> </span>It was then that Father Ligutti came to lead the rural Catholic movement and remained so for some 25 years.<span> </span>He came to personify rural and agrarian Catholicism.<span> </span>Ligutti considered himself a New Agrarian.<span> </span>He was influenced by Bailey, Borsodi (with who he became associated), Herbert Agar (below), classical rural philosophers such as Hesiod, Cicero, Virgil and Homer, the Southern Agrarians (below), Sorokin and Zimmerman, Belloc and Chesterton.<span> </span>He became a strong advocate for distributism.<span> </span>He believed the farm and family was the foundation of the good life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ligutti became an outstanding leader for agrarianism not only within the Catholic community but within the New Agrarian movement itself<a href="applewebdata://52839C87-3073-4B5D-9109-853EF1BC1308#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>And note should be taken of the incredible dynamics of Catholic rural life.<span> </span>It is ironic that Borsodi was an atheist.<span> </span>He was surrounded by devout Catholic agrarians including Ligutti, Agar and Stillman.<span> </span>He was close to the Catholic Workers, Dorthey Day and friend of Peter Maurin who is credited with giving the School of Living the tagline “Green Revolution” (which may have originated with Ligutti).<span> </span>I should point out that all of these Catholic leaders, and others like J. R. R. Tolkien, are recognized contributors to a modern moderate conservatism that continues to champion the agrarian ideal: a post-industrial, faith-based, society.<span> </span>I should note that Sorokin was buried as a Russian Orthodox Christian.<span> </span>He made an extensive study of he lives of saints.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1934, the Federal government took over the Granger project, much to Ligutti’s dismay.<span> </span>He remained spiritual advisor to the Catholics.<span> </span>He and Jesuit Father John C. Rawe teamed up. The produced a book, <i>Rural Roads to Security</i>, which acknowledged Borsodi and Agar and other contributors to <i>Free America </i>(see below).<span> </span>The book was a strong critique of industrial society, call for a return to the land, homes, family, democracy, “our culture and our religion.” They called for a third revolution (The other two were the American War of Independence and the American Civil War) to reestablish: family-unit production, fee-simple family-basis ownership of land, and community based on “religious principles and spiritually motivated.”<span> </span>This is much as Borsodi had advocated in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> and <i>Flight from the City</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ligutti became full-time director of the NCRLC.<span> </span>He gave up to 200 lectures per year.<span> </span>He edited a series of Catholic rural life journals.<span> </span>He called for an ecumenical program, in “Man’s Relation to the Land” (1945) signed by 75 prominent Catholics, Protestants and Jews which expressed a succinct vision of New Agrarianism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As Ligutti’s influence grew, he became an international figure within the Church.<span> </span>He was made Monsignor and ended his life back in Italy, in a villa built by School of Living patron Chauncey Stillman outside Rome, close to the Vatican.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Southern Agrarians<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Twelve southern professors at Vanderbilt University (Tennessee) had a large influence on the New Agrarian movement.<span> </span>In 1930 they published a volume of essays, one each, entitled <i>I’ll Take My Stand</i>.<span> </span>Growing up in the agrarian South, at the end of the era they described, I seem to have a particular attraction to this book and its theme.<span> </span>I understood their love of a culture that, as I was growing up, as an early Boomer generation, was breathing its last.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The turning point for the South, the stage upon which the sentiment of <i>I’ll Take My Stand</i> is played out, was the Civil War.<span> </span>That war was a devastating experience for both sides.<span> </span>Over the course of our history nearly 1.3 million American soldiers have died in our wars.<span> </span>Half of those died during the four years of the Civil War.<span> </span>It was a war of Americans against Americans.<span> </span>The issues were complex.<span> </span>History tells us it was a war to end slavery.<span> </span>The South countered with the theory that states have the right to determine their own destiny.<span> </span>The Twelve Southerners argued that it was a conflict between cultures, the agrarian South verses the industrial North: a shared indictment of industrialism.<span> </span>At root, the post-war Southern myth is the fact that the South is the only part of American that has ever been invaded, conquered and placed under martial law.<span> </span>This left a stain on the honor of the South. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Civil War is one of the most popular history topics.<span> </span>A lot of books, both fiction and nonfiction, have been written about it and a lot of movies and documentaries produced.<span> </span>Battlefields have been preserved and are much visited.<span> </span>Of late, writers and directors, such as Shelby Foot and Ken Burns, have turned that war into an epic of human conflict, something worthy of Homer.<span> </span>They have enshrined the past, a past that is no more.<span> </span>What little remains of Southern culture unfortunately seems to be an embattled and bitter racism.<span> </span>The Confederate flag has become a symbol of anger and resentment not only in the South but across the country.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>I’ll Take My Stand</i> resonated with the New Agrarian platform.<span> </span>It was just one book, but a literature has grown up around it.<span> </span>It continues to be studied and it is entering the canon of post-industrial agrarian thought, of which this book is a part.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The South is a distinctive region of the United States.<span> </span>Sociologists gave definition to American regions.<span> </span>Each has a set of common outstanding characteristics that identify a regional culture.<span> </span>When America was first settled, three distinctive cultures emerged: New England, Mid-Atlantic and Southern.<span> </span>All were, at first, established predominantly by English settlers but immigrants from other countries soon begin to flood in:<span> </span>Scotch and Scotch-Irish, German, Scandinavian, etc.<span> </span>The Founding Fathers had their work cut out create a sense of common nationality not only among the 13 colonies but the three regions and the diverse array of ethnic and religious heritages.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Howard W. Odum was another Southerner, born in George, professor at the University of North Carolina (beginning 1920), and another President of the American Sociological Association, in 1930.<span> </span>Odum started his career studying folk lore and songs, mostly African American, was appointed by President Herbert Hoover to the Research Committee on Social trends in 1933, a few years after <i>I’ll Take My Stand</i>.<span> </span>He published <i>Southern Regions in the United States</i> in 1936.<span> </span>An important feature of Odum’s work, like Borsodi, he was a pioneer systems thinker.<span> </span>He worked across disciplines.<span> </span>He understood emergent properties.<span> </span>His sons, Eugene and Howard T. Odum, scholars in zoology and biology, founders of ecosystems science, credit his influence in the development of their own work.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I do not believe Odum could be called an agrarian.<span> </span>He was an objective social scientist.<span> </span>The Twelve Southerners included poets, novelist, a journalist, an English professor, two historians and a psychologist.<span> </span>Odum sought to analyze the potential of the South to more or less join the mainstream of American progress.<span> </span>While not cited by the New Agrarians, Odum’s work on regional cultures, and especially his systems perspective, are nonetheless important to this conversation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Odum did recognize that the most important resource of the South was its land, “the source and power of all the Jeffersonian dream of the greater domain and democracy,” which he found exemplified in Southern culture.<span> </span>Representing 19% of the country’s land area, the South had 40% of its farms; and by far the largest share of small, family-own, farms.<span> </span>The other great resource was people.<span> </span>Between land and people, Odum believed the South had the capacity to create an outstanding civilization.<span> </span>On this account he was in agreement with the Twelve Southerners.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The agenda of the Twelve Southerners was to preserve the organic society of the South.<span> </span>This included a focus on the family, a well-established sense of kinship, community, rural setting, farming and natural resources.<span> </span>They were concerned about the impact of industrialization on these virtues.<span> </span>They were also responding to the caricature of the south as backward, ignorant, “po white trash”, dilapidated shacks, rotgut whisky, feuds and fornication.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Twelve picked up on Borsodi’s <i>National Advertising</i> and <i>The Distribution Age</i>.<span> </span>One of the worst aspects of industrial they found in the salesman, as had Borsodi.<span> </span>They saw advertising as driving a false economy.<span> </span>Like Borsodi, they believed that it wasn’t industry itself but its dominance; it should be second to agriculture, to small livelihood farms and yeomanry and home production and strong families, schools, churches and community well-being.<span> </span>These family farms produced for the market, yes, but they produced first for themselves and to meet their needs comfortably.<span> </span>The cities, on the other hand, were places of “disease and disorder.”<span> </span>They drained the rural regions of goods and of people.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">They wrote of the “Plain People” of the hills whose tables were always bountiful, who sang and danced and enjoyed the rounds of life, who produced the things they needed.<span> </span>Many were of Scotch-Irish ancestry and had strong kinship ties and ancient traditions brought over from the old world and untainted by progress.<span> </span>Much of what we call country music had its roots in Scottish tradition.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Twelve attracted attention.<span> </span>Seward Collins, a conservative publisher, founded <i>The American Review</i> in 1933 and it ran 71 issues.<span> </span>He invited the Southern Agrarians to contribute and they produced over 100 articles and reviews over four years.<span> </span>They thus joined a movement of conservative humanists, of writers and thinkers, of followers of Chesterton and Belloc.<span> </span>As with Borsodi they sought: “<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222;">a ‘traditionalist’ basis – a firm grasp on the immense body of experience accumulated by men in the past, and the insight which this knowledge affords.”</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span> They encourage a strengthening of Southern agrarianism as an alternative to massive industrialization.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Free America<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Free America</i> was a Distributist/decentralist journal founded and edited by Herbart Agar, Chauncey Stillman and Ralph Borsodi.<span> </span>It was founded in 1937 following the demise of <i>The American Review</i>.<span> </span>Collins had a role in its founding.<span> </span>It brought together a diverse group of writers who had a common distaste for the modern world.<span> </span>This included the British Distributist and particularly the works of G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.<span> </span>It had a broad Catholic foundation and drew leaders of the American Catholic Worker Movement including Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin.<span> </span>It sought to reestablish local and independent communities. <span> </span>It had a long list of notable contributors.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Allan Carlson sees Agar in the leading role of Free America, at least prior to World War II (after which Borsodi became lead editor).<span> </span>Agar was born in New York in 1897, did undergraduate work at Columbia and graduate work at Princeton University earning a Ph.D. in English in 1924, taught several years and moved to England in 1929 serving as press attaché to the American ambassador.<span> </span>He also worked for leading British distributist G. K Chesterton.<span> </span>He wrote a long list of popular books including the Pulitzer Prize winning history <i>The People’s Choice</i> (1934).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Returning to America he sought to bring together a network of kindred minds (and souls – Agar and Stillman were devout Catholics).<span> </span>Agar’s 1935 <i>Land of the Free</i> became a masterwork for American distributism.<span> </span>Like Borsodi he wrote in opposition to American centralization.<span> </span>Like his British friends, Henry George and Borsodi, he sought a wider distribution of property.<span> </span>And he sought to restore and develop a new culture that affirmed the life on the land, a Jeffersonian ideal.<span> </span>A critic of modern capitalism, he also rejected socialism.<span> </span>He sought a “third way out.”<span> </span>His vision was an agrarian civilization with strong religious roots.<span> </span>He admired Borsodi works.<span> </span>He particularly appreciated Borsodi’s work with appropriate technology.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Where Borsodi used the term “quality mindedness,” Agar preferred a term he got from Spengler, “culture man.”<span> </span>For Spengler, each civilization started with a creative period defined by him as “culture.”<span> </span>This style was rooted in the land.<span> </span>It was found in the classical literature, in Rome with Cincinnatus, Hesiod, Vergil, and Cicero.<span> </span>It was affirmed by Medieval Europe.<span> </span>Agar sought to bring together men and women who exemplified a new culture.<span> </span>He particularly admired and made friendships with the Southern Agrarians.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Free America</i> came out of a group that called themselves “Independent Americans.”<span> </span>They attracted Agar, Borsodi and Catholic, protestant and Jewish rural life advocates.<span> </span>They sought to bring these parties together to create a statement of common principles.<span> </span>It had a solid decentralist foundation.<span> </span>They decided to publish <i>Free America</i> to mobilize a movement.<span> </span>Their platform came to rest on the Catholic, Southern and Borsodi’s agrarian pillars.<span> </span>Family, the farm family, the productive family, was the keystone of all these systems.<span> </span>They too drew on a long list of notable contributors over the years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The first years of <i>Free America</i> were energetic.<span> </span>There were a lot of meetings organized.<span> </span>There was a contest to develop agrarian architectural styles for five distinct regions in the US (remained unpublished).<span> </span>With the war, Agar and Stillman, both naval reserve officers, were called to duty.<span> </span>Agar became the naval attaché to the Court of St. James, the royal court of the United Kingdom, where all ambassadors are formally accredited.<span> </span>Stillman became a combat intelligence officer aboard the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise and wrote about his combat experiences.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With Agar and Stillman off to war, Borsodi became lead editor and much of it thus reflected his work.<span> </span>Borsodi founded the School of Living in 1934 and it had a decentralist theme.<span> </span>He struggled to keep the School, and the homestead community around it, going into World War II but the war years were a struggle.<span> </span>During the war the School of Living Journal was <i>The Decentralist</i>, but Borsodi continued to edit regular issues of <i>Free America</i>.<span> </span><span> </span>Borsodi gave an impressive list of seminars and some of this content got into print.<span> </span>In 1945 the headquarters of the School of Living moved to Ohio and Borsodi and associate Mildred Loomis started a new journal, <i>The Interpreter</i>.<span> </span><i>The Interpreter</i> was both a decentralist publication and a platform for Borsodi’s emerging problem -centered educational program.<span> </span>When <i>Free America</i> closed doors, the mailing list was transferred to Mildred for <i>The Interpreter</i>.<span> </span>I’ve told that story elsewhere in this book.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Further Reading: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Carlson, Allan. <i>The New Agrarian Mind: The Movement toward Decentralist Thought in Twentieth-Century America</i>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2000.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Leverette, William E. Jr. and David E. Shi. “Herbert Agar and <i>Free America</i>: A Jeffersonian Alternative to the New Deal.” <i>Journal of American Studies </i>16 (1982): 189-206. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lubick, George M. “Restoring the American Dream: The Agrarian Decentralist Movement, 1930-1946.” <i>South Atlantic Quarterly </i>84 (1985): 63-80.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Shapiro, Edward S. “Decentralist Intellectuals and the New Deal.” <i>Journal of American History </i>58 (1972): 938-57. ———. “American Conservative Intellectuals, the 1930’s, and the Crisis of Ideology.” <i>Modern Age </i>23 (1979): 370-80. <o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Louis Bromfield<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Louis Bromfield was an American novelist and farm conservationists.<span> </span>He made his home on a demonstration farm, Malabar Farm, in Ohio.<span> </span>He was born in Mansfield, Ohio in 1896, studied agriculture at Cornell for two years, where he met Liberty Hyde Bailey, and then transferred to Columbia University to study journalism.<span> </span>He served as an ambulance driver during World War I, was engaged in a number of major battles and was decorated, including the French Legion of Honor.<span> </span>He returned to New York as a journalist and begin to write successful novels.<span> </span>In 1925 Bromfield and his family went to France for a vacation and stayed for 13 years.<span> </span>He settled in a rural area, gardened and made friends with local peasant farmers.<span> </span>He and Gertrude Stein became friends.<span> </span>With war looming in Europe he returned to the States.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1933 Bromfield published a bestselling autobiographically novel, <i>The Farm</i>.<span> </span>In 1939 he returned to Mansfield and bought several adjoining farms, 595 acres total, later growing to 1,000 acres.<span> </span>The farm, along with writing, was to be his major work for the next 20 years.<span> </span>Malabar Farm is in Pleasant Valley, where he grew up, a name he used for a novel.<span> </span>He named the farm after a range of hills he visited in India.<span> </span>He built a 32-room house and frequently entertained film celebrities.<span> </span>In 1972 the farm became a state park.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Bromfield wrote 31 books and was a screenwriter.<span> </span>He was a populist agrarian.<span> </span>He adopted a decentralist/Distributist philosophy.<span> </span>Bromfield wrote for <i>Free America</i>, “the monthly journal that, from 1937 – 47 served as the intellectual hub of the dizzily-diverse agrarian populist coalition” (Bill Nygren).<span> </span>He wanted to develop an experimental farm, a self-sufficient farm in harmony with nature.<span> </span>Bromfield adopted a Jeffersonian ideal of integrity and idealism, of the good life on the land, a world of his own, we read.<span> </span>Like Borsodi and others he disliked cities: “the city was not civilized at all but only a kind of armed barbaric camp in which a savage warfare continued day and night.”<span> </span>He admired the lifestyle of the Amish. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Farmland in Bromfield’s Ohio had been seriously depleted.<span> </span>Bromfield sought to restore sustainability.<span> </span>He worked on a grass farming system to restore the soil.<span> </span>He focused on beef and dairy and experimented with manure composting.<span> </span>Like other New Agrarians he sought to reestablish agrarian self-sufficiency and community.<span> </span>He doubled crop yields.<span> </span>However, the farm ran at a debt, financed by Bromfield’s not inconsiderable income as a novelist, screenwriter and speaker until his final illness.<span> </span>Bromfield created something he called “The Plan.”<span> </span>He had a popular radio talk show, Voices of the Valley.<span> </span>He enjoyed giving free farm tours on Sundays.<span> </span>He was the lord of his manor.<span> </span>The farm is now a historical preserve.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">David Grayson <o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Speaking of agrarian literature, I think we should give some credit to a series of books of collected stories that came out under the name of David Grayson.<span> </span>David Grayson was the pseudonym of Ray Stannard Baker.<span> <span lang="EN">Ray Stannard Baker published progressive and radical social critiques and his David Grayson stories on country living.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">At the beginning of the twentieth century there were a number of popular magazines, a new radical journalism labeled “muckraking” by Theodore Roosevelt.<span> </span>One of these magazines, that also advocated the back-to-the-land movement, was <i>McClure’s</i>.<span> </span><i>McClure’s Magazine</i> featured articles like Ida Tarbell’s expose’ on John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil.<span> </span>Tarbell’s expose’ on John D. Rockefeller mobilize public opinion against monopoly and is considered one of the most important pieces of journalism contributing to the breakup of the Standard Oil.<span> </span>Popular fiction of the time addressed the abuses of industrialism such as poverty, urban squalor and child labor.<span> </span>These included books by Theodore Dreiser, William Dean Howells, Frank Norris, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, and a forgotten American novelist with the name of Winston Churchill (unrelated to British Winston Spencer Churchill). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Ray Stannard Baker was born in 1870 in rural Michigan and took a degree in agriculture.<span> </span>After a brief stint in law school he decided to become a journalist.<span> </span>He covered politics in Chicago before going to <i>McClure’s</i> in New York City.<span> </span>In 1894 economic depression he walked from Ohio to Washington, D.C. with a group of protestors.<span> </span>He knew most of the major political figures of his day.<span> </span>The high point in Baker’s life came from his friendship with Woodrow Wilson.<span> </span>Baker served as Wilson’s press secretary and wrote an eight-volume official biography (among 15 books he wrote about Wilson).<span> </span>He won the Pulitzer Prize for two of the Wilson volumes.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Baker maintained his family home on a farm in Michigan and commuted to New York City once or twice a month.<span> </span>It was working in the garden one day that he came up with the idea of a series of novels about country life.<span> </span>He wrote nine of them under the pen name David Grayson. <span> </span>The first of these came out as <i>Adventures in Contentment</i> (1907) and the last in 1942.<span> </span>They sold millions copies and were translated into a variety of languages.<span> </span>They are semi-autobiographical.<span> </span>He said:<span> </span>“Above all ... I tried to express the joy I had, and the sense of beauty and of peace, in country life and country ways:<span> </span>incidents in the village I lived in or on the long tramps I made in country roads.”<span> </span>The stores were founded on a deep and simple agrarian philosophy – a philosophy of life lived well on the land.<span> </span>They challenged industrialization and urbanization<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">In his autobiography, <i>American Chronicle</i>, Baker wrote of the joy and ease of writing these books.<span> </span>The farm in the novels was fictional, more or less, but the experiences were his, from his youth in Michigan and Wisconsin and over 35 years of adult life.<span> </span>The novels interleaved with his serious work, articles and books, including the great task of his work with and about Wilson.<span> </span>After his engagements with the world as a journalist, which could be exhausting, he returned to the imaginative idles of David Grayson.<span> </span>Those idles were his own philosophy of country life, of living with “little common everyday events, scenes, duties” ... to enjoy them and learn from them.<span> </span>By contrast, he observed, the life of books becomes “thin, weak, superficial.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Perhaps the core of his country life philosophy can be found in this statement: “And yet I firmly believe that if everyone could get his feet, somewhere, somehow, down upon the soil, he could live a richer and a more interesting life.”<span> </span>That didn’t necessarily mean farming but some natural activity such as gardening and bee keeping was suggested to keep one creatively involved with nature.<span> </span>He like to quote a passage from Goethe: “Agriculture is a very fine thing, because you get such an unmistakable answer as to whether you’re making a fool of yourself or hitting the mark.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">In 1910, in a growing love affair with New England, the Bakers moved near the then village of Amherst, Massachusetts.<span> </span>They bought ten acres and built a home.<span> </span>His novels then reflected his long tramps along New England roads.<span> </span>For several years the Great War and the peace negotiations claimed his time.<span> </span>After Wilson’s death, he settled again in Amherst and, for 14 years, wrote Wilson’s life.<span> </span>Baker died in 1946 at the age of 76.<span> </span>Several of his David Grayson novels are available at Project Gutenberg.<o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Frank Lloyd Wright<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Wright is best known as America’s premier architect.<span> </span>So, what does he have to do with back-to-the-land?<span> </span>Actually, his work has had a tremendous impact on the topic of sustainability and self-sufficiency.<span> </span>Wright developed an “organic” architecture that drew directly from his experience of nature and sought to raise buildings out of the ground upon which they stood.<span> </span>He designed an open city composed largely of small farmsteads.<span> </span>He also developed the Usonian house as a moderately priced home based on his organic principles.<span> </span>All of this architecture was founded on a profound natural philosophy.<span> </span>He, like Borsodi, was also a scathing critic of industrial society.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Young Frank, starting age 11, (1878) was sent in the summer to work on the farm of a Lloyd-Jones uncle near Spring Green, Wisconsin.<span> </span>At 4 am he was awakened to milk the cows.<span> </span>A hardy breakfast and then work.<span> </span>A hardy lunch and then work.<span> </span>A hardy dinner and bed at 8 pm to be awakened the next day at 4 am.<span> </span>This was the daily pattern for six days each week.<span> </span>At first, his hands were not strong enough to finish the milking job.<span> </span>Then came the hoe and rake, shovel and axe.<span> </span>His hands were soon blistered and bleeding.<span> </span>He summarized the experience as “Adding tired on tired and then adding it again.” <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Escaping from work one day, as he set weeping in pain and despair, another uncle found him and set with him awhile.<span> </span>In the kindest way possible his uncle spoke to him of never giving up.<span> </span>The uncle told him, Wright liked to quote: “Work is an adventure that makes strong men and finishes weak ones.” The lesson stuck.<span> </span>Wright went back to work and built the great physical and mental toughness that would sustain him throughout his long and productive life.<span> </span>He often related how that experience shaped his life and his career.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">As he gained strength and confidence, Wright came to see a great beauty in that Wisconsin River valley (and it is beautiful to this day) where he worked.<span> </span>He began to see how nature blended things into a harmonic balance.<span> </span>During those summers on the farm he came to understand his mother’s Welsh heritage.<span> </span>He identified with her heritage rather than his father’s.<span> </span>The Lloyd-Jones settled in Wisconsin when it was on the American frontier.<span> </span>They had become a part of the land.<span> </span>They were Welsh, Celts, and had a traditional affinity for the primal forces of the Earth.<span> </span>They were “strong, independent and hearty.”<span> </span>They saw in the land they lived on a “genius loci,” the spirit of the place.<span> </span>They felt that they belonged to that land and its spirit.<span> </span>The Lloyd-Jones family motto, which Wright adopted, was “Truth Against the World.”<span> </span>Wright proudly included the Lloyd name in his own and often paid tribute to the primeval beliefs of the Welsh.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Wright’s life was complex.<span> </span>Biographers capture only what filters through their nervous system, and we can be assured that few grasped much of his life of genius and his indominable spirit.<span> </span>Wright’s genius and charisma were, as we read and see in documentaries, extraordinary.<span> </span>His masterworks take the breath away.<span> </span>Reading his numerous writings gives one a profound respect for the vast scope and great depth of his genius.<span> </span>He had an immense ego.<span> </span>He was a flawed man.<span> </span>He broke the rules, both in architecture and in his life, again and again, and he often paid a heavy price for doing so.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Wright’s mother declared that he would be an architect when he was a young child and purchased a set of buildings blocks, invented by Froebel, to help him learn the elements of structural design while still in kindergarten.<span> </span>A few years later an adolescent Wright said that he would not only be an architect but the greatest of all architects.<span> </span>After a short spell in college Wright went to Chicago and started an apprenticeship in an architectural office.<span> </span>He was one of the great Louis Sullivan’s favored architects. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Wright started his own practice in 1893.<span> </span>He had been offered the opportunity to study classical architecture in Europe.<span> </span>He declined.<span> </span>Instead, he developed his own landmark Prairie School style.<span> </span>This new style was “organic.”<span> </span>It settled to the Earth.<span> </span>It was defined by strong horizontal lines.<span> </span>There were few “walls” but rather forms that both opened and helped define space.<span> </span>It was open both within and to its surroundings.<span> </span>Light flooded the interior.<span> </span>Wright used native materials.<span> </span>He developed a stained-glass motif that embodied natural symbolism.<span> </span>He designed the furnishings and on occasions even the clothing of his clients.<span> </span>It was, in the Emersonian tradition, an expression of what might become an American culture.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">During the first phase of Wright’s career, fifteen years, he designed some 150 buildings.<span> </span>He then moved back to Wisconsin, in the valley of his uncles’ farms, to build his home, Taliesin (Welsh meaning “shining brow”), something of a personal retreat.<span> </span>He built this house near the brow of a hill facing the beautiful small farm valley where he had labored as a youth.<span> </span>He bought 200 acres and set out to make the land a source of food as well as shelter: “The place was to be self-sustaining if not self-sufficient,” he proclaimed.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">The Great Depression caught up to Wright and forced him into semi-retirement at Taliesin.<span> </span>In 1932, at the age of 64, he started a school, The Taliesin Fellowship.<span> </span>He charged the students a small fee and put them to work raising food to more or less feed themselves, cutting wood, and rebuilding structures around the now rather large property.<span> </span>He organized the Fellowship to be largely self-sufficient during those difficult times.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Taliesin was Wright’s idea, but the Fellowship was in large part a creation of his third wife, Olgivanna.<span> </span>Olgivanna was a disciple of a Russian mystic, Georges Gurdjieff.<span> </span>Gurdjieff used dance to demonstrate his mystical principle and Olgivanna was one of his lead dancers.<span> </span>Wright was attracted to her during one of Gurdjieff’s tours in the US.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Gurdjieff had escaped the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia with a group of students and set up a community near Paris, France.<span> </span>That community was largely self-sufficient, and a number of his students also set up communities, in England and the US, on which students provided most of their own needs, especially during the Great Depression and World War II.<span> </span>Gurdjieff was a master chef who enjoyed cooking large dinners for his students and guests.<span> </span>He was also expert in many crafts and trades.<span> </span>He supported himself largely through trade, especially in oriental rugs.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Both Gurdjieff and Wright were radical in their views, geniuses in their avocations, and had very large egos. <span> </span>A story is told that they argued over who was the greatest genius.<span> </span>Dying in 1949, Gurdjieff left a large and active, if highly diverse, following.<span> </span>Unlike many gurus, Gurdjieff attracted men and women who were themselves leaders.<span> </span>Several of his followers set up their own schools and most of these schools today have their own unique interpretation of his works.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Wright, and this could be said of Gurdjieff, although not normal know in their back-to-the-land roles, are worth study.<span> </span>They both made huge contributions to the self-reliant life.<span> </span>Where these two differ from the experiences of Borsodi and the Nearing’s is their capacity to organize and to create community, albeit a feudal community under their benign leadership.<span> </span>Gurdjieff was arguably even better than Wright at building associations (the strength Olgivanna brought to the Fellowship). <span> </span>They both left a legacy of gifted followers and traditions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Wright had a more coherent philosophy of life and one that appeals to those with American roots.<span> </span>From his rural and Welsh roots, as mentioned, he drew a sense of the sacred in land, in place, and in nature.<span> </span>In nature there is a connection with something larger than oneself.<span> </span>From his mother especially he learned the pattern and shape of things and the principle that the artist transforms nature by passing it through his or her soul.<span> </span>From Sullivan he learned that form follows function and a grammar of architecture, of line and form and space.<span> </span>In his own work he sought a new language that would reestablish the vital connection between nature and architecture.<span> </span>He drew from Emerson and was well acquainted with the arts and crafts movement.<span> </span>Unlike many of that movement he was not averse to the use of machinery, but neither was he adverse to hand work and hard labor.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Wright decried the lack of culture in America.<span> </span>Culture and the spirit of a people are one, he held.<span> </span>He once commented that the US had passed from barbarity to decadence without passing through culture.<span> </span>In 1932 he wrote a book about the pending disappearance of the industrial city, something Borsodi might have read.<span> </span>In 1958 he reissued the book under the title of <i>The Living City</i>.<span> </span>In it he detailed the plan for his open, organic city, Broadacre.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">He opened this book, at the end of his life, with a scathing critique of American culture.<span> </span>True culture, he argued, comes out of our aesthetic sense.<span> </span>From the sense of the beautiful we achieve art, ethics and religion.<span> </span>“To ignore this truth is to misunderstand the soul of man, to turn him over to science ignorant of his true significance; and to remain blind to his destiny.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Moving to the city, he wrote, we have abandoned the legacy of the Earth, our heritage.<span> </span>We have traded our origins for a mechanistic bustled.<span> </span>The anxiety of the city dweller, he remarked, is the measure of our detachment from our origins.<span> </span>Even our religions have become bureaucratized, mechanical and without depth of emotion or connection to our origin.<span> </span>We must return to a <i>human scale</i> of life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Broadacre is a city.<span> </span>It has great buildings, public institutions, schools, colleges, community centers, factories, apartments, sports arenas and a transportation grid.<span> </span>But the city is spread out.<span> </span>It is open, organic, and full of light and air.<span> </span>There are parks between the great buildings.<span> </span>Transportation is as frictionless as possible.<span> </span>He proposed a more efficient automobile.<span> </span>Houses are located on one-acre garden lots.<span> </span>Seeking to synthesize farm and city, he designed a “Unified Farm,” a small home-farm-building, all under one roof, and land to support the “little-farms,” for raising vegetables and livestock within the boundaries of and to feed the city.<span> </span>He did not neglect citizenship, the education of sovereign individuals who by strength of character make a democratic society work.<span> </span>As an appendix, Wright included two pages, in red lettering, from Emerson’s essay on farming.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">Wright designed over 1,000 buildings, 500 were built although 200 of those have been lost.<span> </span>What remains is an incomparable legacy.<span> </span>He wrote 20 books, lectured widely and was filmed and photographed.<span> </span>Ken Burns produced one of his excellent documentaries that covered Wright’s 91 years.<span> </span>Understanding him is made the more difficult by his massive ego.<span> </span>He was a self-made man in more than the conventional sense of “successful.”<span> </span>Much of what we see of him is his own self-constructed legend<a href="applewebdata://52839C87-3073-4B5D-9109-853EF1BC1308#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span lang="EN">The fields around Taliesin continue to be tilled to this day.<span> </span>I have twice toured Taliesin and found the experience moving.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And More<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The list of New Agrarians could go on.<span> </span>I will note three authors I think well worth the study.<span> </span>The first of these is Eric Sloane.<span> </span>Sloane was an artist, and his specialty was Americana.<span> </span>He wrote and illustrated numerous fine books about American tools, implements, crafts and trades.<span> </span>His studio and a museum of these tools and implements is at Kent, Connecticut.<span> </span>It is worth visiting.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Clifford D. Simak established a genre known as pastoral science fiction.<span> </span>He was born and raised on a farm on a ridge overlooking the confluence of the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers about an hour downstream from Wright’s Taliesin.<span> </span>Simak became a journalist and newspaper editor.<span> </span>He was also an outstanding science fiction writer.<span> </span>His pastoral novels and stories are often sited in, albeit in a more imaginary style, near the family farm in southwestern Wisconsin, Millville township.<span> </span>A Millville, a small, long ago, rural community was the site of many of his stories.<span> </span>It was in these settings that the problems of the world, and of other worlds, were solved.<span> </span>Simak found great fault with modern industry and technology.<span> </span>Francis Lyall, in Scotland, once traveled to meet Simak and later family members and recently produced a biography:<span> </span><i>Clifford Donald Simak:<span> </span>An Affectionate Appreciation.<span> </span></i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And last but by no means least, is Wendell Berry.<span> </span>Berry, age 86 at this writing, lives on a farm on the Kentucky River in Henry County, Kentucky.<span> </span>He is a teacher, poet and novelist, and considered the grand old man of the New Agrarian Movement.<span> </span>His novels are mostly based on the place and people he grew up with.<span> </span>He has a long list of poetry publications and another long list of books about living on the land.<span> </span>Perhaps his best-known work is <i>The Unsettling of American:<span> </span>Culture and Agriculture</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The New Agrarian Movement is more than a century old.<span> </span>It seems to be gaining momentum again as many see the need for greater security, greater resiliency, as this twenty-first century, with all its perils, progresses.<span> </span>Ralph Borsodi was a major player in that movement.<span> </span>My work to restore his legacy is because I believe it will be of value as many, if not all of us, transition into a post-industrial world.<o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://52839C87-3073-4B5D-9109-853EF1BC1308#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi considered Sorokin a friend. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://52839C87-3073-4B5D-9109-853EF1BC1308#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Google: Ligutti "A Thesis for Rural Life" pdf, also Catholic rural life and National Catholic Rural Life Conference. See also Pitirim Sorokin Russian orthodox. Ligutti +"green revolution" and <i>John C. Rawe.</i><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://52839C87-3073-4B5D-9109-853EF1BC1308#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> But this can be said of many charismatic leaders, including Gurdjieff and Bucky Fuller.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-41793345686224162982021-03-21T08:14:00.003-07:002021-03-22T08:00:32.054-07:00Borsodi's Constant Currency<p> Bill Sharp (c) March 21, 2021</p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Two economic conditions were always of great concern to Borsodi: recession and inflation. Borsodi, as noted, was an economist. His move to a homestead and advocacy of family self-sufficiency was largely a solution to economic variables. He took his family out of New York City in 1920 due largely to a post-war recession and rising rental rates. There was also a lethal pandemic.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihgQvK2YsNpSZwQcKSuM5hyphenhyphenNQloUjHcoUVe-0E0kiKG_OVWfnOeGxzDFTMW5fPnKZV-eVcnE_3IBH5ZT_mxhgWcXNiUm8aynquWsjwjoAxmogCi51NazyabaW6QcbmX9VFXQFubaKTxZUs/s2048/Borsodi+Constant+Blog.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1402" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihgQvK2YsNpSZwQcKSuM5hyphenhyphenNQloUjHcoUVe-0E0kiKG_OVWfnOeGxzDFTMW5fPnKZV-eVcnE_3IBH5ZT_mxhgWcXNiUm8aynquWsjwjoAxmogCi51NazyabaW6QcbmX9VFXQFubaKTxZUs/s320/Borsodi+Constant+Blog.png" width="320" /></a></div>Economic variability is built into the capitalist system. Its economy by and large defines a society. It was then national in scope; today global. Borsodi’s book, <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>, was a critique of the centralized economic system. It was coincidentally published just as the Great Depression started. A back-to-the-land movement was seen by many as a way of providing families out of work with a degree of security by raising their own food. Borsodi wanted to develop small, self-reliant communities. He liked the idea of a barter economy, but he knew a monetary system was still needed. The idea came to fruition in 1972 with his development of an inflation-proof local currency, the Constant.<o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In his autobiography, Bob Swann told of his involvement with Borsodi and the development of the Constant. Borsodi took on this project in 1972. He was 83 [Swann had his age as 87]. We should recall that Borsodi was working on his <i>Wealth and Illth</i> book at this time. Borsodi developed the Constant and it quickly became popular around Exeter. His health taking a turn for the worse, he asked Swann to give him a hand. Swann said he was joined by leading Georgist Eric Hansh and two other part-time workers, including one person to work from an office in Exeter. Swann said he was able to convince Borsodi to write a small book about the project. It was published posthumously (1989) with the title<i>Inflation and the</i> <i>Coming Keynesian Catastrophe: A Story of the Exeter Experiments with Constants</i>. It is 113 pages and available from the Center for a New Economics (<a href="https://centerforneweconomics.org/publications/inflation-and-the-coming-keynesian-catastrophe/" style="color: #954f72;">link</a>)<a href="applewebdata://C8D07AAA-9A21-48FF-B2FB-7DAAB7EF8346#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>. <u><span style="color: #0563c1;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The official story of Borsodi’s experiment in local currency was told by Bob Swann and in Borsodi’s book. There is, I found in the Borsodi archives at the University of New Hampshire, a bit more to the story. There was also a beginning to it nearly thirty years earlier with Borsodi’s <i>Inflation is Coming: A Practical Post-War Plan</i> (1945). It was a very popular book. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As has been my practice, I will briefly summarize the main ideas from Borsodi’s two books. I will then report what I have to extend the story. <o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Inflation is Coming<o:p></o:p></i></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote that his <i>Inflation is Coming</i> was his only best seller.<span> </span>He reported it sold some 500,000 copies in several issues.<span> </span>It was first published as bulletin (No. 33) of the Research Division of the School of Living, by Bayard Lane, Inc. Publishers, Suffern, N. Y. in 1945 and later by the Baker and Taylor Co., in New York City.<span> </span>It was an 8 ½ by 11 format, 62 pages.<span> </span>Cost was $1.00.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">By the 1948 edition, we learn that <i>Inflation is Coming</i> had gone through nine printings, a total of 250,000 copies.<span> </span>There were revisions of the third and eighth editions.<span> </span>I have reviewed both the second (original) and ninth editions.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The early issues had a dramatic cover in red.<span> </span>It carried the caption “This book tells you what you can do to SAVE YOUR FAMILY from the worst financial disaster in history.”<span> </span>Borsodi feared that there would be a complete economic collapse after World War II.<span> </span>The subtitle was “A Practical Post-war Plan.”<span> </span>Borsodi, as author, was hailed as “A world famous economist” who “tells you what to do now before it is too late.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The story actually started with a speech Borsodi made on September 15, 1943 in New York City to an audience of over 500 people.<span> </span>He was introduced by the famous novelist Pearl S. Buck.<span> </span>The title of the presentation was “What Americans Can Do About the Postwar Collapse.”<span> </span>Borsodi provided a long list of distinguished leaders who took part in the discussion.<span> </span>Obviously, a lot of people were taking Borsodi seriously.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was introduced as “author, lecturer, economist, and philosopher,” and as founder of the School of Living Research Institute.<span> </span>He was described as a consulting economist for, among others, R. H. Macy and Co., the largest retailer in the country; the National Retail Dry Goods Association, the largest business association of its kind in American, another “largest” in its field and “dozens of other corporations and institutions.” <span> </span>It was noted that in his acclaimed <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> he had asserted that “America was heading toward a great disaster.”<span> </span>That claim was vindicated when the Great Depression occurred shortly after the book was published.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What is the School of Living?<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi explained that his School of Living was established in 1934 “primarily as an institution for research and experiments in adult education.”<span> </span>He added that some $300,000 (equivalent to roughly $4.7 million in 2021<a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>) had been spent on research and that a series 34 bulletins had been published to “make available in compact form the results.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote that the purpose clause of the [New York State] Charter of the School included:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span> </span>“The general object of this Association is the study, development, promotion and demonstration of the principles and practices of normal living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“In furtherance of the above general object, this Association shall devote itself to the scientific study of how human beings should live and how family life and community life in American may be normalized; shall promote the organization of town and township Schools of Living; shall encourage Extension assistance by Universities to the panels of local Schools of Living, and shall promote leadership by educators and professional, qualified men and women in local communities through the influence extended by them through adult education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It was noted that the outbreak of the war in 1941 brought the Suffern School experiment to a close so Borsodi begin writing [what became <i>Education and Living</i> (1948)].<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1945, after a series of conferences in Chicago, the School of Living Institute was incorporated in Illinois with Carl Vrooman, formerly Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, as Chancellor and Mildred Loomis as Dean.<span> </span>The office was listed as Brookville, Ohio, Mildred’s Lane’s End homestead, where the School of Living Headquarters had been moved that year.<span> </span>The stated purpose of the Institute was to “conduct conferences and seminars in many cities, and local chapters and Schools of Living are being organized under its auspices.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We have one report on a conference sponsored by the Institute, in Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania in 1945.<span> </span>Borsodi’s closing comments were reported to be a summary of how the six wars the United States has been involved in were financed and that following each was an economic downturn.<span> </span>Due to the massive indebtedness incurred by the US government through the Great Depression and World War II, he predicted an even more massive recession to follow the war.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Following Borsodi’s presentation, Paul Keene, formerly a director of the School of Living at Suffern and then beginning a (highly successful) natural food farm and business in Pennsylvania, discussed what is needed to start a local School of Living<a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What People Should Do<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The text of Borsodi’s speech on inflation and “What People Should Do,” was published in full in <i>Inflation is Coming</i>.<span> </span>This speech is long, and I think it likely that for publication purposes, a lot of charts and illustrations were added.<span> </span>As was Borsodi’s style, it was exhaustively detailed.<span> </span>I think this is the best place to start, with a brief summary of the highlights of that speech.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The war, Borsodi noted, was yet to be concluded.<span> </span>D-Day, we should note was still eight months away.<span> </span>Yet plans were already flying around about what should be done after the war.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That future, he asserted, is not reliably known.<span> </span>But there are patterns to the history of war and one such is an inflationary period following their end.<span> </span>Given the massive war effort and indebtedness, one could deduce that we could expect an event on the order of a great dam breaking down and flooding the valley in which we live.<span> </span>Borsodi used another metaphor, from Noah and the flood.<span> </span>Knowing what was coming, Noah started to build his ark before the rains began.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Of the many plans, from capitalist to communist, Borsodi asserted that there is a common assumption – that there will be no runaway inflation after the war.<span> </span>The post-war blueprints, and he said he had studied many of them, all essentially proposed a continued expansion of industry and that Washington will be able to finance it.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The assumptions are wrong:<span> </span>Borsodi proclaimed that “<b>Inflation Cannot Be Halted</b>.”<span> </span>He made no bones about it:<span> </span>“the American dollar,” he said, “in which we pin our faith will go the way of the French franc, the Italian lira, the German mark, and the Russian ruble.” <span> </span>Borsodi noted the runaway inflation in Germany and Austria following World War I (which led to the rise of Hitler).<span> </span>Most of his audience had experienced the Great Depression.<span> </span>There was, thus, a real foreboding in his audience. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi went into some detail about “Six Great Fiscal Episodes in American History.”<span> </span>What these had in common, he said were that during each of them, the nation:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Fought a war<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Incurred annual deficits<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Debt rose markedly<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Currency rose sharply<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Following them came a post-war recession<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The only difference was that before the first five wars, the economy was in good shape.<span> </span>Prior to World War II was the Great Depression and an already high public debt.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzTvXj9cYZy-Tu3JyIavdgErO1JNv63vwt3iMod2hMaP5yeEZwR_-gNcoozVNr_TNuRhbVug-_5P1zta33zUA-9ORUTqmbE89h3GpijVdpAQxiZ_YIk9Q4SMBQnq3jpjv1MupB7a60_XG8/s1818/Borsodi+Inflation+Chart.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="818" data-original-width="1818" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzTvXj9cYZy-Tu3JyIavdgErO1JNv63vwt3iMod2hMaP5yeEZwR_-gNcoozVNr_TNuRhbVug-_5P1zta33zUA-9ORUTqmbE89h3GpijVdpAQxiZ_YIk9Q4SMBQnq3jpjv1MupB7a60_XG8/w400-h180/Borsodi+Inflation+Chart.png" width="400" /></a></div>Borsodi provided a chart, that went across four pages, covering 155 years, year by year, from 1790 to 1945 on which he represented the state of the US economy and wholesale prices.<span> </span>He identified each period of prosperity and economic depression.<span> </span>As can be seen in this image, the last part of the chart, the shaded areas for both the Depression and for war expenditures are unusually large.<span> </span>I would like to point out that the Wholesale Prices index is at it highest immediately following World War I.<span> </span>There was also, as noted, a lethal pandemic at that time<a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>The chart following shows inflation since the beginning of the 20<sup>th</sup> century to just before the 2020 pandemic for comparison.<span> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfcDqun7147668fYuEPrrTnuRHOGMvDzRiFhsH1gFRP2S9-eh96uu94011k5uEA5nYblP35Gp4CaGYx0kceJTqlqStk4WkIiThsvZUVgv_2PEtCKdMqgt-_ArzJrv8CjSt7HX9m43zW-2-/s1558/Price+Inflation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="988" data-original-width="1558" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfcDqun7147668fYuEPrrTnuRHOGMvDzRiFhsH1gFRP2S9-eh96uu94011k5uEA5nYblP35Gp4CaGYx0kceJTqlqStk4WkIiThsvZUVgv_2PEtCKdMqgt-_ArzJrv8CjSt7HX9m43zW-2-/w400-h254/Price+Inflation.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s main point, in looking at post-war inflation, came down to the per capita debt burden.<span> </span>He noted that the per capita debt on the eve of the US entering World War I was $11.96.<span> </span>On the eve of entering World War II, in 1941, after ten years of deficit spending, it was $367.68 “for each man, woman and child in the United States.”<span> </span>By 1943 the per capita debt was $1,015.19 and expected to reach $1,519.66 by the end of 1944; or over $4,000 per family.<span> </span>The update for 1945, at the end of the war, was $7,960 per family (with little change in 1948).<span> </span>The average family income in 1945 was $2,595.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What can you do about it?<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi had much to say about where to go with the inflation problem.<span> </span>What causes inflation to start with?<span> </span>He discussed the role of government and Wall Street.<span> </span>Well, it’s really a problem of government.<span> </span>Borsodi had nothing good to say about the fiscal policy of the New Deal administration.<span> </span>And governments, in general, he said, are the cause of inflation.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">So, what do we do? <span> </span>Borsodi wrote:<span> </span>“The true American tradition was expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson long before the dawn of the New Deal in his essay on “Self-Reliance.”<span> </span>Borsodi prefaced that comment with this one:<span> </span>“The real American tradition is self-help.”<span> </span>Self-reliance is not depending on government or big business.<span> </span>It depends on the individual, the family and the neighborhood<a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi offered five suggestions to what can be done.<span> </span>But first, three premises:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The fiscal collapse after the war is inevitable and inescapable<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->There will be post-war nation-wide unemployment<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->After the war there will be a world-wide business depression.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi clarified each of these points.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s five-fold plan included:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Decentralization.<span> </span>It’s up to us, not the government.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Land and Home; a nation-wide back-to-the-land movement.<span> </span>Security, freedom from want, life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, come from working the land to raise food, erect shelter, cut fuel and produce other necessities of life. <span> </span>Large tracts of land could be acquired by “self-liquidating land associations.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Money – a stable medium of exchange.<span> </span>It would be locally issued, managed by a Local Monetary Commission.<span> </span>Script would be issued only against deposits of staple commodities or merchandise in local warehouses.<span> </span>The script would be redeemed in the purchase of these commodities.<span> </span>Borsodi established a set of rules about how this system would be managed.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Trade.<span> </span>Again, by local initiatives, not banks or government.<span> </span>Local retailers and wholesalers would provide the leadership.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Education for Leadership.<span> </span>This must start immediately.<span> </span>Existing local educational institutions could do the job.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In regard to the final point, at this time Borsodi was already turning his entire attention to the problem of adult education.<span> </span>His <i>Education and Living</i> was published as the Inflation project came to a close.<span> </span>He then went on to establish the University of Melbourne and then to India where he worked with local agrarians and educators to reinforce a decentralized, agriculturally based model along the lines favored by Gandhi.<span> </span>He was asked to develop curricula material for university students in India.<span> </span>His premise was that people must be educated to understand how things work and what to do to solve their problems.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">1945<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Nearly two years after Borsodi made his speech, just as the war was grinding to an end in the Pacific, a committee of the School of Living formed to publish it and asked Borsodi for further clarification.<span> </span>They asked him to answer five question.<span> </span>He submitted those answer with a cover letter August 8, 1945.<span> </span>I will cite each of those questions and summarize his answer.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“What should a family do NOW with its savings and bank deposits in order to avoid their becoming worth less and less, and perhaps entirely worthless, before the coming inflation is over?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He explained how banks work and what they did with their deposits.<span> </span>Banks lend more money than they have.<span> </span>During economic depressions, depositors begin to withdraw their money and banks close.<span> </span>Many lose their savings.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi advised families to withdraw their saving now and invest them in tangible and productive property.<span> </span>He listed ten such assets.<span> </span>At the top of the list is land, enough land with the resources for a self-sufficient homestead.<span> </span>Next came improvements on the land to increase its productivity, shelter and other buildings, productive home equipment, agricultural equipment, livestock, commodities that could be readily stored such as lumber, coal, wheat, copper and lead, a family business operation, investments in education and, if there is enough, additional real estate investment. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is a brief note added in 1948 that since 1943 “almost half of their savings has been wiped out.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“What should a family do NOW with its stocks and bonds in order to avoid their becoming worth less and less as inflation comes?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi started by defining stocks and bonds and goes into some detail about their trade.<span> </span>Regarding stocks, his advice is to either sell them or invest in tangible and productive property.<span> </span>He seems to have had no use for bonds.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“What should a family do NOW about its life insurance in order to prevent the protection it from becoming worth less and less as inflation proceeds?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He explained what insurance is and how it operates.<span> </span>He offered three ways to achieve protection.<span> </span>His first option is again investment in real estate, a family homestead.<span> </span>Throughout history, multi-generational farms have provided old-age security and for those who have been disabled by illness or accident.<span> </span>I think Borsodi is less clear about serious illness and hospitalization.<span> </span>He suggested a monetary estate to cover such expenses.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi explained how life insurance works and then gave his advice, which is generally favorable.<span> </span>He first suggested finding a competent insurance counsellor, not an insurance agent, to plan for the needs of the family.<span> </span>Nonetheless, as inflation occurs, the purchasing power of the policy will decline over time.<span> </span>In another 1948 note, Borsodi observed that half the value of pre-war insurance policies had already been lost.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“What should a family do NOW in preparation for the time the dollar is rendered worth less and less by inflation?<span> </span>What should families dependent upon salaries or wages do?<span> </span>What should families dependent upon pensions or savings do?<span> </span>What should families who look to social security for support (in the event of unemployment) do?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Again, Borsodi’s advice is to get back to the land and “utilizing the labor of the members of the family to producing food clothing, shelter and fuel and anything else which they can learn how to make for themselves,” rather than work for wages.<span> </span>That, of course, had been his mission since 1920 and articulated in his <i>Flight From the City</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“What should families do NOW in preparation for the time when depression or unemployment reduces or wipes out their income and makes it impossible for them to pay their debts?<span> </span>What should they do to protect themselves against the possibility of the foreclosure of their homes or farms?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The problem is the heavy indebtedness of American families.<span> </span>Borsodi’s advice is to get out of debt by using savings, selling their bonds and canceling expensive forms of life insurance policies and, above all, pay off the mortgage on their homestead as quickly as possible.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I should note that Mildred Loomis and her husband John did exactly that, at about this time, with their homestead and for a quarter of a century, until John’s death, produced 95% of their own food; leaving enough time in her life to support the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">1948<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1948, five years after Borsodi’s speech, with the third edition of <i>Inflation is Coming</i>, he contributed a new section, then Part I., “What the Nation Should Do.”<span> </span>He said he was asked if anything had happened to change his advice since 1945.<span> </span>His answer was that people needed to know the truth about the US monetary system.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He started by noting that the President had called Congress into special session in November 1947, quoting “his exact words: ‘Today inflation stands as an ominous threat to the prosperity we have achieved. … We already have an alarming degree of inflation.<span> </span>And, even more alarming, it is getting worse.’”<span> </span>The President was seeking the power to control prices, wages, agriculture and industry.<span> </span>But, said Borsodi, unless we understand the cause of inflation, and the leaders do not, and the public is not informed, we cannot solve the problem. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Coming out of the war, there was an accumulation of savings.<span> </span>Lacking production, a supply – demand problem, prices rose.<span> </span>Over the course of the war, the monetary supply increased more than 400%.<span> </span>The consumer index increased about 40% (1946).<span> </span>In 1947 it increased another 20% and appeared to be on a steady climb.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Peaks and valleys occur but the trend is always towards inflation.<span> </span>At the end of the war, it took four dollars to buy what you could get before it.<span> </span>For that matter, it took $15.00 in 2020 to buy what one dollar did at the end of the war.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi offered three proposals:<span> </span>What the nation could do, what a community could do, and what a family could do.<span> </span>And again, this was the year he published <i>Education and Living</i> which provided his solution in considerable detail and introduced the problem-centered framework for education.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi concluded that government should take a minimal role.<span> </span>He asserted that we could create a more stable <u>local</u> monetary system and outlined the commodity-based currency that we will see him trying to put into effect 25 years later.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Finale’<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In final analysis Borsodi got it wrong.<span> </span>The nation began an economic boom of unprecedented scale.<span> </span>In fact, there was a rare national surplus in 1947.<span> </span>Borsodi was, however, by no means alone in his concern about a post-war collapse.<span> </span>A lot of influential people were engaged in that conversation.<span> </span>But it just didn’t happen.<span> </span>The government played a role in promoting a return of prosperity and it took off following 1947, bringing the inflation campaign to an end until the 1970s when inflation began to soar again, but for different reasons.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The US also undertook the Marshall (George C., Former General of the Army and then Secretary of State) Plan to invest billions of dollars into European recovery.<span> </span>In those days, a billion dollars was considered real money.<span> </span>The G. I. Bill, in addition to keeping returning service people out of the work force for several years, trained and educated a now civilian army to take their places in the ranks of a modernized industry.<span> </span>The Cold War started with the Soviet Union and a hot war began in Korea.<span> </span>Civil Defense started with duck and cover exercises in schools and bomb shelters in back yards and became a national policy.<span> </span>There was an even greater sense of doom in the nuclear age.<span> </span>So too did a DIY culture of home crafts.<span> </span>The 1950s became a legendary decade.<span> </span>The suburbs spread, highways were built, and commercial jets took to the sky.<span> </span>Atomic energy became a dream of the future, as did travel into space.<span> </span>Televisions became ubiquitous.<span> </span>Advances in communications and computers surged.<span> </span>In a very real sense, this was a third industrial revolution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Should we fault Borsodi for an egregious error in economic prediction?<span> </span>Curiously, even his detractors seem to have overlooked this stage in his career.<span> </span>And the inflation phobia continues to this day.<span> </span>There are uncounted economist, Cassandras and hucksters with a vast array of economic theories.<span> </span>Take your choice.<span> </span>Our political system is clearly divided by economic ideology.<span> </span>And the national debt soars to ever-increasing heights.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi himself seems to have been unfazed by the setback.<span> </span>The late 1940s was also a turning point for him.<span> </span>He had turned daily management of the School of Living over to Mildred Loomis and was focused on writing.<span> </span>His wife died after a long battle with cancer, he sold Dogwoods, moved to Florida in 1950 and remarried.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">From 1950 until the late 1960s Borsodi continued his focus on education.<span> </span>He took a tour of Asia exploring the impact of western industrialization, returned to Florida to start a university, returned to India for several years where he wrote his <i>Decentralist Manifesto</i> and <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>, and settling back in the US, in Exeter, New Hampshire, finished the last of the proposed series of books started with <i>Education and Living</i>, his 1968 <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi turned 80 in 1968.<span> </span>He had started the first of two projects that arguably were his most lasting contributions.<span> </span>The first was the Community Land Trust, which see in a separate chapter.<span> </span>The second was the Constant currency.<span> </span>In the 1970s inflation did become runaway and the cause of national alarm.<span> </span>We will now turn to that story.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Inflation and the Coming Keynesian Catastrophe<o:p></o:p></i></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As noted, this is the title of a book containing Borsodi’s position papers on the currency experiment in Exeter published well after his death.<span> </span>Bob Swann said he had asked for the book and in his introduction to it, started with the comment that Borsodi had “almost singlehandedly launched the ‘Exeter Experiment.’”<span> </span>Swann, in his autobiography, reported that the story started while Borsodi was at a health resort in 1972 near Escondido, California (a bit north of San Diego). <span> </span>Borsodi had seen an article in the <i>New York Times</i> about the inflation problem that got him thinking.<span> </span>He set down to draft what he called the “Escondido Memorandum.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Inflation had risen to nearly 10% in the US just after the start of World War II, declined, hit 12.5% in 1947, declined and then began a steady rise, year by year, beginning in the last years of the 1960s.<span> </span>Curiously, by 1972, as can be seen in the above chart, the inflation rate was in a trough but was again beginning to rise and would reach a record high from the mid-1970s and into the early 1980s.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the background, as noted, in 1971, President Nixon had ended the convertibility of the dollar to gold.<span> </span>As a result of inflation there had been a run on gold so Nixon put a stop to it but that only further accelerated inflation.<span> </span>It was also an ideological political ploy to reverse the policies of the Bretton Woods agreement, which is to say, Keynesianism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Returning to Exeter, Borsodi consulted with a banker friend and Treasury Department officials and organized his program to develop an inflation-proof currency.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Real money must be redeemable by something of value.<span> </span>The Constant was based on Irving Fisher’s “staple dollar” and Frank Graham’s and Benjamin Graham’s “international commodity reserve currency.”<span> </span>The commodity basket, a collection of 30 commodities, which would ensure a stable anchor for the currency, was describe by Borsodi in <i>Inflation is Coming</i>.<span> </span>The “basket of commodities” provides the reserve.<span> </span>There is thus real value behind such a currency.<span> </span>And it doesn’t, theoretically, vary over time.<span> </span>That list of commodities was listed on the back of the printed Constant note (see below).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The initial Exeter Experiment was successful.<span> </span>The local newspaper editor, a friend of Borsodi’s, supported it.<span> </span>Two local banks, one in New York City, businesses and even local government accepted the currency.<span> </span>There were about 100,000 Constants in circulation the first year.<span> </span>One Constant had about twenty-two cents purchasing power.<span> </span>Swann reported that few people sought to redeem their constants in dollars as the experiment ended. <span> </span>There were kept as souvenirs. <o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s Background Ideas<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The <i>Inflation and the Coming Keynesian Catastrophe</i> book gives more of the story.<span> </span>Let’s start with the Escondido Memorandum, March 3, 1972, which is printed in full as Appendix C of <i>Inflation</i>.<span> </span>It listed a number of questions, which I will briefly summarize:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Can a stable measure of value be established?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Could a “basket of currencies” be used to replace gold as a monetary standard?<span> </span>How about a “basket of commodities?”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How would you develop accounting for that? <span> </span>There was a note about an international organization and a system of arbitrage.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Borsodi suggested a one-year experiment, approved by the Federal Reserve System [and Treasury Department] working with local banks.<span> </span>He wondered what it would cost to fund such an experiment and the staff necessary to support it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I should note that at least some of Borsodi’s thoughts were retrospective (he finished the book apparently in 1977).<span> </span>By and large, however, they had deep roots in research he had done over the years.<span> </span>In short, the world economic system was a mess and unless that mess was fixed, you couldn’t undertake serious social reform.<span> </span>None of the Presidential economic advisors (of the previous or present administrations) knew what to do about it.<span> </span>Most, of course, were Keynesian.<span> </span>Fact is, inflation is the result of what they thought was right, said Borsodi.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The problem was that these people had forgotten, Borsodi opined – what was already known.<span> </span>Borsodi used a term of his sociologist friend Pitirim Sorokin who called this phenomenon “amnesiacs.”<span> </span>Borsodi listed a number of what he considered sources of economic theory going back to Hamilton and Jefferson, Henry Georg of course, Irving Fisher, Samuel Jevons, F. A. Hayek, Frank D. Graham, Jan Goudrian and Benjamin Graham.<span> </span>Not all were favorably mentioned – Hamilton’s plutocracy beating Jefferson’s democracy, for example, Borsodi noted.<span> </span>Most were simply forgotten.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi laid the blame for the problems of our monetary system first at the feet of Hamilton.<span> </span>And the Keynesians of the day had a pseudo-economics.<span> </span>Their policy was deliberate, a product of the Bretton Woods conference in 1944; it is dishonest, exploitive, unnecessary, in short, it is a lie to suggest that just a little bit of inflation is OK.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote a chapter on Keynesianism.<span> </span>It is a global philosophy, he said, of the International Monetary Fund, which it created.<span> </span>He observed that in 30 years, since Bretton Woods, the US dollar has lost two-thirds of its purchasing power.<span> </span>He used the term “debased” in place of “inflation.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi charted the course of the value of the US dollar, a job he said he found very difficult to accomplish given the variability of statistical standards, starting in 1793 when the dollar came into legal existence. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s Response<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi described the events that led up to his Escondido Memorandum, starting with the talk he made in 1943 to over 500 people (above).<span> </span>He had predicted a catastrophic depression following the war then.<span> </span>He elaborated his thesis from that talk with his <i>Inflation is Coming</i> in 1945.<span> </span>It sold, we are told again, nearly a half-million copies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi and his wife, he wrote, were wintering at a resort near Escondido in 1972.<span> </span>He was working on his <i>Wealth and Illth</i><a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>As noted elsewhere, I have reviewed the rather extensive files of notes and cut-and-paste (literally) typescript for that book.<span> </span>I think it would make an interesting study for a future scholar.<span> </span>He realized, he said, that he needed something more than just another book.<span> </span>He decided to launch a stable currency experiment.<span> </span>Two banks in Exeter agreed to support him.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At the time, the School of Living was holding a series of conferences (mostly organized by Mildred Loomis) on “The Human Future.”<span> </span>One was scheduled at Conway, New Hampshire (a short distance north of Borsodi’s home) in June 1972.<span> </span>The first Constants went to 300 people then.<span> </span>They were offered at the rate of $.22 per Constant in 1, 5, 10, 25 and 100 denominations.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi, it was reported in <i>Inflation</i>, concluded the experiment a year later when he felt confident that it was a viable model and due to his advancing age.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Bob Swann, as noted, said he had convinced Borsodi to write about the experiment and Borsodi complied in his usual manner, which is to say rather exhaustively.<span> </span>Borsodi gave considerable thought to the practicality of continuing the experiment.<span> </span>And he made it clear that it must not be controlled by a government.<span> </span>But there were problems yet to be solved.<span> </span>Such as, how do you manage such an independent currency?<span> </span>Another problem was that of how to establish the “basket of commodities.”<span> </span>There would have to be a reserve of those commodities in storage somewhere to support the value of the currency.<span> </span>Both problems, Borsodi stated, he had resolved.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As it turns out, the experiment was not over after a year. <span> </span>Archival documents suggest that the Exeter Experiment was far more than an experiment.<span> </span>From the beginning the term “International” occurred in the organizational names.<span> </span>As we will see, there is much more to the story than reported in <i>Inflation</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">More Than an Experiment<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">First, another version of the Exeter Experiment.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I found that Borsodi incorporated Independent Arbitrage International (IAI) in 1972 using his home address.<span> </span>He organized the (IAI) as a non-profit organization.<span> </span>It seems to have been a serious undertaking from the start.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">On its letterhead it listed a committee of sixteen “Observers and Advisors.”<span> </span>There are four bankers, two lawyers, the editor of the Exeter newspaper, a representative of the University of New Hampshire and others with apparent professional credentials.<span> </span>Mildred Loomis is on the list.<span> </span>Dr. Ralph Borsodi is listed as Chairman and Harriet K. Greer, of Exeter, Secretary.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was an article in <i>The Exeter News-Letter</i>, June 29, 1972 that reported: “The first meeting of members of the committee of observers of the Independent Arbitrage International met Saturday at the Exeter Inn for luncheon and discussion.”<span> </span>It continued:<span> </span>“The IAI is an organization established for the purpose of providing a currency of stable value in the face of continued decline in the value of the dollar.<span> </span>Borsodi is chair of the group and the discussion was led by him.<span> </span>It is headquartered in Exeter.”<span> </span>There was also a note that on the first day Constants were available, 350 were issued to 26 individuals.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We learn in another article that Professor William R. Hosek, listed as an IAI economist, had developed a computer model of 30 commodities listed on the Dow Jones index.<span> </span>These commodities, the ones listed on the Constant note, included gold, silver, nine other metals and thirteen food staples.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">By August the IAI had an office in Exeter.<span> </span>There were at least two young Heathcoter’s, Paul Salstrom and then Richard Sexton, in succession, that worked with Borsodi.<span> </span>They were promoting the constant in other communities around Exeter.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At that time, it was announced that a second phase of the IAI experimented was soon to be launched.<span> </span>With the second phase, Borsodi indicated that “What is now being set up is an international bank … .<span> </span>The new set-up will make it possible for deposits to be made in constants and for checks to be drawn in constants.”<span> </span>The value of the constant would not only be stable, but the bank account would pay 3% on the monthly balance.<span> </span>Given a then current rate of inflation of 4 – 5%, that would mean that the value of the constant would increase 7 – 8% per year.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6tP-e2Tfhyphenhyphen969-8MO66UyKrigk2x_kAtVaad8NZ4cucAZOTP1q9KqrUCB6GqwQIFTAHYOgxYgyA2ypqx5Ulm-E6A5yzzv4U6tM_6nxvRLwiROSOuDpj-yGcPf_g4Ck6Buw-I6b94PjMK8/s2048/Coonstatnt+Checking+Blog.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1897" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6tP-e2Tfhyphenhyphen969-8MO66UyKrigk2x_kAtVaad8NZ4cucAZOTP1q9KqrUCB6GqwQIFTAHYOgxYgyA2ypqx5Ulm-E6A5yzzv4U6tM_6nxvRLwiROSOuDpj-yGcPf_g4Ck6Buw-I6b94PjMK8/s320/Coonstatnt+Checking+Blog.jpeg" /></a></div>Borsodi announced the “Phase Two of the Exeter Alternative Currency Experiments” at the School of Living Festival at Fairfield, Pennsylvania on September 6, 1972.<span> </span>Four checking accounts were opened during the conference.<span> </span>Deposits could be made at two banks in Exeter and the First National Bank of Boston, the largest bank in New England.<span> </span>There was, in fact, only one checking account at each bank against which depositor could write checks.<span> </span>Eighty-five percent of the deposits were placed in an interest-bearing account and depositors received three percent interest if they had a daily balance of <s>C</s> 500 or more (equal to $111.11).<span> </span>There was a depositor “kit” with detailed instructions about managing the Constant account.<span> </span>It listed fees associated with the account.<span> </span>These fees were in dollars and cents.<span> </span>By the end of November 1972, nineteen checking accounts had been opened with an average of just under $300 and an average of just less than six checks per account.<span> </span>There was $11,835.58 in deposits and $5,414.67 in checks.<span> </span>Note, this accounting was also done in dollars.<span> </span>The majority of the accounts were individual, but Phillips Exeter Academy had one as did a local store and a dentist in Exeter.<span> </span>Three stores in Exeter accepted Constants.<span> </span>Exeter government accepted Constants to pay parking fees.<span> </span>Ten of the fifteen personal accounts were out of state.<span> </span>By the end of the year, the rate of new accounts was accelerating.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was trying to get the University of New Hampshire to set up a “top-level” international conference which he apparently wanted to call “Bretton Woods II.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi went to Luxembourg in April 1973 to incorporate a new, non-profit, international, organization.<span> </span>The name was changed form Independent Arbitrage International (IAI) to International Foundation for Independence (IFI) and the Constant and banking account transferred to the new organization.<span> </span>Borsodi also visited Paris and London for talks with others interested in an international banking organization.<span> </span>He noted that inflation was roughly twice as high in Europe as in the US.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi added that those who became Active Members would have voting privileges and full control of the IFI.<span> </span>He further indicated that charters were being investigated for Switzerland, Lichtenstein, Lebanon, the Bahamas and the Netherlands Antilles (Curacao).<span> </span>All of these countries had liberal money exchange policies.<span> </span>There would be an International Development Bank.<span> </span>The First National Bank of Boston was on board.<span> </span>There were IAI deposits already in London.<span> </span>There was a vision of a large network of local banks participating.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The IAI, Borsodi announced, would be dissolved and all of its assets transferred to IFI.<span> </span>A coinage was planned staring in March 1973, in silver in the US due to restrictions on minting gold coins, with the “Humantis” logo on one side.<span> </span>Humantis is Latin for human.<span> </span>The terms “Libertus” and “Natura” were also used.<span> </span>Arbitrage would be done through a computer program at the University of New Hampshire using the monthly values of thirty commodities drawn from data on international markets.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Also, in April 1973, writing from Luxembourg on the 25th, Borsodi further reported on the formation of the IFI.<span> </span>He reported that the volume of deposits in IAI had increased considerably during the previous two months and it made it clear that it was time to develop a more robust organization capable of administering the Constant.<span> </span>There were temporary offices in Luxembourg and London, as well as the office in Exeter, and temporary officers named:<span> </span>Ralph Borsodi, President; Frederick Perry first Vice-president; Ronald Burgus, of York England, second Vice-President; Harriet Greer, Secretary; and David Myddelton of Bedford, England, Treasurer.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi noted that inflation was rampant in all of the members of the International Monetary Fund and that a conference with them was proposed to be held in Luxembourg late in June 1973.<span> </span>Governments issuing money should not be taken for granted, he added.<span> </span>He had further criticism of the policies, now adopted by the free world, from the Bretton Woods conference.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi reported three things accomplished during his stay in Luxembourg.<span> </span>First, the IFI was activated.<span> </span>Accounts in Constants, in francs and in dollars were opening in the Banque Internatinale a Luxembourg and in the Bank of Boston, S. A, which is the Luxembourg branch of the First National Bank of Boston.<span> </span>Second, arrangements had been made for the printing of the IFI Constant.<span> </span>They would be printed in Europe in four denominations (see sample below).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In meetings in London, ten people had become members of the IFI and two had agreed to become officers.<span> </span>An advisory committee, with Richard J. King as Secretary, had been organized to promote the Constant in England.<span> </span>Two banks had become depositories in England, the First National Bank of Boston in London and Barclay’s International Bank, Ltd.<span> </span>Barclay’s, Borsodi noted, had branches around the world.<span> </span>The Guardian had interviewed him, and a seven-column piece was published under the title “The Constant the New Currency to Beat Inflation.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Finally, plans were moving forward to issue a coinage in England. “There will be three golden globes, one-quarter, one-half, and one-ounce of pure gold; two silver globes, one-half once and one-ounce, and four coins for small change in denominations of 1 Constant, 50 Penny, 25 Penny and 10 Penny.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Attached to this letter I found a four-page report, “The Story of the Constant.”<span> </span>It was undated and unsigned, but clearly written after the founding of the IFI, but before the new notes were issued.<span> </span>It appears to be addressed to a European audience. <span> </span>I suspect it came from the above interview.<span> </span>It explained how the commodity basket system works.<span> </span>It also explained the IAI checking system.<span> </span>The Constant system would be financed by trade on the commodities market.<span> </span>Rather than storing these commodities, as gold and silver is stored in vaults, and in the case of the volume of commodities at far greater cost, they will be constantly turned over – bought and sold on a rotating basis.<span> </span>Given the rising rate of inflation in the US and even more extreme in Europe, Borsodi was credited with his foresight with his best-selling (500,000 copies) <i>Inflation is Coming</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In a letter, from The Borsodi Associates, Inc., An Association for the Promotion of Education, Exeter, New Hampshire, (a nonprofit Borsodi had founded about a decade earlier to publish his books) dated April 28, 1973, Borsodi wrote of his return home, his excitement from three weeks in Europe, and plans to move forward with the IFI.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">About this time the new International Foundation for Independence, Inc. letterhead appeared with a “Call to Action.” <span> </span>In it is summarized the then 28-year history of the International Monetary Funding, starting with the Bretton Woods conference in 1945.<span> </span>Keynes was noted as the author of the new global monetary policy.<span> </span>Since then, in 1973, it took three dollars to buy what one did then.<span> </span>Until recently, the dollar had been backed by gold, but no longer.<span> </span>And the dollar is the reserve currency of the IMF.<span> </span>Borsodi did not see that as a promising prospect.<span> </span>It references <i>Inflation is Coming</i> and reiterates the depths of the Great Depression.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In an open letter dated June 18, 1973, from the International Foundation for Independence, Inc., with business addresses in Luxembourg, London and Exeter, Borsodi informed IFI members that the experiment he had started the year before “has grown to a point which calls for the transfer of all its operations to a permanent institution.”<span> </span>The experiment “was just too successful.”<span> </span>He asked members to authorize a shift of their accounts from the IAI to the IFI.<span> </span>He also noted that all Active Members would have the right to vote, in either person or by proxy, to name the Trustees and to take part in meetings of the Association.<span> </span>An application blank for membership was enclosed.<span> </span>(Just over 60 people became members.)<span> </span>In closing, he asked for donations to help fund the operations of the IFI.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The IFI produced a new constant note.<span> </span>It was red instead of the green of the Exeter Constant.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYAb4cvbn1x6fbKXcOsoua1Gi25Pp3GKb1dRpdEFPlkr2bNVA4uMn1Lr-4WxvhPLHaIVsnsDehOSnwCwY8VzeoW16DmZDinQygLm9efR6aCtQSJWJUbuXmTIk2dmJly_v_xG46xXYWZxne/s2646/Constants+1000+Blog.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1188" data-original-width="2646" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYAb4cvbn1x6fbKXcOsoua1Gi25Pp3GKb1dRpdEFPlkr2bNVA4uMn1Lr-4WxvhPLHaIVsnsDehOSnwCwY8VzeoW16DmZDinQygLm9efR6aCtQSJWJUbuXmTIk2dmJly_v_xG46xXYWZxne/w640-h288/Constants+1000+Blog.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>As can be seen, rather than 50,000 Constants as the basis for the basket of communities, the “unit,” became C 1,000.<span> </span>The list of these commodities can be seen on the back of the note.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLBwXmDo31c7yje1C6jkXmzPVl2FNYz_LS0NfhQzmQBOHJfZ5exmohW0k-zUmJJXMJP15IKTjDDj4XtteO_p8ozg-n7utlkLRqelzFLGuITI0fVWhF7k_1_atke59MYyqh9X77rbCaFhpM/s2697/Constant+Reverse+Blog.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1166" data-original-width="2697" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLBwXmDo31c7yje1C6jkXmzPVl2FNYz_LS0NfhQzmQBOHJfZ5exmohW0k-zUmJJXMJP15IKTjDDj4XtteO_p8ozg-n7utlkLRqelzFLGuITI0fVWhF7k_1_atke59MYyqh9X77rbCaFhpM/w640-h276/Constant+Reverse+Blog.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In August 1973 Borsodi’s heath took a turn for the worst and management was turned over with Bob Swann stepping in.<span> </span>With this shift, a new organization was proposed, Arbitrage Intentional, Inc.<span> </span>The organization’s members were Bob Swann, Dr. Richard Dewey, Keith Dewey (Dr. Dewey’s son), Harriet Greer who had served as IAI and IFI secretary and Terry Mollner.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Arbitrage International (AI) sent a three-page letter to subscribers, dated January 4, 1974 to “give you a full account of our plans and decisions as we complete what might be considered the first stage of the experiment to establish a commodity backed non-inflationary money system begun by Dr. Ralph Borsodi…”. The long-range plans for the future.<span> </span>It reported:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A successful checking account system “with all accounts kept in Consumer Price Index ‘constants,’” with 182 account holders with an average of over $100,000 monthly balance of accounts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Thirty one-year debentures for a total investment of $27,800.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Five thousand copies of a bulletin written by Borsodi that “illuminates the international monetary crisis and points the direction towards the only reasonable solution – a commodity backed currency system.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It listed numerous articles that had appeared about the Constant experiment.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Dr. Borsodi, it reported, had completed an outline of a series of position papers that “will become the basis for the AI as a banking institution.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As noted, in his <i>Inflation</i> book, Borsodi developed a series of position papers intended as policy guides for the Constant monetary system.<span> </span>Borsodi had, over the years, given this issue a great deal of thought.<span> </span>And he had an economic foundation that can be found in his <i>Prosperity and Security</i> (1938).<span> </span>The first of these position papers is “On the Nature of Inflation.”<span> </span>There are thirteen more of these short chapters.<span> </span>He went into the nature of money and outlined his principles regarding money in detail.<span> </span>I don’t think I could adequately further summarize these principles. For anyone interested, I recommend reading the book.<span> </span>I should note that he had a lot to say about the misuse of money by those responsible for the monetary system.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Arbitrage International had apparently been created to address problems the IFI was not designed to do.<span> </span>It would replace the IFI entirely, in fact.<span> </span>Subscribers were told that there were two major problems that must be resolved:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“How to provide full commodity backing for the constant through arbitrage transactions in the commodity market, and<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“Further research on the development of the international commodity index (the true constant.)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Due to limited resources, AI management had made the following decisions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The experimental checking account system will be discontinued immediately.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->AI has established an Arbitrage Account (savings account) for present depositors as an alternative.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->AI is pursuing research on the International Commodity Index with assistance from Harvard Business School and the University of New Hampshire.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->AI is continuing to explore new promising avenues which could involve all the major institutions and businesses in a community.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">More details were given on each of these decisions.<span> </span>The primary reason seems to be that management of the system was running several thousands of dollars into the red.<span> </span>There were two ways offered for subscribers to help:<span> </span>Invest in Silver Globes (below) and invest in the arbitrage account at 6% interest.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The silver Globe (pictured) was available in two denominations:<span> </span>One ounce for $10 and half ounce for $5.<span> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWFsNu6WZdw0qEksAsnjyz2mns4iKXWAFkqfRNe5ac3pP_ZluIjGX7tGNXdyFSp4SM1YMoQKF5Pw2qlHFIQ8Rp0BMWkd6v9QBKe1vajTkbP1ZWjpsHvaDSrE2BVGT7c2Nhsu9m8wTq_riF/s1146/Screen+Shot+2021-03-20+at+11.20.31+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="1146" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWFsNu6WZdw0qEksAsnjyz2mns4iKXWAFkqfRNe5ac3pP_ZluIjGX7tGNXdyFSp4SM1YMoQKF5Pw2qlHFIQ8Rp0BMWkd6v9QBKe1vajTkbP1ZWjpsHvaDSrE2BVGT7c2Nhsu9m8wTq_riF/w400-h181/Screen+Shot+2021-03-20+at+11.20.31+AM.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It was announced that the arbitrage account would be used to invest in the commodities market.<span> </span>At the time AI had investments in short-term bonds through Merrill Lynch and the Exeter Banking Company paying around 8% interest.<span> </span>The two percent difference in interest subscribers would get would be used to cover cost.<span> </span>If successful, at the end of the year, it was stated that those accounts were to be converted into <u>true</u> constant accounts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">AI was also working with Merrill Lynch towards entrée into the commodities market, admittedly a high-risk market.<span> </span>AI expected that higher returns from the market would attract investments.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Keith Dewey signed these letters as Managing Director of AI. <span> </span>He was later replaced as Managing Director by Bob Swann.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is not clear about the nature of the transition from IFI to AI but it appears to have caused some consternation among Borsodi loyalists and particularly IFI members.<span> </span>For one thing, the membership organization was replaced by one with an eight-person board.<span> </span>It was considered by at least one member to be “less democratic.”<span> </span>Borsodi at this point was listed only as an advisor.<span> </span>It appears that he had concerns about attempting to transition into yet a third organization in such a short period.<span> </span>His concerns were about subscribers being asked to make another change in their accounts.<span> </span>It is unclear what his views were about entering the commodities market.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In a letter dated April 30, 1974, Bob Swann, as Managing Director, addressed to “All subscribers and interested persons” told of the progress of AI and that “The major emphasis in the second phase of development has been in establishing an account in the commodity futures market.”<span> </span>He cited Borsodi as the originator of the idea of backing the constant with commodities [Borsodi credited Irving Fisher of Yale].<span> </span>Swann said that they had spent three months setting up a limited partnership arrangement, with eleven limited partners, and an investment fund of $140,000.<span> </span>They had selected a relative new investment firm, Incomco, recommended by Merrill Lynch, in part because they had a computer system for tracking the commodities market.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Swann went on to say that $70,000 was in the arbitrage account and the fund was growing slowly.<span> </span>He wrote that statistical research for a commodity index was continuing with commodity specialists at Harvard and computer specialists at MIT.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In conclusion, Swann reported that Dr. Borsodi had spent several weeks in Mexico where he underwent an operation, and return “with new vigor” and has undertaken to write a new book on inflation, a collection of position papers “on which Arbitrage International is planning its development.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I know of one more letter, from “The AI Board of Directors,” dated November 25, 1974, then located in Marion, Massachusetts, reporting “several important developments.”<span> </span>It opened with the statement that there were then 23 general partners with now $213,00 in capital but there have been difficulties.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It was reported that the continuing series of supporting articles in leading publications had produced an expanding network, particularly in academia.<span> </span>Also, that earlier in the year, Dr. Borsodi had produced a series of position papers for AI “which essentially are a blueprint for development of the international bank which AI hopes to create with the constant.”<span> </span>Borsodi was reported in ill health and not being able to proceed with the editing position papers, and that an experienced financial writer, Carter Henderson, had offered Borsodi help and advice, and “is now editing and enlarging upon the position papers.”<span> </span>He was being assisted by a Mr. Eugene Epstein “formerly a researcher and econometrician in the commodities research [industry]” focusing on the future market.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The bad news was that the investments with Incomco had been largely lost in the trading market and they were being sued for the loss and for misrepresenting reports to AI.<span> </span>This was admittedly a “false start” in the commodities market.<span> </span>It was considered a “temporary setback.”<span> </span>Arbitrage International however, it appears, faded from the scene.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Curtin Call<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s objectives, in his view, were only partially achieved. <span> </span>In a report which appeared in the Fall, 1975 issue of <i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS, serif;">Green Revolution</span></i>, (p. 7) Borsodi, then age 87, had this to say: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“I personally conducted the Exeter Experiment for over a year during ‘72-’73 to show the feasibility of circulating privately issued money, both in the form of paper currency and in the form of hundreds of checking accounts at five different banks. <span> </span>Toward the end of the experiment, the equivalent in Constants of $160,000 was in circulation. <span> </span>This, to my satisfaction, proved that an honest private money could be circulated with a fair degree of public acceptance and without automatically facing interference by the government. <span> </span>Unfortunately, the Exeter Experiment was only a partial test of the Constant Currency system - the public part. The part of the system that would provide the commodity backing was not set up. <span> </span>Many people misunderstood this. <span> </span>If the complete Constant Currency system had been in operation, there would have been no reason to end the experiment, since it was a success as far as it went. <span> </span>I proved what I’d set out to prove. <span> </span>Now it’s up to some younger people to carry on and set up a complete Constant Currency system. <span> </span>The International Monetary Fund has recently decided to eliminate the use of gold, completely now, in international transactions. -Just as President Nixon has ended all relation between gold and the U.S. dollar. <span> </span>The monetary system of the non-Communist world is based on the U.S. dollar and the U.S. dollar is merely a green piece of paper backed by nothing and redeemable in nothing. <span> </span>If the U.S. dollar collapses, it won’t merely be a national disaster like the German Mark’s collapse in the 1920’s. <span> </span>The dollar would carry down with it the currencies of 50 or 60 other nations which use the dollar as backing for their own currency. <span> </span>The crash that would follow would make ‘the great depression’ look like a joke by comparison. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“I don’t know that there’s enough time remaining to set up something, like the Constant Currency system, which could cushion the collapse of the free world monetary system. <span> </span>-But we have to act on the hopeful basis that it’s not too late. <span> </span>All of the necessary research on indices, etc. has been done. <span> </span>Three things would be required. <span> </span>First, a group of people with banking talent. <span> </span>Second, a group of people with statistical talent. <span> </span>Third, a sufficient amount of capital to initiate operations. <span> </span>A minimum of $250,000 would be required, but more would make things easier. <span> </span>One final remark: To one who questions the idea of money backed by a spectrum of commodities rather than just gold, I recommend John Kenneth Galbraith’s new book, MONEY. <span> </span>Among other things, Galbraith points out that the colony of Virginia used a pound of tobacco as its monetary standard for over 150 years - a longer period of time than we had the gold standard in America.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And with that, I fear I must bring my story of the Constant to a close.<span> </span>I have no further information about the course of events and if there is interest, future researchers should consult the Schumacher Centre where the archives are, I believe, stored.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As I read this story, I am astonished first by the vision and drive Borsodi demonstrated through the formation of the IAI and IFI.<span> </span>But to go from a local currency to a world banking system, I find too much of a stretch of the imagination.<span> </span>The idea of solving the monetary crisis by entering the global market that defined it, I don’t understand.<span> </span>Borsodi’s premise was that it be a local commodity system. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is much more to the story of the American economy after that article by Borsodi.<span> </span>There are those who say the American economy peaked in the mid-1970s; wages and the middle class have been on the decline since, the gap between wealth and poverty widening, the cost of living climbing year by year, poverty and food insecurity increasing, student debt skyrocketing, recurrent recessions continuing.<span> </span>National debt is skyrocketing and yet the GDP seems to be on a slow, overall, decline.<span> </span>The COVID pandemic was a shock.<span> </span>The 2020 recession revealed that the bottom of the social-economic pyramid in the US seems to be crumbling.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With world population continuing to grow, a growing scarcity of resources and now climate change, there will be a lot of stress on human society and its institutions, particularly the economy in the coming years.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Constant experiment was ambitious, bold, innovative, even audacious.<span> </span>It had considerable support by a lot of respectable people.<span> </span>This story is far from complete.<span> </span>I believe it has more merit on a local level where commodities are under the control of a community.<span> </span>Indeed, I, as do an increasing number of others, believe, that economies must be relocalized and made more resilient and secure, community by community.<span> </span>Borsodi developed a comprehensive model for this type of system. <span> </span>My two legacy volumes have been written for the purpose of making that system more readily available to inform future developments in resilient communities.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is a growing interest in reestablishing local banking.<span> </span>An independent local bank would serve only its own community. <span> </span>It could work to keep the value of its money stable.<span> </span>I believe that is still a real prospect. <span> </span>And indeed, what emerged later, inspired by this experiment, was the local currency movement (several thousand local currencies having been developed).<span> </span>An enterprise of this scope and complexity, however, is a very risky undertaking even by professionals.<span> </span>Borsodi clearly understood that it takes expertise to make such an enterprise work.<span> </span>There are innovative currency initiatives, as with the Bitcoin .<span> </span>But that is, once again, a speculative system and it is not backed by anything physical.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Into the Glomming<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And I also bring my story of the life and work of Ralph Borsodi to a close.<span> </span>In December 1974, at the close of that year of the Constant experiment, Borsodi reached the age of 86.<span> </span>He and wife Clare lived in a comfortable home in Exeter.<span> </span>He had nearly three years to live but very little is known of his life during those years other than that last GR article.<span> </span>Mildred Loomis wrote that he finished his own version of the position papers in 1977, before his death.<span> </span>She wrote that he had intended to title it <i>Inflation is Stealing!<span> </span>Let’s Stop Those Who Cause It!</i><span> </span>That would be a moral indictment of those who support the Keynesian theory – both economist and politicians.<span> </span>I don’t know if this is the same text that the Schumacher Center published twelve years later or rather the edited version mentioned in the last letter I have about Arbitrage International.<span> </span>That publication, however, reported only roughly the first year of the experiment, not the following two phases.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I can’t say unconditionally that Borsodi got it right.<span> </span>I can say a whole lot of people agreed with his prognosis of inflation, of the peril of unconstrained economic growth, of the dehumanization and disintegration of modern society.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At the time of Borsodi’s death, Mildred was setting up her own last School of Living experiment at Deep Run Farm near York, Pennsylvania.<span> </span>She would carry the torch for the better part of another decade.<span> </span>With this story, we extend the saga of their common legacy into one last chapter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> I believe this figure likely includes land acquisition and construction.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Keene’s Walnut Acres farm is currently being restored and put back into business by a group of interested parties.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> The 2020 Recession, as we all know, was precipitated by a lethal global pandemic.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi would elaborate these three themes in <i>Education and Living</i>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://B9BAF35A-212A-4C78-8E22-4EA9A48F7DC1#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> The <i>Wealth and illth</i> manuscript was subsequently lost by the publisher<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="applewebdata://C8D07AAA-9A21-48FF-B2FB-7DAAB7EF8346#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi’s <i>Inflation</i> book: <a href="https://centerforneweconomics.org/publications/inflation-and-the-coming-keynesian-catastrophe/" style="color: #954f72;">https://centerforneweconomics.org/publications/inflation-and-the-coming-keynesian-catastrophe/<br /></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://centerforneweconomics.org/publications/inflation-and-the-coming-keynesian-catastrophe/" style="color: #954f72;"><br /></a></div><a href="https://centerforneweconomics.org/publications/inflation-and-the-coming-keynesian-catastrophe/" style="color: #954f72;"><br /></a><span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: #0563c1; text-decoration: underline;"></span><o:p></o:p><p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-64823476037484424642021-02-28T10:12:00.000-08:002021-02-28T10:12:18.346-08:00The Legacy of Mildred Loomis <p> Bill Sharp (c) February 28, 2021</p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred At Heathcote<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih2SJh-l2iQQhEyQ6qFTiThDRxPE0ZIHNYwc8FWw0Ahx1TNy0X33MgL65siwGtfg6AzqGeMcw8ZDFxSp5lZvGU3ADcfs9GPzrlsKxfezh7dHQIOD86FbOR4-WE9oV6ZKxL1wv2sdCI0IlO/s1372/Mildred+legacy+Photo.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1372" data-original-width="1120" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEih2SJh-l2iQQhEyQ6qFTiThDRxPE0ZIHNYwc8FWw0Ahx1TNy0X33MgL65siwGtfg6AzqGeMcw8ZDFxSp5lZvGU3ADcfs9GPzrlsKxfezh7dHQIOD86FbOR4-WE9oV6ZKxL1wv2sdCI0IlO/w326-h400/Mildred+legacy+Photo.png" width="326" /></a></div>Mildred’s tenure at Heathcote was a brief three years.<span> </span>And she was often an absentee tenant.<span> </span>We do not have all her reasons for departure, but we do have numerous hints mostly from the <i>Green Revolution</i>.<span> </span>This was another turning point in her career and the history of the School of Living as founded by Borsodi and directed by her.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred arrived at Heathcote in late September 1968.<span> </span>Most of 1969, until late August, she was away.<span> </span>With her return, Borsodi made his first visit to Heathcote with a four-day seminar on the seventeen problems system.<span> </span>It apparently was not a satisfactory experience for him.<span> </span>He was troubled by much of what he saw in communal youth – more on this below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What Borsodi, but more especially Mildred, as we find in the unfolding <i>Green Revolution</i> story, were experiencing at Heathcote was telling.<span> </span>I think there must have been something of a “dialectic;” the encounter of opposing forces.<span> </span>But that is an oversimplification.<span> </span>The outcome, rather than a synthesis, was more of a dissolution.<span> </span>It is a complicated story.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It appears that Mildred had health issues.<span> </span>And it seems she found her new School of Living less a Shangri La than she had hoped.<span> </span>The youth generation, spreading across the country, the Hippies, the Counterculture, increasingly dominated Heathcote.<span> </span>Yes, there was a generational gap, if not chasm.<span> </span>Mildred’s supporters from Lane’s End were older, mostly of the Greatest Generation cohort that struggled through the Great Depression, World War II and the post-war cultural transformation.<span> </span>Many of the young Boomers were of their grandchildren’s age.<span> </span>For over a half century, the culture of the School of Living had been defined by Borsodi, Mildred and the numerous close supporters whose names we have perhaps lamentably forgotten. <span> </span>The under 30 Boomers that formed the Counterculture youth, were a very different sort.<span> </span>They had very different values. <span> </span>It must be understood that they were only a small part of the population and most of their peers did indeed adopt their parent’s values.<span> </span>But the Hippies, as I will call them, flocked to places like Heathcote where they could escape the restraints of the larger, conservative, American culture.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I’m a sociologist.<span> </span>The dynamics of this era and its impact on the future of the School of Living I find important to understand.<span> </span>I am of the age to have had extensive experience with the Counterculture; but I have never been a commune member.<span> </span>The values that emerged and shaped the sixties and seventies are still very much with us and they beg the question of our capacity to adapt to the massive transformative trends of the twenty-first century.<span> </span>This is an extraordinarily and perilously complex time.<span> </span>There are numerous cognitive, personal and social styles and they are more or less competitive.<span> </span>I’ve discussed that in another, Transition Centre, blog post.<span> </span>Our future will depend on the choices we make between them.<span> </span>And choices were made in the seventies that defined the future of the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In essence, with this chapter I bring the story of the Borsodi/Loomis legacy to a close; in more ways than one.<span> </span>It is a long chapter covering the better part of Mildred’s remaining fourteen years.<span> </span>It was an incredible period in the history of the School of Living.<span> </span>There were challenges and crisis over those years.<span> </span>And then she died.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is a story following Mildred’s death.<span> </span>Ultimately, her dream, I fear, was unrequited.<span> </span>As we will see, she worked to build both the physical foundation for a national, if not international movement, and to mobilize the human resources to carry the mission forward.<span> </span>Stalwart supporters attempted to carry on her mission but one by one they faded from the picture.<span> </span>They were not untalented and unmotivated people around her but for various reasons her legacy, and that of Borsodi, are lost as this story closes.<span> </span>Bottom line, Mildred left no successor – either a person or an organization.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Moving On<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEige68Cl-FvQ3ePutpjEpc_stNNMatcTvDCfODNsMErfz1GKbPawEYwwtdQBWPHoIipz-qAeZwrS8rYjV7ZZ6D7d-y18USCGXJ2vjdMlSHnbF0pmQgmcN3J6bHt9HvawUW6rkdIpUr43M0t/s2048/Deep+Run+Distant.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1144" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEige68Cl-FvQ3ePutpjEpc_stNNMatcTvDCfODNsMErfz1GKbPawEYwwtdQBWPHoIipz-qAeZwrS8rYjV7ZZ6D7d-y18USCGXJ2vjdMlSHnbF0pmQgmcN3J6bHt9HvawUW6rkdIpUr43M0t/s320/Deep+Run+Distant.png" width="320" /></a></div>In 1972 Mildred moved away from Heathcote.<span> </span>Early in 1972 she stayed with the Borsodi’s in Exeter, NH.<span> </span>Then she moved to the Lefever’s Sonnewald homestead near York, Pennsylvania.<span> </span>In 1975 she settled at Deep Run Farm, also near York, where she spent much the remainder of her years.<span> </span>She took the School of Living with her.<br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred stayed with Borsodi for several months to help him work on his, <i>Wealth and Illth</i>.<span> </span>This was the book about the economic problem (Borsodi planned a separate book about each of the seventeen problems and this one would cover economic issues).<span> </span>A manuscript was submitted but apparently lost by the publisher.<span> </span>One would expect a carbon copy, but I have not found evidence of it.<span> </span>I did review the early typescript and research notes during my visit to the Borsodi archives at the University of New Hampshire and was impressed with it.<span> </span>The archived manuscript is massive; I estimate 1,000 pages.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Illth is a word coined by John Ruskin (1819 – 1900) who was a British founder of the Arts and Crafts movement, a movement closely allied with the Borsodi/Loomis legacy.<span> </span>The root is “ill,” the opposite of “well.”<span> </span>It is about the destructive impact of the industrial economy.<span> </span>Borsodi was by no means alone in this genre at this time.<span> </span>Other outstanding writers about alternative economics then included Hazel Henderson, Robert Theobald and E. F. Schumacher.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was an economist and, as described, his criticism of the American industrial economy dates to the 1920s.<span> </span>He gave full scope to his economic theories in his <i>Prosperity and Security</i> (1938) summarized in another chapter.<span> </span>His mission in life was a post-industrial world and we have covered a long list of things he contributed to seeking a more viable human future.<span> </span>Borsodi had yet five years to live.<span> </span>Mildred would go on for almost another decade.<span> </span>Those last years were productive for both of them.<span> </span>But, as we reach the end of this story, the question becomes what happened to their legacy and how can it be restored.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That visit with Borsodi coincided with an incredible burst of activity, actually starting late in 1971. <span> </span>The first of 1972, <i>Green Revolution</i> reported on the Conference on “Adequate Action For a Human Future” held for four days in September 1971 at Camp Elder, Fairfield, Pennsylvania (near Gettysburg).<span> </span>Mildred was the general chair.<span> </span>It drew 200 participants.<span> </span>It produced 150-pages of proceedings entitled <i>Toward A Human Future:<span> </span>Some imaginative Alternatives</i>, in March 1972. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Each day had a topic and to each there were numerous presentations made.<span> </span>Opening remarks were made by Mildred and Harold (Tim) Lefever.<span> </span>The first day topic was “The Psycho-Physiological Problem.”<span> </span>There were topics including about the then recent best seller <i>Future Shock</i> and the dangers of our rapidly changing world.<span> </span>Other topics included physical and mental health, nutrition, natural childbirth, homesteading as the basis of family health, the dangers of nuclear power, and keeping the soil alive.<span> </span>There was a questions and comments period and closing comments by Borsodi about the day’s sessions.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred opened the second day on the topic of “The Land-Money-Government Monopoly.”<span> </span>This series was a bit deeper.<span> </span>It addressed issues related to money, land and political economics.<span> </span>It was about the health of society.<span> </span>There were some reform alternatives proposed.<span> </span>Those included education and particularly Borsodi’s problem-centered system.<span> </span>Bob Swann spoke of his collaboration with Borsodi developing the International Institute of Independence and examples of this work around the world.<span> </span>Borsodi-inspired homesteading was on the list of alternatives in one presentation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The third and final day of the conference was devoted to “Education, Community and Family.”<span> </span>The theme was organic vs. mechanistic society.<span> </span>Borsodi was introduced by Richard Dewey of the University of New Hampshire.<span> </span>Dewey, a professor with a homestead, and Borsodi became close friends and collaborators after Borsodi settled in New Hampshire.<span> </span>Dewey described Borsodi’s <i>Seventeen Problems</i> books as “A New Testament.”<span> </span>He spoke (as had Sorokin and others) of the failure of his own field of sociology<a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> to solve social problems.<span> </span>He outlined some of Borsodi’s achievements.<span> </span>Borsodi opened by noting that the world was a troublesome place.<span> </span>There are many problems.<span> </span>He recounted how he began his extensive research on the problems of people and society by taking notes on 4 x 6 inch cards he carried in his pocket.<span> </span>When he had nearly a thousand of them, he said, he tried to organize them.<span> </span>Gradually he developed the problem-centered approach recently culminating in his <i>Seventeen Problems</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi went on to say that most problems are typically addressed as social issues.<span> </span>They are addressed expediently.<span> </span>That is wrong.<span> </span>They must be solved by individuals.<span> </span>There is an institutional problem, but it too must be solved by individual initiative.<span> </span>He suggested three methods for solving the problems, some good and some not.<span> </span>He continued with an outline of the possessional problem.<span> </span>In summary, he asserted, we must clearly understand the nature of problems.<span> </span>We must clearly define our terms.<span> </span>He then outlined all 17 problems in their three groupings and then took questions from the audience.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi concluded his remarks by reiterating that there was a need for a new educational program, a school, in every community; one in which people learn to face and solve problems.<span> </span>Other presenters also spoke to the theme of alternative education.<span> </span>Borsodi’s presentation, responses to questions and Dr. Dewey’s introduction were produced separately.<span> </span>The entire proceedings have been submitted for digitalization.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A second “Adequate Action for a Human Future” conference was held in June 1972 in Conway, New Hampshire, sponsored by the School of Living.<span> </span>The welcoming evening included a panel of Ralph Borsodi, Paul Goodman and trustee and west coast School of Living leader Don Newey discussing decentralization.<span> </span>The format for this conference was panels morning and afternoon with fewer presentations.<span> </span>There were panels on “Technology in the Future,” “Homestand Now and in the Future” (with Scott and Helen Nearing), alternative power sources for homesteading, agriculture and industry, and community and the future.<span> </span>Mildred made two presentations, one each on the functions of the family and of the community.<span> </span>Other presentations included a series on land and land trusts.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Age of Aquarius<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1972 the <i>Green Revolution</i> was transformed into a magazine format, 8½ by 11, usually 16 pages.<span> </span>It was published ten times per year.<span> </span>It contained a diverse array of articles with a clear Counterculture/Aquarian/New Age theme.<span> </span>There are some insights into life at Heathcote.<span> </span>There were generally 14 to 18 people there and about as many projects.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Another “Adequate Action for a Human Future” conference was called for at Heathcote.<span> </span>The focus was a special GR supplement, “What Price ‘Miracle?’” edited and compiled by Mildred.<span> </span>It was 32 pages.<span> </span>The opening was from Harry Browne’s book <i>How Can You Profit From the Coming Devaluation?</i><span> </span>The response came from Borsodi’s <i>Inflation is Coming</i>.<span> </span>Inflation was at a perilous level in the US at the time.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Spring 1972 issue of GR carried Borsodi’s introduction to the 1972 paperback reprint of his <i>Flight From the City</i> (first published 1933).<span> </span>It was titled “Launching a Social and Cultural Renaissance.”<span> </span>He wrote that there had been a lot of changes in nearly 40 years since the first edition during the Great Depression.<span> </span>There were continued challenges to the good life.<span> </span>It’s now time for a new generation to take up the challenges.<span> </span>Paul Goodman wrote the “Preface” to the new edition.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Covered in the August 1972 issue of GR was what was hailed as Borsodi’s practical solution to inflation, an inflation proof currency, the Constant.<span> </span>He launched it in his hometown of Exeter where it was well received, including by banks.<span> </span>Borsodi worked closely with Bob Swann to develop this model local currency and found an international nonprofit organization to support it.<span> </span>This story is told in another chapter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Towards the end of the year Borsodi wrote about “The Green Revolution versus The Counterculture.” <span> </span>That he did so expressed his, and Mildred’s, response to the impact of the Counterculture youth on the School of Living.<span> </span>He observed that there were a lot of forms of counterculture, some heavy into drugs, some violent revolutionists.<span> </span>The Green Revolution stood out he said, “… it begins not with political agitation but with persuading people to themselves live in accordance with a culture fundamentally different from that which is now prevalent.”<span> </span>The School of Living program of right-education and self-sufficient living, of land trusts and local currency, he argued, is a sound model for forming a new culture.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was also a report about a program to create five regional Schools of Living, in the October 1972 GR.<span> </span>The project was apparently started in mid-1972.<span> </span>In addition to Heathcote, regional Schools were proposed in New England, the Southeast, Midwest-Central and California.<span> </span>Committees were formed, a total of some three dozen individuals.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Back to the Future<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The years 1973 and 1974 represented a notable surge in School of Living activity. <span> </span>Heathcote was still billed as the headquarters of the International School of Living and offered workshops.<span> </span>But there was trouble in paradise at Heathcote.<span> </span>It appeared to be operating as just another struggling Hippie commune.<span> </span>It was clear that the center of the School of Living had returned to Mildred, Borsodi, the School board, and strong supporters such as the Lefever’s, School of Living President Dr. Willis B. Hunting, and others.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In a very real sense, the “old” group represented a more “orthodox” approach.<span> </span>It supported Borsodi and Loomis.<span> </span>The youth culture, in addition to a lot of dysfunctional behavior and license, was also generally little interested in books and intellectual pursuits.<span> </span>This attitude was not new to Borsodi and Mildred; it didn’t start with the Boomer generation.<span> </span>They had experienced it at Dayton and at Bayard Lane during the 1930s and at Melbourne Village in the 1950s.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In times of trouble people were drawn to Borsodi and Mildred and other resourceful figures.<span> </span>They too often came as dependents, or as Borsodi had written, parasites.<span> </span>Once comfortably settled they went back to conventional ways.<span> </span>They broke the land trusts Borsodi created, and more importantly, the trust he had put into them.<span> </span>There were always those just interested in themselves.<span> </span>It was just “about me.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a lot of turnover at Heathcote.<span> </span>This was generally true across the country.<span> </span>The hard-core Hippies, like the Beats before them, were a tiny minority.<span> </span>For most others, communes were recreation.<span> </span>The majority of the “Hippies” were just kids attracted to the fad and fashion of the Counterculture.<span> </span>You could get bell-bottoms and tie-died at Sears.<span> </span>That could involve visits to communes, maybe short stays.<span> </span>Festivals and concerts drew them. Ditto protests.<span> </span>Then came Disco.<span> </span>Like most others of their age, they moved on to jobs, marriage and children and mortgages.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the January 1973 issue of GR, Mildred published an article about the Bryn Gweled (Welsh for Hill of Vision) community in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, just north of Philadelphia.<span> </span>The community held 240 acres and had some 81 leaseholders.<span> </span>It had then been going for 35 years (and still does).<span> </span>There was also a conference on “A Human Future” in Omaha.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The February 1973 GR carried a long article by Mildred on “Arts and Crafts in the Industrial World.”<span> </span>She explained that art is a fully human activity, unlike industry.<span> </span>There is a relationship between a thing and its maker.<span> </span>It involves creative imagination and skill; it is integral work, and it restores the balance of living.<span> </span>Like homesteading, it is at the roots of decentralism.<span> </span>That issue announced “A Conference on the Future of the Counter Culture” to be held in Santa Barbara.<span> </span>That conference would also include the second School of Living “Conference on A Human Future” for the year.<span> </span>It listed a number of School of Living events at member communities.<span> </span>The GR budget was, as usually, in the red.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The third issue of 1973 included a commemoration of Borsodi’s life.<span> </span>Borsodi, at age 85, responded with a review of his basic beliefs:<span> </span>“in liberty, in security, in the family, the homestead, in education and in community.”<span> </span>He stressed that: “free land and a constant, non-inflationary currency are basic to all these other goals.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In April 1973 80 people gathered in Haddonfield, New Jersey for a conference on land trusts.<span> </span>Bob Swann again spoke of his “longtime association with Ralph Borsodi, who founded the School and Living and its land-trust communities in 1936.”<span> </span>He talked about their founding of the International Independence Institute (III) in 1967.<span> </span>Contact information was given for the III to encourage people to get involved.<span> </span>So too was information on Borsodi’s new edition of <i>Flight From the City, Seventeen Problems</i>, and upcoming <i>Wealth and Illth</i> (not published); Mildred’s “Clarifying Economics of Peace” and School of Living trustee Don Newey’s “What Price Miracle”.<span> </span>All of these publications were available by mail.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The July – August 1973 issue of GR carried a long interview with Ralph Borsodi and Mildred Loomis.<span> </span>This interview followed a conference in New Hampshire.<span> </span>This event was organized by <i>The Record</i>, the Bergen County, New Hampshire newspaper.<span> </span>They hosted Borsodi and Mildred for visits to Dogwoods, Bayard Lane and Van Houten Fields – Borsodi’s homestead and the two original homestead community experiments he established.<span> </span>There were photos of these visits.<span> </span>This was the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary of the building of Dogwoods.<span> </span>This was an excellent publicity event for the School of Living.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi reflected on his experiences forming these communities.<span> </span>He spoke of what is needed to build a good community.<span> </span>In short:<span> </span>“… a community will be good and effective only if it deals with all the problems of living.<span> </span>This takes work.<span> </span>…<span> </span>Not idealist community that stress some one idea or which does not properly deal with all the problems it confronts will continue.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi also said he was leery of starting a new community from scratch.<span> </span>It is very hard to do.<span> </span>It’s best to start with an existing small community<a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>He described a good community in these terms:<span> </span>“A community is an economic, political and social system.<span> </span>All of them must be fair; honest, human.”<span> </span>He reiterated that it requires land and a good local money system.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He said he wrote what he had learned about community formation in <i>Education and Living</i> in 1948.<span> </span>He noted that building a community, like building a house, requires a plan, at least in general outline.<span> </span>It takes education, both rational and emotional.<span> </span>Borsodi cited Gruntvig of Denmark who knew this well.<span> </span>However, Mildred again noted tellingly, that many of the young disliked rational things.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi commented on the interest in political action and reform.<span> </span>Henry George, he noted, proposed land reform in 1888.<span> </span>Where has that gotten us?<span> </span>It takes private land trust, such as he established in 1936 and as developed by the International Institute of Independence (III) and the International Foundation for Independence (IFI, incorporated in Luxembourg).<span> </span>And it takes a sound local economy, such as that proposed by the Independent Arbitrage International.<span> </span>These organizations were formed by Borsodi and friends, including Bob Swann and Mildred.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi concluded:<span> </span>“Motivation is certainly necessary.<span> </span><i>Self</i>-motivation for learning is basic.<span> </span>But isn’t any young person interested in living well? …<span> </span>Should it be so hard to motivate him/her or engage his/her interest in that?”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In another article, Ted Webster, on the staff of III, defined a land trust, as developed by the III as:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A group of people who care about the land and each other.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A legally recognized entity designed to hold land for one or more owners.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A mechanism to preserve open space or wilderness in the face of population pressures<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A large, regional organization dedicated to holding land for is protection and use by a variety of groups for a variety of purposes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The III could support the fourth option.<span> </span>It was a well-staffed and well supported formal international organization with a clear mission and vision.<span> </span>Borsodi, Loomis and Bob Swann continued to be involved in the organization<a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In that issue, Mildred also introduced a design for “A Garden on the Washington Mall” proposed by Arthur Lisch and friends at Kirkridge, Bangor, PA.<span> </span>It was an impressive display of self-sufficient gardening.<span> </span>The plan was published but it didn’t happen (until Michelle Obama did her garden at the White House).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In September there was a “Joint Conference of Georgist and School of Living Members” at Heathcote.<span> </span>Mildred was the conference chair.<span> </span>Grace Lefever wrote a report about this conference.<span> </span>Forty-five people attended, half Georgists.<span> </span>Grace noted that renowned progressive education leader John Dewey had written that Henry George ranked with a mere handful of originals in history going back to Plato. <span> </span>George was a pioneering American economist.<span> </span>He attributed poverty to the evil of “private, absentee, speculative holding of land.”<span> </span>Borsodi was an avid Georgist in his youth and so was his father.<span> </span>Borsodi greatly admired George throughout his life.<span> </span>That tradition remained strong in the School of Living.<span> </span>She told the story again that George wanted to put land into public trust but Borsodi’s innovation was to create private land trust.<span> </span>Both Bayard Lane and Van Houten Fields were so created as were communities such as Bryn Gweled, Melbourne Village, Free Acres and many others.<span> </span>Borsodi and Bob Swann had taken this to a new level with the III.<span> </span>Here we find the foundation of the community land trust model.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The SOL Press, printed the proceeds of the conference as <i>Moving Into the Front Ranks of Social Change</i> – 88 pages (submitted for digitalization).<span> </span>The conference had six topics:<span> </span>History, Crisis, Land, Money, Action and Truth.<span> </span>George’s basic ideas were presented and discussed.<span> </span>They discussed the progress of George’s system.<span> </span>There was a session on the Arden Enclave set up on George’s principles in 1900.<span> </span>Mildred presented on “Ralph Borsodi & School of Living.”<span> </span>She discussed her work with the School of Living over the years.<span> </span>Mildred also presented “Exploitation via Money:<span> </span>An Alternative Constant Currency.”<span> </span>There was a lot of discussion included in these proceedings.<span> </span>It was clear that there was indeed an intent to move forward.<span> </span>The document concluded with statements by Borsodi and from Henry George’s classic <i>Progress and Poverty</i>:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi:<span> </span>“The holiest study is not science, not art, not philosophy, not religion, but the study of the truth about how to live, how to treat our fellow men and how to use what has been entrusted to us like decent and honest, sensitive and concerned, cultivated and considerate human beings.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">George:<span> </span>“The Truth that I have tried to make clear will not find easy acceptance.<span> </span>If that could be, it would have been accepted long ago.<span> </span>If that could be, it would never have been obscured.<span> </span>But it will find friends – those who will toil for it; suffer for it; if need be, die for it.<span> </span>This is the power of Truth.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The S.O.L. Press was started by R. Bruce Allison.<span> </span>He reported that he had found an old press, originally from Lane’s End, while living at Sonnewald Homestead.<span> </span>It took some work to restore it.<span> </span>With it he produced <i>Toward A Human Future</i>, the proceedings of the September 1971 Gettysburg conference reported above.<span> </span>He then returned to Hinsdale, Illinois, taking the press with him with the agreement that he would use it to support the School of Living.<span> </span>He printed <i>Humanizing our Future</i> from the June 1972 New England School of Living conference and <i>Moving Into the Front Ranks of Social Change</i> from the joint conference just described.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">1974<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Green Revolution</i> Volume 12 started with the Sept-Oct 1973 issue.<span> </span>Richard Fairfield, representing School of Living West, living in Los Angeles, was editor.<span> </span>Fairfield brought a lot of energy to the School of Living and the GR.<span> </span>He produced an extraordinary series of five GR issue through 1974 in collaboration with Mildred and Borsodi.<span> </span>Fairfield wrote a five-part summary of <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>.<span> </span>Three issues were “Perspective on Major Problems of Living,” and two on “Perspectives on Living.” <span> </span>These issues ran from 48 to 64 pages each.<span> </span>It was clearly a well-focused campaign to enlist people to the School of Living cause.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We find this statement of purpose in the banner:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The School of Living is a unique and progressive non-profit organization founded in 1936 [1934] by Ralph Borsodi, and carried on to the present by its Director of Education, Mildred Loomis.<span> </span>For the past 37 years the School of Living has encouraged and assisted people in realizing the following purposes:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A philosophy centered on the organic and creative, rather than the culturally habituated aspects of life;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->An education based in major universal problems or challenges of living, and their human solutions;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Psychological insights into the understanding of one’s self;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Social, economic and political changes to allow ready access to land and other natural resources;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Lifestyles consistent with the School of Living philosophy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The inside back cover listed the advantages of School of Living membership, under the heading, “What’s in it for YOU?”<span> </span>The answer: “Membership in the School of Living is open to anyone seriously exploring alternatives to the status quo and interested in improving the quality of his or her lifestyle in improving conditions in the world as a whole.”<span> </span>Membership was $10.00 per year for individuals.<span> </span>Here is what you got:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->300 pages of reading (which appears to be Fairfield’s five issue series) plus a choice of a free book.<span> </span>That choice included Borsodi’s new edition of <i>Flight From the City</i> and Mildred’s <i>Go Ahead and Live</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Analytical and Integrated Alternative:<span> </span>“Only the <i>Green Revolution:<span> </span>Perspectives of Living</i> breaks down into manageable parts all aspects of living to help you analyze and understand each one from a new and valid perspective.<span> </span>And, then, put them back together again in one unified, integrated whole, so that actions can be consistent and healthful.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Membership in an Alternative Movement, a movement without rigid or dogmatic assertions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Members also received:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Timely summaries of School of Living Conferences and Seminars soon after they take place.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Participation in seminars at the Maryland and California centers as well as throughout the country.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Participation in study-action groups in your local community.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Condensations of important documents related to the alternative culture.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Participation, firsthand, in the growth and development of an innovative society. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->An annual report summarizing the activities and progress of the School of Living and project the goals and ideals and plans for the future.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Identifying yourself with a constructive alternative.<span> </span>You get a membership card.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjwsdXPTjQm8Y3bDTXbeKyr4tou7AB32zGZRQrRCZPG83zCbDLPSZ_zGVGMiD4fJQn5Ee7jRZyOjAqxW1zB8D-sbUqSEFX5utGLrWeBANvcwxxQ7jE8zR0kPR1ul9JMBEyfEL_dYWlGe5g/s782/Borsodi+at+Heathcote.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="636" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjwsdXPTjQm8Y3bDTXbeKyr4tou7AB32zGZRQrRCZPG83zCbDLPSZ_zGVGMiD4fJQn5Ee7jRZyOjAqxW1zB8D-sbUqSEFX5utGLrWeBANvcwxxQ7jE8zR0kPR1ul9JMBEyfEL_dYWlGe5g/s320/Borsodi+at+Heathcote.png" /></a></div>In the third number of this series Mildred reported a seminar on the Seventeen Problems conducted by Borsodi at Heathcote in November 1973.<span> </span>It was seventeen days long, one day was devoted to each of the problems.<span> </span>It was a demanding undertaking.<span> </span>Some, especially the young, dropped out.<span> </span>Almost verbatim notes were taken of discussion, nearly a hundred pages of which were published and available for a small cost (no copies found).<br /><span></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred summarized this experience with what one member wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Each of us needs a place and a method to sort out our feelings and beliefs that underlie our decisions on what to do about the real issues in our lives.<span> </span>For many of us, a seminar on major problems of living is such a place and such a method.<span> </span>The 17 days in October and November 1973, when we met with Dr., Borsodi in such a probing, helped me become more aware of and responsive to my feelings and beliefs.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were two more 17-day seminars at Heathcote in June and September.<span> </span>They included daily work sessions.<span> </span>There was also a home study program.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a “Recap Seminar on Major Problems of Living” in December at Exeter, NH.<span> </span>Another in Los Angles in March 1974, and a “Recap Seminar” scheduled in Exeter for December 1974.<span> </span>The Recap Seminars were four-day question and answer, discussion and planning sessions with Borsodi.<span> </span>They were limited to 20 people. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A four-day conference was announced in California for “discussing and planning, clarification and new directions to enhance the quality of our life.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This issue also carried “A World Peace Plan,” Borsodi on decentralization, a “New Declaration of Independence,” and articles by others including an interview with Beat poet Allen Ginsberg.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A journalist published an article for <i>The National Observer</i> in October 1973 following a visit to Mildred at Heathcote.<span> </span>He interviewed others at Heathcote and reported gardening, home building, a Montessori school and a history of the School of Living from Mildred.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">For more than two years, Mildred had been in high gear; remarkable for her age and especially since she had gone through a period of mental and physical exhaustion.<span> </span>There would be no letup in 1974.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It appears that Mildred started writing her biography about Borsodi in 1973.<span> </span>She had finished 15 chapters, up to 1950 when Borsodi’s move to Melbourne, Florida, by 1974.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred was clearly continuing to work to make the mission and vision of the School of Living clear.<span> </span>She wrote a short article in which she again told the story of the Green Revolution origin in 1940 at Suffern. <span> </span>There was a sense of a new movement about family independence, cooperative communities, freedom from government and the need for land.<span> </span>The movement needed a name.<span> </span>Catholic Worker Peter Maurin had coined the term Green Revolution.<span> </span>“Green,” he apparently said, suggests living, growing things.<span> </span>Green is the color of life.<span> </span>Revolution means change.<span> </span>Should there be a revolution to support life and living?<span> </span>Mildred reported that Peter submitted many essays about the <span>Green Revolution</span> for publication.<span> </span>Peter was a prominent back-to-the-land leader in his own right.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It was not until twenty-two years later, in 1962, that Mildred proposed “<i>Green Revolution</i>” as the title for the School’s monthly publication.<span> </span>At that time, as we have seen, Mildred was working diligently to formalize the School of Living philosophy.<span> </span>She was preparing to hand over leadership.<span> </span>The GR was literally a down-to-earth approach.<span> </span>The publication sought to reflect life-supporting practices such as “the modern homestead, organic gardening and agriculture, whole foods, good health, cooperative communities, anti-governmentalism, land and money reform, psychological insight, group discussion, do-it-yourself on all levels of life.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Green Revolution wasn’t just flight to the land, it had an underlying objective:<span> </span>Decentralism.<span> </span>It was about remaking modern culture.<span> </span>It was about bringing an end to the mechanistic philosophy of industrialism.<span> </span>It was about establishing an alternative, agrarian, culture.<span> </span>To be a movement it needed people committed to these ideals.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In a note about decentralism about this time, School stalwart supporter Walter P. Chase wrote that “Only 2 to 5 % of people want to actually take practical steps to make themselves more self-sufficient, rather than merely talking about it.”<span> </span>Talking, theorizing, debating, distribution literature, protest and advocacy don’t make you self-sufficient.<span> </span>You have to work at it.<span> </span>Just too few who are willing to do the hard work of raising their own food and fuel and other things.<span> </span>Mildred wanted to dramatically expand the movement.<span> </span>That expansion to numerous centers across the country was what she wanted to leave as her legacy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And there was also a note of protest from Mildred. <span> </span>There was a second “green revolution” emerging.<span> </span>It was devised by Norman Borlaug but named by Secretary of Agriculture Earl Butz.<span> </span>It had a humanitarian objective:<span> </span>to feed starving people in poor countries.<span> </span>It was, however, about massive, centralized, industrial, mechanization of agriculture.<span> </span>It was about high-energy agriculture: petroleum, chemicals and monocultures.<span> </span>It is actually more the color of oil. <span> </span>It is energy intensive; it takes seven to ten calories of energy to put one calorie of food on the plate.<span> </span>It drives people off self-sufficient farms into urban slums.<span> </span>Perhaps they get fed but at what cost to their humanity?<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was also more about the educational foundation of the School of Living.<span> </span>In the School of Living Reports of 1974, Mildred told another story about the start of the School of Living.<span> </span>It came from the official record of the School of Living, boxes of leather volumes filled with the papers and minutes of meetings.<span> </span>They were in her possession (now lost).<span> </span>She said how much she enjoyed turning through the pages.<span> </span>She reported the original charter of the first School of Living (Suffern, NY), duly approved by the regents of the State of New York.<span> </span>From it she quoted:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Believing that the full development of each human being is of supreme value, The School of Living has as its primary purpose to assist adults in their study and use of the accumulated wisdom of mankind.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Believing that such study and use of wisdom is best facilitated by being related to the universal and perpetual living experience of human beings, School of Living has its purpose to assist adults in becoming aware of, and defining, major problems of living common to all people.<span> </span>For the study of alternative ways of dealing with these problems of living, the School will assist adults in drawing upon science, art, philosophy, natural history, and all branches of knowledge.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What role had Borsodi played?<span> </span>She wrote that her year at the School of Living (1939 – 1940) gave her a new vision of how life could be led:<span> </span>“Why at the School of Living?”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Because Ralph Borsodi had both vision and skill.<span> </span>Land was available because he worked out a cooperative land-use plan; money and credit because he managed cooperative financing; designing and carpentry were learned and practiced because of his cooperative Guild labor plan.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He founded, she noted, two communities and inspired a number of others.<span> </span>Great people with a common vision surrounded and befriended him.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred was getting invitations to speak and press coverage.<span> </span>In March she spoke at Ambassador College, Big Sandy, Texas.<span> </span>She spoke of her history in the School of Living, about the problem-centered approach to education, about back-to-the land and about the philosophy of the Green Revolution.<span> </span>She was also interviewed by the Baltimore Sun in March.<span> </span>In April it was announced that her “writing spree” had resulted in fifteen articles available for publication and that she had provided one-third of the material for the <i>GR</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In April there was a long article about Borsodi and his alternative currency project in Exeter, NH.<span> </span>That month, it was noted that he had delivered two intense presentation at the University of Connecticut in “a firm strong voice that belied his years” (86).<span> </span>As an economist, he opined that the economic policy of the Bretton Woods Conference would lead to disaster.<span> </span>That conference, I should note, was organized by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill and held in 1944 in New Hampshire.<span> </span>It was an international conference to develop a plan for a post war economy.<span> </span>John Maynard Keynes was the most prominent economist there.<span> </span>It produced a policy, said Borsodi, that causes inflation and the debasement of currency.<span> </span>And yes, Borsodi had predicted the stock market crash of 1929 and ensuing depression.<span> </span>He blamed Keynes for the surge of inflation that was going on then.<span> </span>His soon to be published book was again announced.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi, it was again reported, had developed an inflation-proof local currency, the Constant in Exeter.<span> </span>He had done so with the support of bankers, economist, lawyers, businessmen and local volunteers.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Since September 1973 Willis and Lucile Hunting where the administrators of the School of Living, living at Heathcote, providing Montessori training for children and all the other things.<span> </span>In his President’s Annual Report (also 1974), Dr. Willis Hunting wrote that “there is a deep desire of our GR readers and others to improve that [desperate condition of society today].”<span> </span>Willis was hard at work making improvements at Heathcote, promoting the standards of the School with its members and urging them to step up to provide educational programs. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a long list of workshops around the country listed in special “School of Living Reports” that came out several times that year.<span> </span>These reiterated the objectives of the School of Living and gave details about upcoming events.<span> </span>We learn, for example, that at the Los Angeles Recap, four days in Culver City, California, in March, that the topics covered for discussion included:<span> </span>“The Modern Crisis,” “The Nature of Nature and Human Nature,” “Goals for Human Living,” and “Moving Toward Transformation.”<span> </span>The July Recap covered:<span> </span>“Social Man – Voluntary and Involuntary Cooperation,” “Individual Man – What Man is – What Man could be,” “Man’s Values – the Choice of Right and Wrong,”, “Man’s Ultimate Cooperation – the Spread of Knowledge,” and “Tomorrow and Tomorrow.”<span> </span>There is also a list of the daily topics of the three-week problems of living seminars, led by Willis Hunting and Mildred, in July and August.<span> </span>Admission to these events included submitting a personal life-history and life-plan, “including philosophic, economic and political beliefs.<span> </span>Some of the books, persons, mentors and teachers that have exerted the greatest influence upon her/him may be listed.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">1975<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1975 the <i>Green Revolution</i> was back at Heathcote.<span> </span>Richard was going back to graduate school.<span> </span>In March, Mildred wrote a short history of the School of Living publications beginning with <i>The Interpreter</i> and <i>Balanced Living</i>, which she had edited until 1962, <i>A Way Out</i> edited by Robert Anton Wilson from 1962 thru 1964, and the <i>Green Revolution</i>, started in 1963, which was edited by Mildred, and then at Heathcote by Roger Wilkes, Larry Lack and other young people and recently by Richard Fairfield.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred and friends visited Borsodi in New Hampshire for his 86<sup>th</sup> birthday (she was almost 76).<span> </span>He was going strong; had been swimming daily in Florida and winning chess games.<span> </span>He attributed his well-being to healthy foods.<span> </span>She reported that he “has several engagements a month with universities and other groups; he talks with concerned seekers and counsels with School of Living staff as well as officers of the International Independence Institute and the International Foundation of Independence.<span> </span>These three agencies sponsored three ‘revolutions:’ in education stressing human solutions to universal problems of living, a ’revolution’ in land tenure, i.e., the land trust; and a ‘revolution’ in money exchange, i.e. constant currency.”<span> </span>Mildred reported that he was completing a book on <i>The Quest for a Good Society</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living educational program listed separate events for each of the seventeen problems over the year plus a list of 20 related topics. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With the coming American Bicentennial celebration, the School of Living leaders (I believe chiefly Mildred) began to look at “completing that revolution.”<span> </span>It was asserted that the American Revolution hadn’t realized its objectives.<span> </span>Those objectives, it was argued, could now be realized in the Green Revolution:<span> </span>decentralization and education for personal independence.<span> </span>A lot of activities were planned around this theme.<span> </span>There was a six-day seminar at Heathcote entitled “Completing The American Revolution,” chaired by Mildred.<span> </span>Topics included:<span> </span>“Is there an American Dream?”, “What has land to do with freedom?,” “What has money to do with freedom?,”<span> </span>“How much government?,” “Goals and Directions,” and “What Education?”<span> </span>There were a lot of articles that year about land trust and local currency – two School of Living pillars.<span> </span>The oil crisis was on everyone’s mind.<span> </span>There were, it was noted, other programs around the country.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In late 1975 and into 1976, the GR editorial policy, under Paul Salstrom, shifted towards what I defined as a “little” magazine format – avant-garde literary issues.<span> </span>There were articles about homesteading, alternative energy, health, and ecology and a good deal of political criticism.<span> </span>The publication was professional and the articles readable but there is again relatively about the activities of the School of Living itself. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a 28-page extended addition of the GR in February 1976 that featured decentralism.<span> </span>There was also a long article about coal strikes and another about “Japan’s Eco-Agony.”<span> </span>Mildred contributed articles on decentralism.<span> </span>The March issue continued with articles about decentralism and the coal strike.<span> </span>Over the year there were articles about alternative energy; other articles critiquing the existing energy infrastructure and something about health every month.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Bob Swann was a frequent contributor on land trust.<span> </span>The School of Living board had voted to take a more active role in land trust.<span> </span>There were then four properties in the School of Living land trust: <span> </span>Heathcote, Deep Run Farm, Downhill Farm and Sonnewald Homestead.<span> </span>There were short articles about each of them in the December 1976 issue.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred contributed a couple of articles early in the year but she and Borsodi were both conspicuously absent from the list of contributors as the year wore on.<span> </span>The December 1976 issue carried an article by Mildred, on “The School of Living:<span> </span>The First 40 Years.”<span> </span>She was clearly shifting gears again.<span> </span>Anne Shumway wrote about Deep Run Farm, Jud Jerome about “Downhill Farm and the School,” Ned Green about Heathcote and Bonnie Hollis about Sonnewald.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Heathcote was doing some soul searching.<span> </span>It was realizing its limits, wrote coordinator Larry Lack.<span> </span>In part, he said, it is due to too few people.<span> </span>But also in part due to too many people taking energy rather than giving it, treating Heathcote as “a convenient place to ‘use’ in pursuit of their own goals without being willing or able to offer much of themselves in exchange; too few have come here in a spirit of selfless commitment to the ideals of the School and of decentralism.”<span> </span>He said he was going to be more selective in choosing members and to put them on a trial period of service.<span> </span>He wanted them to submit a proposal for their intent to be of service to the board.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That doesn’t mean everyone should work full time, he added.<span> </span>There is no money for salaries.<span> </span>That lack needs to be addressed.<span> </span>He presented a list of potential income-producing activities.<span> </span>People could earn their way while supporting the School mission.<span> </span>He had other suggestions about cleaning up and developing the land and buildings and potential educational and operational topics.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Deep Run Farm:<span> </span>A Newer School of Living<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is clear that the old guard was still more or less holding its own.<span> </span>They produced a steady stream activities and publications.<span> </span>There was some dynamic young blood as well.<span> </span>But a shift came when Mildred relocated to Deep Run Farm, near York, Pennsylvania, another turning point and another “New” School of Living.<span> </span>The School of Living mailing address shifted from Heathcote to Sonnewald to Deep Run Farm in 1976, following her. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The gap between free-living Hippies and the homesteaders seems to have been widening.<span> </span>There had for some time been a tension in the difference of values between the principles of the School of Living found in the Borsodi/Loomis legacy and what got called communal escapism. <span> </span>James Wyker, wrote a School of Living Center/Deep Run Farm Deep Run pamphlet, “Is The Trouble With Intention Communities That They Withdraw from the World?”<span> </span>He listed eighteen withdrawal symptoms and responded from the Borsodi/Loomis legacy.<span> </span>The back of the brochure carried the Wheel of Life and advertising for Borsodi’s <i>Seventeen Problems</i>.<span> </span>There was also an <i>Introduction to 17 Problems</i>publication of 80 pages advertised for $5.00.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1976 there was also an addition to the by-laws of the School of Living, a PREAMBLE, “as amended at a general meeting of the members on October 9, 1976.”<span> </span>Its stated purpose was to “affirm that the fundamental values of the School of Living, as defined in its Charter, shall be primarily a guide to interpretation of the specific provisions of the By-Laws, and that in daily operation the School of Living shall conduct its affairs in constant accord with the following basic principles.”<span> </span>The lead principle was:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">EDUCATION<span> </span>The School of Living is primarily devoted to education, a process which implies a definition of the basic problems of humankind and study and experience designed to understand and address these problems in a context in which learners, members and staff are continually engaged in mutual and self-education, without regard to credentials or other extrinsic rewards.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The four other highlighted topics included:<span> </span>Egalitarianism, Consensus, Humane Process and Stewardship.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a four-page insert in the <i>Green Revolution</i> by then SoL president Jubal.<span> </span>He opened as follows:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Last June your Board of Trustees set a process in motion which has resulted in some new and, we think exiting <span style="font-style: normal;">[his word, did he mean “exciting”? Freudian slip?]</span> changes for the School of Living.<span> </span>These changes have resulted in a new set of By-Laws for the School, decentralization of many of the functions of the School and a move of the administrative offices away from Heathcote Center.<span> </span>The developments of recent months may be the most important steps that the School has taken since it first moved to Heathcote in 1965 and we sincerely hope that you will feel that these changes are a positive move towards making the School a more effective agent for social change.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He went on to acknowledge that Heathcote had been identified with the SoL but in fact the mission of the School was broader than just one of its properties.<span> </span>He added:<span> </span>“With the decision to incorporate more pieces of land in the School of Living, came the realization that we should make an effort to give the School a separate identity from Heathcote.<span> </span>Please note the change of address for the School.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The reorganization consisted of a new committee’s structure with the intent of spreading them out among the member communities.<span> </span>The Administrative and Education committees were for the time at Deep Run. <span> </span>Heathcote would continue to serve as the conference center.<span> </span>A plan to develop Heathcote was proposed with an emphasis on developing the gardens and possible alternative energy and shelter.<span> </span>Jubal acknowledged a lot of good working going on at Heathcote.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The new Preamble was printed on the back page of this insert.<span> </span>Jubal wrote that the By-Laws remain essentially the same but the preamble highlighted core principles.<span> </span>In part, he added, “It was decided that the School should become directly involved both as a holder of land and as a trustee for land held by other trusts.<span> </span>In order to accomplish this effectively a new set of by-laws was required.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It was announced that three new pieces of land will be coming into the School of Living to be held in trust: “three new campuses on which to conduct our programs to demonstrate the organic life-style we have always advocated.”<span> </span>(This didn’t happen.). <span> </span>More land would be sought.<span> </span>The December issue (above) had articles about these proposed new campuses.<span> </span>He added:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“NEW SCHOOLS OF LIVING:<span> </span>Another project that we have in mind is to establish schools of living in many locations around the country.<span> </span>To do this we need good people like you who will find a location and who will have the time and energy to put into getting such a project off the ground.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“We would also like to co-sponsor seminars, workshops and conferences with other groups.<span> </span>And we do have conference facilities available at Heathcote, Deep Run and Downhill Farm <span> </span>... <span> </span>at very reasonable rates.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We learn that Jubal, no last name, had grown up on a farm.<span> </span>He had come to the School of Living in July and “his arrival caused some controversy and a lot of soul searching among some of those on the Board of Trustees and among the residents at Heathcote.”<span> </span>He was elected President in October.<span> </span>He lived at Deep Run.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At the end of the year there was a report entitled “Seeds of Change.”<span> </span>There was a list of workshops coming in 1978.<span> </span>The focus was on expanding the School of Living network, getting more people involved, and developing <i>Green Revolution</i> under a new editor, Kyla.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Reprints of articles by Borsodi were offered.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">1977<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">During 1977 the format of the GR remained the same and the ten issues were professional done.<span> </span>The publication address was given as Deep Run Farm.<span> </span>The cover art continued to be of excellent quality.<span> </span>Kyla (no last name given) carried the editorial role to August, then came a series of “guest editors.” <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Each issue had a topic.<span> </span>The first was “Energy.”<span> </span>The cover art was a very nice graphic of alternative energy mechanisms.<span> </span>Kyla also introduced “The Aquarian Research Letter.”<span> </span>This was the seventh year of the Aquarian Research Foundation, based in Philadelphia and the first year of a joint newsletter.<span> </span>Aquarian Research gave its purposes as “a research project aimed at finding ways for a whole new age to come to the planet instead of reforming the old system.”<span> </span>They proposed schools of alternative lifestyles near cities.<span> </span>I should note that I remember free universities springing up around the country but I’m not sure of the connection.<span> </span>The second issue of the year was “New Age Spirituality.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The GR offered numerous “little” magazine topics – lots of essays and very Aquarian and Counterculture.<span> </span>Contributors included some noted authors of the time. <span> </span>There was a bit more about homesteading.<span> </span>The articles are interesting, readable and informative but on the balance the GR was, again, a publication <u>by</u> the School of Living rather than <u>about</u> it.<span> </span>We find very little about the Board of Trustee or the business of the School.<span> </span>Educational offerings were much fewer.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The shift towards land trust management continued.<span> </span>Jubal, as president of the SoL, picked up the theme of land trusts in a number of issues that year.<span> </span>The third issue carried a “Community Directory” with detailed information on a hundred or more of them.<span> </span>In June 1977 he again wrote about the new set of bylaws for the School of Living as a land trust organization that had been adopted the previous year.<span> </span>In the October issue he discussed the spirit of the land trust lease.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the August 1977 issue we find the first articles by Mildred for that year.<span> </span>She wrote “Food for Health in 1918” and “Literature of the Decentralists Good Life Movement.”<span> </span>There was an insert with a long and impressive list of School of Living educational topics for 1977 and 1978 at the four School of Living locations, but principally at Deep Run.<span> </span>Mildred continued working to establish New School of Living Centers across the country that would hold their own workshops.<span> </span>A survey of readers came up with a list of what they wanted more of, including (in order of preference):<span> </span>Resource information, decentralist articles, how-to information, energy information, book and magazine review, agriculture information, political analyses and art and/or poetry. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The theme of the September 1977 issue was Henry George.<span> </span>Mildred contributed five articles.<span> </span>She contributed two more articles in the November issue.<span> </span>Jubal took over editorship of the GR in November.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The December 1977 issue was a tribute to Ralph Borsodi who had recently died. <span> </span>The following year several of Borsodi’s articles were printed posthumously.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred continued to contribute.<span> </span>She strongly promoting the back-to-the-land theme.<span> </span>Deep Run Farm was then the site of the School of Homesteading and the Green Revolution/Four Arrows homestead. <span> </span>Four Arrows was a group from Guatemala and Mexico in residence at Deep Run Farm.<span> </span>They demonstrated self-sufficient agriculture, weaving, arts and examples of their culture.<span> </span>Deep Run was trying to build community as the operational center of the School of Living and hoping to attract members with skills such as “typesetting, layout, office skills, gardening, carpentry, weaving, sewing, adult educators, etc.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Deep Run School of Homesteading and Organic Agriculture was a one-year program for young people who had finished high school.<span> </span>It was a program about growing food, for achieving self-sufficiency and living collaborative.<span> </span>Cost for the year in residence was $200.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A small pamphlet from Deep Run Farm described it as a 36 acres site, that holds weekend and longer conferences for study and action, offers a 9-months School of Homesteading, sponsors decentralist groups, and published <i>The Green Revolution</i>, “the voice for decentralization,” since 1943, and other books and pamphlets.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ann Shumway put the Deep Run Farm land into School of Living trust.<span> </span>Mildred had some three acres of her own and a 20 by 22-foot frame building with a loft.<span> </span>She was serving as President of the School of Living.<span> </span>She defined the mission:<span> </span>“We have a heritage from Ralph Borsodi and fore-runners that give us unique opportunities and responsibilities.<span> </span>We have members of intelligence and devotion.<span> </span>How can we put them all together to adequately function at Deep Run?”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a short checklist: <span> </span>“If you agree with any of the following:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->You want more space, land and nature around you<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->You want to raise more of your own food<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->You want to be active in a good neighborhood or community<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->You want to help distribute the wealth of the world more fairly<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->You want to be an active part of your “media” and government.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It asked the reader to send their response and offered a list of School of Living publications.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The December 1977 “Seeds of Change” had reported an “upbeat feeling.”<span> </span>Borsodi was credited for coining the term “land trust.”<span> </span>New land, they hoped, was being acquired in trust.<span> </span>There were four pieces of land and four more under consideration.<span> </span>This would bring the total to 1,400 acres under trust.<span> </span>A paragraph each was given to the past year at Heathcote, Downhill Farm, Sonnewald Homestead and Deep Run Farm.<span> </span>Deep Run continued to handle business and related activities of the School and the <i>Green Revolution</i>.<span> </span>Mildred was writing and traveling.<span> </span>She would spend the winter in California.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Stewardship<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With the passing of Ralph Borsodi, the legacy passed fully to Mildred.<span> </span>In January 1978, she turned age 78.<span> </span>Mildred took her stewardship seriously.<span> </span>She remained the champion of the seventeen problems framework and of decentralism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Following Borsodi’s death, a committee had been formed to oversee the publication of as yet unpublished books and writings and re-publish his out-of-print books.<span> </span>The committee was Mildred, Dr. Gordon Lameyer, Dr. Richard Dewey and Lydia Ratcliff.<span> </span>It was also announced the University of New Hampshire would archive Borsodi’s papers.<span> </span>Plans were underway to produce a <i>Borsodi Reader</i>.<span> </span>His <i>Quest for Wisdom</i> would consist of 18 pamphlets, an introduction and one each on his 17 problems<a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1977, the GR press run was 4,000; up from a low of 1,100.<span> </span>In 1975 it was changed from a newsletter format to a 20-page magazine.<span> </span>The covers were printed in color, first one, then to then three colors, the size was up to 40 pages per issue, the number of subscriptions had been doubled in a year.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">1978<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The first issue of the <i>Green Revolution</i> in 1978 was a Directory of Intentional Communities; an 80-page publication.<span> </span>It was “Produced cooperatively by <i>Communities</i> magazine and <i>Green Revolution</i> magazine.”<span> </span>A new school of Living tree logo appeared with this issue:<span> </span>A tree with roots encircling a globe.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Jubal, editor and president, wrote an article entitled “School of Living and Deep Run Farm:<span> </span>A glimpse at the ‘Grandmother’ and ‘godfather’ of the alternative movement.” <span> </span>While intentional communities had been around for some time, Jubal accredited Borsodi with “advocating and establishing the forerunners of the modern commune,” and particularly “the modern small-machine equipped homestead.”<span> </span>He had also, it was reported, advocated and established homestead communities – cooperative communities.<span> </span>He had advocated ethical land tenure.<span> </span>He was also a pioneer of organic gardening and healthy foods.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1978 the Deep Run Farm School of Living Center held the annual Decentralist Reunion, two days in July.<span> </span>Grace Lefever opened with a sharing circle. <span> </span>There was a slideshow presentation of 30 years of homesteading at Lane’s End and Sonnewald.<span> </span>There were scenes from the life of Ralph Borsodi.<span> </span>There were workshops on the seventeen problems.<span> </span>Promotions were made of Borsodi’s books. <span> </span>And we find: “Where and How Shall School of Living Operate?”<span> </span>The School of Living would provide the training needed to establish new communities.<span> </span>The communities were intended to be family oriented and multi-generational – something going back to Borsodi’s in the 1920s and 1930s.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Decentralism was the philosophy of Borsodi’s movement, it noted, and the family homestead its foundation.<span> </span>The movement, Jubal wrote, inspired the formation of many communities and he listed a number of them.<span> </span>Jubal quoted Chuck Fager who wrote in 1977:<span> </span>“Ralph Borsodi was the intellectual godfather of the modern decentralist surge in our society, a cluster of related movements including homesteading, communalism, intermediate technology, cottage industry, natural foods and holistic medicine.”<span> </span>Deep Run Farm was credited with following this ideal.<span> </span>He described the life of the Deep Run community.<span> </span>It served, he said, as a school to promote the movement.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Jubal also said that he believed Deep Run Farm and Heathcote are the only two “community owned” intentional community land trusts.<span> </span>Others are owned by nonprofit organizations.<span> </span>The distinction is that no one owns the land, it is held in common trust.<span> </span>The four campuses were listed:<span> </span>Deep Run Farm (headquarters), Downhill Farm, Heathcote Center and Sonnewald Homestead.<span> </span>He went on to note that Heathcote Center and Downhill Farm have different lifestyles than Deep Run Farm. There is no homogenous organization, no dogma laid down from above, but rather “voluntary cooperation and dignified simple living.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">For those involved, he concluded, this is an awesome responsibility.<span> </span>The legacy of the Grandmother (Mildred) and godfather (Borsodi), he wrote, “Places on us the responsibility to remain in the forefront of social change.<span> </span>…<span> </span>We hope to continue the tradition of being modern pioneers in terms of both thought and action toward a more human future.<span> </span>We believe that our learning centers are indeed demonstrating better ways of doing things and we are constantly striving to make the <b>Green Revolution</b> a more effective voice for decentralization.”<span> </span>The Green Revolution cover, I should note, for some time had headlined that it is “A Voice of Decentralism.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living also produced an 11 x 17 wall calendar with a list of workshops.<span> </span>The back of the calendar provided descriptions of workshops and of the four member communities.<span> </span>Other services offered included:<span> </span>Speaker’s bureau, Publishing, Internship and Apprenticeship and workshops held in other places.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is also a tone of soul-searching the April 1978 issue.<span> </span>It carried another article by Chuck Fager.<span> </span>Fager had in an earlier article suggested racist and sexist undertones to Borsodi’s work.<span> </span>Jubal challenged those assertions.<span> </span>Mildred responded in a long article.<span> </span>She wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“I have studied and worked closely with Ralph Borsodi for thirty-five years – long enough to have discovered his real character.<span> </span>I seem him as a strong, inner-directed person, a brilliant mind, but most of all committed to <u>acting</u> on high principles he valued.<span> </span>I have, of course, seen him impatient and occasionally blunt, but predominately he was quiet, considerate and compassionate.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred reviewed Borsodi’s accomplishments and principles and particularly his advocacy of land in trust.<span> </span>A lot of people had difficulty with that idea, she noted.<span> </span>She said she had long, and sometimes “rough” conversations with Borsodi about this view.<span> </span>For example, his decision to leave Dayton when the decision was made to take federal aid, stunned a lot of people.<span> </span>He left on principle.<span> </span>The dissolution of the Bayard Lane community came when one member broke the land trust contract to start a chicken business.<span> </span>Borsodi stood by his principles.<span> </span>She cited other instances of the collision of Borsodi’s principles, principles founded on the accumulated wisdom of humankind, millennia of careful thought and experience with life which he had sought to summarize.<span> </span>That collision was, in essence, between passivity, a lack of self-esteem, with mediocracy, and the pursuit of higher standards of human life that Borsodi advocated.<span> </span>There are, in short, two sides to the story and Mildred sided with Borsodi.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"> <a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred also wrote an article about Borsodi’s alternative currency for that issue.<span> </span>There were several other articles on money.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">‘The May 1978 issue carried a long article Borsodi had written on the health problem.<span> </span>Mildred did short reviews on nine books “of timely interest.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgSv2r1MQExLAvYKUrz-uhzuovkOL_ai7dvqcluSo76KmWLoNfxt4T6WXyAZHCgrbZKZVNfnqR_u3eWK0tw0ddVRNRhkxttL2NeWh46xOqkRpX2ZbuGq2LFOdiYJBeh_TaHUvjyXgcvWna/s1772/Mildred+Tribute+Blog.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1772" data-original-width="1344" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgSv2r1MQExLAvYKUrz-uhzuovkOL_ai7dvqcluSo76KmWLoNfxt4T6WXyAZHCgrbZKZVNfnqR_u3eWK0tw0ddVRNRhkxttL2NeWh46xOqkRpX2ZbuGq2LFOdiYJBeh_TaHUvjyXgcvWna/s320/Mildred+Tribute+Blog.png" /></a></div>The June 1978 issue, Jubal included a special tribute to Mildred.<span> </span>Mildred contributed four articles.<span> </span>It was Jubal’s last issue as editor.<span> </span>Following him there was again a series of editors.<span> </span><span style="background-color: cyan; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. </span><span> </span>The image of the world and the tree, seemingly growing out of her mind, is suggestive.<br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two articles written by Borsodi appeared in the October 1978: “Government and Authority” and “Unique Global Peace Plan.”<span> </span>Mildred contributed an article in response to these articles and one on the threat of atomic warfare.<span> </span>The December issue focused on Borsodi’s work on inflation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The highlight of the year was the Annual Decentralist Reunion held at Deep Run Farm School of Living Center in July.<span> </span>The first day was mostly gathering, sharing, hiking and swimming, volleyball and a shared supper.<span> </span>The second day included a slide show of 30 years of homesteading at Lane’s End, Sycamore Hollow, Ohio and Sonnewald Homestead.<span> </span>There were highlights from Borsodi’s life including his start with natural food; Dayton and the risks of government control; decisions from 1939 at the Suffern School of Living; his visit to Vidyanagar University in India starting 1958; and he and Bob Swann forming the community land trust.<span> </span>Sunday included six-minute presentations, including by some notable decentralist leaders such as Hazel Henderson and seven workshop breakouts.<span> </span>The School of Living board meeting came at the end.<span> </span>Over 100 people attended.<span> </span>Feedback:<span> </span>The slide show was popular.<span> </span>More conferences were requested around the country; an emphasis on action.<span> </span>Area Planning Committees were designated, with leaders in 14 regions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was, oddly, something of a prayer or benediction at the end of the conference report:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">“To Ralph Borsodi: <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Friend won’t you look down on us now<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Endow us with your brilliant know-how<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">You worked and struggled all your life long<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Trying to show where we‘d gone wrong.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Thank you Ralph for all that you’ve done<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">We’ll try to continue the work you’ve begun!<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Winding Down<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The 1979 GR was six issues.<span> </span>The quality of production was declining. <span> </span>No editors are named.<span> </span>The banner then read: “A Voice for Decentralization and Balanced Living.”<span> </span>The decentralist theme was strong.<span> </span>There were nearly a dozen workshops scheduled, including another Decentralist Reunion at Deep Run Farm. <span> </span>There are several articles by Borsodi and Mildred.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The drive for membership and new School of Living centers continued.<span> </span>The <i>Green Revolution</i> described itself as the “voice for reporting on the activities of a worldwide movement of the same name, which works for decentralized government, industry, population.<span> </span>It promotes community, community land trusts, balanced living, sufficient and healthy foods, appropriate technology, right education, homesteading, right livelihood, harmonious living on the earth, cooperative self-sufficiency, economic reform, spiritual growth.<span> </span>The School’s basic function is adult education for normal living.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The <i>Green Revolution</i> was pitched as:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“A guide to maintaining or achieving a human lifestyle and an increasingly humanized society.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Dealing with both personal and public problems<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Defining and working at universal problems of living<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->One of the longest continually published journals … from a decentralist point of view<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Provides action-oriented information, a high professional attitude and craftsmanship.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A bibliography related to each of the seventeen problems.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">An attractive brochure was produced addressing the topics of:<span> </span>“A Wholistic Education for Living,” “History,” “The Green Revolution,” “School of Living Seminar Schedule,” “Problems of Living,” and “School of Homesteading.”<span> </span>The School of Living elevator pitch was “An adult education for persons who want to improve attitudes, habits and life styles; to protect their environment; and humanize social, economic and political institutions.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred conducted a “Living Off the Land Seminar” in January at Melbourne Village in Florida.<span> </span>She kicked off the day-long program with a presentation on homesteading in the US from 1935 to 1980.<span> </span>There were ten other presentations.<span> </span>There were a number of other well-attended events including Living in Community, Alternative Energy, Land Trust, Shelter and others.<span> </span>A Lancaster, Pennsylvania newspaper ran a long article on a survival skills workshop at Deep Run.<span> </span>With gas and food shortages and Three Mile Island in the background, what are the alternatives.? These were skills, it was noted, commonly held by people of a half century before – the way they lived:<span> </span>raising food, building shelter, making their own clothing and taking care of the needs of their own family.<span> </span>Mildred, billed as “a sprightly 80-year-old,” with 40 years of homesteading experience and founder of the <i>Green Revolution</i>, was one of the instructors.<span> </span>The driving force behind the program, said Arnold Greenberg, is the inevitable crumbling of society.<span> </span>It’s not about withdrawal.<span> </span>It’s about building new communities.<span> </span>Deep Run, it was noted, had a school for children founded by Greenberg.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The first, February 1979, issue, carried an opening editorial that went on to say:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The School of Living encourages people to go ahead and live with a rich association with nature – with land, trees, waters, wind, sun and welcoming the feel of the earth beneath feet and hands. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The School of Living believes that the full development of each human being is of supreme value, and thus has as its purpose to assist people in studying the major problems of living.<span> </span>…. The School’s activities are exclusively education, including publishing, organizing conferences, seminars, institutes, lectures and local study groups; conducting consultation services and correspondence courses. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The School of Living helped to start many of the movements which are now at the forefront of social change: <span> </span>Natural Foods (1918); Community Land Trust (1932); Decentralist Organizations (1934); Appropriate Technology (1928); Alternative Education (1934); Money Reform (1934); Modern Homesteading (1920);.<span> </span><b>The Whole Earth Catalogue </b>called Green Revolution ‘the grandmother of the alternative press movement.’”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The School of Living’s centers each has its own special flavor.<span> </span>Heathcote is a collection of individual homesteads practicing low-technology energy use and self-sufficient living.<span> </span>Downhill Farm has an inimitable anarchistic style.<span> </span>Sonnewald Homestead is an inspiration of organic wholistic living with emphasis on organic gardening; apprentices learn about old-fashioned hard work living.<span> </span>Deep Run Farm is the site of the School of Homesteading, the School of Living’s Education Department, and the School’s publishing house for <b>Green Revolution</b> and other materials.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The editorials continued throughout the year to provide background and a review of the principles of the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The first 1979 issue contained “A Borsodi Commentary,” an editorial essay.<span> </span>It also announced the proposed June opening of “Deep Run School of Homesteading,” with the stated purpose “of making the transition from the consumer-oriented society to a more wholistic self-sufficient as well as cooperative lifestyle.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The March issue carried an article that had been written by Borsodi on “Agriculture in Modern Society.”<span> </span>These were brief excerpts from his 1939 book chapters in <i>Agriculture in Modern Life</i>.<span> </span>It carried a review of Wendell Berry’s <i>The Unsettling of America</i>.<span> </span>It also included an article by Mildred on “The Equal Rights of All Creatures.”<span> </span>There was an expanded list of SoL workshops.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">April was a special issue on community.<span> </span>It drew on Borsodi’s writing on “The Nature of Human Community” and “The Function of the Human Community” with extracts from <i>Education and Living</i> and a reader’s digest presentation of his essential ideas.<span> </span>Part 2 of the second article was carried the following month and another installment in the final edition of the year.<span> </span>There was an article written by Arthur Morgan, premier community builder, and friend of Mildred and Borsodi.<span> </span>Morgan, who died in 1975, had been the first chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority, was president emeritus of Antioch College at Yellow Spring, Ohio, Founder of the Arthur Morgan Institute, and had written extensively about community.<span> </span>There was a long list of intentional community resources, all available from the School of Living.<span> </span>The community theme continued through the end of the year with more articles that had been written by Borsodi and from other contributors.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Three Mile Island nuclear reactor disaster, just a few miles from Deep Run, was on everyone’s mind.<span> </span>Much of the mid-summer issue of GR was devoted to it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1979 the Deep Run Center sent a letter to School of Living members with attached Charter and amended Bylaws.<span> </span>The letter contained a membership recruitment appeal: <span> </span>“Membership in the School of Living is a way to contribute to the cause of humanization and decentralization, re-establishing of a human way of life on this continent.<span> </span>It isn’t going to happen without your effort – and the School of Living is one way to organize and coordinate that effort with the work of others.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was an organizing committee for a “Coalition for Decentralist Action” and a conference planned at Deep Run Farm.<span> </span>There were nearly two-dozen presenter names on the list, and some were noted authors of the day.<span> </span>The objective was to establish a common theme for the diverse activities related to decretalism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1980 GR went to four issues per year (and remained until it discontinued following the December 2018 issue).<span> </span>These issues continued the theme of the previous year.<span> </span>School of Living conferences were listed.<span> </span>There were more articles extracting material from Borsodi’s works.<span> </span>Mildred did book reviews.<span> </span>The Spring issued carried a long critical article about “The ‘Other’ Green Revolution,” the impact of mechanization of agriculture, initiated by Norman Borlaug, in Mexico.<span> </span>There was also a long article by British back-to-the-land leader John Seymore:<span> </span>“Post-Industrial Self-Sufficiency [Whether We Like it or Not]”. Mildred had written the introduction to his book <i>Farming for Self-Sufficiency</i>.<span> </span>That article was followed by one written by Ralph Borsodi, “Self-Sufficiency:<span> </span>Giving Life Meaning and Beauty,” and a reprint of a 1948 article by Borsodi, “Education and Living:<span> </span>Real Adult Learning.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the Early Autumn 1980 issue there is a one-page add for Mildred’s new book, <i>Decentralism:<span> </span>Where it Came From, Where it is Going?</i><span> </span>The book, it said, includes a history of the decentralist movement.<span> </span>It also has chapters describing leading School of Living related homesteads, land trusts and local currency. <span> </span>There is another article by John Seymour, “Decentralism:<span> </span>Keeping the Message Simple.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The final issue of 1980 focused on health and contained Borsodi’s “Health; Right Beliefs, Right Values, Right Practices.”<span> </span>Mildred contributed “Health at Age Eighty-One.”<span> </span>It was largely a reflection on her just published <i>Decentralism</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">For the end of the year, Arnold Greenberg and Mildred Loomis invited members to celebrate the birthday of the late Ralph Borsodi on December 7, 1980 [His birthday was actually December 20<sup>th</sup>]. <span> </span>They proposed a program to invite a few friends, share a good meal, share and display books on decentralism (an order list was included), talk about how Borsodi’s writings are relevant and useful today, and make plans as appropriate.<span> </span>They proposed this celebration as an annual affair.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The year 1981 opened with a special board meeting to discuss the future of the School of Living.<span> </span>The list of topics to review included programs that are most vital and urgent for the School to realize, how to fund these activities, a consideration of the special mission of the Green Revolution for these times and the mission of the community land trust movement.<span> </span>We lack a record of the outcome of that conversation, but the focus was the steady decline of activity of the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1981 there were two issues of <i>Green Revolution</i>.<span> </span>The cover art was gone.<span> </span>In the Summer 1981 issue (first) there was a list of eight events Mildred had recently participated in including the Fourth World (Small Nations) Conference in London.<span> </span>It was announced she would publish a paper on this conference in <i>Peace News</i>.<span> </span>She also published her report on that conference and on the “First Assembly of the Fourth World.”<span> </span>Bob Swann contributed “Towards an Economy of Permanence:<span> </span>The Place of a Local Currency.”<span> </span>That article noted that Swann “assisted Ralph Borsodi in 1968 to form the International Institute of Independence, to implement the community land trust and non-inflationary currency.”<span> </span>Swann was then developing his own land trust near Great Barrington, Mass (which became the Schumacher Center).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the second issue, December 1981, Mildred wrote a memorial for her friend Rose Smart.<span> </span>The Smart’s had a homestead near Lane’s End and she and Mildred were close.<span> </span>To highlight Rose’s support, Mildred quoted something she had written in 1959 about the effect of fragmented personalities, something she said Borsodi called “subject-centered:”<span> </span>“It takes a wholistic environment for a plant to be healthy and it takes a wholistic approach for a human being to live a “normal life.”<span> </span>That life, it was asserted, can be found on the homestead and the way of life of the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Late Winter 1981 issue of GR was a 70-page special on Guatemala.<span> </span>The Guatemala civil war was in its second decade.<span> </span>Humanitarian interests in the country were high and, as above, a connection had been established with alternative, agrarian interest there.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1982 the GR settled into a newsletter format.<span> </span>George Yamada was listed as editor.<span> </span>The first issue was, in a word, cheaply done.<span> </span>It was a six-page mimeograph.<span> </span>The quality improved after that but cover art was gone.<span> </span>It went to four pages. <span> </span>There were short informational articles, news, letters and events.<span> </span>The campaign to promote the School of Living seems to have run its course.<span> </span>I believe that had a lot to do with the fact of Mildred’s age and declining health.<span> </span>But she was by no means done.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1982, Mildred published another book, <i>Alternative Americas:</i><span> </span><i>An informal history by the grandmother of the counter-culture</i>.”<span> </span>The book contained 24 chapters, mostly earlier articles, by Mildred, that gave a synapsis of the history and principles of the School of Living.<span> </span>In September 1982 GR there was a “Local Edition” about York County and surrounding area.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Also in 1982, Mildred held the formal dedication of the Ralph Borsodi Memorial Library at Deep Run School of Living Center.<span> </span>There were 2,500 books in the collection.<span> </span>Former associates and students gave tributes to Borsodi.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The announcement carried a mimeographed page that defined the School of Living in these terms:<span> </span>First, it is not a school in the conventional sense.<span> </span>It doesn’t even have to be a building or place.<span> </span>Second it advocated homesteading as a means to achieve, independence and self-sufficiency and creative responsibility for one’s own work.<span> </span>How can you learn to be an independent homesteader?<span> </span>Attend a Homesteading School such as that offered by Deep Run.<span> </span>Apprentice to a real, organic homestead for a summer. <span> </span>Books were listed.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The year 1983 was the fiftieth anniversary of Borsodi’s <i>Flight From the City</i>.<span> </span>Mildred published several pamphlets including:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“Farewell to Departing Decentralists, Welcome to Young Leaders,”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“Eight Manifestos for a Better World,” and<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“Introduction to Major Problems of Living,” 100 pages<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It was also listed as the 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary of Borsodi’s birth (which was incorrect – it was 1888, not 1883).<span> </span>The School of Living Deep Run Center was described as three acres as part of a 26-acre SoL land trust, a small staff in residence producing its own food and publishing the <i>Green Revolution</i>, conducting workshops and conferences.<span> </span>It had a 60’ x 100’ building that served as residence, auditorium and library and a framed building that served as the Borsodi Memorial Library.<span> </span>It noted the 2,500 library volumes available for study.<span> </span>It held regular discussions on the major problems of living on two levels, both practice and principle.<span> </span>There were also workshops on group dynamics for positive emotional development.<span> </span>It appears there were 81 paid members and 220 former or invited members of the SoL.<span> </span>This indicated a dramatic decline in interest in the SoL across the country.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In April there was a one-day program about “Renewing Understanding of and Commitment to School of Living” preceding the trustees meeting.<span> </span>The afternoon session included a review of the nature and duties of SoL committees.<span> </span>The trustee meeting lacked a quorum and another meeting was scheduled.<span> </span>It was considered “extremely important … to bring to final fruition the work of many people … to bring about a revival of the SoL principles and a renewal of coordinated actions … so that SoL can get back to work on issues outside of its own reorganization.”<span> </span>There were some bylaw changes proposed to prevent deadlocks.<span> </span>The 1976 amended articles of incorporation was noted.<span> </span>A set of articles of incorporation and by-laws for a School of Living Community Land Trust Association, and a draft of a sample Lease Agreement were included.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The 1983 GR continued in newsletter format, 8 ½ x 11, eight pages.<span> </span>Workshops were listed.<span> </span>There were articles by several noted writers including Jeremy Riflin, Kirkpatrick Sale, and Bob Swann.<span> </span>Ken Kern was publishing articles about owner-built homes.<span> </span>There was a Borsodi Celebration in December and the Winter issue focused on his life and work.<span> </span>George Yamada remained editor.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The 1984 GR continued under George.<span> </span>In Summer 1984 another celebration of Borsodi’s 100<sup>th</sup> anniversary (another shift of year of birth) was announced for Thanksgiving Day.<span> </span>Curiously the article stated that Borsodi was born at sea in December 20, 1884 to Bulgarian parents immigrating to America.<span> </span>The only thing correct about that statement was December 20<sup>th</sup>.<span> </span>Borsodi was born in Vienna in 1888.<span> </span>His father was Hungarian.<span> </span>His mother died in Hungary before he was sent to his father who had established a thriving business in New York City.<span> </span>It should be noted that Borsodi himself was less than help with these dates and places.<span> </span>My research corrected these various stories.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Autumn 1984 edition covered the groundbreaking for the New Hope Community near Berea<a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>, Kentucky scheduled for February 1985.<span> </span>The community was founded by an active School of Living member and set up on lines proposed by Borsodi.<span> </span>It was 114 acres and intended for eventually 300 people.<span> </span>Mildred, True Marks and Tom Greco visited in September.<span> </span>There was some interest in moving the School of Living there.<span> </span>Mildred contributed an article about Borsodi’s <i>Education and Living</i> and published a timeline of his life and work.<span> </span>She included a comment from renowned Dr. R. M Hutchins who had written:<span> </span>“It’s a scandal and a puzzle why Ralph Borsodi is not better known.<span> </span>He’s been part of the dialogue for three generations.” <span> </span>The celebration program was published.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">About the first of October, Mildred suffered a severe stroke.<span> </span>By coincidence, a commemorative issue on the eve of her 85<sup>th</sup> birthday had been written just before this and published in two parts just afterward.<span> </span>She had by this time completed her biography of Borsodi:<span> </span><i>Ralph Borsodi:<span> </span>Reshaping Modern Culture</i>.<span> </span>Subscriptions ($12.50) were being sought to get the book in print. (The book was published, 300 paperbound copies, in 1988.)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred had begun the Borsodi biography before he died in 1977.<span> </span>Following his death, she put a lot of energy into completing it.<span> </span>She had intended it to preserve Borsodi’s legacy.<span> </span>She obviously based the work on their long association, a review of her publications, records of the School of Living since its founded, correspondence, and other documents – now, as noted, mostly lost.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">During 1985 the GR format continued with George Yamada as editor and Tom Greco and True Marks as contributing editors.<span> </span>With that year, a tree-related image reappeared with the title.<span> </span>It was more of a bunch of trees in what appeared to be a meadow.<span> </span>The opening theme was bioregionalism.<span> </span>There was more about Mildred. <span> </span>Another appeal was again made for subscriptions to help publish the book.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The continuation of the School of Living was attributed to Mildred; in these terms:<span> </span>“but for the tireless devotion of Mildred Loomis with the help of a few friends and passers-by, it might have stopped completely.”<span> </span>Work was still being done to reorganize and to define the role of the School of Living then and for its future.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In April 1985, <i>Manas</i> published a short article about Borsodi and Loomis.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In September 1985, trustee Tom Greco wrote, on behalf of the board of trustees, that the School of Living is (1) A core group of people dedicated to carrying on the work of Ralph Borsodi and Mildred Loomis and acting as coalition builders, (2) A unique library consisting of decentralist, anarchist, libertarian and alternative economic literature, (3) A nexus, with a known identity, in the network of social transformation which connects decentralists, anarchists, libertarians, egalitarians, humanitarians, ecologist and all lovers of life, (4) A collecting point for diverse periodicals and literature, (5) Custodian and archivist for the writings of Ralph Borsodi and Mildred Loomis, past issues of the <i>Green Revolution</i> and other pamphlets and publications.<span> </span>[These things did not happen.]<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living, he wrote, had been and could again be the vibrant center of a Decentralist Center.<span> </span>That might be the new community at New Hope.<span> </span>Mildred’s <i>Ralph Borsodi, Reshaping Modern Culture</i>, being edited that that time by George Yamada, and needed support.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Winter 1985 edition carried a memorial tribute to Tim Lefever, founder of Sonnewald and long-time School of Living board member. <span> </span>Tim and Grace Lefever had been stalwart supporters of Mildred and the School of Living for decades.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1986, the <i>Green Revolution</i> continued as a nicely printed, eight page, 8 ½ x 11 newsletters.<span> </span>It carried a variety of current affairs and personal interest articles.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A September 1986 workshop, “Women’s Permaculture Design Course” was offered by the Heathcote Women’s Community and Permaculture Center.<span> </span>It was clarified that Heathcote was a rural feminist women’s community and was looking for new members.<span> </span>They were then in the planning stages of becoming a permaculture center.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred’s End<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The story is that Mildred suffered a stroke on October 1, 1984 although there is some question about the exact date.<span> </span>She dictated her will September 28, 1984.<span> </span>Mildred was feeling ill, and, in some pain, decided to go over her finances.<span> </span>They were not inconsiderable for the time.<span> </span>She had interest-bearing accounts in Ohio and Nebraska, one apparently a legacy from her father.<span> </span>She had no heirs.<span> </span>She had pledged $5,000 to New Hope, apparently against the cost of an apartment for her and True.<span> </span>She wanted to leave a nest egg of $15,000 to cover publishing her Borsodi biography and <i>Borsodi as I Knew Him</i> (both published).<span> </span>Profits from the sales of these books was to go to the School of Living.<span> </span>She wanted another $5,000 for New Hope.<span> </span>She bequeathed her remaining estate to the School of Living saying, “I want what I have to go to the School of Living if it emphasizes, demonstrates and sponsors education in 17 problems of Living as defined by Borsodi.”<span> </span>Apparently, she later requested that half of her estate go to New Hope.<span> </span>Mildred’s sister assented to these conditions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In November 1984 Mildred was reported feeding herself, walking but finding it difficult to talk.<span> </span>It appears Mildred was placed in a rest home in Dallastown for the winter.<span> </span>True assumed management of Deep Run Farm.<span> </span>There was also discussion of guardianship for Mildred.<span> </span>That was accomplished in January 1985.<span> </span>Mildred was asked by a court “to show cause why you should not be adjudged an Incompetent and a Guardian appointed for your estate.”<span> </span>Gertrude M. Ritche, the court document declared, was appointed guardian.<span> </span>Mildred’s sister also apparently consented to the guardianship.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred had a 1,000-page manuscript that explained the School of Living principles that she wanted published.<span> </span>And she wanted to find an active arm to help disseminate it.<span> </span>She had hoped that New Hope would be a new School of Living center.<span> </span>In a note two months before Mildred’s death, True noted that “One aspect of Mildred’s will is making sure that Borsodi publications are taken care of.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred died September 18, 1986.<span> </span>After her stroke, it is said, she had tried to keep working, tried to learn to type again, but she had another stroke and age and declining health finally caught up with her.<span> </span>She could no longer speak but wrote messages.<span> </span>Her friend and caretaker, True Ritchie was with her.<span> </span>True said that at 9 am, as she sat holding Mildred’s hand, talking to her, that Mildred closed her eyes and took a last breath.<span> </span>Mildred had stopped eating 18 days before but drank herbal tea.<span> </span>Her body was cremated, and her ashes spread at Heathcote and apparently several other places she loved.<span> </span>The second GR issue for 1986 was a memorial to her.<span> </span>With her death, and with that issue, the address of the School of Living moved to Spring Grove, Pa.; the Sonnewald Homestead.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With her death “a chapter of history has come to a close,” wrote Tom Greco.<span> </span>Tom and Alanna Hartzok wrote parting letters to Mildred.<span> </span>Both had known her for about five years.<span> </span>Tom wrote: “Though small in stature and frail in appearance, she spoke with authority; her strength of character and faithfulness to principles were immense.”<span> </span>Tom went on to say that as Borsodi was the Father, then Mildred was the Mother of Decentralism. “She was Borsodi’s most faithful disciple.<span> </span>She constantly put forth the immense legacy of this great scholar in words more easily understood.<span> </span>…. <span> </span>Her whole life was a demonstration of how to take charge of one’s life – how to be responsible and free, how to be heathy, how to be happy and fulfilled.<span> </span>Her life gave meaning to the ideas of self-reliance and right livelihood.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Alanna wrote of their first meeting as she was leading a workshop about Henry George at a conference in California.<span> </span>After some 20 minutes, Alanna wrote that Mildred said: “We know all of this, Now the question is, what do we do about it?”<span> </span>Alanna added: “Your life has been full of so much that I admire.<span> </span>The profound thinker part of you, the communicator and the clear writer in you all so wonderfully blended with high purpose and down to earth practically.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With Mildred’s death there was a shift.<span> </span>During her last year the (last) School of Living center, at Deep Run Farm, was closed.<span> </span>Her treasured Borsodi Memorial Library was shut down and books, sets of <i>Green Revolution</i> and other materials were boxed up and disbursed. <span> </span>Deep Run Farm was taken out of trust and sold back into private hands.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Epilog<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred had carried the legacy of Borsodi and his School of Living for four decades.<span> </span>Now it was fading like the shadow of a tree as the sun sets.<span> </span>What difference, you may ask, does it make?<span> </span>Perhaps it is like Mildred suggested to Alanna that “the proof is in the pudding.”<span> </span>It is what you do.<span> </span>Mildred was unconditionally dedicated to Borsodi’s educational mission.<span> </span>They both knew that learning was the foundation of life, that life is problems and that to solve them we need to define them and to draw on our unique capacity as human beings to consult the accumulated experience of our ancestors.<span> </span>From that we form our personalities, our character, our moral capacity.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Moral competence was high on the list for Loomis and Borsodi.<span> </span>Their work was never about themselves but the well-being and the destiny of the human race.<span> </span>They followed Jefferson, and a long line of teachers from ancient times in all cultures, in holding that we not only need education, but we need to elevate the capacity of those who have it to a position of leadership.<span> </span>Not coercive leadership but stewardship.<span> </span>This is leading by example.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What happened to the SoL (as it was increasingly referred to) after Mildred’s death cannot be defined as another turning point.<span> </span>It was a discontinuity.<span> </span>The School of Living, from the time Borsodi founded his homestead in 1920 to her death, was a tour de force.<span> </span>Borsodi and Mildred were two highly gifted people who formed a rare and powerful partnership.<span> </span>There were many intrepid associates along the path.<span> </span>As Mildred said, the School of Living was far from perfect.<span> </span>It was far from finished.<span> </span>They were very human.<span> </span>They made mistakes.<span> </span>And they just kept going.<span> </span>When Borsodi died, Mildred, aged and frail, kept the standard flying until her own health failed.<span> </span>There is something heroic in her last crusade.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were stalwart supporters of hers who tried to maintain what remained of the legacy after Deep Run closed and the library was dismantled but they wore down, most went their own way.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The SoL Continues<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1988 the address of the School of Living moved to Cochranville, PA.<span> </span>George Yamada had been editor since 1982.<span> </span>George lived in Toronto.<span> </span>That year he passed the editorship on.<span> </span>The format of the <i>Green Revolution</i> remained essentially the same over the years since.<span> </span>The <i>Green Revolution</i> continued as a “little” magazine – lots of interesting articles but little of the legacy principles Mildred had worked so hard to preserve and little about the affairs of the organization.<span> </span>The issues were well edited and professional printed.<span> </span>With the Fall 1992 a new Tree of Life logo appeared, designed by Martha Shaw.<span> </span>A tree had been the symbol of the School of Living from its inception and had gone through revision, sometimes forgotten, but again restored.<span> </span>“The Tree of Life,” it was noted, “symbolizes balance – with its roots in the Earth and its branches in the Heavens.”<span> </span>There were at that time 123 paid members of the SoL.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The business address is now Julian Woods in Centre County, Pennsylvania.<span> </span>Only the Heathcote land trust remains in the network of Mildred’s last days, albeit reported to be “going back to nature.” <span> </span>Several other properties have come under its land trust management.<span> </span>Today the School of Living seeks to find a role suitable for its members and the world as they understand it.<span> </span>There are two working homesteads, both with fine organic gardens.<span> </span>There is little in the way of formal educational programming.<span> </span>Membership it appears has declined.<span> </span>The newsletter, “School of Living News,” is now a monthly digital item.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The last Green Revolution editor, Bob Flatley, and I, and a few others, have over a number of years worked to revive the Borsodi/Loomis legacy.<span> </span>We digitalized many of Borsodi’s books, I visited the New Hampshire archives, we received several boxes of old publications from the Danzeisen estate – friends, neighbors and strong supporters of Mildred in Ohio – in 2016 from which I have drawn much of the material for these volumes.<span> </span>Kevin Slaughter republished Borsodi’s <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> in 2019.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The SoL itself, however, has moved on, evolved a post-Borsodi perspective.<span> </span>I was a Trustee for a couple of years. <span> </span>We discussed revival of the legacy.<span> </span>While the interest was polite, I think the prospect for doing so is far too demanding for the board to even consider and not essential to their current vision.<span> </span>It would take resources and organization and, indeed, considerable development of the core educational material (there is plenty of material on gardening and homesteading available from other sources).<span> </span>It would take, once again, a driven and committed leader for such a program.<span> </span>For those interested, the School of Living can be found online.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And so, this material is offered in hope that others will pick up the legacy, continue research and find application.<span> </span>I think the times ahead of us fully justify the effort to bring this legacy back to public view.<span> </span>Transition Centre will in fact continue to work along these lines.<span> </span>I have published the first of a serious of books to move this process forward:<span> </span>Self-Reliance:<span> </span><i>Achieving Personal Resiliency and Independence</i>, at this <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07J1Q84RZ/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1538681689&sr=1-6&keywords=sharp+self-reliance" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">link</a><a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Sociology was beginning a period of rather intense self-evaluation and self-criticism at this time. I was caught up in that. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> There are hundreds of prospects today – economically distressed communities around the country. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Swann organized the Schumacher Society, now Schumacher Center for New Economic, at Great Barrington, MA, that continues both the land trust and local currency legacy, as well as a repos<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Something like this had been done in India and copies of pamphlets printed there are in the archives.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="Bill"><a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> Fager, I would note, clearly misunderstood that when Borsodi presented a problem, he presented all sides of it. And as clearly established, the School of Living considered a woman’s place as on the land, homesteading. Not the office of the feminist movement<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span>. Borsodi was in fact a strong advocate of racial and gender equality and his views were often opposed by NIMBY protest. We need to understand that much of his later work was firmly rooted in India where his views seem to have been more respected than “in his own land.” These issues, however, are still unresolved within the School of Living to the present.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> Was there a connection with Berea College which is distinctive in not charging tuition?<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://C10C056E-E873-4DC6-AC98-3DA5E84AB1D4#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a><i>Achieving Personal Resiliency and Independence</i> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07J1Q84RZ/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1538681689&sr=1-6&keywords=sharp+self-reliance">https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07J1Q84RZ/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1538681689&sr=1-6&keywords=sharp+self-reliance</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-49352782656842943382021-02-26T12:03:00.000-08:002021-02-26T12:03:31.301-08:00New School of Living Heathcote<p> Bill Sharp (c) February 26, 2021</p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Context<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The closing of Lane’s End and the formal shift of direction for the School of Living to Heathcote in Maryland, represents something that, in retrospect, can only be called a discontinuity.<span> </span>The Heathcote Center was intended to perpetuate and expand the School of Living network.<span> </span>Mildred had spent years diligently laying the groundwork for that transition.<span> </span>What happened there, as we shall see, provide a special challenge for her.<span> </span>Intent on retiring.<span> </span>She found herself struggling to preserve the dream she and Borsodi had shared for so long.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That struggle would continue to the end of Mildred’s life.<span> </span>When Mildred died in 1986 there was yet another discontinuity.<span> </span>The legacy she sought to preserve, in essence came to an abrupt end.<span> </span>The “smoking gun” was that with Mildred’s death, the Borsodi Memorial Library she created was closed, books disbursed, and legacy records lost.<span> </span>As a sociologist I have to understand the process that bought this about.<span> </span>While not an unusual occurrence with the death of a founder, given the extraordinary mission of the School of Living, I think this course of events warrants thoughtful study.<span> </span>This and the following chapter will attempt to capture what I have learned about that period.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Foundation<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The six Green Revolution years (1963 – 1968) had been extremely busy and productive for Mildred.<span> </span>She had once again advanced the School’s programs.<span> </span>She had worked to expand its impact on society, to make it a leader in cultural change.<span> </span>Borsodi had published his <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> as this period began and <i>Seventeen Problems</i> at the end, as he reached his 80<sup>th</sup> year in 1968; nearly a half century since establishing his homestead.<span> </span>Mildred did a great deal of work for <i>Seventeen Problems</i>, essentially preparing a draft typescript in 1963 and subsequently produced study materials.<span> </span>She had also worked with Borsodi to set up an international foundation that brought his land trust model to maturity.<span> </span>She had advocated and saw the fruition of a New School of Living headquarters (Heathcote).<span> </span>In the process she had clearly articulated the School’s basic philosophy and mission.<span> </span>After her husband died in 1968, she sold Lane’s End and moved to Heathcote.<span> </span>She celebrated her 69<sup>th</sup> birthday, January 1969.<span> </span>She had been the leader of the School of Living programs for 25 years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Over the course of a half-century, Borsodi and Mildred had accomplished an incredible list of things.<span> </span>As we shall see, neither of them was yet done.<span> </span>We have two incredibly resilient personalities who established an extraordinary synergy.<span> </span>There are stories within stories over the course of their careers.<span> </span>I’ve just touched on them.<span> </span>I think there is much fertile ground for future researchers.<span> </span>I think there is material here not just about the story of the School of Living, about Borsodi and Loomis, but something to be learned from the dynamics of their joint careers within the context of their time.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are some very remarkable things about the Borsodi-Loomis partnership.<span> </span>The first of these is that they sought practical expression of their ideas; not just philosophy and theory.<span> </span>The second is that they sought to create an alternative culture – to give us a choice about our future.<span> </span>While “new” in terms of how modern society has emerged over the last century or two, it was founded on perennial principles – the way of nature and of society close to nature; of people who worked the land and lived their lives productively, creatively and when their end came, knew that future generations would prosper in their place.<span> </span>Their objective was not utopian; it was down-to-earth.<span> </span>The third is that they created an incredibly systematic program.<span> </span>They covered the full spectrum of human experience.<span> </span>The fourth is that they took the idea of learning, of education, to a new level.<span> </span>They represented a long line of teachers going back to ancient times, through classical times (Rome and Greece and China and India) who sought to elevate the human experience of the life we are given.<span> </span>Borsodi synthesized that legacy and Mildred added significantly to it.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The loss of the voluminous and meticulous records is indeed egregious but that loss itself points to a problem of movements in general as well as the particular fate of the School of Living.<span> </span>I think it is tragic that we have lost much of the institutional memory of the School of Living.<span> </span>But if we do not have ready access to the facts, we do have the questions.<span> </span>We have bits and pieces, and they are suggestive.<span> </span>What can we learn from this transitional period, after the close of Lane’s End and to the end of Mildred’s life?<span> </span>This will be my focusing in this and the next chapter.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Seventies<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The period defined by Heathcote, following the closing of Lane’s End, represented a significant shift in School of Living philosophy.<span> </span>It can perhaps best be understood as a science fiction warp shift.<span> </span>Heathcote was the fourth official center of the School of Living.<span> </span>The intention was to continue, to evolve, and to expand its programs.<span> </span>But there were some significant changes in the organization and operations of the School of Living.<span> </span>To start, Heathcote was the first School of Living center not under Borsodi’s or Mildred’s direct control.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It was time to pass the torch to a new generation.<span> </span>The times, the Sixties and Seventies, defined that generation.<span> </span>This was the Youth era and Mildred, for better or worse, came to be recognized as “Grandmother of the Counterculture.”<span> </span>The youth culture would shape the story of Heathcote as we move into the 1970s.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This period, these youth, probed the question of leadership and of greater importance probed the values of a culture clearly, as Sorokin, Spengler, Toynbee and others described, and as Borsodi and Mildred well understood, on the way down.<span> </span>The stakes were high for the future of civilization during the twentieth century.<span> </span>Some two-dozen major civilization, and untold numbers of lesser ones, have come and gone.<span> </span>Is what we called Western Civilization exempt?<span> </span>The School of Living mission had been to provide an alternative culture; a safe, sane and secure post-industrial culture.<span> </span>It was a rational program.<span> </span>The seventies were an irrational time.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">When the idea of “progress” was first conceived at the dawn of the modern age, it did not envision the urban-industrial complex.<span> </span>It was about the elevation of the human mind and spirit.<span> </span>We got something we didn’t expect.<span> </span>From at least the time of Emerson and Thoreau, many of our best thinkers became nervous about this shift from us to “it” – a mechanical paradigm of cosmos and nature.<span> </span>The industrial economy quickly outraced our grasp of affairs, our ability to manage it, and of our ability to define our own destiny.<span> </span>Addressing that problem was Borsodi’s and Mildred’s mission.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Spengler said that the spirit of our society is an endless vision.<span> </span>That came out of science and invention which allowed intrepid explorers to navigate around the world and blast obstacles out of their way with gunpowder.<span> </span>It gave us printing.<span> </span>It gave us the nation state.<span> </span>It gave us an economy that must constantly expand.<span> </span>That vision, in our creative stage, is what made us, Spengler said; and is what will unmake us.<span> </span>Borsodi saw that but like his friend Sorokin, he hoped to mitigate the inevitable.<span> </span>We are not machines.<span> </span>And we are not animals.<span> </span>We are aware, thinking beings.<span> </span>Nature has provided us with a brain for solving problems; not creating them.<span> </span>This was Borsodi’s challenge and the one he sought to resolve.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Traditionally a culture declines when its creativity fades. <span> </span>Along with that people loses their sense of moral compass.<span> </span>Our world is not so much fading as it is going into a state of disequilibrium.<span> </span>Our new science, actually the newest, the post-machine era science of quantum physics, tells us a great deal about what happens in systems that go out of equilibrium:<span> </span>they fail.<span> </span>It’s actually a common phenomenon in nature.<span> </span>Unstable systems collapse, often implode.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">When civilization collapse, people go back to the land.<span> </span>The cities go to ruin.<span> </span>The agrarian life is our fallback.<span> </span>When Jefferson was around, he had a dream of bringing new life to agrarianism through free society and universal education.<span> </span>Borsodi’s vision, and Loomis’ as well, was to re-establish an agrarian culture now; to meld what is best in our science and technology with what is best with life on the land.<span> </span>In short, it was to achieve Jefferson’s dream; to put us on the road to progress as human beings, not as parts of a gigantic global machine.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">So, let’s set the context.<span> </span>In summary, the School of Living was originally founded in 1934 by Ralph Borsodi; first located at Suffern, New York.<span> </span>Leading up to its founding, he had worked for 14 years, written four books, undertaken a major experiment in homesteading community, and was beginning to develop his core educational program.<span> </span>In 1936 a dedicated headquarters was constructed in the Bayard Lane community.<span> </span>Mildred worked there for a year.<span> </span>In 1945 the School of Living was moved to Lane’s End, Mildred and John Loomis’ homestead in Ohio.<span> </span>This was, of course, represented a major shift in leadership – to Mildred.<span> </span>They constructed a new building to house School’s operations there.<span> </span>Mildred produced a torrent of publications.<span> </span>In 1949 – 1950, Borsodi, after closing down operations in New York, moved to Florida and reincorporated the School of Living of America (chartered 1952).<span> </span>He amended the charter to form the University of Melbourne in 1954.<span> </span>That year, Mildred re-incorporated the School of Living in Ohio.<span> </span>That made three School of Living centers: three distinctive stages in the evolution of the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Starting in 1963, the <i>Green Revolution</i> years saw a further evolution of that mission.<span> </span>Borsodi had worked diligently to develop his educational system at Melbourne and in India.<span> </span>Mildred maintained the homesteading network.<span> </span>She worked to translate Borsodi’s educational ideas into a practical program.<span> </span>They both knew that we must have a program to learn our way into the future.<span> </span>There was a network around them that provided great synergy.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyhfnGGvYO_Zfu6vC0HqurGeA_NW9gozyp_zvPBbo8jh8PXdSI3_3ufx5sE3ucmQgoyBr0poGilpvsmTBKFue8zvI-g5qYP4yHLGDgN76-wzxDdZO5AfPOgyyH9Y8OkwdqCQBo5CF_LSmU/s1744/Mildred+at+Heathcote.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1432" data-original-width="1744" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyhfnGGvYO_Zfu6vC0HqurGeA_NW9gozyp_zvPBbo8jh8PXdSI3_3ufx5sE3ucmQgoyBr0poGilpvsmTBKFue8zvI-g5qYP4yHLGDgN76-wzxDdZO5AfPOgyyH9Y8OkwdqCQBo5CF_LSmU/w320-h262/Mildred+at+Heathcote.png" width="320" /></a></div>The Heathcote center was dedicated in January 1967 and Mildred moved there in the Fall of 1968.<span> </span>She had called it the New School of Living (the fourth).<span> </span>She had hoped a new generation would take over her role, and passion.<span> </span>She wanted to become a gentle godmother for the movement.<span> </span>That was not to be.<span> </span>Unfortunately, successors, leadership of their quality and commitment, of vision and energy, were not forthcoming.<span> </span>The young did flock to Heathcote.<span> </span>As Dylan sang, “the times they were a changin.’”<span> </span>The Aquarian age was one of turmoil.<span> </span>An old culture was failing, and youth were set adrift.<span> </span>The Populist culture, with a literature and thoughtful culture, that defined Borsodi and Mildred and their generation, was dying.<span> </span>Community, as a social institution, was disintegrating.<span> </span>The ugly civilization had gotten a whole lot uglier.<span> </span>There was a small library of books lamenting the passing of a way of life that had defined a great democracy.<span> </span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The new generation were feeling more of a sense of alienation than mission.<span> </span>There is another small but impressive literature about them.<span> </span>The Human Potential Movement, initiated by friends of Borsodi’s such as Aldous Huxley and Abraham Maslow, while seeking “The Transformation,” as George Leonard expressed it, into a new era, became more focused on individual psychotherapy and body work: “I’m OK,” “feeling groovy,” and “doing my own thing.”<span> </span>How that trend evolved can be found as the Sixties turned into the Seventies.<span> </span>The Seventies, wild and crazy as they were, the disco decade, was also labeled the “decade of despair. <span> </span>“The Counterculture was a flash in the pan and had essentially run its course by the time the term had been coined at the end of the 1960s.<span> </span>But it did produce a number of core adherents who had adopted the lifestyle and values of communal living. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I became a social-psychologist in the 1970s in no small part to try to understand and remediate what I was experiencing.<span> </span>I lived in a moderate-sized city that had the vision of being a great community, but it was already feeling a strong headwind:<span> </span>socially, economically, environmentally and politically.<span> </span>I was trained by the last of that Populist generation of deep thinkers and thoughtful social activists.<span> </span>This is largely why I found the Borsodi/Loomis legacy compelling.<span> </span>They were pioneers, they were visionaries, they worked diligently to give us a workable alternative.<span> </span>I’ve followed their lives to this point.<span> </span>If this were a symphony, these last two chapters would represent the “coda.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As this process unfolds below, I think it will become clear the challenges that occurred, and, for all practical purposes, not resolved, with the founding of the Heathcote Center.<span> </span>This process would define the course of events over almost two decades and, for that matter, the history of the SoL, as it has become popularly named, to this day.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A New School of Living<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As previously noted, Mildred had a large vision for a new center for the School of Living.<span> </span>That became the foundation of her program to build a legacy, a heritage.<span> </span>She got down to business early in 1963.<span> </span>She said she wanted to establish an intentional community for up to 100 families.<span> </span>She already had about 30 interested families.<span> </span>She polled members and discussed the project at the August 1963 Homesteading Festival and the 1964 annual meeting.<span> </span>A follow-up questionnaire was sent out.<span> </span>There were 52 responses.<span> </span>Respondents suggested locations all over the country and one suggested Mexico.<span> </span>Of the proposed locations, some were already School of Living affiliates and Mildred, perhaps suggestively, wrote about several of them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1964 Mildred wrote a short item in <i>Green Revolution</i>: “Do We Want A New Community?” in which she further outlined her vision of an ideal community.<span> </span>Later that year she shared additional views about a new School of Living Community Center.<span> </span>Financial and legal question were numerous and baffling.<span> </span>Who, for example, should own the property?<span> </span>It was proposed that members could buy stock in the community trust (suggested $350 per share, 100 shares, each for 2 1/3 to 2 ½ acres).<span> </span>The land should be owned by the community itself, not the School.<span> </span>It should have a model farm.<span> </span>Mildred wanted the discussion to continue in the <i>Green Revolution</i> about what lines to organize the community around.<span> </span>It’s clear that rigid organization was unpopular.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a little story told about the School of Living Homestead Festival that gave context to creating the New School of Living at Heathcote.<span> </span>In 1960 Rose and Ralph Smart, Sycamore Hollow Homestead, West Alexandria Ohio (10 miles west of Dayton) said “Let’s have a Homestead Festival” which they did at their homestead.<span> </span>In 1961 Harold and Grace Lefever, Sonnewald Homestead, Spring Grove, Pennsylvania hosted the event.<span> </span>In 1962 the Festival was in Danielson, Connecticut.<span> </span>In 1963 Wayside Farm, New Hope, Pennsylvania.<span> </span>In 1964 it was at Ragged Mt. Farm in Virginia, for two weeks.<span> </span>With momentum building, in 1965 Grace and Harold Lefever, Bill and Margaret Anacker and a few others said, “Let’s get busy on the Old Mill at Heathcote Haven, in Maryland, and turn it into a School of Living headquarters.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In late 1964, Mildred reported a proposal was consider from the Anacher’s about an old, three-story stone mill on their property as a possible site for the headquarters of an Eastern branch of the School of Living.<span> </span>The Anacher’s described their 73-acre farm near the Maryland-Pennsylvania border.<span> </span>It could support six to ten families.<span> </span>It has two streams.<span> </span>The mill could serve as a community house or headquarters for the School of Living: “It could be developed into a money-maker, as a showcase for homesteading, the display of craft ware for sale, sale of health foods, etc.<span> </span>The second and third floors would make ideal guest rooms for students and visitors.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In a brief item, “New Life at The Old Mill,” readers learned that the mill had worked for 150 years, until 40 years ago.<span> </span>The Lefever’s supported the Anacher’s in believing the Old Mill was both symbolically and actually the ideal place for School of Living activities.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It seems the decision was pretty much agreed upon, if not formalized, by the end of 1964.<span> </span>A building fund was established. <span> </span>There was a workbee at the “Anacher Mill” Labor Day weekend.<span> </span>The event was conducted as a festival.<span> </span>There were three more workbees, Jan 1 -3, Feb 20 -22 and Feb 27-28, 1965, under the guidance of the Lefever’s.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In March 1965 Mildred announced yet another workbee scheduled for April, a Summer workshop and the annual meeting scheduled at Heathcote (the name the center had by then assumed).<span> </span>They had a headquarters fund of $994.00 for Old Mill expenditures.<span> </span>Mildred wrote that the general goal was: “To cooperatively make Heathcote Homestead’s 75 acres one of the beautiful, productive and significant Shangri Las in America!<span> </span>All welcome to participate.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The idea of building a community did not, however, fare so well.<span> </span>She wrote that in her surveys, “the drive for community is not pressing or urgent in most responses.”<span> </span>While many members were highly dissatisfied with the established way of life, few were willing to come together to form a new community.<span> </span>Most who would join would do so only after the community was established, not to help create it.<span> </span>She invited everyone to attend the upcoming annual meeting.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As previously reported, in March 1965 Mildred’s <i>Go Ahead and Live</i> was published.<span> </span>“In it, 12 ‘informal faculty’ members of our School assist a young couple to face and solve real personal and public problems,” she wrote.<span> </span>We learn that Mildred had invested $2,400 of her own funds in its publication and it sold 600 copies in the first year, repaying her investment.<span> </span>This was Mildred’s handbook for the Green Revolution, a guidebook for starting a homestead, and voiced her emerging philosophy for the future of the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The July 3 – 11, 1965 annual meeting was held at the Mill.<span> </span>The program for the meeting included work projects on the Mill, discussion about the new School of Living center and Heathcote community (Bill Anacker and Loomis respectively), taxes, zoning and land allotment at Heathcote, health, human relations, parent-child relations.<span> </span>Paul Goodman, who wrote <i>Communitas</i> and other social reform books, was invited to speak.<span> </span>A Youth Rally was planned.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Sixty people attended the meeting.<span> </span>Mildred made a presentation on libertarian economics.<span> </span>The current economy, she held, is simply unworkable.<span> </span>About this time Mildred wrote an article recommending a barter economy.<span> </span>There were questions unanswered and need further probing:<span> </span>She asked: <span> </span>What (and where) is a libertarian community?<span> </span>How much individualism and how much group action exists?<span> </span>What is a basic bond in community, other than religion or authority?<span> </span>How to implement libertarian economics in an intentional community?<span> </span>What kind of school would a community best have?<span> </span>What are useful techniques for outgrowing anger, hatred, feeling of pressure and obligation?<span> </span>In other words, how to become a free person?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“A Decentralist Code” was printed to summarize the core principles of the new community:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->I will content myself with a minimum of things conducive to a clean, comfortable and efficient abode.<span> </span>Counter advertising.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->I will live on the land, to develop a healthful, human way of living.<span> </span>Counter urbanism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->I will grow my own, use it up, build it myself, make it do, wear it out.<span> </span>Counter commercialism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->I will hold only as much land as I can use, and as is necessary to secure possession of the improvements which I and my family put upon it.<span> </span>Counter speculation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We will produce first to supply all or most of our own needs; then a small surplus of some staple article of good quality to supply others at cost through a Merchandising Cooperative.<span> </span>Counter over-speculation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->I will read and help produce our own publications; help conduct and patronize our own rental and book-purchasing service.<span> </span>Counter propaganda.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->I will help education our children in their own home, community and school.<span> </span>Counter mis-education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->I will refuse cooperation with all invasive acts; I will join with others to provide ourselves voluntarily the common services which we need and want.<span> </span>Counter government.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->I will embrace a religion or philosophy only after trial; hold fast to such teachings as day by day living demonstrates is good.<span> </span>I will join our own burial association for dignified and inexpensive rites for the deceased.<span> </span>Counter superstition.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWL02Iq6BW7sRwEPD3oJcSoFp3yCOfH5zC5AtpJoDNhewDho73xLN41PX_PXKxTcnDvVgr0zUY2Weph_3UjRd8kCUuQV3hV89b8xRXU9eprEXcxASQT7e1HTultQTxDutAlt1gBrXunNC/s1824/Heathcote+Workbee.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1358" data-original-width="1824" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWL02Iq6BW7sRwEPD3oJcSoFp3yCOfH5zC5AtpJoDNhewDho73xLN41PX_PXKxTcnDvVgr0zUY2Weph_3UjRd8kCUuQV3hV89b8xRXU9eprEXcxASQT7e1HTultQTxDutAlt1gBrXunNC/s320/Heathcote+Workbee.png" width="320" /></a></div>In October 1965, 30 people attended a Labor Day workbee at the Old Mill.<span> </span>Material for roofing and septic tanks wiped out the $1,000 building fund.<span> </span>A group of young people, it was reported, considering starting an intentional community.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In May 1966, the <i>Green Revolution</i> announced that the School of Living trustees had committed to purchase part of Heathcote Farm for the new center and community for $15,000.<span> </span>Two months latter the cost of Heathcote property was reduced to $12,500 for the old mill, four other buildings and 48 acres.<span> </span>The Anacher’s put up $1,000.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Nearly 100 people attended the Intentional Community Conference in June 1966 at “Heathcote Farm, School of Living Center.”<span> </span>The announcement for the event read:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Our generation is faced with problems that are psychological as well as political or economic.<span> </span>We live in a nation that has the material wealth to keep everyone healthy, and it does not.<span> </span>We have the power to keep the peace, and we make war.<span> </span>Our people are cut off from their own life and feelings; divided from each other and separated from themselves.<span> </span>However, we are a generation armed with greater knowledge of human psychology than those before us.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The community movement is based on the proliferating of interlocking and interdependent I –thou relationships rather than on the control of an elite cadre over the actions of an exploited mass.<span> </span>This is the classical definition of Gemeinschaft – a social order in which relationships are considered to have a reality and importance in themselves aside from any importance which they might have toward achieving certain goals.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The ultimate goal is for a world in which all people are involved with their entire selves in lives that are lived as ends in themselves.<span> </span>This is utopia.<span> </span>But the smallest social unit in which one can be totally committed to action which encompasses all human needs is the community.<span> </span>And since communities of this sort don’t exist, it is necessary to build them.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is clear that a social agenda was emerging at Heathcote.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At the gathering at Heathcote in August, the workshop program included “The Type of Educational Program We Can Best Develop.”<span> </span>A group of ten correspondents had been formed to work with Mildred to develop this program.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In October 1966 the annual meeting, five days, was held at Heathcote and attended by 80 adults and 13 children.<span> </span>There were six discussions of practical problems and a workbee. <span> </span>A New Years greeting came out on note paper in October 1966 with photo of the Heathcote mill and the message:<span> </span>“Let all SoL members share with their friends our news of a new Center.<span> </span>Let this picture help convey the sturdy values, the strength of the handiwork, the beauty of the countryside, and the education for the good life to which it will be dedicated this coming Jan 1, 1967.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dedication of Heathcote<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLjFjzeZOtwoyHa5B5A8NPAi8OwceFX8RobJ__RMRW6nQv0jI2UACFrm1RSfnN43fZsI4mw09ALMkUk3I2RMdHKB0zWmMKjtO8y2-_Ocm1KRiZ6BseuqlUzhIhrGS23czsH1nGUuoddza2/s962/Leo+Koch.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="856" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLjFjzeZOtwoyHa5B5A8NPAi8OwceFX8RobJ__RMRW6nQv0jI2UACFrm1RSfnN43fZsI4mw09ALMkUk3I2RMdHKB0zWmMKjtO8y2-_Ocm1KRiZ6BseuqlUzhIhrGS23czsH1nGUuoddza2/w178-h200/Leo+Koch.png" width="178" /></a></div>Heathcote Center was dedicated January 1<sup>st</sup>, 1967.<span> </span>School of Living President Leo Koch and Mildred officiated.<span> </span>Koch was a noted radical in his own right advocating free sexuality, a civil rights demonstrator and member of CORE and antiwar activist – a World War II naval officer he was a leader of Veterans for Peace.<span> </span>He was dismissed from the University of Illinois, where he was a professor of biology, due to an open letter supporting student sexual freedom in 1960.<span> </span>He joined the School of Living in 1958 and was first elected President of the Board of Trustees in 1965.<span> </span>He retired to a sizable homestead in northwestern Arkansas in 1970 and died in 1982.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Koch’s statement emphasized the School of Living mission to make a better world:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ever since the dawn of recorded history, we have been told that human beings have faced unprecedented problems.<span> </span>But as the human population on earth has increase, so has the enormity of the problems.<span> </span>Today, war, famine and pestilence reach unequalled dimensions of intensity and quantity.<span> </span>Sometimes even the most optimistic of us come close to despairing of the resolution!<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Perhaps insignificant, but true, the School of Living has its origin as a response to the predicament in which Americans found themselves during the Great Depression of the twenties and thirties.<span> </span>It seems fitting, therefore, that we should be initiating a project in the name of the School of Living today, here at Heathcote, Freeland, Md., when Americans once again face a social crisis of unprecedented severity.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Hopefully, the War in Vietnam will end; hopefully racial minorities will achieve the social equality quarantined them in our constitution; hopefully a green revolution will reverse the trends towards regimentation and conformity which now lead us in the direction of hell on earth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Unhappily, we may never know to what extent, if any, our efforts here will influence the outcome of this process of social evolution by means of which we exist.<span> </span>But this uncertainty shall not deter us.<span> </span>We therefore dedicate this property, which we have named “Heathcote, A School of Living Center,” to a vision of humanity in which its positive potentialities for teaching and learning shall emerge victorious.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Towards this end, we shall persist in a vision in which each of us shall – in his or her unique fashion – share in this victory, by sharing in the work as well as the rewards for which we strive.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We dedicate this center of School of Living activities to the pursuit of our central purpose – that of awakening in ourselves and in all who shall attend here in the future, the unlimited possibilities of the future.<span> </span>We dream of and work for these possibilities, and hope that our children and their children will realize some of them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the final analysis, we dedicate this School of Living Center to ourselves and to the entire human enterprise; to our future, to the future of humanity and the oncoming generations who will struggle with the problems which we have created in our attempts to do the same.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Baltimore Sun carried a two-column story of the dedication the following day. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It was announced that Joe and Connie Bellamy, recent graduates of Antioch, would live at Heathcote Center, do the administrative work and supervise activities for a year.<span> </span>They could also operate the press.<span> </span>A fund of $2,000 was raised for their support.<span> </span>Homesteading plots were offered with 99-year leases.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Programs for 1967 at Heathcote included:<span> </span>May, Economics of Peace; June, Nutrition; July, Youth Faces Life; August, School of Living Annual Workshop; SoL Family Camp and Annual Workshop with a garden workbee; October Apple Festival. <span> </span>There were workbees at each meeting.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Extensive programming continued in 1968.<span> </span>Mildred offered a series of seven workshops.<span> </span>A “Regeneration, A Total Approach” conference was held in April.<span> </span>The theme for the May Heathcote Conferences was “Homesteading, A Life Style for Today.”<span> </span>In June, “Seminar on Human Relations and Communication.”<span> </span>A seminar on homesteading at Heathcote in July 1968, lead by Tim and Grace Lefever, drew about 35 people.<span> </span>Basic homesteading skills like bread making were offered. <span> </span>The SoL homesteading film was being shown around the country, followed by discussion.<span> </span>Mildred presented “Philosophize on ‘Why Homestead?’” <span> </span>There was a workshop about coops.<span> </span>The September 1968 School of Living Members annual meeting at Heathcote drew 30 people.<span> </span>Borsodi’s classical book on homesteading, <i>Flight From the City</i>, was serialized in the <i>Green Revolution</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred also wrote reflectively about “What will Heathcote become?” Mildred hoped that it would become “a viable community of families working at continued education for living, attentive to personal and public problems, none omitted, none overemphasized.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In June there was an article about “The Next 25 years.”<span> </span>It was about future movement from the city to the land and the development of practices and institutions that remove exploitation and tyranny from our culture.<span> </span>The idea of “withdrawal” is negative and will never be an adequate answer.<span> </span>We need to be doing positive things to improve the economy, eliminate government involvement and constructive and positive things to be working on.<span> </span>The <i>Green Revolution</i> is about more than country-life homesteading.<span> </span>The homestead is vital; it is a start.<span> </span>We need to think of the future: “Perhaps our task in the next 25 years will be to work harder at the social, institutional aspects of the Green Revolution.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It isn’t political, Mildred emphasized.<span> </span>She didn’t think the School of Living would join the riots or marching on Washington or back a new political party.<span> </span>She proposed action on money and land; things that Borsodi and Robert Swann were then working on, the IFI (International Foundation for Independence) and the III (International Independence Institute).<span> </span>We need to study and understand what these projects, partnerships between Borsodi and Swann, have to offer.<span> </span>She reported that the previous year Borsodi, initiator and then President of the IFI, spent some time in Luxembourg setting up the initial machinery for its international program and operations.<span> </span>Two pilot programs were set up in the US and one in Mexico – small loans for small agrarian communities.<span> </span>Bob Swann was working in Georgia with several hundred displaced African-American sharecroppers and tenant farmers, to establish New Communities, Inc, supported by IFI.<span> </span>It would acquire over 5,000 acres of land.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred Moves<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With John Loomis gone, Mildred, as had Borsodi after his wife died, wanted to move away.<span> </span>She wrote that, H. R. and Grace Lefever of Sonnewald Homestead, Spring Grove, Pennsylvania and for years School of Living trustees, had invited her to move east.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Heathcote was beginning to look appealing.<span> </span>Since its dedication nearly two years earlier, Heathcote had been busy.<span> </span>Mildred wrote that various training sessions, dealing with different aspects of homesteading and problems related to the decentralization of society were conducted.<span> </span>She said a community, it appeared, was forming.<span> </span>A group of young people began to gather there to form one of the earliest communes, she added.<span> </span>They were experimenting with “no government:” Decentralist to the core Mildred said, approvingly.<span> </span>The <i>Green Revolution</i> was being produced and mailed there (from the beginning of 1967).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">When a young couple, recent graduates of Antioch College, offered to buy Lane’s End and continue it as a homestead, after some thought Mildred decided it was time to move on.<span> </span>In November 1968 she wrote of her “pilgrimage.<span> </span>She left Lane’s End on September 22<sup>nd</sup>, bound for Heathcote with Martin Tilton.<span> </span>Mildred drove a “little Volkswagen.”<span> </span>Martin carried her things in a truck.<span> </span>They stopped at Yellow Springs, Ohio, staying at the Werkheisers’ home, visiting friends.<span> </span>She noted that Arthur Morgan had had a strong influence on the quality of community at Yellow Springs.<span> </span>Then to Columbus, Ohio for more friends.<span> </span>Then to Pennsylvania, a night camping, then the Lever’s hospitality at Sonnewald Homestead.<span> </span>The next day was unpacking at Heathcote.<span> </span>Mildred moved into a small trailer.<span> </span>There were seven people there in five housing units.<span> </span>Her address was now c/o Heathcote School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">But Mildred was not settled yet.<span> </span>She continued her pilgrimage.<span> </span>At the end of September, she headed to Philadelphia, New York and visited the Borsodi’s at Exeter, New Hampshire.<span> </span>Along the way she invited people to consider living at Heathcote.<span> </span>In Exeter, Mildred made arrangements, with Professor Richard Dewey, who had befriended Borsodi, for moving Borsodi’s library, papers and unfinished manuscripts to the University of New Hampshire.<span> </span>She wrote that:<span> </span>“The next step will be to locate a group of research students to develop and complete the various texts on the major problems of living.<span> </span>We will work toward college use of these texts<a href="applewebdata://3FB5BBA3-FB0E-41D4-95B4-EB5001063361#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Heathcote and Beyond <o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Programs outlined for 1969 at Heathcote included:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A weekend on good health in April.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A weekend in May for the first homestead dwelling planned for Heathcote and a large garden project.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Communication and Human Relating in June<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Heathcote picnic in July<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Heathcote community meeting in July.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Major Problems of Living with Ralph Borsodi in August<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Harvest Festival in September<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was an information exchange with the following topics:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Community<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Homesteading:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Planning a homestead<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Building and construction<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Maintenance and Repair<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Soil<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Gardening<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Animals<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Food Shortage and Processing<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Health<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Food and Nutrition<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Exercise, work, posture<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Sex<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Human Relations<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Land Trust and Tenure<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Money, Exchange and Script<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In March, Mildred reported that she spent January 12<sup>th</sup> to February 7<sup>th</sup> at a beautiful natural hygiene center in Florida.<span> </span>She related that entering on her 70<sup>th</sup> year, her general health was quite good “but not good enough.” <span> </span>She did a ten-day fast followed by a fruit diet then vegetables (salads).<span> </span>She reported improvements in health. <span> </span>The following month she conducted a three-day health program at Heathcote.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the Spring of 1969 Mildred continued her series of “Pilgrimages.”<span> </span>She and two friends drove west.<span> </span>They stopped along the route to visit people on the <i>Green Revolution</i> mail list.<span> </span>They went to Santé Fe, then Tucson.<span> </span>From Tucson, Mildred and friends drove to Frank Lloyd Wrights Taliesin West near Phoenix.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred wrote a separate article about Taliesin West.<span> </span>A GR (this short form reference to the newsletter became common) reader lived and was studying architecture there and gave them a tour.<span> </span>Mildred described Wright’s long and productive career.<span> </span>She admired his radical views.<span> </span>He was a close student of Henry George.<span> </span>During the Great Depression Wright had formed a self-sufficient community at his home and studio in Wisconsin (first built in 1903). <span> </span>He and apprentices lived off the rich farmland (which Wright owned).<span> </span>Wright himself had farmed when young.<span> </span>Taliesin West was started in 1932.<span> </span>Wright and apprentices wintered there.<span> </span>Wright started a Fellowship which his wife, Olgivanna, a leading student of Gurdjieff, organized and continued after his death in 1959.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A shift in Leadership<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">When Mildred settled at Heathcote, it looks like a lot of people thought she would more or less retire.<span> </span>In the June 1969 the GR carried a statement related to Mildred’s role:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Now it is time for another change.<span> </span>Others are offering help and taking responsibility.<span> </span>This time, following her husband’s death last summer, the editor’s situation, energy-decline and decreased hearing call for a reduction in crusading, writing and even homesteading on her part.<span> </span>She seeks a change and personal renewal.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Of course today’s trends – the very aspects we opposed (the sweep of technology and urbanism, the weight of monopoly and war)—have brought to the fore the rethinking and the search for a human way which has been our concern for so long.<span> </span>Today a revolution is underway; changes are coming swiftly in our time.<span> </span>To the future we look with concern and some hope.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In July 1969, “The Future of Green Revolution,” we find that “the staff all live at Heathcote.<span> </span>Most of us are dedicated to the idea of living in communities although our ideas on what constitutes a good community are many and varied.<span> </span>This single fact in itself will mean some change in the emphasis of the editorial content of GR.<span> </span>We intend to remain firmly oriented to rural decentralization and self-sufficiency just as Mildred is.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The range of GR topics became more diverse. There was a shift in philosophy.<span> </span>Editorials were requested.<span> </span>Each editorial was signed, “The opinion expressed in the editorial is that of the writer and does not represent a school of living [it was lower case] policy or even a generally held view amongst the various editors of the paper.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is clearly a new generation involved.<span> </span>The Counterculture was at its peak.<span> </span>The Youth Movement was in full bloom in the US.<span> </span>It appears there was in fact a generational gap in the School of Living.<span> </span>Heathcoter’s were by and large under 30.<span> </span>There were also those who had been with Mildred over the years. <span> </span>Most of those were graying.<span> </span>Many were independent and self-reliant homesteaders.<span> </span>There were a few who represented a bridge; or tried to.<span> </span>Mildred was trying to be one.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">School of Living activity was pretty intense.<span> </span>A lot of the credit goes to young, capable members.<span> </span>But all was not milk and honey.<span> </span>We find repeatedly, notes in the GR about the difficulty in forming community.<span> </span>Some of the young who moved into Heathcote just wanted to be left to themselves.<span> </span>Others came for the easy life.<span> </span>Some worked hard to building community.<span> </span>There was clearly tension among factions of the younger members.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The banner for the GR changed in October 1969.<span> </span>The banner read:<span> </span>“A World-Wide Effort for Decentralization and Rural Revival.”<span> </span>The publication address shifted from Lane’s End to Freeland MD.<span> </span>The printing had been moved from Yellow Springs News in Ohio, where GR had been printed for some years, to Maryland.<span> </span>It was newsprint, eight pages, twice the normal length.<span> </span>Noticeably to the old-timers, a tree, the traditional symbol of the School of Living, was missing from the banner.<span> </span>That omission was soon repaired after Mildred’s return.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In that October issue the lead article welcomed Mildred home.<span> </span>It noted her absence from the <i>Green Revolution</i> for several months.<span> </span>Mildred, it was reported, “is no longer in a position to edit the paper more or less singlehandedly and a number of us at Heathcote are anxious to work on the paper.<span> </span>So we’ve decided to produce it here.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Earlier in the year, Mildred had traveled to Lane’s End to discuss forming an intentional community there.<span> </span>She found herself mentally and emotionally exhausted.<span> </span>Her sister Myrtle picked her up and took her to Omaha.<span> </span>Myrtle and her husband lived on five acres with a focus on home production and the simple life.<span> </span>Myrtle was active in social causes.<span> </span>She also worked at a local hospital (or sanatorium) as a psychiatric counselor.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At Myrtle’s insistence, Mildred was admitted to the hospital for several months.<span> </span>She said the food was good but not natural.<span> </span>She underwent occupational therapy, she said.<span> </span>She also did work in psychology and “knowledge of our ‘inner’ experience.”<span> </span>Mildred, as noted, supported inner work.<span> </span>She wrote that the School of Living Seventeen Problem system emphasized “more in the external, operational and social field – homesteading, community, decentralism, economic-political freedom.<span> </span>But for years I’ve felt we needed and have worked for – a psychological foundation for our movement.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Her doctor, Robert Young, she said, emphasized a holistic approach of medicine, biology and psychology.<span> </span>It should be noted again that a parallel movement to the Counterculture, the Human Potential Movement, was in high gear at this time and there was a large popular interest in humanistic psychology and spirituality. <span> </span>There was a lot of interest then in “consciousness.”<span> </span>Eastern beliefs were studied and mediation practiced.<span> </span>Esalen and other growth centers were running at full throttle.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Heathcote Boom<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred returned to Heathcote August 24<sup>th</sup>. <span> </span>The summer was beautiful.<span> </span>She was delighted with progress on the Old Mill.<span> </span>She reflected that in 1965 they had started by scrapping away a decaying floor and tons of debris and poured concrete for a new floor.<span> </span>Now there were three useable rooms.<span> </span>One was for the natural food shop, one a good-sized office and the other a food-storage room.<span> </span>There was a frozen food locker, a flour mill and mixer and other equipment.<span> </span>Cats and dogs were part of the family.<span> </span>Upstairs was the library and seminar room and in one end a craft shop.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred soon brought Borsodi into the Heathcote scene.<span> </span>In May 1969, Borsodi was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of New Hampshire.<span> </span>He was heralded as “Activist at 80, non-conformist scholar, creative philosopher,” and credited a long list of educational accomplishments.<span> </span>The previous year he had published <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>.<span> </span>In August 1969 he delivered a four-day seminar on the Seventeen Problems at Heathcote at the Annual meeting; a dozen people meeting three times a day.<span> </span>Registration $2.00.<span> </span>Bed and board $3.00. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">They covered six major areas of experience:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Education:<span> </span>What are its goals and best methods?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Human Nature:<span> </span>What is our essential nature and prime differences from other organisms?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Human Behavior: <span> </span>How do we distinguish between good and evil?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Verification and Validation:<span> </span>How do we know what is true?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Political State:<span> </span>When, if ever, should we sanction legal coercion?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Possessions:<span> </span>Who should own or possess the goods and objects needed for our survival and freedom.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred described the style of discussing the topics:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“For each one, we worked at clearly defining the problem to see what factors made it a problem – (a problem is a life situation to which one has several alternatives for dealing with it).<span> </span>We tried to define the terms we use clearly.<span> </span>Then we examined three major ways – roughly the supernal, the mechanistic and humanistic solution – in which people tend to handle this area of their experience.<span> </span>In most cases, we found that ‘modern’ society rejects solutions befitting the nature of man (i.e., his need for freedom to express his inner-initiated action) and instead practices materialistic, authoritarian or unethical methods.<span> </span>Many of us saw how ‘different’ the solutions are, which are humanistic or suited to human nature.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred produced a mimeographed document, “Seventeen Explorations into the central problem of How Shall I Live,” that provided a handy outline of the system.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The August 1969 issue of GR featured a full-page article on “Ecology and Revolutionary Thought.”<span> </span>The thesis was: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“In the final analysis, it is impossible to achieve harmonization of man and nature without creating a human community that lives in lasting balance with its natural environment.<span> </span>Ecology shows how nature’s economy works.”<span> </span>The ideal:<span> </span>“A balanced community, a face-to-face democracy, a humanistic technology and a decentralized society – these rich libertarian concepts are not only desirable but they are also necessary.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The September issue featured <i>The Whole Earth Catalog</i>: “The most amazing compendium of information on tools for body and mind to help you create your own environment; to help you build, to help you enlarge, to help you change your life.”<span> </span>The stated purpose of the WEC was:<span> </span>“We are as gods and might as well get good at it.”<span> </span>It sought the “power of the individual to conduct his own education, find his own inspiration, shape his own environment, and share his adventure with whoever is interested.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>The Whole Earth Catalog</i> was a fabulous resource for the back-to-the-land movement.<span> </span>The subtitle was <i>Access to Tools</i>.<span> </span>It also included a lot of books on a variety of subjects.<span> </span>Bucky Fuller, an aging Counterculture icon, inventor and visionary, was featured.<span> </span>In my research on the Human Potential Movement, at Esalen I met the Esalen archivist, Paul Herbert.<span> </span>Paul was a long-term resident of Big Sur and had been with Esalen pretty much from the beginning.<span> </span>One evening he took me to a table at one corner of the lodge after dinner.<span> </span>He told me that he had sat there with <i>Whole Earth</i>editor Steward Brand and Bucky as they discussed placing a photo of the Earth on the cover of WEC.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That pale blue disk against the black background of space, became a symbol of world unity.<span> </span>Bucky used the term “Spaceship Earth,” which he borrowed from futurist Barbara Marx Hubbard.<span> </span>I had gotten to know Barbara a few years earlier and she was then advocating a woman for Vice-President of the US; a dream fulfilled as this chapter was being written.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In October 1969 we find the following, an example of the shift in School of Living philosophy and operations:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Beyond the circumstances, many of us here feel that GR should shifts its horizons to meet the needs of the many readers – and potential readers – whose thinking has begun to outrun the approach GR has used to date.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The basic problem – at least this is how some of us see it – has been one of overemphasizing theory at the expense of practice.<span> </span>Both in GR and in our seminar series we’ve tended to the abstract.<span> </span>We do need to develop theory for social change, including a constructive and coherent critique of the mainstream society.<span> </span>But our concern with turning people on to the necessity for alternative ways of life has too often been allowed to overshadow the task of spelling out alternatives in detail. “ <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">More and more young people, it was reported, understand what is wrong and are leaving the cities:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“These people don’t have to be told what they want; they want to be told how to go after it.”<span> </span>A more practical orientation.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.25in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“GR’s homecoming to Heathcote may also have the effect of adding impetus to our efforts at making this community more of a New Age Extension Agency instead of just a conference site and a warehouse for storing up decentralized energy.<span> </span>We’re out to make this place a lab for alternative lifeways, and GR is the appropriate place to share the results of our experiments.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This statement alone begs the question of what was happening at Heathcote.<span> </span>Borsodi was about solving the problems of life, not talking about it.<span> </span>He didn’t care for visions but rather sought practical solutions.<span> </span>Both he and Mildred were homesteaders and between them had accumulated a vast treasure trove of “how to.”<span> </span>Under Mildred’s leadership, the School of Living and the <i>Green Revolution</i> were about little else than how to achieve the good life.<span> </span>Mildred would, as we shall see, respond.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was already a noticeable drift from Borsodi’s core principles.<span> </span>He believed that continuing education was required to pursue the good life.<span> </span>Few of the younger members were interested in study; they wanted experience – the more sensory the better.<span> </span>Borsodi’s work was abstract; at least it was if you didn’t apply it as he had urged.<span> </span>Mildred worked to remediate that, but she needed more help than, with few exceptions, she was being given.<span> </span>And it should be noted, the drift of the articles in GR were often loaded with abstractions, often trending towards social justice and utopian ideals, more opinion than fact.<span> </span>It trended towards a more “New Age” and more self-centered orientation over the years.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The October issue also published a long article on the International Independence Institute (III), founded by Borsodi; or rather a spinoff of the III, led by III Field Director Bob Swann, called New Communities, Inc.<span> </span>Swann and others, including Mildred, had worked with Borsodi forming the III.<span> </span>New Communities, as noted, was organized by and for Southern African American sharecroppers.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">New Communities is still in operation.<span> </span>At their web site we find the story of its formation.<span> </span>They report that in “<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">June 1968, seven individuals – Slater King, Leonard Smith, Lewis Black, Charles Sherrod, Robert (Bob) Swann, Fay Bennett and Albert Turner traveled to Israel: “to see how the Jewish National Fund leased land for various uses.”<span> </span></span>Rather than a communally owned kibbutz, New Communities opted for a model more along Borsodi’s line of homesteading leaseholders.<span> </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Slater King was a real estate broker who helped acquire 5,735 acres of land.<span> </span>New Communities was incorporated the following year.<span> </span></span>New Communities became the model for Community Land Trust. <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;"><span> </span>That story is told in the “Land Trust” chapter. <span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the December 1969 GR there was a review of Theodore Roszak’s <i>The Making of a Counterculture</i> by F. P. Salstrom.<span> </span>It was a critical review that found the book too abstract and theoretical.<span> </span>Paul also parted ways with Roszak’s criticism of counterculture youth, which Roszak had called, in a word, “gullible.”<span> </span>Roszak, a history professor at California State University, who played a lead role in naming and defining the counterculture, had a dim view of the values of the youth culture.<span> </span>He found the movement juvenile and vulgar.<span> </span>Salstrom, now recently retired as a history professor at a small midwestern Catholic college, was then a leader of the youth culture at Heathcote.<span> </span>Salstrom, who knew Borsodi well, gave me the impression that he had little regard for his theories.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred had written about the counterculture in 1968.<span> </span>She was, as noted, very well connected with the movement; her correspondence was voluminous.<span> </span>It was because she was so highly respected by movement leaders that <i>Mother Earth News</i> named her the grandmother of the Counterculture.<span> </span>But as we shall see, a great deal of tension built up between the values of the youth movement and those of the older, more conservative, School of Living homesteaders.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Counterculture movement, from about the mid-60s to the mid-70s, was a rebellious youth movement.<span> </span>Students took over university campuses, held massive protests against the war in Vietnam, attended blowout festivals such as the Summer of Love and Woodstock, and moved to communes.<span> </span>The back-to-the-land, or commune, movement was in full swing.<span> </span>It was to serve this movement that Stewart Brand published the <i>Whole Earth Catalog</i> (annual from 1968 to 1972).<span> </span>It catered to counterculture ideas and ideals.<span> </span>The “whole earth” theme was about an emerging green, global, consciousness.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The events of 1970 showed a clear burst of energy with Mildred settled in.<span> </span>Mildred was still nominally still Director of the School of Living.<span> </span>I will give only an abbreviated list of the Schedule of SoL seminars at Heathcote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">April, Ecology<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Early May, How to get started in homesteading<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Late May, Folk Festival<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">July, Women’s role in community<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">August, Land Trusts<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">September, Grassroots Survival<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a strong appeal to homesteading with news from around the country.<span> </span>A full-page plan for a one-acre garden, designed by the School of Living, was published.<span> </span>It included charts on vegetable and fruit production sufficient for an average family of 4.5 people.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The March – April issue included an eight-page “Ecological Supplement to the Green Revolution.”<span> </span>With this supplement, the SoL sought the high ground on the environment.<span> </span>The lead article, by GR editor Larry Lack, started with the line:<span> </span>“The decentralist movement and the movement for environmental revitalization are one and the same.<span> </span>Green Revolutionaries, have their demands for cooperative, community control of land and other basic resources, for land redistribution and for tenure based upon use, not ownership of land, and dealing with the heart of the environmental crisis we face.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">By August the tone was shifting from rural life back to social issues – an ongoing see-saw.<span> </span>There was an article with plans for a five-acre homesteads for middle class and ghetto minorities.<span> </span>It was more focused on “Why? than “How?’<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-TSxJLFCgTaJMzxkF5eLkZ2b-qGaXq7i8O5Hi5K7uXiUTchq3ysb0Z0JhKVpJf03GD4qsbqg_cYIkTBiML6LwOOPZD67knjgwkdmTCAmfOL_oFS06WdtYehRi5hR5ZA-2RXaJZ79f94b/s1016/Clare+Borsodi.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1014" data-original-width="1016" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-TSxJLFCgTaJMzxkF5eLkZ2b-qGaXq7i8O5Hi5K7uXiUTchq3ysb0Z0JhKVpJf03GD4qsbqg_cYIkTBiML6LwOOPZD67knjgwkdmTCAmfOL_oFS06WdtYehRi5hR5ZA-2RXaJZ79f94b/w200-h199/Clare+Borsodi.png" width="200" /></a></div>In November, Mildred wrote about a “Thanksgiving Reunion.” Borsodi and wife Clare [Grace Lefever photo, Mildred on the left] visited Heathcote for the annual meeting. <span> </span>Also noted, there were 20 Heathcote’s, none over 28.<span> </span>One of them said:<span> </span>“We want land and we want community.<span> </span>But mostly we want to live naturally – to be ourselves.<span> </span>We don’t like organization and structure, and we don’t like being told what to do.” <span> </span>I think this statement serve to highlight the change in basic values at Heathcote, a retreat from social ideals.<br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The September 1971 GR issue was sixteen pages, mostly devoted to life at Heathcote.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Scheduled seminars listed at Heathcote for 1971 included:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Survival in the Twentieth Century<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Second annual Heathcote music festival<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Death<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Building seminar, constructing a yurt.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Natural medicine<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Fellowship for Organic Revolution<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred’s article on “The Heathcote Experience” included two purposes for Heathcote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The first is the School of Living Center located at the old mill and several smaller out buildings in the lower meadow.<span> </span>Its purpose involved educational disseminating including publishing <i>Green Revolution</i> and other printed information, correspondence, planning and conducting seminars.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The second plan for the land, on the higher meadow area, is for homesteading.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The mill then contained “our living room, kitchen, bathroom, food co-op, office, library, large meeting room/craft area, summer dormitory for visitors, three private rooms for residents and all kinds of nooks and crannies for storing things.”<span> </span>Other residents of Heathcote lived in a reconstructed chicken house, corncrib, springhouse, a trailer, a teepee, and a log cabin.<span> </span>There were 16 people living there in 1971.<span> </span>There was a lot of turnover.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">April 1971.<span> </span>This issue contained a new “Statement of Philosophy:” The Green Revolution encourages and assists:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A philosophy centered in the organic and creative, rather than mechanical aspects of life<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Life styles consistent with this philosophy – primarily the modern homestead, intentional communities and decentralization<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Social, economic and political changes to allow ready access to land and natural resources<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Psychological insight into and understanding of one’s self<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->An education based in major universal problems of living and their human solutions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred offered a summer series of discussions on School of Living and decentralists concerns, ecology action, retirement homesteads, economic and political pressures of modern culture and an organic revolution for a new world view.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In August 1971, Mildred revived the decentralist conferences.<span> </span>Two hundred “decentralist” attended a conference on a human future.<span> </span>There were 20 speakers and discussion leaders.<span> </span>Mildred chaired the conference.<span> </span>Ralph Borsodi spoke and challenging the group to provide a program of action.<span> </span>Bob Swann attended and credited Borsodi with the founding of the International Institute of Independence, which “gets to the root of our land and money troubles.” <span> </span>He described his partnership with Borsodi.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1972 <i>Green Revolution</i> changed to a magazine format, 8½ x 11.<span> </span>For several years the content had changed from homesteading to social and counterculture lifestyle articles.<span> </span>There are fewer conferences and workshops, and relatively little news about School of Living activities in 1972.<span> </span>There is clearly a new editorial policy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1972 Mildred, after a brief three-year tenure, left Heathcote.<span> </span>She remained active as an editor of the <i>Green Revolution</i> and involved in other School of Living activities, but I think we can use this as the transition to the next, and last, stage in her life.<span> </span>Those last years, I should add, were incredibly productive.<span> </span>But she apparently no longer considered Heathcote the Shangri-La she had dreamed of.<span> </span>There was to be another New School of Living center and headquarters for her.<o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://3FB5BBA3-FB0E-41D4-95B4-EB5001063361#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> I am, I’m afraid unfortunately, one of the few to visit that archive.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-83229593018495652972021-02-21T08:26:00.000-08:002021-02-21T08:26:11.195-08:00Green Revolution <p> Bill Sharp (c) February 20, 2021</p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">With the first week of 1963, Mildred celebrated her 63</span><sup style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">rd</sup><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">birthday.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">She had been de facto leader of the School of Living for nineteen years and had gone through two strenuous phases of organizing and reorganizing it.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">She had announced in 1962 that she was closing operations of the School of Living at Lane’s end and looking for a new headquarters.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">She was thinking of retiring.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">That didn’t happen.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Phase 3 of Mildred’s service to the School of Living began and run for yet another six highly productive years.</span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I can’t think of a better term to describe the history of the school of living than “turning points.” From the beginning, the School of Living evolved through one crisis after another. I think it’s clear that crisis and evolution go hand in hand. That Borsodi and Loomis persevered through these dramatic periods speaks to something remarkable in their characters.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The partnership between Mildred and Borsodi came about largely, I believe, because they shared a fundamental belief in human destiny. They shared a belief that human destiny could be achieved through education. They share a belief in personal and economic independence as the foundation of self-reliance. They shared a belief in the idea of a collaborative community that could rise above the chaotic turmoil of the devolving industrial order.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The year 1963 was also something of a renewal of a close working partnership between Mildred and Borsodi. He had recovered his health. That year he published his <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>. It was the text on the educational problem system. It was also the year that Mildred and a young student from India edited Borsodi’s extended manuscript of the universal problems of living which he had compiled while writing <i>The Education</i>. Mildred and he produced a 700-page summary of an extended, seventeen problem format which provided Borsodi with a narrative outline for writing <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>1963<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="A person holding a newspaper
Description automatically generated with low confidence" id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 183.6pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 308.3pt; margin-top: 1.15pt; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 159.4pt; z-index: 251661312;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="A person holding a newspaper
Description automatically generated with low confidence" src="file:////Users/williamh.sharp/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.png"><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape>I’ve chosen 1963 as the starting year for this chapter in large part because that was the year of the founding of the <i>Green Revolution</i>, the title Mildred gave to the School of Living newsletter. It is also the term she used to describe the mission of the School of Living. She was again shifting gears and needed a new metaphor for the School of Living mission.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoxfnNR1e3n7E3B40WdPVNrkexzLLUtGBaxS3d8cAawBX9pXuZae3CAVRfcYzFz3Nct2_QLuJFsX5MDd9re0H2lSiax0o_q4rr4bxwFfccGfPzs6XjXeJ8XdiAo13Pcm0J6nmyNrRrPnF7/s1410/Mildred+GR+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1410" data-original-width="1224" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoxfnNR1e3n7E3B40WdPVNrkexzLLUtGBaxS3d8cAawBX9pXuZae3CAVRfcYzFz3Nct2_QLuJFsX5MDd9re0H2lSiax0o_q4rr4bxwFfccGfPzs6XjXeJ8XdiAo13Pcm0J6nmyNrRrPnF7/s320/Mildred+GR+2.png" /></a></div><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The timing for <i>Green Revolution</i> was perfect. Jack Kennedy, as President was a charismatic leader with lots of ideas about social reform. He rallied the youth of the country around programs such as the Peace Corp and Vista. Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, but his programs were continued and expended under Lyndon Johnson. The Civil Rights movement was in high gear and a war on poverty was underway. There was also increasing US involvement in a place called Vietnam. Betty Friedan published <i>The Feminine Mystique</i> in 1963. The Esalen Institute had offered its first seminar a few months before and launched a program, based on humanistic psychology and other self-development practices, which would begin to build momentum. The first wave of the Baby Boom generation (born between 1946 and 1964) was entering college. These students formed their own movement in protest against what they considered oppressive social policies and opposed the war in Vietnam. A new rage in music and fashion swept the land. What became known as the Counterculture was beginning to appear. Given that “timing is everything,” Mildred had set the stage for the engagement of the School of Living in this rising tide of turmoil and unrest. <o:p></o:p></p><h2>A Way Out<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In late summer 1962 Mildred introduced a successor to <i>Balanced Living</i>, named <i>A Way Out.</i> It continued the volume and number count that started with <i>The Interpreter</i>. It retained the same format, for a short while, 5 ½ by 8 ½ inches, 32 pages, professionally printed, 35 cents per copy. It was a “little magazine,” by which I mean a publication by the School of Living rather than about the School of Living. Some thought went into the new title: what is the way out? Mildred is listed as editor and Robert Anton Wilson as co-editor. Wilson lived at Lane’s End for a short while. I believe the magazine was his idea. Wilson soon moved on to become an associated editor for <i>Playboy</i>, became a counterculture icon and a prolific author.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There is clearly a more political, anarchist, tone to A <i>Way Out</i>. Reader reaction, Mildred reported in the second issue, tended to be negative. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In January 1963, after only three issues of <i>Way Out</i>, Mildred started yet another journal, the <i>Green Revolution</i>. Both publications were offered, both edited and distributed concurrently by Mildred, until 1967. I’m going to start with <i>Green Revolution</i>, year by year, and weave in <i>A Way Out</i>. Between them we get a pretty comprehensive view of the activities of the School of Living during its last years at Lane’s End under Mildred’s direction. In essence, however, A <i>Way Out</i> continued as a “little magazine,” filled with articles and opinion, while <i>Green Revolution</i> focused on homesteading, the activities of the School of Living and community building. <o:p></o:p></p><h1>Green Revolution<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In late 1962 Mildred sent out an announcement for a new newsletter: “Coming! Early in 1963.” This announcement was a single sheet of 8 ½ by 11 newsprint paper, mimeograph, printed both sides in green ink. Her pitch was:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“A green revolution is going on. Many people are moving to the land, developing homesteads, leaving the rat race. Many of them are readers of School of Living’s <u>Way Out</u>. But they want more details, more instruction and practical material than we have room for in <u>Way Out</u>. There we want to probe deep and range far in all areas of living.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote"><u>“The Green Revolution</u> will fill this need – for stories, news, first-hand reader experiences. It will be your paper; it will belong to all who help it grow. This sheet suggests its direction; it is your invitation to help a Green Revolution newspaper off to a successful start. Send in you sub. or gift with the coupon on the reverse side. MJL.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It was $3 per year for <i>Green Revolution</i> or $6 for both the <i>GR</i> and <i>Way Out</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The idea of the Green Revolution dates to a meeting of the School of Living at Suffern, New York, probably in 1940. This was while Mildred was working there. As previously reported, Catholic agrarian leader Peter Maurin attended a School of Living meeting then. Maurin was cofounder, with Dorothy Day, of the Catholic Workers. As they sat discussing the role and function of the School of Living one fine afternoon, Maurin said: “There are people in every country who love life and the land. The only hope I see for the world is in the spirit and works we have discussed here. In France we call it the ‘Green Revolution’.” Another participant, according the Mildred Loomis, Morgan Harris, raised his glass of carrot juice and toasted: “Long life to the Green Revolution!” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“Green Revolution,” I should note, was already Peter’s tag line and he popularized the idea with the Catholic Workers. The School of Living adopted it as a motif for many years. As noted, in 1957, Mildred made a brief note in <i>Balanced Living</i> that she wanted to write a book about the Green Revolution, a book about homesteading. I suspect she intended it to catalog her experiences since the Dayton Liberty Homestead experiment, that she had participated in, and her 25 years of association with Borsodi and the School of Living. The book was never written but the sentiment appeared in the format of <i>Green Revolution</i>; it was designed for homesteaders, and something like half of School of Living members at the time were homesteading. I’ve taken the liberty of using “The Green Revolution” as part of the title of this book in no small part to honor Mildred.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>First Year of <i>Green Revolution</i><o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Green Revolution was professional printed on newsprint, 11 by 17 inches, a single sheet folded to produce four pages. Curiously, the series started with Volume 1, Number 1, breaking the tradition of continuous number with the previous three titles. The consecutive number returned after about ten years and continued to the last issue in December 2018 when the publication was discontinued by the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">With the return to a newsletter format, we find a lot more “gossip” and organizational news about the School of Living and its members<a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>. Mildred was working to build a stronger sense of community within the School of Living.<span style="background-color: cyan; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the second issue of <i>Green Revolution</i>, Mildred reiterated that Borsodi had written about his vision of the good life in the first issue. One of the major stories of the first year started in that second edition. It was about a major project to assist Borsodi with a series of books about the major problems of living. As noted, when Borsodi had returned from India his health was fragile; he was having trouble with his eyesight. In this issue, Mildred appealed for financial support ($2,000) to bring a young student, Shyan S. Chawla, who had worked with Borsodi in India, to the US to assist in this writing project. Chawla would assist in editing and typing. Mildred mentioned that Borsodi’s old friends from Suffern, the Keene’s and Templin’s, had contributed to the Chawla-Borsodi fund as had others, mentioning H. Lefever (who would play a lead role in the next chapter’s evolution of the School).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Regarding the goal of the project, she wrote: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“When complete there will become at least 20 books<a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="color: #404040; font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></b></span></span></a>. They will provide a structure for integrating knowledge. They challenge the social sciences to become both normative and truly scientific; they will assist the average person through the confusion of modern knowledge; they provide a “philosophy that supports what Borsodi calls normal living and what many term “freedom,” decentralization or The Green Revolution.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred also announced that the University of Vidyanagar and the Anand Press, in India, were putting on the market, in January 1963, Borsodi’s introductory book on goals and methods of education, entitled <i>The Humanization of Man</i>, with a forward by the president of India. This book came out under the title <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> later that year.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Seventeen Problems Begins<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In August 1963, Mildred reported that S. S. Chawla, an editor of the Ambala (India) Tribune, had arrived on July 22 to begin editorial work on Borsodi’s papers. Contributions to the Chawla-Borsodi fund were $1,659; $1,190 went for air fare, $125 for books to donors, and other expenses; there was still a $200 deficit. Mildred made another plea for funds to reach the $2,000 goal.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred did not write the story about the work she and Chawla did that summer until the May – June 1966 issue of <i>A Way Out</i>, but it was a major part of her life in the middle of 1963. It is an interesting story about the development of Borsodi’s final book, his magnum opus, on problem-centered education, which would be published in 1968 as <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>. But of greater interest is Mildred’s role in that work.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">When Borsodi returned to the US he brought home a massive amount of research material he hoped to use to complete a multi-volume work on the problems of living; one book for each problem. After Chawla arrived, since Borsodi was not up to the task, Mildred apparently decided that she and Chawla and the research materials should be moved to Lane’s End where they would work on them. They carted three large trunks, 2’x3’x4’ metal boxes, of material to Lane’s End. There were 6 – 8,000 pages of manuscript. They spent the summer editing and summarizing them; some 700 pages of typescript. <o:p></o:p></p><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;">In May 1964 Loomis with assistance from Chawla, produced a 40-page summary of the major problem, available for 50 cents from the School of Living. In short, it appears she developed and published the first full introduction of the new seventeen problem framework. I find this story particularly insightful. Mildred did not share this in her Borsodi biography. It confirms her more than casual role in the development of the School’s principles and practices.<o:p></o:p></span></h2><h2>Finding a new headquarters.<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred introduced the next phase of the history of the School of Living just after the middle of 1963: “Now there is a move to set up a new School of Living Headquarters Community.” As noted, she had stated this intent the year before. For a long time, it has been evident that the Loomis Lane’s End homestead, which had served as headquarters since 1945, was no longer adequate to the needs and opportunities of the School of Living.” The objective was an intentional community site for up to 100 families. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Recently Mildred and friends had traveled through the lower Appalachians and the Ozarks hunting for land. Several sites were under investigation. There were about 30 family units interested. A 33-question questionnaire was printed on the back of July 1963 issue. The questions started with “Do you want to be a part of a homesteading community some day?” It asked about land needs and management, rules regarding personal conduct and community rules, type of exchange system, what type of people could be members and how would they be selected, and finally, “Where do you think the National School of Living Community should be located?”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred requested that readers send their response promptly. “An analysis and response,” she added, “will be discussed at the School annual meeting at the Homesteaders Festival, New Hope, Pennsylvania, Aug. 2 – 5, 1963.” New Hope was a small agricultural community in Bucks County north of Philadelphia. It had been settled by German farmers about two centuries earlier and old, stone farmhouses still dot the fertile countryside. Priscilla Stone Sharp wrote a historical novel about the region during the mid-nineteenth century, <i>Langhorn and Mary</i>. It is a story about her family in those days.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred was making a bold move with this new project. This was the first time, since the founding of the School of Living nearly 30 years earlier, that a major land trust project had been proposed. Melbourne Village, in the 1950s, although Borsodi and friends tried to shape it into a School of Living community, was founded and remained an independent corporation, essentially a retirement development. While Mildred and other homesteaders often had visitors and even individuals or families living with them for a time, they typically remained private homesteads. This was a major step forward in School of Living organization. Her friends and associates, as we will see, took her seriously. That project would occupy Mildred for another 20 years to the end of her life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the next issue Mildred reported that the New Hope meeting had been a great success. Sixty adults and 20 children attended. It was a camping event. Grace and Harold Lefever were festival leaders. There was a barn dance Friday night and folk dances representing Russian, Jewish and Greek performances. Saturday there were two farm tours. That evening Mildred spoke about the School of Living community. Sunday was the annual meeting, and there was further discussion about intentional community. Grace Lefever and Dorothy Ulrich conducted a “Homesteaders Sharing Session,” a panel on “Rearing Children for a Free World.” There was an open discussion about forming a new School of Living headquarters. The survey results, in short, showed a trend toward a freer, non-regulated type of community. Finances continued to be an impediment to expanding School programs.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>1963 A <i>Way Out</i><o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><i>A Way Out</i> started the year with on an inauspicious note. There were more negative reader response. It didn’t appeal to the “average” or “more open” reader. Some of the content is also redundant with the <i>Green Revolution</i>. Nonetheless, it would continue. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the March 1963 issue of <i>Way Out</i> (the word “A” came and went several times in the title) it was reported that Borsodi was recovering from a near fatal illness and settled in Exeter, New Hampshire. It was announced that he had finished <i>The Problem of Education (The Education of the Whole Man)</i>, a book written while he was in India. Mildred wrote that he had published “An Introductory Statement – Seventeen Basic Problems of Man and Society.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred was by then the sole editor of <i>A Way Out.</i> The inside cover then carried a statement of purpose of the School of Living: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The School of Living is an organization of individuals who protest the fragmentation, the social pathology, the injustice and ugliness of modern life. Its members are trying to work out, both for themselves and for experimental communities, a life which shall be intellectually, emotionally, esthetically and socially satisfying.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Most members see that this type of life calls for increasing individual liberty and social decentralization. They welcome writers, teachers and intelligent laymen of every calling. All that is asked of these is integrity, cooperativeness and freedom from doctrinaire convictions.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Besides publishing Way Out and The Green Revolution, The School of Living publishes and circulates pamphlets and special studies, maintains a member-loan library, assists local study groups, holds periodic workshops, initiated and now co-sponsors a Congress (of allied groups) on Balanced Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><i>A Way Out</i> continued, more or less, the decentralist theme, albeit with more political content. With Mildred’s editorship, the content did include more about the School of Living programs, Borsodi’s work and homestead related topics.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi submitted a brief article that opened by saying that if economist, politicians and religious leaders could save the world, they have had plenty of time to do so. The world was still a mess. Unlike animals that must respond to challenges by instinct, he continued, human beings have the capacity to think. At issue, however, was still the problem of survival and survival of one’s group too typically takes precedence over the survival of other groups. Borsodi had long stressed that the solutions of the world’s problems were not social but rather must occur at the individual level; the problem is intellectual and emotional, not abstract; intended to be applied to living and not merely dialog. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">He argued that “man is a problem-solver.” In order to solve problems, we must understand them. At issue, he wrote, it was not about the solution to problems; over the centuries people have been solving them. We have a record of the accumulated wisdom of humankind. The problem is to evaluate these potential solutions and “the selection and practice of truly human ones.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">He reported that the list of major problems had evolved from eleven, presented in his first seminar on the subject at Oberlin College in 1940, to the current seventeen, and there may be more. These problems were divided into three groups at this point: three noetic (intellectual) problems, five involving values (emotions) and nine primarily about practical problems (this mix would become 4, 4 and 9 by 1968). A list of the seventeen problems in their three groups was provided, each with a short description. Again, we learn that nearly half of the members of the School of Living were active homesteaders and that “All of its members are committed to a serious search for a way out of the cul-de-sac of contemporary civilizations.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Throughout 1963 we find a growing awareness of a new sense of things in the US. There are articles on the beat generation, on Zen communities, on intentional communities, concern about international conflict, growing world population, the impact of industrialization, and a sense of a drift towards anarchy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The bulk of the October 1963 issue of <i>Way Out</i> was the complete text of Borsodi <i>Pan-Humanist Manifesto</i>(originally published in India in 1958). The subtitle of the issue is: “A Program for Action and a Call for Leadership in a Free World.” The <i>Manifesto</i> was available as a pamphlet for 35 cents. The title was later changed to <i>A Decentralist Manifesto</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>1964 and 1965 Green Revolution<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred was quite attracted to Betty Friedan’s book, <i>The Feminine Mystique</i>. The book, she noted, was causing “a great stir among both men and women.” She invited subscribers to read it thoroughly and send their reactions and evaluations. Mildred had invited Betty to speak when she was in the area, but Betty declined. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Rose Smart, a stalwart supporter of Mildred’s, from her homestead in Ohio (near Lane’s End) responded. Betty’s zest and energy, she wrote, were admired. And she is correct, said Rose, that a woman should get out of the sterile places called homes. Yes, we need an alternative to the life women must lead. But it wasn’t in the office working like a man. Rose had found it rather in the homesteading life: A woman’s place is on a homestead. Mildred agreed with her friend Rose that homesteads are a viable alternative for women. She asked if an out-of-home career could be as satisfying as life on the land.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Children and child raising, Mildred continued, are a major purpose of marriage, and both father and mother, not just the mother, are responsible for raising them, for helping them become fully human. She made two additional points along this line. First, our well-being is largely defined by our ability to understand and make order out of our immediate environment. A homestead provides this environment for a child. Second, it provides work for the hands: A child learns, indeed his/her brain develops largely through the hands. <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Borsodi Reboot<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Four years after returning from India, as Borsodi’s health continued to improve, he went back to work with his characteristic energy (he was 77 in 1965). Mildred reported Borsodi’s activities in New Hampshire with the Humanist Association, interfaith groups and the problems of population and birth control. The population explosion was a popular topic at the time and Borsodi had witnessed its effect in India. Borsodi was also involved in a discussion with University of New Hampshire faculty about a revival of the country life movement. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">These activities seem to revive Borsodi, restarting his “engine” so to speak. With a basic manual on education now in print (<i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>) and the materials for the seventeen problems framework “upgrade” summarized, he and Mildred begin putting together a new campaign for the School of Living. Mildred, herself at 65, far from retiring, was busier than ever.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the Fall, Mildred called for more School of Living face-to-face meetings and planned ten across the country: Maryland, New York, Florida, Goddard College, Ohio, Oregon, San Francisco, Los Banos, California, again in Maryland, and finally in Michigan. She proposed study and discussion groups, a separate problem of living each month, Borsodi’s <i>Decentralist Manifesto, Education and Living, The Education of the Whole Man</i> and <i>Challenge of Asia</i>; and her own recent <i>Go Ahead and Live</i> (see below). She announced a 75-page presentation of “The Possessional Problem” (Land and Money) which was available for $1. Again, she seems to have already been writing Borsodi’s upcoming book on major problems of living. While not a book, it represents the most comprehensive statement of the problem ever given. There was at least one other such chapter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The October 1965 issue was an extended edition. It contained a photograph of the original Tree of Life tapestry, a symbol of whole living, that had been moved from Borsodi’s Dogwoods to Lane’s End (subsequently lost). This photo was printed in the previous chapter. In that issue, Borsodi renewed his plea for an educational revolution. To provide a sense of urgency, Borsodi published an article about the riots in American cities. They are due, he wrote, to misery and frustration but the ultimate cause is urbanism and industrialism, both of which do violence to human nature, reducing men and women and children to a state of alienation. He cited riots in Watts (Los Angeles): “a 50 square mile piece of the American dream had turned, after four nights of apocalyptic fury, into a nightmare.” Whole blocks lay in rubble. Heavily armed soldiers were everywhere, 36 dead, 900 injured, 4,000 arrested, about $200 million in property damage. Borsodi said this was not merely a riot, it was a revolt, one against all authority. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What is the response of the School of Living? The time has come, he concluded, for the readers of the <i>Green Revolution</i> to do something about it. He proposed a “revolution,” a mass movement: Not political, definitely not violent: “Instead we propose a radically new kind of education which deals with all the basic problems which individuals and families face, and which society as a whole faces. “We propose,” he wrote, “an education which provides significantly new and humane solutions for those problems. We propose nationwide discussions and consideration of these problems and the solutions. We have set a time for a beginning to train leaders for this revolutionary kind of education – October 24 – 29 – in New Hampshire. If enough intelligent, dedicated persons respond, it is just possible that in the end millions will wake up and see that this is a good way out.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A front-page article announced a Fall Festival, October 30 -31 at Pembroke Center, N. H.: “Action for a New Frontier Begins.” It proposed: “A New Frontier is opening up. It is starting in New Hampshire [where Borsodi then lived] and hopefully may quickly spread far and wide. New Frontiersmen have been called to their first gathering, a Fall Festival of music, art, discussion and fellowship.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“It is a new frontier not in terms of geography but in terms of new social institutions and new ways of living. It doesn’t use government nor turn to politics and political parties. It uses a new, local and regional adult education! It isn’t purely intellectual; “it appeals to feelings and emotions; uses art, music and dancing! It looks to a life of health, culture and fulfillment on Shangri-Las<a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="color: #404040; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></b></span></span></a> (family homesteads) and in small towns and communities.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Ralph Borsodi, readers were told, “was at the center of the movement for a New Frontier.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The full program was printed. Much of it was about community building. It picked up on Borsodi’s theme of the decline of the cities. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The opening address was given by Mildred, hailed as the editor of the <i>Green Revolution</i>, author <i>Go Ahead and Live</i>. There was a debate: Big Cities are parasitic growths on the body politics. The affirmative argument was given by Ralph Borsodi, the negative by Silas Weeks, an economist at the University of New Hampshire. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was also an article by Lewis Herber: “Decline and Imminent Fall of Cities” that continued the conversation about the turmoil in American cities. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred’s editorial was “Is A Green Revolution Possible?” A green revolution, in contrast to a red revolution, is not bloody and violent but relies on education and persuasion. It doesn’t come through government but through individuals. The Green Revolution, she stated, is more than a movement to the land. But a rural revival is surely part of it. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There were two announcements for upcoming events: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->A Leadership Training Seminar to Expand the Green Revolution:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->At Exeter, NH, Oct 24 – 29: Tenth Seminar on the Basic Problems of Man and of Society,” featuring seventeen universal problems [still three years from the book]. “More than study, it will be oriented to practical organization of regions in which seminarians will later function as leaders of self-supporting local or regional Schools of Living.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Headquarters Community News: There were 30 people at a Labor Day workbee at the Old Mill, Heathcote, Maryland. It was clear that the location for the new headquarters had been decided. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The December 1965 issue of <i>Green Revolution</i> reported 20 people present at the Tenth Seminar. Grace and Harold Lefever were there. Income for the seminar was $642.50, expenses $672.49 (nothing for Borsodi). There were four 1 ½ hour session each day. In the first half of each session, Borsodi defined one basic problem of living, indicating the several ways humankind has tried to solve that problem and gave his choice of solutions. The remainder of each session was open debate and discussion, opposition and clarification. Dissent to Borsodi’s views were welcome. But general agreement was had the basic problems of living need to be delineated and defined. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The problem of the cities was again discussed. Mildred wrote: “One bold plan of action was outlined that may, in the months and the next years to come, help to turn the tide of despair and chaos in our larger cities.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was also an interesting news item, an 8-mm film, 40 minutes long, about 10 homesteads and rural centers well known to School of Living. These included the Smarts, Lane’s End, Ragged Mountain, Heathcote, Sonnewald, Rodale experimental organic farm, Paul Keene’s Walnut Acres, and Louis Bromfield’s Malabar Farm. Rental of the film was announced at $2. The film has been lost.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Go Ahead and Live<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred was a prolific writer as well as outstanding editor. She wrote for the School of Living publications and other journals. We do not have a full collection of her articles but there are many of them. In 1965, she published her first book, <i>Go Ahead and Live</i>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the introduction, titled “The Green Revolution,” Mildred noted, first, that by the mid-sixties, she was seeing the beginning of a new, alternative culture. I’m not sure the “counterculture” had been named by then<a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a>. The Hippies and Counterculture were, in fact, just barely emerging. It had something of a foundation in the Beats and in Jack Kerouac’s works of the 1950s. Now a new generation was taking its place. The Free Speech movement had emerged in Berkeley in 1964. Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters, with hard rock, LSD and psychedelic painted buses, were making a hit. The Summer of Love and Woodstock, the icons of the Counterculture, were several years off. <i>The Whole Earth Catalog</i>didn’t arrive until 1968. Mildred was perceptive. She was very well position to pick up on this movement, quickly sensed its alignment with the School of Living mission and, well past the age 30 mark that delineated the youth from the establishment generation, became an iconic figure, indeed, as noted, was later honored with the title “Grandmother of the Counterculture<a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a>”.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She went on to write of the founding of the School of Living, her life at Lane’s End but most importantly about people who contributed to the book, “real, live people,” who shared their experience of homesteading. They share the values Borsodi and Mildred held and defended. It is about “normal” living in the sense of optimal living, living simply, on the land, close to the earth, caring and sharing. These people are the Green Revolutionaries.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are 23 of these stories, 23 chapters. Mildred wrote the introduction and two of the chapters. She ended the book with an “Epilogue.” In it, she asked the question: “How would a School of Living work? Family was high on the list of topics in this book: natural childbirth, breast feeding, family planning, education, etc. Families, then as now, were facing challenges (mostly the decline of community). She expressed dissatisfaction with family clinics and offered three suggestions of how a School of Living could better support its community’s families.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She next discussed the major problems of living curriculum of a Community School of Living. She provided a brief outline of the questions raised by each of the seventeen problems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She went on to the topic of how a Community School of Living could be started. She listed how the Community School of Living could help its members deal with the problems of living. She suggested some specialist roles for leaders in the problems of living; something she had already done with <i>The Interpreter</i> panel – all generalist in the problems of living but each focusing on develop a particular problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred then posed the question of how a Major Problems of Living seminar could be conducted. She concluded with a note on where the material on Problems of Living could be obtained.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred closed the “Epilogue” with the original tree logo and the motto of the School of Living, something I believe she took from Myrtle Mae Borsodi: “Creation dignifies labor, justifies suffering, gives significance to life.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Way Out, 1965 and 1967<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We have only one issue of A <i>Way Out</i> in 1964 and it consists of topical articles for the time and essentially critical. In 1965, the format of A <i>Way Out</i> changed to 8 ½ by 11, mimeographed. It was published bi-monthly. A note inside the front cover stated the reason as cost. There were at that time two publications produced, printing and mailed, at considerable expense and with added workload, particularly for Mildred.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The March 1965 issue also carried the news that Mildred, the previous summer, after 20 years of heavy work producing the School of Living journal, had again announced her gradual retirement. [This, of course, was wishful thinking.]<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This issue focused on community. Mildred wrote: “The community movement is based on the proliferating of interlocking and interdependent I –thou relationships rather than on the control of an elite cadre. In the March – April 1966 edition, an Intentional Community Conference was announced for June 18 – 26 at Heathcote. The announcement read: Our generation is faced with problems that are psychological as well as political or economic. We live in a nation that has the material wealth to keep everyone healthy, and it does not. We have the power to keep the peace, and we make war. Our people are cut off from their own life and feelings; divided from each other and separated from themselves. However, we are a generation armed with greater knowledge of human psychology than those before us.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The issue was introduced by a panel of four contributors, including Mildred who wrote “The Education-Centered Community.” Mildred mentioned thoughts written by others about <i>Island</i> (Counterculture novel by Aldous Huxley in 1962) and B. F. Skinner’s <i>Walden II</i> (originally published in 1948 but again popular). <i>Walden II</i> was a fictional account of an intentional community founded upon behavioral psychology principles. It inspired at least one such, Twin Oaks intentional community in Virginia.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Skinner’s behavioralism is in many ways opposite of the philosophy held by Mildred and Borsodi. Behavioralism has little in the way of a concept of the individual or of rational thinking. Desirable behavior is produced by conditioning, by reward and punishment, not by study and choice. It was, however, a highly popular theory of psychology that held the high ground with Freud. Maslow and others were then proposing a third force in psychology, a humanistic philosophy; one about the healthy, self-actualized, individual. Its founder, Abraham Maslow, knew Borsodi and though highly of his work. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">So, what is an education-centered community? It is what Borsodi founded at Suffern in the 1930s and more. Borsodi formed the Bayard Lane community but it broke up and its failure to form a community, let alone a School, Mildred said, is instructive. Such efforts, and there have been many of them, fail for the following reasons, she wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The failure in human relationships, and the meager skill and resources to deal with communication and emotional problems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The lack of understanding of their land agreement; too often rooted in selfish ambition, jealousy, insecurity, etc.; a lack of emotional maturity.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The lack of a commitment to an educational process. Life is change and learning is our means of adapting.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred emphasized that living in community is hard work. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The issue contained a list of “Thirteen functional US intentional communities” and also a list of persons to contact about actively forming School of Living groups.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><i>A Way Out</i> issues, for 1965 and 1966, came at a pivotal time in American society. The September-October 1965 issue was devoted to the youth revolt. On the inside front cover of this issue, we find where the title of the journal came from. Confucius and Wilhelm Reich were quoted. In essence, many people find themselves trapped by the circumstances of life, but few moved toward the exit. <i>A Way Out</i> is about finding the exit, from a School of Living perspective. “Our avowed purpose” wrote Robert Anton Wilson, when editor during 1962 -1963, “is to call in question the authority of the keepers of the trap, and we intend to challenge them by name until they are provoked into answering us.” Borsodi had similarly used the term in the early 1930s when he spoke about overcoming the barriers to living as found in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Saying that, the School of Living makes it clear that it is non-sectarian and non-political, an “organization of individuals who are trying to work out for themselves and for experimental communities, a life which shall be intellectually, emotionally, aesthetically and socially satisfying. Our members see this type of life a calling for individual liberty and social decentralization – indeed for a revolution, personal and/or social.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The November – December 1965 issue was devoted to “A Way Out By Women.” The contributors were women leaders in the School of Living, starting with Mildred. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg880bQwsuvS0WpPlj7cJJwOyGB7dioOseh0PPA_HARAHxCHEjcOe7On3NKmxHwe7vHEMMQdqAjvAvZVWvxb1zK8vAJIeHA-xNqnL6cCaaA8V-dAlDaFBjiIfWKZioSYquSyyAjT7IzzaVS/s2048/1oth+Seminary+1965.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1298" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg880bQwsuvS0WpPlj7cJJwOyGB7dioOseh0PPA_HARAHxCHEjcOe7On3NKmxHwe7vHEMMQdqAjvAvZVWvxb1zK8vAJIeHA-xNqnL6cCaaA8V-dAlDaFBjiIfWKZioSYquSyyAjT7IzzaVS/s320/1oth+Seminary+1965.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><v:shape alt="A group of people posing for a photo
Description automatically generated" id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_s1028" style="height: 175.25pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 191.5pt; margin-top: 18.05pt; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 276.4pt; z-index: 251659264;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="A group of people posing for a photo
Description automatically generated" src="file:////Users/williamh.sharp/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image002.png"><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape>In that issue, it was reported that the Tenth Seminar on the Major Problems of living had been held at Exeter in October and that participants came from Oregon, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Maryland and New England. The agenda attached was published in <i>Green Revolution</i>. The green tam-o-shanter hat symbolized the unity around the Green Revolution. Borsodi, seated, didn’t appear too thrilled with this image. Wearing it didn’t become a legacy. This photo was taken by Grace Lefever.<o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><v:shape alt="A page of a document
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Description automatically generated with low confidence" src="file:////Users/williamh.sharp/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image003.jpg"><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape>The March- April 1966 issue was devoted to </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUS564WfbY-IAVJU9zSADIfm_e033_rtfnYsPLOJO_30z_uH71SSMPcG2gQ0JEdNL3vfD1kBsSreUK0-zXpb-0LiNMZbmCtDV_5R5N7kUQehLKYUIKRgFKPbQCuQgTewjKqFFujmBbBOHU/s2460/Tenth+Seminar+Program.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2460" data-original-width="920" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUS564WfbY-IAVJU9zSADIfm_e033_rtfnYsPLOJO_30z_uH71SSMPcG2gQ0JEdNL3vfD1kBsSreUK0-zXpb-0LiNMZbmCtDV_5R5N7kUQehLKYUIKRgFKPbQCuQgTewjKqFFujmBbBOHU/w240-h640/Tenth+Seminar+Program.jpeg" width="240" /></a></div>the war in Vietnam. Borsodi’s Peace Plan, written during World War II, was on the list of School of Living pamphlets. <o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The May-June 1966 issue provided a graphic metaphor about the School of Living. The cover carried the image on a small, private, airplane, a family of four as passengers, with the caption: “Four aspects of the green revolution may be liked to four parts of an air plane:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Outer, social development of man, the right wing.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Homestead, the family passengers in the cabin, the abode and shelter of human beings.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Inner, personal development of man, the left wing.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Education – School of Living, the engine<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The whole in set is motion, Mildred explained by the motor, by the School of Living. This school is at the center of a community, a homesteading community. And “More specifically, the green revolution is undergirded by an education in 17 major problems of living, each distinguishable from the others by some special aspect or characteristics.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In an opening article Mildred elaborate on what makes the School of Living unique. It is, first of all, not about fragments but rather about all aspects of living: “A school which analyzes and defines problems, yes; but a school of synthesis, integration and wholeness, dealing with all of men’s universal and basic problems of living.” This is the green revolution and it is organic: bringing all of life together.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Many people, she noted, see modern culture as destructive. To counter that effect requires “an education that will examine and reconstruct all aspects of real living.” There is no one way to define the School of Living, no dogma, no doctrine. Each has to work it out themselves. She added, “The one requisite is to be open to search, discussion and action on what seems most likely to result in fulfillment and long-range satisfaction.” <o:p></o:p></p><h2><i>A Way Out </i>May – June 1966 <o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">David Knoke, a second-generation School of Living member, told Mildred’s story of the forming of the School of Living. Although it is repetitious to some degree, I think it instructive to get this perspective from that time. I find this story particularly insightful. Mildred did not share it in her Borsodi biography. It confirms her more than casual role in the development of the School’s principles and practices.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It started with the Dayton homesteading experiment. Mildred had met Borsodi a year earlier, in 1932, at his homestead in New York, and then became involved with the Liberty Homesteading project he was called in to advise. She said she had socialist leanings but became disillusioned during her early career. Borsodi warned against government involvement in the project. Mildred joined his decentralist view. So too did John Loomis who had also joined the Liberty Homestead project. With the failure of the Dayton project, she wrote, “Borsodi decided that a permanent revival of economic independence and family life, rooted in homesteading, must grow out of an educational movement.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">From that start, in 1934, the practices and principles of the School of Living were developed in numerous seminars, lectures, articles and in correspondence. Mildred wrote that this was more of an education than anything she had gotten in college.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In another article, Mildred provided more detail on the early days (1936 – 1945) of the School of Living at Bayard Lane. The staff consisted of a secretary, a librarian-research worker and directors. The directors were, in succession, Ralph and Myrtle Mae Borsodi, Ralph and Lila Templin, Robert and Agnes Toms and Elizabeth Nutting. They conducted five types of activities:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Building homestead communities, particular Bayard Lane and Van Houten Fields. “Imbedded in the activates of these communities were some patterns regarding land-holding, credit, exchange and ownership that could help in unraveling larger economic-political problems if widely implement. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Research regarding the economics of home-production vs. factory production.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Publication: These included twelve <i>How to Economize Bulletins</i>, a monthly <i>School of Living News</i>, <i>Free America</i> and quarterly <i>Decentralist</i>. There were also books by Borsodi.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Demonstrations of practices of living including resident students and visitors.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Principles of living: Weekend seminars and forums, outstanding leaders and students examined the nature and effect of current social, economic and political, educational and institutional problems of all kinds.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">These early years inspired hundreds, if not thousands, of families to take up homesteading. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">After a year working at the Suffern School of Living, 1939 – 1940, Mildred returned to Ohio to start her own homesteading experience. At Lane’s End, she reported, “After the mid-forties, School of Living concepts, activities and publications became the informal, avocational output from Lane’s End Homestead, Brookville, Ohio.” The Interpreter, she said, became her hobby. The Loomis homestead, Lane’s End, became the “nerve center” of the School of Living at the end of World War II. Over 15 years, she added, Lane’s End was the home to seven young couples and a dozen children.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We find this note: “Mildred Loomis keeps the interest alive via a voluminous correspondence and issuing the monthly <i>Green Revolution</i> and bimonthly <i>A Way Out</i>. She hopes soon to see a larger Center going, with the purchase of a property in Maryland by other interested decentralists.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Why is decentralism important? Decentralization is about economic and personal independence. The massive business-industrial system has reduced us to wage slavery. But of greater importance is that it grinds down the human spirit. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred related that Borsodi had spent time at Lane’s End drafting his problem-centered educational program which came out as <i>Education and Living</i> in 1948. Borsodi then moved to Melbourne, Florida where he developed an experimental university around his problem-centered framework. From there he went to India for an extended stay.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I can’t help but wonder about Mildred’s repeated references to her work with the School of Living as “avocational” or even as a “hobby.” Of course, it was a work of love. Perhaps of equal significance, she rarely got paid to do the work. She put time and money into the School of Living. For example, in 1949 she and John decided to invest the value of a small paid-up insurance policy into construction of a new School of Living building at Lane’s End; a 1,600 square foot concrete building, constructed by hand with the help of friends. The building served as a library and meeting place. They enjoyed folk dancing there. Books were reviewed, correspondence flooded in, visitors came. In 1950, Mildred was offered a salary of $50 a month. With Borsodi in Florida and India, she became increasingly responsible for the organization. And in 1954, as reported, the School of Living was incorporated. The budget was around $5,000 per year (equivalent to about $54,000 2021). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">As Director of Education, Mildred wrote that she extended her duties to include:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Amending the charter for tax exempt status. This took several trips to Washington, D. C.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Regular monthly meetings at Lane’s End<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Develop a loan-and-sale book service to members<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Arranged the 2,000-book library under major problems of life<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Provided book lists on problems of living to members and inquirers<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->f.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Assisted formation of local study groups <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->g.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Assisted Ralph Borsodi in 1954 – 1956 problems of living seminars<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->h.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Conducted a class in Antioch College Adult School on Problems of Living<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->i.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Prepared a discussion outline on ten problems of living<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->j.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Changed <i>The Interpret</i> into <i>Balanced Living</i> and from a newsletter to a journal format, and editing material to cover major problems of living for content<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->k.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->There had been three annual conferences on Balanced Living to this point. The first, in 1957, “moved in the direction of integration of effort for a new culture.” These had been organized by Mildred; and none held since 1960. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->l.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->She said a score of independent, decentralists, groups were working together to promote “rural life, small business, small community, conservation, cooperatives, land-value taxation, money reform, non-governmentalism, family life, childcare, self-regulative education, personal responsibility for heath, etc. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->m.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->There were also homestead festivals between 1960 and 1966, each hosted at a different School of Living homestead. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->n.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Readers had been asking for more about homesteading in the monthly publication and the <i>Green Revolution</i>resulted in 1963. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->o.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->With the publication of the <i>Green Revolution</i>, there were two journals, a mailing list of nearly 1,000. However, the able assistants who had stayed at Lane’s End moved on and Mildred found herself supporting both publications for 18 months, along with all the administrative detail and correspondence. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred had been urging that a new headquarters for the School of Living be found and interest steadily grew. One motivation was that she was wearing out from the long, heavy, workload. In 1964, she reported, the Anackers had suggested that a 150-year-old mill on their property in Maryland might be renovated and work began. On June 13, 1966, an Open House was held there and a following conference on Intentional Community drew 85 participants.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Mildred’s Mission<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred, it should be emphasized, was at this time diligently working to clarify the mission of the School of Living. I think that included clarification of her own underlying values. This was a critical juncture in its history because she was hoping to turn over the reins. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There were two articles about Mildred’s history with the School of Living which give some context to her devotion to its cause. It was largely about agrarian roots. Both Mildred and John had been born on farms. John continued to farm. To him homesteading was natural. Mildred said her education “eradicated” her rural values. She spent 15 years searching but is was not until the 30s that she began to question the centralist direction of culture. By 1936 her thinking had been influenced by Lewis Mumford, Aldous Huxley, Alexis Carrel and (soon) Erich Fromm. And, of course, Borsodi. She stated four questions that were much on her mind:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Can the city, as we know it, be considered a gross mistake instead of a glorious achievement?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Each individual is a unique event in space and time – how [do we] find out what qualities and activates are suited to his[/her] nature?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->What environment does [s]he need?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Of all the myriad “reforms” and “isms,” which should one support, shun or discard?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>, she wrote had been “like a stick of dynamite.” She added a qualifying statement about her relationship to Borsodi:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“This is not to say that in all these years Borsodi and I saw everything alike; that we did not find serious lacks in each other; that we do not have our differences and difficulties. Nor does it mean that I thought then or think now that the School of Living is perfect or totally adequate.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">One concern Mildred expressed was that the School of Living has been “only small ripples” in the mainstream of America’s mechanized, centralized society, yet the future may vindicate [Borsodi] in the end: “Borsodi’s concern is for the humanization of humanity – for the development of complete, balanced persons. Many believe his economics of self-sufficiency are sound, and that the esthetics of modern homesteading are more pleasing than the tinsel world of Madison Avenue or the “authority” of the White House.” Given the technological trends of modern society, small rural communities represent the future of civilization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">As noted, work had started on refurbishing an old mill at Heathcote, Maryland. This was intended to become the new center of the School of Living, successor to Lane’s End at the center of the web. Mildred wrote of her vision for the New School of Living headquarters developing at Heathcote: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“A beautiful homestead with flourishing gardens, orchards, woods, fertile soil, streams, lakes, healthy plants, animals and people. An oasis, a Shangri La where people crowded in East Coast cities may come to enjoy and work with nature – not to be mere leisure-time enjoyers or spectators of nature, but true functioning cooperators in a productive way.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“In short, I think of the Heathcote School of Living Center as a Green Revolution nerve center … to help the movement build momentum.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“How would this appear in detail, if spelled out? Again, remember, those who implement it would help decide it. Ideally, the Mill building would be occupied and directed by a staff who love the land, who understand man’s balanced ecology and all its natural physical, social and psychological implications. Every nook and cranny of the building and surroundings would reflect this love and understanding. Each inch of ground would be flowering and productive, esthetic and functional.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">The people at the Center would reflect this philosophy and this practice in their health, their zest, their balance.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">Ideally the Center would be surrounded by a number of small homesteads in community. Each in its own way would achieve a standard and impact similar to the central homestead. One or two members in most homesteads would, hopefully, also be available at stated times to assist in the actual work of the S of L – records, mailing, publishing, teaching, demonstrating, etc.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">The homesteaders, I hope, would agree that land, on which they live and work, is a Gift to them, and to those who come after them, in which they would never want to profit. I hope they will implement a common group “holding” of the land, with each family having title by occupancy and agree on use of it, and not submit it to buying, selling and speculation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">Ideally, the whole community would be a school – a learning situation, each recognizing that he is engaged in a continual educational experiment. The gardens, woods, streams, shops and homes would be “curriculum” for their children. Parents would cooperate to pay for or supply tools and social subjects in a classroom at the Mill. Adults would engage in continual exploration of their major problems of living, sometimes in formal seminars, most often in informal discussion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">Eventually, among the homesteaders would develop at least one person more wise and skilled in each problem of living so that they would be looked to as ‘guide’ or faculty member in that respect, for resident as well as non-resident students.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">Hopefully, homesteaders would continually reflect on What is the purpose of all this? What is my purpose in living? Periodically they would gather to delve into this in shared and group exploration. To the end that all might find deeper, more meaningful satisfaction in their living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Heathcote, in short, she hoped, would become an adult educational center, as had long been proposed by the School of Living, to “help the movement build momentum.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was another page or so that Mildred titled “More Specifically;” but this will appear in a following chapter.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Borsodi again in India<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred wrote about Borsodi’s third (more likely fourth) trip to India. In 1966 Borsodi was invited for a return visit to India, a six-week lecture tour. Borsodi’s first visit to India, and other Asian countries in 1952 and his book, <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>, established his sympathy with developing countries. It was clear to some observers that Borsodi and Gandhi had much in common regarding a decentralized economy and education. Like Gandhi he saw the future not in industrialization but in village economies. During his second visit to India, 1958 – 1961, he wrote the <i>Pan-Humanist/Decentralist Manifesto</i> and <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>. <i>The Education</i> was published in 1963 and it appears Borsodi returned to India then. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1966, Borsodi met with many of the country’s leaders, including Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. He was also getting further involved in the Gramdan movement there (see “Land Trust” chapter). This meeting was, in fact, the beginning to another turning point for the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred prefaced this article with a short section on “Borsodi’s Concept of Man.” “Borsodi sees, and has always seen, human beings as creatures with immense potential. His experience and his conviction are that choice, responsibility, creativity and freedom are germane to the good life of every human beings.” This is a revolutionary concept (Green Revolution). The revolution, the route to maximizing freedom, begins with a plot of land upon which to “take as much of one’s life and destiny as possible into one’s own hands.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Also published in that issue was an article by Borsodi, “The Real Problem in the Underdeveloped Nations Today.” The real problem, he reported, was not industrialization but rural revival. Mahatma Gandhi had realized that and worked for a rural renaissance of farmers and villagers, three-quarters of Indian population. But his vision was ignored. What is needed is credit to allow rural development. That theme led to the formation of an international non-profit organization for land trusts, the International Foundation for Independence, in Luxemburg the following year.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi noted the problem of inflation. There is a need for a currency that is inflation-proof. The foundation for this currency is a “Basket of Commodities,” staples such as gold, iron, rice, sugar, cotton, wheat, coffee, copper – both natural resources and grown resources. Arbitrage of currency and commodity became the foundation of the Constant and related local currencies. (1972 – That topic has its own chapter below.)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In her article for the July – August 1966 issue, “World Rehabilitation,” Mildred wrote that she was finding an increasing number of people working on the problems of living. She said that she received about 100 small journals (a list of these was available for ten cents) about “challenging older, traditional patterns.” She also noted that most did not define their problems as rigorously as they should. The School of Living, she added, is unique because it includes all of the problems of living. It calls for a reexamination of culture. It is comprehensive; no single solution alone will do the job.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Closing A <i>Way Out</i><o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the May – June 1966 issue of <i>A Way Out</i>, Mildred expressed a state of exhaustion and that she had been the mainstay of the School of Living for over 20 years [more like 25]. She and John had supported themselves by homesteading for over a quarter of a century. Borsodi once wrote that homesteaders would gain the time for learning and other productive work. Mildred had found the time and energy to run a dynamic nonprofit – without a computer, cell phone or internet. At most, it seems she received a compensation of $50 per month for School of Living work. Mildred was an avid networker. She always had a strong base of support, but it is well known that such networks take a great deal of energy to sustain. Her network was a pool of unsung heroes in the annals of the School of Living. Their support speaks of the love and respect they had for her.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Her editorial assistant for <i>A Way Out</i> had left and she was editing and publishing both it and <i>Green Revolution</i>. Not once, as far as I know, in over twenty years, had Mildred missed an edition of a School of Living publication; during the early <i>The Interpreter</i> days two a month. Now she was producing 18 issues a year. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred was closely following the emerging Counterculture; collecting information, writing letters for more information making contacts and friends. She was managing the corporate affairs of the School of Living. As noted she subscribed to and obviously spent much time with over 100 publications. She was maintaining contact with members and friends and continued support for Borsodi who was completing the final, and daunting, manuscript of <i>Seventeen Problems</i>; a job that would tax those decades younger than either of them. Mildred herself had reached retirement age. She was 66. John was 79. They were still growing 95% of their own food. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">That edition of <i>A Way Out</i>, far from being a swan song, there was nothing plaintive about it, was rather an impassioned pitch for the good life and the School of Living model. Mildred would, it proved, continue to carry the School of Living for another twenty years until she died, as they might say, with her boots on. Mildred could have put the Eveready Bunny to shame.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the July-August 1966 A <i>Way Out</i>, Mildred reported that two final issues were planned, one as inserts in <i>Green Revolution</i> (September and October) and the second a mimeographed issue. She wrote that material was ample, but funding was not. She announced her resignation from production, financial and responsibility for A <i>Way Out</i> effective December 31, 1966.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She also pointed out that the School of Living was a pioneering enterprise and listed a number of its firsts:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Healthy, normal living. The Borsodi’s raised good, healthy, food in the open countryside. Hundreds of people came to visit including J. I. Rodale who went on to publish <i>Organic Gardening</i> and <i>Prevention</i> magazines “that spread the idea to millions.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->He guided people away from the urban-industrial “ugly civilization,” to productive and self-fulfilling occupations on the land.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Community: He raised the funding to found homesteading communities which inspired many other communities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Economic Freedom: The human economy, and personal freedom, are rooted in nature, not material acquisition. Borsodi placed the development of the individual above all else. But no one can be free unless they are economically free and that means access to land – the land trust. He spread this message around the world.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->He observed the coercive power of big government and advocated decentralized living. He developed a format for the study of the Civic Problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->World Peace: He developed a peace plan during World War II that anticipated the United Nations. Yet rather than a world government, he advocated collaborative grassroots communities that could, in an environment of peace and prosperity, develop on their own.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Psychological and Biological Aspects: Borsodi developed a model of normal, that is optimal and healthy, living and the educational program to serve each stage of life that was a pioneering effort in the promotion of human potentiality.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Religion: Too often based on fear and superstition rather than the reality of life and rarely providing a comprehensive program for living well on this Earth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Education: Education is life-long; it is comprehensive in scope, not specialized; its goal is to live the good life to the fullest.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->How should a human being live? Society today does not conform to optimum human life. “Is it not then incumbent upon [educators] to rigorously examine that culture, to help plan its humanization, to take steps in that direction, that their students and they can be equipped with insight and tools to continue humanizing that culture?” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Adult Education: “The School of Living has been a forerunner in reexamining man’s physical, cosmic and social environment and his place in it. Long ago it warned of the dangers of over-technologized processes and in centralization of power, population and industry. For thirty years it has been developing a curriculum and an action program that would counter these trends. It does not claim it has all the answers, but it does submit that asking the right questions is an assist to finding the right answers. Many find the School’s statement of man’s universal problems of living a guide to life-long adult education. Our hopes and plans are that in many communities, concerned persons would organize to examine and act on these major problems of living.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred concluded this article with this statement: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The School of Living purchased in 1966 land and buildings near Freeland, Maryland from which to operate as Heathcote Community and School of Living Center. Like any pioneering group its greatest need is for understanding and dedicated persons, and adequate funds with which to operate.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Toward the end of this issue we find that two people from each of twelve local School of Living groups across the country had been asked to help develop School of Living educational programs including seminars on problems of living, films, festivals and community actions. These 24 people were listed with an address to contact them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was in fact, one more year of A <i>Way Out</i>. In 1967, <i>A Way Out</i>, returned to a professionally printed, 6 x 9 inch format. Issues ran from 48 to 62 pages. Photo-offset printing equipment had been acquired. A mimeographed note was included in the Jan-Feb 1967 issue which gave the cost of printing 1,000 copies and an appeal for financial support. It was also noted that publication would soon to be moved to the new School of Living center at Heathcote.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqWyUd36Sku9qw30zLtznooyjCKpyDXR5iXmSysTBEw26aY71oCCGjble9tt_79C2PdCFKqNuqFAHuzK34ENV2qW2fZZ_msqLZznD3W3lCs5HiJ8PlXiqwwkPvJ0AdAibK9AoeSxcLHYrg/s1000/School+of+Living+Logo+Tree.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1000" data-original-width="626" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqWyUd36Sku9qw30zLtznooyjCKpyDXR5iXmSysTBEw26aY71oCCGjble9tt_79C2PdCFKqNuqFAHuzK34ENV2qW2fZZ_msqLZznD3W3lCs5HiJ8PlXiqwwkPvJ0AdAibK9AoeSxcLHYrg/w126-h200/School+of+Living+Logo+Tree.png" width="126" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the March –April 1967 issue we find a note about “Implementing New Institutions in Land and Money,” which reported on the founding of the International Foundation for Independence, in Luxembourg, formed by Ralph Borsodi with support from friends in India and the US (particularly Bob Swann). The charter of the IFI recognizes the inadequacies of <v:shape alt="A picture containing text, fabric
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Description automatically generated" src="file:////Users/williamh.sharp/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image004.png"><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape>government aid programs and the need for an adequately funded independent (nonprofit) agency to assist people around the world. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Articles in <i>A Way Out</i> overall continued to trend towards politics and social criticism. There is little about the School of Living and its programs in it. Mildred was one of an editorial board of four and I believe her colleagues were doing most of the work. <i>A Way Out</i> ceased publications at the end of 1967, leaving the <i>Green Revolution</i> as the official journal of the School of Living (until discontinued at the end of 2018).<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Green Revolution, 1966 - 1968<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred started the New Year of 1966 with a presentation to the Melbourne Homesteading Association in Florida on the seventeen problems. She showed the new homesteading film. Elizabeth Nutting also presented on the “History, Structure and Goals of Melbourne Village.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Melbourne Village was then 20 years old, Mildred reported. It had been founded by Mrs. George H. Wood, Miss Margaret Hutchinson and Miss Elizabeth Nutting, all three were closely involved with Borsodi and the Dayton Ohio project in 1933 - 1934. They became committed to the decentralist ideal. In 1947, 21 people in Dayton became members of the American Homesteading Foundation and took steps to purchase 100 acres near Melbourne, Florida; plots of one to two acres. The Borsodi’s lived there from 1950 to 1958 (Clare perhaps longer). Mildred had visited several times, the last visit ten years prior in 1956. She found the village attractive in 1966 during her two-day School of Living conference. She noted that there were then 300 homes (mostly on new land). Few were actually homesteading. It had become a stylish retirement community. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In the February 1966 issue of GR, Mildred made a follow-up report on the conference that had been held in New Hampshire in October 1965. She asked: “What Should We Be Doing To Express The Green Revolution?” Her answer, in part was: “Talent, energy, intelligence – all qualities in good measure among GR readers.” In New Hampshire, she wrote, they experienced a fellow-feeling, an esprit de corps so strong that “parting becomes sweet sorrow.” What is most needed, she reiterated, is face-to-face meetings – frequently getting together, sharing, exchanging. There needs to be some effort at organization. Some are reluctant to do this, fearing dogma, domination and bureaucracy would result. Green Revolution goals include, she added: life, freedom, growth, and change from the status quo. She noted that the School of Living was a 20-year old, chartered membership-educational organization. The School of Living program, she said, was seeking, as well as teaching, about LIFE and living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She also wrote about a trio of symbols: The Tree of Life, as an insignia; the green tam-o-shanter to wear (which they donned at the end of the of the tenth seminar on the problems of living held the previous October); and the homestead, independent and cooperative businesses and professions as a way of life. Slogans were suggested: “Liberty, Security, Creativity,” and “Get out of the rat-race; get on a homestead.” There was even a song, “The Green Revolution,” by Mildred (sung to Finlandia):<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">This is our song, a song of Life and Living<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">A Life of Health, of work and Liberty<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">This is Our song, the song of Home and Family<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">This is our hope, our dream and shrine<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">A hope that we may find a balanced living<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A goal fulfilled, for your life and mine.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She said that the School has a curriculum, <i>Seventeen Basic Problems of Living</i>, resulting from 30 years of work; and that a 700-page introduction to these problems will be published the coming spring (it came out in 1968).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She asked: What do you want from the School of Living? What can you give to it? Can you become a vocal, active part of the Green Revolution?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She again related that they were in the process of developing a new center, a headquarters at Heathcote Old Mill in Maryland. There, capable, devoted persons were gathering to help foster a Green Revolution movement. “This will become the school’s active center and headquarters.” The south wing was mostly done.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Several School of Living meetings were announced: Homestead Festival at Lane’s End, followed by an intensive study of Major Problems of Living related to End All War, July meeting of Bay Area School of Living in San Francisco, August meeting of Los Angeles Area School of Living, Aug 24 – 28 Annual Meeting and September Michigan Area School of Living meeting.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She reported on the Ohio Homestead Festival, July 4<sup>th</sup> weekend, Smarts homestead, Twin Creek Road, West Alexandria, that drew 135 adults and many children. Sunday was at Lane’s End; nearly 50 people came. A film on shared leadership or how to function as co-leaders was shown. Several issues were discussed including: 1) What to do about continuing <i>A Way Out</i> and <i>Green Revolution</i>? It’s too much work for Mildred. 2) What shall we do about staff to support the growing functions of the School of Living? 3) What can we do to insure the success of the developing the New [Mildred capitalized New] School of Living Center at the Old Mill? Monday, they were back to West Alexandria, to the Musgrave homestead. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In August The University of Illinois at Chicago requested School of Living archive material. An extensive collection of early publications can be found there today.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was some discussion of a Green Revolution Manifesto, a suggestion by Hal Porter, discussed at the Ohio Homestead Festival. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In short, the School of Living community was very much alive and had a dream, a vision of mobilizing a transformative movement. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In September there was a report on two meetings in California: 16-17 people at San Francisco and a smaller number in LA. Borsodi’s grandson Robert attended the LA meeting. The San Francisco group heard a presentation about B. F. Skinner’s <i>Walden II</i>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The October issue of GR ran Part 1 of <i>Flight From The City</i>, by Ralph Borsodi, as the first of a serial. Mildred also reported on the founding of The International Foundation for Independence suggested by Borsodi while on his lecture tour in India and gave some additional elaboration. Borsodi suggested that conditions called for a broader movement of nonviolent social reform originally launched by Mahatma Gandhi, developed in India by Vinoba Bhave and now lead by J. P. (Shri) Narayan. Borsodi suggested a third force of peasants and villages in all the underdeveloped nations. Narayan had called a meeting at the Indian International Center in New Delhi on Feb 27, 1966. They made three specific suggestions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Internationalize the Gandhian Movement, a grassroots level movement. Recruit local village supervisors around the world; ensure a peaceful transition from a world of exploitation to a world of justice.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Organize an international agency of public-spirited men and women, to create a revolving fund.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Initiate raising funds for Shri Narayan to tour the US, beginning March 1967 to engage universities and civic group. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Heathcote was becoming a symbol of where Mildred hoped the School of Living would go. The Old Mill was attractive. The building was photographed, and drawings made.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was a showing of the (200-foot reel) film about School of Living Communities. There was also a note from Borsodi discussing the relevance of the Major Problems of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In December 1966 Mildred said she was available for a series of lectures including: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Adult Education for Living: What is a good life? What are major, universal problems of living? Why 17 of them? Do they lead to personal action and social change?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Nature of Man.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Clarifying Economic Cause of War. One student reported: “Mrs. Loomis has one of the most basic and radical understandings of the ills of our economy of anyone. An excellent speaker; she can put economics in terms a 10-year-old can understand.” She has a degree in economics.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Your Health! Who is Responsible? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Case for The Modern Homestead (with film)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Joy in Living or Normal Neurosis? “Mrs. Loomis has a background in the psychological, inter-personal field. She has had intensive training in group dynamics, some in scientology, general semantics and other types of communication. In general, Mrs. Loomis follows the thesis and practice that energy, joy and creativity result from shared feelings, good feedback and continued effort at an accurate and acceptable self-image.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->A Call for Everyman’s Right. “She deplores that modern culture is organized around coercion, i.e., the political state. She observes the world extensionally (Korzybski’s general semantics, which means objectively) and sees that choice and freedom decrease from mistaken legalization of certain goods such as private property. She distinguishes between property and trusterty. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The School of Living was still struggling to keep afloat. Mildred reported, in the January 1967 edition of <i>Green Revolution</i>, that: Income and expenditures of the SoL, Jan – Dec 1966, $8,211.09. Salary for Mildred $708.24, for assistants $115.00. <i>Green Revolution</i> cost $2,465.01, <i>A Way Out</i> $1,119.98. Surplus $404.27, bills pending $378.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>GR 1967<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">On January 1, 1967, the new Heathcote School of Living center was dedicated. This story will be told below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Programs for 1967 at Heathcote included: May, Economics of Peace; June, Nutrition; July, Youth Faces Life; Aug, School of Living Annual Workshop; October Apple Festival. Registration $2 per adult. There were workbees planned at each meeting.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In March Mildred reported that she had written an introduction to British homesteading leader, John Seymour’s, new book on self-sufficient farming. Seymour contributed several articles to the GR. The tone of the GR throughout the year was homesteading, with news, reports of homestead experiences and practical advice.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>GR, 1968<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In February 1968, the GR reported that Borsodi took his fifth trip to India. (Borsodi was 79.) His itinerary included leading a seminar for the faculty of Vidyanagar University on the major problems of living and to interview candidates for loans for and survey villages for the possible first pilot of the IFI program. He also met with IFI potential supporters in London. In her editorial, Mildred noted that the IFI program is close to the GR’s major emphasis of homesteading and that Borsodi had established his first Independence Foundation in New York more than 30 before.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In a related article about the “Land Revolution in India” Mildred wrote that most people in India live on the land and that many are deeply in debt<a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a>. Vinoba Bhave, a leader in the Gandhian movement, has supported, like Borsodi, land in trust, a village-holding system. Bhave and followers asked large landowners to give a small part of their lands to these trusts. The Gramdan movement then had six million acres of land in India. Borsodi had been involved with the Gramdan movement during his 1958 -1961 stay. He had discussed the IFI with Indian leaders in 1966. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred also reported that a group, including she, Borsodi and Bob Swann had been working in Exeter for a year to establish the IFI. The Foundation’s symbol was a globe with “Humanitas” inscribe on it; they drew on William Lloyd Garrison’s “My country is the world, my countrymen all mankind.” News on IFI work, in India and increasingly in the US, continued to appear in a number of issues. [See chapter on “Land Trust.”]<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In her editorial, Mildred noted that the IFI program is not only close to the GR’s major emphasis of homesteading but that is only part of the issue: “Another aspect of life needs attention,” she wrote, “the search for knowledge of the Self; a psychological and spiritual searching.” She added that space will be given to Inner Growth in future issues of GR: “We will train ourselves in communication, in human dynamics, general semantics, body awareness, sensitivity – believing that our progress will become smoother and our fellowship warmer and deeper.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Again, we see the School running in close parallel with Esalen. Indeed, the West Coast School of Living was gaining momentum and there were monthly reports from the Bay Area group. That the connection was never made I find curious. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In March the lead article was: “Two Strong Decentralists Speak to Power Groups and Decision Makers.” These were Paul Goodman and Lewis Mumford. Both were prolific writers. Mildred had for many years followed Lewis Mumford. Paul Goodman was becoming engaged with the School of Living. The article pointed out that these two popular critics were then touching on many of the issues Borsodi wrote about in his 1929 <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Heathcote workshops included: “Homesteading, A Life Style for Today,” a seminar on human relations and communication scheduled for June 1968, a conference on decentralization, and a conference was announced for April 26 to 28 at Heathcote on “Regeneration, A Total Approach.” This discussion planned to focus on new ideas about human regeneration and related groups.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Today we have a great interest in tiny homes. The April issue carrier an article about such a home and outlined how it was built.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was a lot of material on community building spread over several issues. This was focused on getting a working community going at Heathcote; something of a model for other prospective School of Living centers. The focus was particularly on the problems of forming and maintaining community. There was also continued attention given to the “inner search.” Mildred had been advocating more attention to the humanistic psychology movement that was rapidly emerging at the time. In another item, Mildred reported that she was finding the writings of J. Krishnamurti useful and recommended several of his books. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Other topics included:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->The <u>Green Revolution</u> is about more than country-life homesteading. The homestead is vital, it is a start. “Perhaps our task in the next 25 years will be to work harder at the social, institutional aspects of the Green Revolution.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->We don’t propose joining the riots or marching on Washington or a new political party. We need action on money and land; things that Borsodi and Robert Swann are working on with the IFI, (International Foundation for Independence) and the III (International Independence Institute) and local currency.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->What do we do? Study and inform ourselves on the principles involved in the IFI (International Foundation for Independence). Invest our savings in its programs, c/o Bob Swann, Voluntown, Conn.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s new book, <i>Seventeen Problems: A Study of the Basic Problems of Man and Society</i>, was announced. It was 600 pages and priced at $8.96.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Change of Life<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The August 1968 edition of GR carried this notice: “Strengthen or Abandon Lane’s End Homestead? Help and Ideas Needed.” Mildred and John Loomis expressed the need to make a decision about the future of their homestead and School of Living activities there. They said they are feeling their years. A young couple coming to live there to help with the homestead would be ideal. They should have “an educational outlook, love of the country and human association.” They will have: “use of a challenging library and opportunity for study and discussion with the Loomis’s.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The October 1968 edition report that John Loomis had died, August 29, 1968. He was one month short of his 81<sup>st</sup>birthday. The obituary noted that John had joined the Llano Cooperative in the 1920s but in 1928 moved to Dayton to put his sons in a private and experimental Moraine Park School. He was employed by the Post Office. He joined the First Liberty Homestead initiative supervised by Borsodi and about this time his wife died. He purchased and named Lane’s End Homestead in 1936. He and Mildred were married in 1940. A memorial service was held at Lane’s End September 1st. It was noted that, while he wasn’t an avid reader, he had a strong interest in decentralism, that he and Mildred studied Henry George in 1938. He adopted an ideal of nonconformity from Emerson. His ashes were buried near a tall, double trunked tree in Lane’s End woods. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The last issue of <i>Green Revolution</i> in 1968 was from Lane’s end, the first of 1969 was from Heathcote, Freeland, Maryland.<o:p></o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> The copies of the early <i>Green Revolution</i> we have been able to locate have been digitalized by School of Living Publications Committee Chair Bob Flatley and are being made available online.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Rough drafts of a number of these proposed books are in the University of New Hampshire Borsodi archive collection. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> The idea of Shangri La, a mythical utopian community located deep in the Himalayas, came from the 1937 movie, <i>Lost Horizons</i>. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> The Counterculture movement and its impact on the School of Living will be described in a following chapter.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> More of this story came out in Mildred’s 1982 book, <i>Alternative Americas</i>, see below.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9B0BBDCE-2AB7-48AE-80A8-6EF8BC3274C4#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> Still true in 2021 as Indian farmers rise in protest about government land policies supporting industrial agriculture.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-40071828632283938392021-02-03T10:05:00.000-08:002021-02-03T10:05:41.511-08:00Turning Point: A New School of Living <p> Bill Sharp (c) February 3, 2021</p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1954, after nine years at Lane’s End, the School of Living of Living was at a turning point.<span> </span>As related above, Mildred was carrying a heavy load.<span> </span>She was a Trustee and Dean of the School of Living.<span> </span>Funding was short and bills remained unpaid.<span> </span>She called her support of the School of Living avocational, which is to say unpaid.<span> </span>Borsodi was engaged in his Melbourne University experiment, a task that would fully occupy him for the next three years.<span> </span>He wanted Mildred to join him but, as we will see, she declined.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As previously reported, during its January 1954 annual meeting, the School of Living board declared a “year of decision. <span> </span>They had to decide if the School of Living was worth carrying on.<span> </span>There is little evidence that Mildred and the board saw the situation as hopeless, but they knew they would have to take “vigorous action” to keep the School of Living alive.<span> </span>Before the end of 1954, Mildred had reached her decision.<span> </span>She decided to stay the course.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The year 1954 was neither the first nor the last crisis for the School of Living but it would define the charter of the School to the present day (more or less).<span> </span>This is the first time this story has been told in well over a half century, and I think it highly instructive.<span> </span>It tells us something about a dream that once was and could be again.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Moving Forward<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living Regents, in one of their best attended meetings, rallied and were able to pull together a budget of $7,000.<span> </span>Ruth Weise, an active School of Living supporter who lived nearby in Dayton, was appointed to assist Mildred with administrative duties and coordinate the School’s local groups.<span> </span>They created a committee to plan a major conference later in the year to bring the membership together to decide their collective future. <span> </span>They decided to survey <i>The Interpreter</i> readership to evaluate how the journal could be made more effective.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The irony is that the School of Living was doing reasonably well.<span> </span><i>The Interpreter</i> had 700 subscribers.<span> </span>It had a dozen or more regular contributors.<span> </span>There were nearly 20 satellite groups stretched across the country.<span> </span>The vision and purpose were clear.<span> </span>The problem was, I believe, the results were simply not good enough. <span> </span>The “better mousetrap” just was not drawing the support it was believed to warrant.<span> </span>It was not paying its way.<span> </span>And Mildred needed a break.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ruth Weise<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJpyJYOtiZlklTOdZEoM2VX6YXFn3xJ6vVXqj3cS-fMS-k58QZx0LMqD6Eex2nNmPEqp4u0_cMlHooysxdnNUG_CD_o8u4akEPrr6HjA7v6g-glB0tabIHuoq_2LqeAhilcF2x9gPcaLSf/s1558/Ruth+for+Blog.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1558" data-original-width="1064" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJpyJYOtiZlklTOdZEoM2VX6YXFn3xJ6vVXqj3cS-fMS-k58QZx0LMqD6Eex2nNmPEqp4u0_cMlHooysxdnNUG_CD_o8u4akEPrr6HjA7v6g-glB0tabIHuoq_2LqeAhilcF2x9gPcaLSf/w137-h200/Ruth+for+Blog.png" width="137" /></a></div>The School of Living had a long list of ardent supporters.<span> </span>Ruth Weise was one of them.<span> </span>She had impressive credentials.<span> </span>She grew up on a farm.<span> </span>She was a natural leader in school, college and community. <span> </span>She was an editor, did public relations, radio and public speaking.<span> </span>She was a student of general semantics and group dynamics.<span> </span>She said, after Borsodi’s 1954 Seminar on Major Problems of Living, that “The School of Living offers an excellent opportunity to channel the best materials and methods into any group interested in educating and developing themselves.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ruth mobilized regional groups for face-to-face discussions in Connecticut, Brooklyn, New York City, Pennsylvania, Dayton, Cleveland, in the Chicago area, Detroit, Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska, New Jersey, South Carolina, Portland, Florida, northern and southern Ohio, and lower and upper California.<span> </span>The April 1954 issue <i>The Interpreter</i> listed addresses for contacting people for each of the 19 groups.<span> </span>The regional groups were scheduled to report during the annual conference scheduled near Dayton, Ohio, in July.<span> </span>The key questions on the agenda were:<span> </span>What makes the School of Living’s educational programs distinct?<span> </span>How should it be organized?<span> </span>Should there be a new charter?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The group meeting at Lane’s End on April 1954 was attended by 18 people.<span> </span>The program included listening to and discussing an audio tape of Borsodi speaking about the major problems of living (there were a dozen of these tapes then) followed by an afternoon session which included a background of the history of the School of Living since its formation in 1934, its charter, ups and down and a discussion of goals, methods to be employed and organization.<span> </span>It appears that all the group meetings followed this format.<span> </span>Mildred wrote that the discussion about organization was spirited.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The June 1954 issue of <i>The Interpreter</i> was eight pages.<span> </span>It had a focus on and reiteration of the Schools educational mission.<span> </span>It suggested that in an increasingly complex world we need something more than narrow specialization, we need people with a broad understanding, a general education.<span> </span>Mildred noted that the School of Living provided that type of education through the major problem framework which seeks “the progressive unfoldment of human capacity.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Interpreter<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>The Interpreter</i> was the heart and soul of the School of Living program.<span> </span>It was in publication for its tenth year in 1954.<span> </span>The year before, <i>The Interpreter</i> had gone to a monthly schedule, ten months per year.<span> </span>The format, however, went from four to six pages.<span> </span>In September 1954 <i>The Interpreter</i> was given a new format, 11 by 16 inches, four pages, four columns per page, professionally printed, subscription continued at $2 per year, issued eleven times a year.<span> </span>There remained 700 subscribers. <span> </span>At this time printing was done at Melbourne, Florida where Borsodi had set up his composing machine and printing press.<span> </span>We know that several days were still spent preparing each mailing at Lane’s End.<span> </span>As editor, Mildred continued to do the bulk of the work.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">An example of the work required was reported by Mildred a few months earlier: “For days I’ve been sorting and editing an overwhelming stack of material for <i>The Interpreter</i> on Community.<span> </span>Magazines, pamphlets and books on the subject are piled high.<span> </span>One book-list has over a hundred titles on fairly recent books on community!<span> </span>Magazine articles, correspondence, newsletters and releases from several types of communities confirm the swell in this direction.”<span> </span>This is a good example of Mildred’s comprehensive approach to her work. <span> </span>But such work takes time and energy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the September issue, Mildred announced that the “Chief source of delight and encouragement is the fact that a dozen persons, - skilled and devoted volunteers - already well known to <i>Interpreter</i> readers, have become regular editorial assistants, … to help us all ‘learn and practice increasingly satisfying ways of living.’” Each advisor took responsibility for a major problem of living.<span> </span>Mildred provided a short paragraph to introduce readers to each of them.<span> </span>She was listed as the Education problem lead, “Applying the world’s accumulated wisdom to enable people to live normally.”<span> </span>Borsodi was listed as the Organization problem leader: “Choosing the proper method of implementing our various purposes.”<span> </span>The editorial assistants’ addressees were listed, and readers encouraged to write them.<span> </span>She added: “Besides constituting an advisory council to suggest policy, publications, research and projects to the School of Living members, these friends will present and interpret each month, material designed to help us all “’learn and practice increasingly satisfying ways of living.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In that September 1954 issue, Mildred reported that to further develop the local groups, she and Ruth had attended a two-week intensive training program in Human Relations at Urbana College, Ohio.<span> </span>Group Dynamics, or Human Relations, had become a highly popular topic in the US.<span> </span>Even corporations (albeit few yet) were moving from hierarchical, authoritarian (theory x) management to a more participatory (theory y) style.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The following month’s issue continued the School of Living “self-evaluation’” Mildred reviewed the ten-year history of <i>The Interpreter</i>.<span> </span>She gave a (different) start date of October 1944 (rather than January 1945) with 200 subscribers.<span> </span>The subscription list reached 3,000 in 1948 (when <i>Free America</i>, as previously reported, folded).<span> </span>Of greater importance, a reflection of the July general conference on reorganization, there was a summary of “our general goals and direction.”<span> </span>These, she wrote, remained right and still valid:<span> </span>“the well-being of the individual, family and local community; freedom and justice for everyone.”<span> </span>Second, that Ralph Borsodi’s analysis of living problems continues a unique way to integrate knowledge; that his listing of alternative solutions to living problems is comprehensive and clarifying.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living was clearly moving into a more highly organized and productive period unequaled except for the program at Suffern during the mid-1930s.<span> </span>Mildred was launching the second decade of her leadership. <span> </span>Looking to the future, consensus was that the School of Living should be reshaped as a grass-roots effort.<span> </span>The local groups, homesteads and homesteading communities offered promise in this direction.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Looking back over the topics published in <i>The Interpreter</i>, most, Mildred reported, seem directed to institutional problems.<span> </span>This was consistent with the decentralist theme of <i>Free America</i>.<span> </span><span> </span>However, while we can’t ignore them, she said, this direction rarely produces real results. <span> </span>More work, she added, is need on developing the inner person; change begins with individuals.<span> </span>Mildred added: “In this field we have found help in the new disciplines of General Semantics, psychiatry, group dynamics and the whole field of human relations.”<span> </span>Again, she and friends anticipated the Human Potential Movement by a decade<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s Continuing Influence<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred affirmed Ralph Borsodi’s problems of living system as a unique way to integrate knowledge.<span> </span>To put this into perspective, she wrote that her own college education, institutionally oriented, had been a disappointment.<span> </span>Another foundation for education and society was needed.<span> </span>The focus, she added, should be grassroots, not institutional.<span> </span>The alternative: “it is part of our central thesis, that the home and family must have first place in plans for a better civilization.”<span> </span>That meant more homesteads and homesteading communities and Schools of Living.<span> </span>She applauded Borsodi’s work to create the university at Melbourne where she hoped a new generation of young leadership in normal living would be produced.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">On balance, she reflected, the School of Living, was still a small group.<span> </span>Achieving change is hard.<span> </span>Society is disintegrating.<span> </span>The School of Living program is hard to sell to people who live with fear and suspicion.<span> </span>They are not likely to be studious.<span> </span>But this was the reason Borsodi founded the School; to help people overcome the barriers to achieving a free and independent life.<span> </span>It takes a shift in thought to make the transition to the liberty and security of the homestead.<span> </span>The new groups being developed across the country, Mildred suggested, are good places to bring people to take those first steps.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In February 1955, Mildred announced the formation of an Honorary Council of Advisors.<span> </span>She listed 23 distinguished persons including nutritionist Adele Davis, Harvard’s imminent Pitirim Sorkin, J. I. Rodale and others.<span> </span>Borsodi was on the list.<span> </span>He was, it was noted, intensely involved in developing the University of Melbourne.<span> </span>In June 1955 Mildred reported that he had begun publishing the new <i>Journal of Praxiology</i>.<span> </span>Praxiology gives emphasis to the practical nature of learning for living.<span> </span>In the first issue of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i>, she reported, 21 distinguished leaders responded to the idea of praxiology.<span> </span>Borsodi answered the concerns each raised about this discipline and in doing so gave further clarity to this non-specialized, problem-centered, general education program, being further developed at Melbourne, devoted to practices related to living a good life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi visited Lane’s End in October 1955 to share news about the development of the University of Melbourne.<span> </span>He invited School members to attend a year-end conference.<span> </span>In the January 1956 issue, Mildred said that over 60 people attended and that she came away inspired and energized.<span> </span>She later wrote a two-column report.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That issue of <i>The Interpreter</i> also featured a review and discussion of Erich Fromm’s recent, wildly popular book, <i>The Sane Society</i>. <span> </span>Fromm explored economic, social and political institutions, the problem of alienation, and the importance of decentralism.<span> </span>Fromm advocated massive changes on all fronts at once.<span> </span>He saw the need for “integrated, non-specialized adult education for change.” Mildred noted that Fromm’s position was close to that long held by Borsodi.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">School of Living Educational Program<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I think it would be useful to understand where the School of Living stood on Borsodi’s educational principles.<span> </span>Borsodi’s <i>Education and Living</i> was selling steadily<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>The School of Living had republished <i>Flight from the City</i>.<span> </span>The School had sold hundreds of books on nutrition, psychology, human relations, natural child birth, limited government and economic reform.<span> </span>Between 1940, starting at Oberlin College, and 1948 (when <i>Education and Living</i> was published) at Antioch College, Borsodi gave seven seminars on the major problems of living. <span> </span>An eighth seminar was scheduled in 1954 at Melbourne Village, Florida.<span> </span>There had also been a series of conferences on decentralism.<span> </span>National School of Living conferences had started in 1951.<span> </span>The 1953 conference featured a dozen distinguished speakers.<span> </span>These conferences would draw a hundred or more participants.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Another shift that came in 1954 was a new interpretation of Borsodi’s framework.<span> </span>Mildred was moving from the term “normal” to “balanced” living.<span> </span>The January 1954 issue of <i>The Interpreter</i> carried an article by Borsodi with a catchy title, “The Good Life<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.”<span> </span>Mildred wrote an introductory piece.<span> </span>She referred to another piece she had written the previous January, “What is our purpose in living?”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the earlier article, Mildred had written that there are two ways to approach life.<span> </span>The first is instinctive: “A life of the senses, concerned with material, physical things.”<span> </span>The second is of the mind, concerned with “higher” values: “The intangibles of thought, ideals, beauty.”<span> </span>Why, she asked, do we have to choose between them?<span> </span>This I believe was an interpretation of Harvard sociologist Pitirim Sorokin’s work.<span> </span>As a rural sociologist, Sorokin had contributed much to New Agrarianism.<span> </span>He also had a cyclical theory of history – a massive four-volume work.<span> </span>Sorokin published a popular edition of this theory as <i>The Crisis of Our Age</i> in 1941.<span> </span>Borsodi, who called Sorokin a friend, often citing <i>The Crisis</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To develop his theory of history, Sorokin did a detailed analysis of the values expressed by different cultures throughout history.<span> </span>He found two dominate themes.<span> </span>The first was ideational, based on high ideals, such as the great religions.<span> </span>The other, sensate, was material and sensory, and morally relativistic.<span> </span>The ideational form is the higher culture at its peak, while sensate represents a declining society.<span> </span>There is also an idealistic phase in which the best principles of each form appear.<span> </span>Sorokin advocated establishing this middle way, the idealistic, as a permanent form.<span> </span>That was very consistent with Borsodi’s mission.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred asked the questions: <span> </span>Does not life embrace both the material and the intangible?<span> </span><b><u>Normal</u></b><u> living</u>, she emphasized, is a core principle of the School of Living and it <u>is about a <b>balanced</b> life</u>. <span> </span>She noted that some people were uncomfortable with the term “normal;” they were not clear what it meant.<span> </span>It implies average.<span> </span>The School of Living interpreted the term as optimal: “A norm is a standard of excellence.<span> </span>Normal is the highest level consistent with the nature of the organism.”<span> </span>But it comes out of a balanced life; and this gives us a good life.<span> </span>“Balanced Living,” as we shall see, became the banner of the School in the coming years.<span> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjny1AlpcmTIBvC6uhIjC_qTQFklBfMhxvaKcZBtgnGczAaZT1oIWnED41nYTq3sM6lYFCqUgGR5dV5mVmDawepryNL_znWP-SqubE3lW7p_WKHudxJ-FqIGMDDOaKgUveRIxDwhXI6IXUV/s1732/Wheel+of+Life+Blog.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1732" data-original-width="1606" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjny1AlpcmTIBvC6uhIjC_qTQFklBfMhxvaKcZBtgnGczAaZT1oIWnED41nYTq3sM6lYFCqUgGR5dV5mVmDawepryNL_znWP-SqubE3lW7p_WKHudxJ-FqIGMDDOaKgUveRIxDwhXI6IXUV/w186-h200/Wheel+of+Life+Blog.png" width="186" /></a></span></div><span><br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In January 1953, as previously reported, Mildred had published a short article that introduced the normal cycle as the “Wheel of Life<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.” <span> </span>The wheel of life is actually an ancient idea.<span> </span>Mildred adapted Borsodi’s stages of living into a cycle, or wheel.<span> </span>With the Wheel of Life, the stages of life from birth to death, begin and end in the Earth – a dust-to-dust motif but with a focus on living our lives to the fullest extent possible.<span> </span>Each stage, from infancy to old age, has certain norms of its own:<span> </span>there is an optimum condition for each.<span> </span>The importance of this idea is that it became her way of integrating the problems of living framework<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> (see below).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the August 1953 issue of <i>The Interpreter</i>, a mimeograph sheet was inserted: “How can [wo]men live on this planet with the greatest possible satisfaction?”<span> </span>The basic problem is that people do not know how to live.<span> </span>The purpose of the School of Living is to develop that potential.<span> </span>The back of the sheet is a reprint of Mildred’s article from the January 1953 issue and this brings us to January 1954 and Borsodi’s article on “The Good Life.”<span> </span>So, how does the School of Living achieve that optimum?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The essential element of a good, or normal, life is liberty.<span> </span>We seek liberty in principle, but few achieve it<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>As Mildred suggested, the good life is based on norms, on principles that define the optimum; on values, if you prefer.<span> </span>Borsodi listed seven of these:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“First, that a good life is FAMILY LIFE.” The family represents the continuity of the human race from the beginning.<span> </span>It is a fundamental institution.<span> </span>The family represents the balance between the ego and the larger society.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->COUNTRY LIFE is obvious: “Man cannot possibly live well when he separates himself too far from the life of nature.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->COMMUNITY and world life: “Nothing ought to be clearer on the basis of history than that man is properly a citizen of the local community on the one hand and of the whole world on the other.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A good life is both COMPETITIVE and COOPERATIVE.<span> </span>“But the competition for which it calls is fraternal not predatory, and the cooperation voluntary and not compulsory.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->CREATIVE LIFE: “The life of vision, of design and beauty, of production and conservation.”<span> </span>By contrast the bad life is mechanized, repetitive and robot-like.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“A good life is a COMPASSIONATE life – the ethical life, the considerate, understanding, tolerant life; the concerned and courageous life.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A CULTURED LIFE: “the life in which the perceptions are trained and made sensitive to the wonders of the universe in which we find ourselves; the life in which our emotions are controlled and maturized; the life in which our intellects are first of all devoted to learning how to live; in which our actions are harmonized and humanized; the life which is cultivated from the cradle to the grave.<span> </span>If life must be studied in order to be most enjoyed – then the ignorant, the thoughtless, the fashionable and the superstitious life are all abnormal life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To start this process, continued Borsodi, we must reeducate ourselves.<span> </span>Then we can begin to reorganize our institutions “to equip us with the means and with the skills necessary” to live the good life.<span> </span>But, he insisted, it is not about reform, it is not a movement; it is about right-education of the individual.<span> </span>“The good life,” he continued, “is a life devoted to learning how to organize the means, and learning how to use them after they have been acquired, so that gradually all of mankind, individual by individual, family by family, community by community, begins to live like normal human beings.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The more holistic view of life was clearly emerging, and the School of Living was a pioneer.<span> </span>Borsodi was thinking holistically.<span> </span>It should be noted that general systems theory had not yet gone public, but it is likely there was a significant influence from Korzybski and general semantics of which I have made several mentions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The conclusion we can draw from this trend in thought is the continuity of the basic principles and values of the School of Living going into that critical year, 1954.<span> </span>It was not the content that was questioned but the method of delivery.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I think it is also suggested that a synergy was forming between Lane’s End and Melbourne.<span> </span>They were, I believe, two relatively independent operations but with a lot of overlap and differing but complimentary programs.<span> </span>Both had their own brain trusts.<span> </span>And both were brick and mortar expressions of ideas.<span> </span>Melbourne University turned out to be only a short experiment.<span> </span>It could have absorbed Mildred; but she had another star to follow and we are fortunate that she did.<span> </span>She created a foundation, with a significant and sturdy following, and would continue for yet another 30 years to pursue their common goals.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Incorporation<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Perhaps the most important accomplishment of 1954 was the incorporation of the School of Living in Ohio.<span> </span>We don’t have the full story of why Mildred re-incorporated the School of Living, but I think much of that is this chain of events. <span> </span>Borsodi had incorporated it in New York twenty years before but apparently allowed it to lapse after moving to Florida.<span> </span>He incorporated the School of Living of America in Florida in 1952 but in 1954 amended that charter as the University of Melbourne.<span> </span>In short, I believe a new incorporation was thus mandated.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">While the Ohio incorporation represented a continuation of the School of living, the new charter and its bylaws did, however, represent an important clarification of the School’s philosophy and subsequent history. <span> </span>It represented the consensus Mildred’s Board of Regents had set out to develop early in the year – a clear statement of the core principles of the School.<span> </span>It came out of a year of dialog with School of Living members.<span> </span>But I think it also represents Mildred’s core values.<span> </span>And, as we see, her values were, for the most part, aligned to Borsodi’s.<span> </span>Mildred filed the articles of incorporation in Ohio in 1954 and then for IRS non-profit status in 1956. <span> </span>There were further amendments in 1958<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Following is an outline of the educational principles established in the Articles.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Purposes of the School of Living </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The School of Living has as its primary purpose to assist adults in their study and use of the accumulated wisdom of mankind. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Defining, major problems of living common to all people; to draw upon science, art, philosophy, natural history, law, and all branches of knowledge for study of alternative ways of dealing with these problems of living. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The full development of each human being is of supreme value, <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Activities of the School of Living </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">All activities of the School of Living shall be exclusively educational<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Including publishing and dissemination of a journal or journals, books, pamphlets and bulletins; organizing and conducting conferences, seminars, institutes, lectures, and local study correspondence courses; and in general, to do and perform all things necessary or convenient for the objects of the corporation. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Such activities are to be carried on for the advancement of human knowledge and betterment </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Education in the School of Living Sense </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Education …<span> </span>a means to a better life …. to enable men and women to adopt a sound plan of living. <span> </span>It shall include the whole problem of living – both theory and practice; and the application of all the arts and sciences to helping families finance, manage, produce, and create what is necessary to live securely and beautifully. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">All instruction shall be based on the individual needs of the student as discussed with the Director on registering. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Practices and Principles of Living </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The education of the School of Living shall be mainly in two groups: practices of living, and principles of living. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The practices of living shall be primarily studio, shop, and field work. Instruction in practical courses shall include the point of view of values, what constitutes good and bad quality in food, clothing, building and equipment; the point of view of economics; the cost in money and time of homestead production compared with earning money with which to buy products; and the actual techniques of production, how to garden, raise livestock, bake bread, weave cloth, etc. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Principles of living shall include the social, historical, and philosophical implications of the homestead movement <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">History shall be studied as an instrument for integration of life around the home, and for determining what is the best way of life. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Develop the possibilities of the home and the homestead as a productive, creative institution, and how it might be used to make life more meaningful; <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">To study the relationship of homesteading and domestic production to the past, present, and future; and to learn and practice the skills requisite to such living. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The School of Living is primarily devoted to education, a process which implies a definition of the basic problems of humankind and study and experience designed to understand and address these problems in a context in which learners, members, and staff are continually engaged in mutual and self-education, without regard to credentials or other extrinsic rewards. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Education Committee: classes in the philosophy and practice of decentralized living … overall educational policy. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Publications Committee: publish and disseminate in print and other media any and all publications of the School. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">These articles were carefully crafted by a sturdy group including the Board and the advisors who supported this core mission.<span> </span>A great deal of effort had been given to soliciting the views of members and developing a consensus that would, at the least, preserve, that base.<span> </span>In a very real sense, this document became Mildred’s manifesto, her creed, if you will.<span> </span>It represents a reaffirmation of the founding principles of the School of Living 20 years before. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It should be pointed out that these articles also defined an egalitarian, consensus driven process of governance.<span> </span>That, however, I would suggest might have been, of became over time, at odds with Borsodi’s philosophy.<span> </span>From at least the time of the Dayton project, Borsodi thought that strong leadership is required for transformational change.<span> </span>It is clearly implied in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> – the quality-minded personality.<span> </span>And it has roots in one of Borsodi’s favorite philosophers, Confucius.<span> </span>Borsodi was, in 1954, beginning to develop his program at Melbourne, and later in India, to raise up a group of leaders, of teachers – clearly something of an elite cadre.<span> </span>They are a “determining minority.”<span> </span>He expressed that very clearly in his <i>Decentralist Manifesto</i> written in India in 1958 and elaborated on it in <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>.<span> </span>While such a leadership works through education and genteel persuasion, they are nonetheless a distinctive class.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi made it clear that he did not believe in egalitarianism.<span> </span>He believed that all people were uniquely endowed.<span> </span>Each has his or her own gifts.<span> </span>Borsodi was first and foremost an individualist. <span> </span>Under “normal” circumstances, each person has the opportunity to be all he or she can be.<span> </span>That is achieved through the form of the productive family unit and by extension a collaborative community.<span> </span>It requires re-education.<span> </span>The School and the teacher are at the center of community.<span> </span>It is not a dominance – submissive relationship.<span> </span>It is built upon respect for capacity.<span> </span>The Teachers are not appointed, perhaps not even certified.<span> </span>They serve by example.<span> </span>They choose to serve and develop the disciple and capacity to do so through their own effort.<span> </span>Transformation, in Borsodi’s view, always begins with the individual.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred, clearly representative of Borsodi’s ideal, did favor egalitarianism.<span> </span>How this model played out, we will see in following chapters.<span> </span>The address of group association is very clearly laid out in the problem-centered framework, with one problem devoted solely to this is issue.<span> </span>It is up to each individual to work through this issue, make choices, and do what seems indicated to achieve the objective of a better way of life; not only personally but universally.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Human Potential Movement<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I’ve mentioned the Human Potential Movement (HPM) several times.<span> </span>I started a close study of that movement the same year Mildred died, 1986. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The story revolves around The Esalen Institute.<span> </span>Esalen, the “navel” of the Human Potential Movement, was founded in 1962; eight years after Mildred’s new direction with the School of Living.<span> </span>Curiously, not a few of the leaders of the Human Potential Movement were familiar with Mildred and Borsodi.<span> </span>Borsodi befriended some of them, included Abraham Maslow and Aldous Huxley; Mildred corresponded with many of them.<span> </span>The School of Living had a strong presence in California where the Esalen Institute was founded.<span> </span>And yet, I found little more than a footnote or two about Borsodi in my extensive research into the history of the HPM.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Over the course of more than a half century, there have been thousands of workshops and seminars at Esalen.<span> </span>There was never a systematic classification of these programs.<span> </span>Esalen made it a policy that no program would be allowed to dominate.<span> </span>There were several long-term residents like Fritz Perls and Will Schutz but each taught their own system.<span> </span>Esalen co-founder Richard Price did live at Esalen and a community did form around him; but Price died in 1985.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a short-lived Residential Program at Esalen in the early days.<span> </span>It was an attempt to establish an ongoing educational program.<span> </span>That was one of the key topics I discussed with George Leonard.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I first went to meet George in 1990 after reading his autobiography, <i>Walking on the Edge of the World</i>.<span> </span>George actually coined the term human potential movement. <span> </span>I wanted to talk to him about the history of the HPM, so I attended a week-long seminar with him at Esalen.<span> </span>A lot of that conversation was about establishing a school, something I had been working on for some years with a series of mentors.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The following year I went for another week with George, then President of Esalen, and Esalen Co-founder Michael Murphy.<span> </span><span> </span>The program was the first presentation of what they were calling Integral Transformative Practices program (and I still practice ITP).<span> </span>I’ve written about that story (<a href="https://newschoolofliving.blogspot.com/2013/05/twenty-two-years-of-integral.html" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a>)<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>ITP is a practice, a physical exercise, mediation and an affirmation.<span> </span>George, a teacher of Aikido, wrote about the importance on an ongoing practice in personal development in several of his books.<span> </span>ITP is not a systematic program of education but seeks to bring out the best of each participant through long-term practice.<span> </span>While it can be practice in groups, it is a highly individualistic system.<span> </span>Each participant is expected to develop his or her own philosophy.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Over the following years, George Leonard and I had an extended conversation about the HPM and particularly education<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>He understood that a sense of community, and of a common culture, was lacking.<span> </span>ITP sought to address that problem.<span> </span>That conversation was an important part of the development of the Cove Institute model of a Resilient Learning Community I assembled in 2002.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The work that lead to the Cove Institute actually started in the early 1980s with the question: “What ever happened to the Human Potential Movement?”<span> </span>Over 20 years had passed since the founding of Esalen and the Human Potential Movement had waned.<span> </span>In 1986 Walter Truett Anderson’s <i>The Upstart Spring</i> catalyzed a renewed interest in the history of Esalen.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In short, however, Esalen did not develop as a “school.”<span> </span>It has no library.<span> </span>It does have a think tank, the Centre for Theory and Research, mostly devoted to metaphysics.<span> </span>There is little sense of community:<span> </span>just a steady flow of people attending diverse seminars.<span> </span>I did, in fact, participate in a couple of serious experiments to develop a sense of community out of Esalen but these all faded.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">On balance, I found the School of Living program far more comprehensive and systematic than any of those I found related to Esalen.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred’s Evolving Leadership<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred’s evolving leadership of the School of Living started in 1945.<span> </span>Things were unfolding in Borsodi’s own life at that time that contribute to this trend.<span> </span>This represents a certain split between their work; always complimentary but also distinct.<span> </span>I believe a restatement of story would help clarify Mildred’s unfolding work.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We start, of course, with the School of Living being moved to Lane’s End in 1945.<span> </span>Mildred’s focus seems to have been homesteading.<span> </span>Borsodi was increasingly education.<span> </span>He was doing seminars on the universal problems and he was focusing on writing <i>Education and Living</i>.<span> </span>His wife, Myrtle Mae, was seriously ill with cancer for several years.<span> </span>They apparently spent some time in Mexico seeking treatment.<span> </span>I believe that the passing of Borsodi’s wife in 1949 was a major break in Borsodi’s life.<span> </span>She was not only wife and mother but also a close and able collaborator.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">After Myrtle Mae died, Borsodi told Mildred that he could no longer live at Dogwoods and wanted to sell it.<span> </span>He might well have moved to, or near, Lane’s End but fate took a different turn.<span> </span>As reported in another chapter, old friends from Dayton, who embraced Borsodi’s ideals, were setting up a community, Melbourne Village, on land in Florida.<span> </span>They invited Borsodi to open a School of Living there.<span> </span>They introduced him to a Melbourne Village member, Clare Kittredge, recently widowed.<span> </span>Within a year, she and Borsodi were married, Borsodi sold Dogwoods, and they moved to Melbourne. <span> </span>He continued to conduct major problems seminars at Melbourne and gained a following there.<span> </span>There were two Schools of Living then.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1952 Borsodi incorporated his School of Living of America in Florida.<span> </span>That year he and Clare took an extended cruise to Asia.<span> </span>During that time, when a telegram was the only way, and a costly one, to send a same-day message around the world, I believe it is safe to say that Mildred was the de facto head of the School of Living.<span> </span>She had likely been effectively so for a number of years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School at Melbourne apparently continued to operate under the direction of the founders of Melbourne Village while Borsodi was absent.<span> </span>Returning home, Borsodi settled down to write <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>.<span> </span>He also began serious work founding the University of Melbourne.<span> </span>From 1955 to 1957 Borsodi edited and published <i>The Journal of Praxiology</i>.<span> </span>In short, he was busy in Florida.<span> </span>Mildred, as noted, declined to move there and work with him.<span> </span>The University of Melbourne experiment was short-lived, but an enormous amount of work went into refining the problem-centered curriculum.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi then went back to India for a two-year stay, returning to the US in 1961 in ill health.<span> </span>Again, Mildred stayed the course.<span> </span>Borsodi was not up to the work when he came home so Mildred begin to edit trunk loads of research material, which she took to Lane’s End, for him.<span> </span>She developed a typescript for what was to become Borsodi last book, <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>.<span> </span>And, as we will see, she continued to lead the School of Living programs across the country, edit the journal and engage in extensive correspondence.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred’s steadily increased responsibility for the School of Living wasn’t an ego trip; her sense of humility is inspiring.<span> </span>It was never about her.<span> </span>She was surrounded by talented supporters who rallied to support her.<span> </span>She had developed a national network and organization to which she was fully committed.<span> </span>She clearly took on the job out of a sense of duty to the ideals of the School of Living, of loyalty to its principles, of her own considerable creative capacity, and to the emerging network that grew around her persistent effort to help people achieve the good life.<span> </span>That network, and her extensive correspondence and research demanded her full attention.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Private Life of Ralph Borsodi<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is another aspect, I believe, to this split between Mildred and Borsodi.<span> </span>Over the years of exploring Ralph Borsodi’s life and work, one of the things that becomes increasingly apparent about him is that there was a side of his life of which we know practically nothing.<span> </span>Indeed, we know very little about his life.<span> </span>As close as they worked together over the years, I suspect there was much Mildred didn’t know about him.<span> </span>She never seems to have known the year or place of his birth, for example.<span> </span>That she so often wrote biographical sketches makes me ask if she was expressing that life or wondering about it?<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We have mere fragments of Borsodi’s early life.<span> </span>My biographical sketch of him at the beginning of this book is brief and sketchy; and I’ve learned things Mildred did not report, and things that were reported that were inaccurate.<span> </span>In interviews, Borsodi was evasive about his past.<span> </span>He never systemized his deeper philosophy.<span> </span>He didn’t leave a journal and little of his early correspondence and other records remain.<span> </span>We know he was a leader in the Georgist movement but have only hints of his involvement.<span> </span>We know he was a respected economist and earned a good living as a consultant on Wall Street, but he said little about that career.<span> </span>We know about his economic criticism in the books and articles he wrote but again know little of how he came to the philosophical principles upon which they were based.<span> </span>He was, by implication, a libertarian in an older sense of the word.<span> </span>He was a leading decentralist.<span> </span>But we don’t know much about the how that came about.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Each of Borsodi’s roles involved considerable networks of influential people – and yes, he enjoyed a friendship with many of the best minds of his time.<span> </span>For example, Eleanor Roosevelt visited him at Dogwoods.<span> </span>As President, Franklin Roosevelt invited him for a chat at the White House.<span> </span>He had extensive Georgist and decentralists connections, more with the Catholic workers and other new agrarians, and it appears considerable connections with academia.<span> </span>And this just brings us to the School of Living.<span> </span>He was 46 years old when he founded it.<span> </span>In short, he had already lived a full and very active life by the time Mildred met him.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I’ve added a New Agrarian chapter to this book to provide more of a context for Borsodi’s work.<span> </span>Borsodi was clearly an important part of a large and dynamic movement.<span> </span>What did Mildred know about it?<span> </span>I suspect much less than she would have liked.<span> </span>With Melbourne and then India, Borsodi’s network expanded considerably and he was even more remote from Mildred during those days, at the very least geographically.<span> </span>She, in turn, had her own not inconsiderable network.<span> </span>We know more about her network of people from the publications she edited (but not as much as we perhaps should – there are a lot of interesting stories that could be told about these people).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The partnership between Borsodi and Mildred was, as I’ve written, remarkable.<span> </span>Both were vital personalities and outstanding leaders and thinkers.<span> </span>There was a powerful synergy that both obviously gained much from.<span> </span>Even within the close friendship and deep partnership there was a division of labor.<span> </span>While Mildred and friends popularized the School of Living and particularly homesteading, Borsodi continued to develop and formalize its educational program.<span> </span>But there was still that other side of Borsodi life and I increasingly suspect it was in his nature to hold it private.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Following their cruise to Asia in 1952, Ralph and Clare settled comfortably into their home at Melbourne, Florida.<span> </span>I suspect Melbourne was pretty much an upper crust retirement community.<span> </span>They were seemingly a well-educated and well-heeled lot.<span> </span>Many joined him in seminars.<span> </span>The idea of a university-level project based on his system came out of this.<span> </span>It is clear that he had also developed and nurtured a broad network in academia during this project.<span> </span>The list of then well-known names we get from his works is long and impressive; particularly the contributors to the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i>.<span> </span>But Mildred was at that time only indirectly involved with Melbourne.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">State of the School of Living<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In summary, as reported above, the University of Melbourne was incorporated in Florida in 1954 just as Mildred and friends were re-engineering the School of Living at Lane’s End, Ohio.<span> </span>Borsodi and friends became intensely busy organizing the University program in Florida over the next year or so.<span> </span>The year 1956 started with the opening seminar of the University of Melbourne, December 27, 1955 to January 1, 1956.<span> </span>The topic was “Man is the Problem<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred was one of 60 who attended the “Man is the Problem” seminar.<span> </span>She said she came away from the conference inspired.<span> </span>She wondered how to apply what she was learning as Borsodi developed his curriculum.<span> </span>She wrote about her concern that the world continued to disintegrate.<span> </span>The Cold War was deepening.<span> </span>Where next? What could the School of Living do about these perilous trends? <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred’s decision not to join Borsodi in Melbourne is significant.<span> </span>As dedicated as she was to him, she was fully committed to her reorganized School of Living.<span> </span>She was building a national movement much as Borsodi had proposed at Dayton.<span> </span>She and friends worked to strengthen the federation of allied groups across the country.<span> </span>She continued working to expand memberships and subscriptions for <i>The Interpreter</i>.<span> </span>Her pitch:<span> </span><i>The Interpreter</i> is a journal of discussion; reader’s responses solicited.<span> </span>Get your friends involved, she urged.<span> </span>She asked them: “Where will the School of Living be in another ten years?<span> </span>Will you help make this next one a Decade of Decentralization?”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In late March 1957 Mildred listed accomplishments of the School of Living during 1956.<span> </span>Fifty people attended the annual meeting at Lane’s End. <span> </span>A writer’s group of 20 people was formed to send letters to newspapers on decentralist themes.<span> </span>They began their first group work since 1954 (reorganization year) in five locales.<span> </span>They held a seminar on Major Problems of Living at Lane’s End, a six weeks public discussion course on the Major Problems in Dayton and produced a 35-page, mimeographed, leaders outline on the Major problems distributed to 20 group organizers.<span> </span>But finances were still weak.<span> </span>The budget was $7,500 but income for the year totaled $3,337 and there were $350 in unpaid bills. <i><span> </span>The Interpreter</i>subscriptions held steadily at 700.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Proposed goals for 1957 included:<span> </span>Two Leader’s Training seminars to be held at Land’s End.<span> </span>Develop ten community discussion courses on Major Problems.<span> </span>Organize a School of Living speaker’s bureau.<span> </span>Double membership to 1,500 and raise income.<span> </span>There was a growing sense of a need for a business and advertising manager.<span> </span>Mildred announced that she planned a book on “The Green Revolution,” to be published by the University of Melbourne, as part of the 25<sup>th</sup> celebration of the beginning of modern homesteading at Dayton, Ohio (the program that Borsodi had been invited to support) in 1932 [should read 1933].<span> </span>I believe Mildred was also anticipating and promoting a renewed interest in back to the land to the emerge during the Counterculture era.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred listed eight topics which she asked the membership to support:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Productive homes and better communities<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Improving child-parent and other human relationships<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Improved health, nutrition and emotional balance<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Building up soil and conserving natural resources<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Securing our individual independence and whittling down the size and extent of government<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Justice in regards to land and money systems<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Insights into the nature of man and his universe<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Adult education toward more normal living.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Balanced Living<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Announced in the December 1957 edition of <i>The Interpreter,</i> <i>Balanced Living</i>, appeared in January 1958 as the official School of Living publication.<span> </span>Readers had asked for a change in style.<span> </span><i>The Interpreter</i> was discontinued but <i>Balanced Living</i> continued the volume numbering, starting as Volume 13.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Balanced Living</i> was a 6 x 9-inch magazine of 16 pages, two columns, professionally printed.<span> </span>It was more a magazine than a newsletter.<span> </span>The initial circulation was reported to be 1,000 copies. <span> </span>Each issue addressed a problems of living theme.<span> </span>The early copies contain a list of over 100 books, organized by problems of living.<span> </span>The School of Living library, one issue reported, then contained 2,000 books.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Balanced Living</i> served the School of Living for five years.<span> </span>Unlike <i>The Interpreter</i> and later <i>Green Revolution</i>, there was relatively little news about the School of Living.<span> </span>We have only a limited number of the issues.<span> </span>Consequently, our understanding of School of Living organization and activity are much less clear during this period.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfKrainXz2LW2hlzc_P4I0NBhHGB8ENqw3ItIHxFjHmuoG-c5w98k9CzLsf5WzX5ImBRXRoyzLBs8npn69CzQ77KiyJ04kM2ZG55-0IdzQ6EvG94jIS_LUzMZSnd5FQ67m3ZzxjPEUJH-z/s1800/Borsodi+and+Loomis+Wheel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfKrainXz2LW2hlzc_P4I0NBhHGB8ENqw3ItIHxFjHmuoG-c5w98k9CzLsf5WzX5ImBRXRoyzLBs8npn69CzQ77KiyJ04kM2ZG55-0IdzQ6EvG94jIS_LUzMZSnd5FQ67m3ZzxjPEUJH-z/s320/Borsodi+and+Loomis+Wheel.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The term “balanced living,” as noted, was a response to a growing sense of vagueness about the term “normal living.” <span> </span>It seemed more appropriate as a description of the goal of the School of Living.<span> </span>The idea of an integral, or balanced approach to learning for living was well established. <span> </span>There was a conference on Balanced Living in August 1957.<span> </span>There Borsodi and Mildred displayed a model of (then 14) major problems of living as the spokes of a wheel.<span> </span>The wheel could be spun and that when this was done the problems all blurred into a single image.<span> </span>This symbol suggested the integration of knowledge coming out of a common hub.<span> </span>This is the theme Borsodi would work on in India starting the following year.<o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is important to understand that there is nothing linear or hierarchical about Borsodi’s system.<span> </span>Both he and Mildred were critical of specialization.<span> </span>Indeed, they were early pioneers in what came to be called holistic, systems or ecosystems thinking.<span> </span>I believe symbolically representation of this was an important evolution of the major problems vision.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Inside the front cover of <i>Balanced Living</i>, was a statement, a reaffirmation, of the purpose of the School of Living:<span> </span>It is first of all nonprofit, nonsectarian and nonpolitical.<span> </span>And:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p align="center" class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The goal of education is the good life.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p align="center" class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Real problems of living are the curriculum of a good education.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The School of Living is adult education for normal living.<span> </span>It is a continuing-education program for all adults who want to deal with the whole of life.<span> </span>It helps people define and practice ways of dealing with, all major problems of living.<span> </span>(Listed on back cover.)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Normal living is that which permits and fosters the fullest possible development for each individual, of all his attributes and potentialities.<span> </span>Normal is not average or customary.<span> </span>Hence, living normally is not conforming to present accepted mores.<span> </span>But because normal is often mistakenly equated with the common pattern, we are using the term, balanced living.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Balanced Living discusses ways of dealing with problems in line with norms of living.<span> </span>Conditions and principles which foster continual creative self-expression, as well as the basic needs of survival and reproduction, are considered norms. <span> </span>All those which frustrate these three human needs are considered abnormal.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Members of the School of Living attempt to learn and practice increasingly satisfying, or normal, ways of living.<span> </span>They continually work at clarifying their purpose and philosophy of living; at improving their method of validating actions; at their human relations in every situation; and improving their families and communities; their soil and health, their government and freedom; and economic conditions to eliminate exploitation and advance world peace.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Problems of Living on the back cover of Balanced Living included these definitions:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Problems of Postulation<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What is the form and essence of the universe:<span> </span>cosmos or chaos?<span> </span><i>The Ontologic Problem.</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What is the nature of human nature:<span> </span>hereditary and acquire?<span> </span><i>The Anthropic Problem.</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What causes natural, human and super-natural events?<span> </span><i>The Etiologic Problem.</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Problems of Value<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What should be the ultimate goal of my living?<span> </span><i>The Teleologic Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What should be the basis for my convictions about truth and action?<span> </span><i>The Epistemological Problem.</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What should be my standards for beauty and ugliness?<span> </span><i>The Esthetic Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What should be my standards for right and wrong?<span> </span><i>The Ethical Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.5in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Problems of Action<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How shall I maintain physical-mental well-being and recover it when lost?<span> </span><i>The Psycho-physiological Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How should men and women occupy themselves during each period of their life cycle?<span> </span><i>The Occupational Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How should we organize to deal with violence?<span> </span><i>The Political Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How should we acquire and hold land, money, capital and other goods?<span> </span><i>The Possessional Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How should enterprises of all kinds be established and operated?<span> </span><i>The Organizational Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How to persuade people to use the accumulated wisdom of mankind?<span> </span><i>The Educational Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What social institutions should be maintained, established and abolished, and how should this be done?<span> </span><i>The Institutional Problem</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A short report on the 1957 Balanced Living conference appeared in the June 1958 issue of <i>Balanced Living</i>.<span> </span>There were sessions on health, on the problems of government and possessions, on cooperatives, the no-government system of the Hopis, credit and money and small business, owner-built homes, the nature of man.<span> </span>Borsodi presented about a “patient effort to integrate the whole;” a call for balance and perspective and a comprehensive, whole life, program of education of adults.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a workshop at Lane’s End in April 1958 on “Possessions, People and Psychology.”<span> </span>It was open to only ten people.<span> </span>Cost was $6.00.<span> </span>The convener and leader was Mildred, supported by Don Werkheiser, an authority on evolutionary psychology.<span> </span>It asked the following questions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What political-economic changes are necessary and possible today, to extend liberty and independence?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What kind of people are ready to deal with such problems of living?<span> </span>That is,<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What mental-emotional habits are necessary in persons who want to work at cultural change? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How can we become that kind of a person?</p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBSD1YiDyWnywDSejsJdsai0yBIvbmxTa2QkLYFl_7glNsc_niXUu4tm0goRyrboXiMWK9479lnJHLQ5ZwFNYSr99sT4H8l9giqaDtMYBS5U9JtN87yDE-4ReJhibiMV-91sMKZroiDIk/s2048/Balanced+Living+1958+Cropped.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: Cambria, serif; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 48px;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1094" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBSD1YiDyWnywDSejsJdsai0yBIvbmxTa2QkLYFl_7glNsc_niXUu4tm0goRyrboXiMWK9479lnJHLQ5ZwFNYSr99sT4H8l9giqaDtMYBS5U9JtN87yDE-4ReJhibiMV-91sMKZroiDIk/s320/Balanced+Living+1958+Cropped.png" width="320" /></a>Another Balanced Living conference was held in Indiana in August 1958.<span> </span>We have this photo taken then.<span> </span>Mildred and Borsodi are standing at the center of the photo.<span> </span>This was taken just before Borsodi left for his extended stay in India.<span> </span>The focus of the conference continued on the topic of over-specialization:<span> </span>Our society is dominated by experts who have little understanding of or ability to deal with the whole.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi, in a comment on his talk on the good life, said: “The only adequate method by which we can shift from life as it is, to life as it should be, is <b>education</b>.<span> </span>The cure for mis-education is not law, not religion, not revolution.<span> </span>The cure is right-education; -- the re-education of adults.<span> </span>Living is an adult problem.<span> </span>To adequately deal with that problem, the total person must be re-educated.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi, it should be emphasized, was one of the first to use the term “human potential;” a term often credited to his friend Aldous Huxley about this time.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were articles about ecology, human ecology, community, bio-technic living and other topics.<span> </span>There was a long-running series on owner-built homes by architect Ken Kern, who was a Trustee and leader of a School of Living group in California.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The August 1959 issue of <i>Balanced Living</i> carried a report about a Survival Seminar held at Lane’s End with eight adults in attendance, led by School of Living Trustee Don Werkheiser, who had recently completed a manuscript <i>Is It Possible To Survive?</i><span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Cold War had gotten increasingly frightening.<span> </span>Schools were practicing “duck and cover.”<span> </span>Russia had developed its hydrogen bomb in 1955.<span> </span>By 1957 the US exploded a test bomb 3,000 times the destructive power of the atomic bombs used against Japan.<span> </span>Both the US and Russia produced their first intercontinental ballistic missiles in 1957 and the Russian launch of Sputnik made the potential of this type of warfare painfully evident.<span> </span>There would be no warning of a missile strike.<span> </span>A single bomb could reduce even the largest city to smoldering rubble.<span> </span>Science fiction stories were telling gristly stories of a post-apocalyptic era.<span> </span>The US had a five-star general as President.<span> </span>Anxiety in the US was intense.<span> </span>People were building underground shelters in their back yards stocked with several weeks of supplies to survive blast and wait out the early effects of fallout.<span> </span>There was considerable concern about these issues within the School of Living community.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred reported on the status of the School of Living.<span> </span>Income and expenditures were $5,000 but, as usual, the budget was tight.<span> </span>Borsodi’s “Pan-Humanist (Decentralist) Manifesto” had sold 600 copies and Werkheiser’s survival manuscript 300 copies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With fewer than a dozen people attending the annual meeting, Mildred asked the question:<span> </span>“How can the School of Living become a group of ACTIVE members?”<span> </span>Reasons people gave for not becoming members included:<span> </span>lack of time, little understanding of the goals of the School, “I’m an individualist; I don’t believe in organization.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Fourth Congress on Balanced Living was held in August 1959.<span> </span>The agenda included an organization meeting of the American Humanist Association and the Henry George School of Social Science with the School of Living.<span> </span>There were several workshop panels, one lead by Mildred.<span> </span>Registration was $2.00 and meals $11.00.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the November 1959 issue Mildred addressed the distinction between the School of Living comprehensive, problem centered, approach to education and the prevailing fragmentation of life.<span> </span>The purpose of the title <i>Balanced Living</i> is to emphasize, she wrote, “that we treat all subjects from the viewpoint of balance or wholeness.”<span> </span>She added that “we refrain from becoming a one-idea or a one-emphasis journal, so common today.”<span> </span>I should note that the idea of systems thinking was at this time was just becoming popular.<span> </span>The School of Living was well ahead in this regard.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In this article, Mildred cited Dr. Leo Koch, then president of the School of Living.<span> </span>Koch was a biologist at the University of Illinois.<span> </span>He contributed an insightful article entitled “Transactional Living.”<span> </span>Koch wrote that most of us agree that we have to think in order to improve our standards of living.<span> </span>There is, however, a wide range of variability in the quality of thought.<span> </span>He discussed some of these views.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Koch had asked what the terms “school” and “living” mean and: “How does our organization educate us and does this lead to satisfactory results?”<span> </span>He found enough leaders of the School answering that question in the negative to give him pause.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Conceptually, he said, many found (and still do) Borsodi’s system as too broad to grasp.<span> </span>But that is only if we treat it as detached and objective.<span> </span>Borsodi’s problem-centered system can be difficult if we use it in the abstract.<span> </span>It was never meant as such.<span> </span>It is something that is intended to be employed in life, in the transactions of living.<span> </span>It allows us to classify a problem we have and thus helps bring some sense of order out of chaos.<span> </span>Like the scientific method (and permaculture today), it asks us to observe the problem, construct an idea about what it is, then test it.<span> </span>Borsodi’s framework also gives us orderly access to the accumulated experience of humankind.<span> </span>Problems, he added, are universal because they are the same for generation after generation and around the world.<span> </span>Koch was an important leader in the School of a number of years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Fifth Congress on Balanced Living was held at Washington University, St. Louis, in August 1960.<span> </span>We have no report on the agenda or meeting.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The April 1961 issue included a mimeographed insert with a pitch for subscribing to <i>Balanced Living</i>.<span> </span>It summarized the basic principles as follows:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->While we protest many modern trends, we give most of our space to constructive answers.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We are not a one-idea magazine, we cover the whole range of living – little repetition, no monotony.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We are not doctrinaire, though we have a bias for libertarianism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We probe significant ideas, but we report and discuss much real action.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We have not just appeared; we are in our seventeenth year!<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We are not highbrow, but we are serious and thought-provoking.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We are not a one-man product; many contributors and readers express themselves in our pages.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Also, in the April 1961 issue, a School of Living Homestead Festival was announced with hosts Grace and Tim Lefever at Spring Grove, PA, July 21 – 23.<span> </span>There is a profile on the Lefever homestead on page 104 of that issue.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">May 1961, Mildred reported attending the Sixth Conference on Balanced Living in Los Angeles (and a six week stay in California).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred announced an exploratory meeting at Lane’s End for April 1962 to cover:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Establishment of a headquarters community<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A Balanced Living University<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The most effective methods of disseminating rational through by personal contact<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How to improve <i>Balance Living</i> and expand its circulation.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi in India<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1958, Borsodi made another major shift.<span> </span>He resigned his chancellorship at the University of Melbourne in 1957 and a year later went to India.<span> </span>This time he flew and by that time commercial aviation was converting to jet aircraft.<span> </span>Air mail became a bit easier way to communicate than telegrams<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>We have yet, however, to find any correspondence between Borsodi and Mildred while he was in India.<span> </span>It was clear that Mildred had assumed a major share of leadership.<span> </span>So, what was Borsodi’s role?<span> </span>Mildred wrote in one report, rather cryptically, that he “continued his interest in the School of Living.”<span> </span>But for the next two years and then some the “bridge” was hers<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Nonetheless, Borsodi and Mildred remained bonded.<span> </span>We know that Borsodi’s work in India would have a tremendous influence on the evolution of the School of Living model.<span> </span>Borsodi’s “The Decentralist Manifesto” (1958) became a virtual Declaration of Independence for the School of Living and its allies.<span> </span>Mildred published it as a pamphlet [<a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVbGR0SzRaNlJBTDQ/edit" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a>]<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Gandhi was popular in the US.<span> </span>There was a strong connection between Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.<span> </span>Borsodi had much philosophically in common with Gandhi.<span> </span>Gandhi advocated decentralized village economies and supported education.<span> </span>Borsodi, in his <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> (1956) had written extensively about the encroachment of industrialism in Africa and Asia and lamented the destruction of the traditional life, especially in India and China.<span> </span>He was invited to India by a well-organized Gandhian agrarian movement with its own university, a place with principles and practices very much to Borsodi’s liking.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In this highly supportive environment Borsodi further developed his problem-centered model which was published as <i>The Education of the Whole Man </i>in 1963.<span> </span>That book appeared at the time of another turning point for Mildred and the School of Living which I describe in the next, “Green Revolution,” chapter.<span> </span>He had, as noted, developed an integral model of the major problems and in this book and, as the title suggest, Borsodi went deeply into a holistic, integral model of education<a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi returned to the US in 1961 and settled at Exeter, New Hampshire.<span> </span>He was exhausted, recovering from a serious illness, aged 75, and his eyesight was failing.<span> </span><i>The Education</i> served as the segue to Borsodi’s final work on problem-centered education:<span> </span><i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society </i>(1968).<span> </span>In 1963 Mildred took on the job of reviewing and summarizing the extended problems research notes (8,000 pages) Borsodi had organized while in India.<span> </span>Recovering his health, he would complete <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i><span> in 1968</span>.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A Way Out<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>Balanced Living</i> was succeeded in the Summer of 1962 by <i>A Way Out</i>, edited by Robert Anton Wilson, from Lane’s End. <span> </span>Wilson was then living there.<span> </span>The format remained the same.<span> </span>The volume and issue number sequence were continued giving 18 years of continuous publication of the School of Living journal, now under its third name.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the September 1962 edition, there is a report on the annual meeting of the School of Living.<span> </span>Income and outgo had been slightly over $5,000 (equivalent to about $44,000 in 2020) for the past year and funds remained short, as usual.<span> </span>Of greatest importance is that Mildred reported that the School of Living had outgrown Lane’s End as a voluntary headquarters and set January 1963 as the date for “termination of facilities.”<span> </span>It was decided that land would be secured by the following summer and work started on building new facilities.<span> </span>That didn’t happen but it marked the beginning of the end of the Lane’s End period of the School of Living – the story that will follow.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Wrap-up<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What do we learn from these nine years?<span> </span>First is Mildred’s determined support for the School of Living agenda as its leader.<span> </span>Second, keeping it going was always challenging.<span> </span>She and friends kept on experimenting and innovating.<span> </span>Third, with the new articles of incorporation, we find an explicit restatement of the basic principles upon which the School had been founded in 1934.<span> </span>There had been substantial evolution in the major problems system, but the goal remained the same:<span> </span>optimizing our lives as free and independent people.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The year 1963 represented another turning point in the history of the School of Living and in Mildred’s career as activist, leader and inspiration; and, in fact, an exciting new phase of the history of the School of Living begin at Lane’s End that year with the publication of the <i>Green Revolution</i>.<span> </span>These next few years came at a crucial juncture for America’s youth and the emergence of the Counterculture, a movement Mildred came to be known as the grandmother of.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> The School of Living, Mildred and Borsodi in particular, were pioneers in and anticipated by a decade and more the emergence of the Human Potential Movement.”<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> A second edition was printed at Melbourne.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> The “good life” is a term later popularized by the Nearing’s in their 1970 book by that title.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> An image of the Wheel of Life was printed in the preceding Green Revolution article, the first installment of this series about Mildred.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Also published in another chapter was an image of the (then) fourteen problems of living represented as a wheel. As she developed the “wheel” over the next 30 years, these two images became increasingly merged into a single framework.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> Liberty starts with economic independence and that is achieved through homesteading. But the homestead is a means, not an end.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> The School of Living articles and bylaws, with some latter amendments, can be found at: <a href="https://www.schoolofliving.org/articles-of-incorporation-and-school-of-living-by-laws">https://www.schoolofliving.org/articles-of-incorporation-and-school-of-living-by-laws</a>. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a> Esalen and Integral Transformative Practice: <a href="https://newschoolofliving.blogspot.com/2013/05/twenty-two-years-of-integral.html">https://newschoolofliving.blogspot.com/2013/05/twenty-two-years-of-integral.html</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a> George had written his own book about education: <i>Education and Ecstasy. </i><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[10]</span></span></span></a> The “Man is the Problem” conference is fully described in the “Melbourne” chapter.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a> A seven-cent stamp (which would be the equivalent of about sixty cents in 2017 currency; it’s $1.15 now) would take a one-ounce item anywhere in the world. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[12]</span></span></span></a> Decentralist Manifesto: <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVbGR0SzRaNlJBTDQ/edit">https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVbGR0SzRaNlJBTDQ/edit</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn13"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9883499A-0E4A-494E-A6A2-5FB5C8F8655B#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[13]</span></span></span></a> Still a decade before Ken Wilber popularized his integral education model for which he gained some fame.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-12290487438797673752021-01-30T11:43:00.001-08:002021-02-26T12:11:57.295-08:00Mildred Loomis: Lane's End<p>Bill Sharp (c) 1/30/21</p><p><br /></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred Loomis is indispensable to the history of the School of Living.<span> </span>In a very real sense, she could be considered its cofounder.<span> </span>From about the time she met Borsodi in 1932, until her death more than 50 years later, she was the keystone of the School of Living organization.<span> </span>Indeed, from about 1945, I believe we could say she was the de facto leader of the School of Living.<span> </span>She had an incredible presence over the years. <span> </span><i>Mother Earth News</i> called her the Grandmother of the Counterculture.<span> </span>During that tumultuous period of American history (the 1960s and 1970s), she was a standout figure.<span> </span>She was also, they noted, the revered co-leader of the School of Living.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">People who knew her told about a gentle woman who led a simple, exemplary homesteading life.<span> </span>She was always deferential, never self-assertive.<span> </span>Everyone marveled at her extraordinary energy especially for writing, publishing and organizing.<span> </span>Unfortunately, when she died, the memory of her began to fade.<span> </span>I think much has been lost about her real importance to the School of Living, indeed, I strongly believe that, without Mildred, the School of Living would be little more than scattered footnotes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred left us a legacy of School of Living founder Ralph Borsodi in her biography of him.<span> </span>Others also documented Borsodi’s life in dissertations, books, articles and interviews.<span> </span>But Mildred’s life has not been so generously treated. <span> </span>I will attempt to at least partially correct that problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This is the first of five chapters about Mildred Loomis.<span> </span>Each covers a major stage in her life and career.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred Loomis<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred Loomis (January 5, 1900 – September 18, 1986) was born on a family farm near Blair, Nebraska (just north of Omaha).<span> </span>Mildred remarked that she was born the first week of the first month of the first year of the new (twentieth) century.<span> </span>She remembered that families raised their own food.<span> </span>While she was still young her family moved to town.<span> </span>She was an “A” student, edited the school newspaper and was valedictorian.<span> </span>She was the first in her extended family to go to college. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred studied business at the University of Nebraska (B.Sc. in Economics in 1924) with the thought of earning a good income.<span> </span>She was one of only a handful of women in the program, the only one in her business law class of 240 students.<span> </span>After graduation, however, she turned down a department store advertising job and accepted an invitation to work for a church in Sioux City, Iowa; essentially as secretary.<span> </span>The church was in a neighborhood that had become a slum but the parishioners, now living in the suburbs, were well to do.<span> </span>While the affluent parishioners worshiped upstairs, the poor were kept in the basement.<span> </span>Mildred became frustrated with the rich who would not mix with the poor and were largely indifferent to them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred moved to Dayton in 1928 and started a career in religious education and social work.<span> </span>Mildred was teaching in Dayton when the Great Depression hit.<span> </span>The school ran out of money and, drawing on savings, she decided to continue her education at Columbia in New York City.<span> </span>She believed that by becoming better educated, she would improve her capacity to help others.<span> </span>She completed her M.A in Education and Religion at Colombia University and Union Seminary in 1932.<span> </span>While there, a teacher recommended Borsodi’s <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>.<span> </span>She and some friends then visited Borsodi at his homestead just outside of New York City.<span> </span>Mildred considered the book life-changing and her visit to Borsodi was a turning point in her life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At the risk of repetition, I would like to provide some context for Mildred’s role in the School of Living.<span> </span>Here working relationship with Borsodi I believed started with the Dayton homestead project.<span> </span>Mildred returned to Dayton after completing her degree at Columbia.<span> </span>In 1933 Borsodi was invited to Dayton to advise on the homesteading project there.<span> </span>Mildred was likely the key connection in his involvement.<span> </span>The Dayton experience is covered in its own chapter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Prior to Dayton, Borsodi’s interest was the personal homestead.<span> </span>The Dayton Liberty Homestead project was apparently Borsodi’s first attempt at community organization.<span> </span>It wasn’t a successful experiment, but it gave him a model.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi returned to Suffern and opened the School of Living there in September 1934.<span> </span>He then established a land trust corporation, acquired land and set up his first homesteading community at Bayard Lane near Suffern. <span> </span>That story has its own chapter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is unclear how involved Mildred was with the School of Living at Suffern during the mid-1930s.<span> </span>We know she spent a year there working with Borsodi (1939 – 1940).<span> </span>In 1940, she and husband John Loomis started their own highly successful homestead in Ohio near Dayton.<span> </span>She was then a trustee of the School of Living.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Lane’s End<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred and John Loomis married in 1940.<span> </span>John bought 38 acres of land near Brookville, Ohio, just a short distance south of Dayton.<span> </span>A half-mile off the main road, they called their homestead Lane’s End.<span> </span>She and John built a model homestead along Borsodi’s guidelines.<span> </span>They refurbished a cottage, dug a well, repaired farm buildings, raised their own food, milled their grain, and sold their surplus and rented fields for a small cash income.<span> </span>They achieved 95% self-sufficiency for nearly forty years until John’s death.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">John Loomis had worked as a postman in Dayton.<span> </span>Like Mildred he had moved to Liberty Homestead and that is where they met.<span> </span>John had his own activist background.<span> </span>He had been a member of the New Llano Cooperative Colony in Louisiana.<span> </span>The New Llano Cooperative was founded in California and moved to Louisiana in 1916.<span> </span>It practiced then innovative social principles such as an eight-hour day, livable (and equitable) wages, social security, and good educational and cultural opportunities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred and John retained strong ties to the Dayton homesteaders and had a lot of visitors.<span> </span>People began asking the Loomis’ if they could send their children to spend a week or a month on the farm, and Dayton mental health sent some of their kids.<span> </span>They built a bunkhouse for six of them at a time and introduced them to life on the homestead.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">By 1946 they paid off their mortgage and were debt free.<span> </span>They invited friends to celebrate with them, dedicating Lane’s End to Normal Living<a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To good health and creative work<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To family ownership of productive property<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To justice and equal opportunity to land for all<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To neighborliness and community<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To beauty in simple things<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To seeking and sharing truths<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To participating in the mysterious process of Nature.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred and School of Living Publications<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1940, Borsodi invited Ralph and Lila Templin to direct the School of Living at Suffern.<span> </span>The Templins invited Paul and Betty Keene to join them.<span> </span>They had all been Christian missionaries in India and followers of Gandhi.<span> </span>They settled into a homesteading life on the four-acre School of Living property at the Bayard Lane community, grew their own food, organized community events and ran the School of Living programs.<span> </span>The Keenes left in 1943 and the Templins in 1945 and that year the School of Living building was sold and the headquarters, library, and some furniture was moved to Lane’s End.<span> </span>Borsodi spent a good deal of time at Lane’s End but it is clear that Mildred was taking over daily management of the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1945 Mildred took over publication of the School of Living journals.<span> </span>She started a new publication that year, <i>The Interpreter</i>.<span> </span>It would be one of four periodicals she would edit and publish over the next forty years.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Decentralism<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At the time Mildred started <i>The Interpreter</i>, the primary journal of the School of Living was <i>The Decentralist</i>.<span> </span>While Borsodi was a national leader in decentralism, Mildred was likely a principle organizer of that movement throughout her life.<span> </span>In 1980, towards the end of her life, she published her own book on the topic:<span> </span><i>Decentralism:<span> </span>Where It Came From, Where Is It Going</i>.<span> </span>We need to understand why this principle was so important in the School’s development and history.<span> </span>I’ve told this story in another chapter, but a summary will give context.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred called Borsodi the “Decentralist Supreme” with justification.<span> </span>He was a major organizer and leader of the movement from at least the time of the formation of the School of Living and perhaps even more so during and after World War II.<span> </span>During the 1920s he published two consumer advocacy books that were critical of the increasing economic centralization.<span> </span>Another book, <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> (1929) was a powerful critique of industrial culture.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In his <i>Flight From the City</i><span> (1933)</span>, Borsodi made a clear case for home production as a viable alternative to the centralized factory and economic distribution system.<span> </span>A family could grow and produce basic commodities at less cost than factory products and with less time than needed to earn the money for factory goods<a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>And it would be of far better quality.<span> </span>He believed the majority of the centralized factory and distribution system could be shut down.<span> </span>Homesteading provides a high degree of economic and personal independence.<span> </span>He believed that homesteading communities could govern their own affairs and replace massive government bureaucracies.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In his <i>Prosperity and Security</i> (1939), Borsodi presented a formal economic theory of decentralism.<span> </span>Decentralism was clearly a core principle of the School of Living platform.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In January 1937, Borsodi, with Herbert Agar, Chauncey Stillman and others, started and edited <i>Free America</i>.<span> </span>This journal promoted a strong decentralist agenda advocating rebirth of local, agrarian democracy, splitting up large corporations, promoting homesteading, consumers and workers co-ops, and competitive pricing of goods and services.<span> </span>It drew a large following and ran for ten years.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Herbert Agar was a prominent figure in the movement in his own right.<span> </span>He graduated from Columbia University and received a Ph.D. in English from Princeton (1922).<span> </span>He taught English and then went to London as a journalist and press attaché for the American ambassador to Great Britain.<span> </span>In England he was influenced by English distributists Hilaire Belloc, Douglas Jerrold and G. K. Chesterton.<span> </span>He became a critic of plutocracy and an advocate of the distribution of property.<span> </span>In 1935 he published <i>Land of the Free</i> which established him as a leading proponent of a “propertied society.”<span> </span>He admired the US colonial family farm agrarian culture.<span> </span>He believed America could again be “a nation with a majority of small proprietors.”<span> </span><i>Free America</i> was the sole journal devoted exclusively to the thesis of decentralization.<span> </span>During the war, with Agar and Stillman serving as officers in the US Navy, it came increasingly under Borsodi’s back-to-the-land influence.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A steady increase in the centralization of government and commerce had been underway since at least World War I.<span> </span>Roosevelt’s New Deal response to the Great Depression represented a massive centralization of government power.<span> </span>The decentralists were essentially anti-New Deal.<span> </span>World War II brought an even more massive concentration of power.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To prevent a return to Great Depression economics, before the end of the war, Roosevelt and Churchill launched a program for post-war economic recovery.<span> </span>A key figure in this program was economist John Maynard Keynes who advocated a strong role for governments in economic development.<span> </span>Following the war, and a deep but relatively brief recession, the US economy, building on its war industry, soared.<span> </span>More than ever, the US evolved into a consumer culture.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">One of the outcomes of post-war industrialism was the massive multinational corporations.<span> </span>They became a separate reality in their own right, transcending political boarders, domineering national economies and, to the extent they could, politics, in the interest of profit.<span> </span>In 2016, of the 100 largest economies on the planet, 31 were countries and 69 were corporations.<span> </span>Corporations are highly centralized organizations, indeed, at least as centralized as a communist society.<span> </span>They developed a highly structured and tightly integrated global market system.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">An American Ideal<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Decentralism is uniquely rooted in the American agrarian experience.<span> </span>In the British American colonies, an ocean away from the ancient authority of Church and monarchy,<span> </span>a culture of independent, self-reliant and self-governing farmers was first established. <span> </span>These ideals were at the root of the founding of the new Republic and became embodied in the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The early American agrarian culture included several major features.<span> </span>The first was the self-reliant farmer, an ideal Borsodi, Loomis and other homesteaders such as the Scott and Helen Nearing exemplified.<span> </span>The second was a local, self-sufficient community; also an objective they pursued throughout their lives.<span> </span>The third was education.<span> </span>A true democracy can only be achieved in a well-educated, well-informed, society.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The same year that the Declaration of Independence was signed (1776) could also be used as the date for the beginning of the industrial revolution and our capitalist economy.<span> </span>That was the year Adam Smith published <i>The Wealth of Nations</i>.<span> </span>James Watt had recently perfected the steam engine.<span> </span>As Jefferson and others pursued the agrarian ideal, Alexander Hamilton, the country’s first Secretary of Treasury, began to build the foundation of the American industrial order.<span> </span>Hamilton wanted a strong central government to cultivate industry but not regulate it.<span> </span>Industries became massive and so too did the financial institutions that capitalized them.<span> </span>Over the course of the twentieth century, government agencies became larger and they became regulatory.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The threshold between the older agrarian order and the modern industrial order occurred mostly during Borsodi’s life.<span> </span>By the time Borsodi was born (1888), America had become a major world industrial power but that was just the start.<span> </span>An agrarian revolt, the Populists, emerged.<span> </span>Henry George had been a leader in this movement.<span> </span>Borsodi’s father was an ardent Georgist and Borsodi himself became a Georgist champion, once editing the Georgist <i>Single Taxer</i> newsletter and, in 1919, was elected chair of the New York Single Tax organization. <span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Decentralist<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSIEmo7MD5vbtsIelfGOoy6bEZfNBKuS5K-6yHZX6AjU1cYtmr3Ab5SbniSqjNn2P-3mhQj0z_-6KlPsDuWBL25GiTpX2PGRlquiqa6fyBgEg66EhIauoUkS3j8HeK3GtcjZU6zzdcvrN9/s2048/Original+Tree+Wall+Hanging+Blog+1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1403" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSIEmo7MD5vbtsIelfGOoy6bEZfNBKuS5K-6yHZX6AjU1cYtmr3Ab5SbniSqjNn2P-3mhQj0z_-6KlPsDuWBL25GiTpX2PGRlquiqa6fyBgEg66EhIauoUkS3j8HeK3GtcjZU6zzdcvrN9/w137-h200/Original+Tree+Wall+Hanging+Blog+1.jpeg" width="137" /></a></div>In 1943 the School of Living started publishing <i>The Decentralist</i>, a small monthly magazine.<span> </span>The banner of <i>The Decentralist</i><span>, the</span> “ORGAN OF THE SCHOOL OF LVING,” contained the symbolic tree of life/knowledge that was the icon of the School of Living, and the following credo:<o:p></o:p><p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin-left: 4.25pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>For<o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.5in;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Against<o:p></o:p></b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Sovereignty of Man<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.5in;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Control remote from Man<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ownership by the user<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.5in;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Ownership out of circulation<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Husbandry of all resources, and<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.5in;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Exploitation of men and wealth and the<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 193.5pt;" valign="top" width="258"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Creative wholeness in living<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 3.5in;" valign="top" width="336"><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Artificiality of modern specialized existence<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 6pt 0in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">When Mildred first met Borsodi she had socialist leanings, but she came around to the decentralist cause and became just as ardent as he.<span> </span>Her life gave full and practical expression to the ideal.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred’s role in the decentralist movement is suggested by the following item from the Winter, 1943 issue of <i>The Decentralist</i>:<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Bibliography on Decentralization<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“All readers of THE DECENTRALIST will do well to have copies of the excellent annotated booklist, Decentralization – The Reaffirmation of Life, which has been prepared in mimeographed form for the Fellowship of Reconciliation<a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a> by Mildred Jensen Loomis.<span> </span>These are available for five cents each on request.<span> </span>Mrs. Loomis’ booklist is comprehensive and useful.<span> </span>A brief introduction explains the rise of decentralization resulting from the steady development of industrial centralization and its blighting effect upon the family and human life and liberty.<span> </span>The sectional headings of the booklist are Philosophy, Industry, The Cooperatives, Agriculture, Health, Art and Culture, Politics, History, and Magazine and Shorter Articles.<span> </span>Though the list is not intended to be inclusive, a very good beginning has been made.<span> </span>Mrs. Loomis and the Fellowship of Reconciliation are to be congratulated.<span> </span>Mrs. Loomis is a former associate director of the School of Living and a member at present of the Board of Trustees of the School.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The announcement of Mildred’s new role as the chief publicist for the School of Living came with the Spring & Summer 1945 issue of <i>The Decentralist</i>, which may have been the last.<span> </span>The following notice was printed:<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Interpreter:<span> </span>Decentralist Journal<o:p></o:p></span></i></h2><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“A journal of interest to all who seek freedom by way of decentralist principles and action is The Interpreter, emanating from Lane’s End Homestead, Brookville, Ohio, with Mildred Jenson Loomis (Mrs. J. A.) and Ralph Borsodi, editors.<span> </span>The particular function of The Interpreter is to evaluate current events from the point of view of family and personal action as well as voluntary group action, and is a welcome addition to the Decentralist movement.<span> </span>It is issued twice a month ($2.00 a year, or three subscriptions for $5.00) and includes discussions of current affairs related to all the eleven major problems of living as Ralph Borsodi has classified them.<span> </span>It was launched in January of 1945<a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></b></span></span></span></a> and is already serving highly interested group leaders in American thought.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Interpreter<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>The Interpreter</i> started life as an 8 ½ by 11, four-page (one sheet), bi-weekly, professionally printed issue.<span> </span>While Borsodi was technically co-editor, the work was done at Lane’s end.<span> </span>Mildred put considerable time into writing and soliciting articles, editing, organizing, and mailing (postage, bulk rate was a one cent stamp).<span> </span>While an addressograph was used, in those days a list of 700 was a laborious effort with each label imprinted and pasted on separately.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It must be remembered that Mildred and John earned their livelihood by homesteading.<span> </span><i>The Interpreter</i> took an enormous amount of work.<span> </span>It was all hand work.<span> </span>For example, in 1951 a small box was printed under the address space in which a blue check was entered for subscriptions about to expire, and a red check for those that had, to remind readers to renew.<span> </span>This was done one sheet at a time.<span> </span>They also ran School of Living programs at Lane’s End, in the Dayton area and elsewhere.<span> </span>They often had a couple who lived in an apartment in the main house who assisted them. but not always.<span> </span>Mildred was doing an enormous amount of work, for very little, if any, compensation.<span> </span>We have John to thank for his support of her work.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The banner of <i>The Interpreter</i> carried this theme:<span> </span>“A Semi-Monthly Comment on Current Events for People Concerned with the Achievement of Normal Living Through Education and Decentralization.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Each issue also included a Credo:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The Interpreter believes that careful study and scientific experimentation discloses a pattern of living normal for human beings and for society as a whole.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It believes that the individual is a fractional organism who can only complete himself in the family, and that country life and local community life are essential to normal family life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It believes that human beings can solve their own problems and must be educated to take the initiative in doing so.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It believes that human personality grows through choice and responsibility, and that therefore voluntary personal action and group action must replace government and compulsory action in all but the barest minimum of situations.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Problem-Centered Education<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In addition to decentralism, the School of Living had two fundamental themes:<span> </span>Normal Living and Problem-Centered Education.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Apparently, what most attracted Mildred to Borsodi was his approach to education.<span> </span><span> </span>Education was one of her core values.<span> </span>As noted, she used the last of her savings, at the depth of the Great Depression, to complete her M.A. at Columbia.<span> </span><i>This Ugly Civilization</i>, which she read while at Columbia, also presented Borsodi’s educational philosophy.<span> </span>Her visit to his homestead clearly made an impression.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Up to this time Mildred had followed a strong personal commitment to education and religion.<span> </span>But I think she was already losing her faith in both religion and the educational ideals of her time.<span> </span>She would write about her disappointments in later years. <span> </span>Like many people of her age, in times as challenging as the 1930s, she was feeling a growing sense of disillusionment.<span> </span>Indeed, much of the literature, especially the novels, of the time, were dark and foreboding.<span> </span>Something new and innovative was needed. <span> </span>She found that in Borsodi’s work and became the champion of his educational system.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Problem-Centered Approach<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I think it is important that Mildred was with Borsodi in 1940 when he established his problem-centered framework.<span> </span>Borsodi’s problem centered approach to education is original, a seminal contribution to the field of education.<span> </span>There is nothing copycat about it.<span> </span>Yes, we know that learning is part of problem solving but to develop an entire educational methodology around a framework of universal problems was a stroke of genius.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I’ve worked on the issue of education and action most of my life, and I find something compelling in Borsodi’s system.<span> </span>This itself speaks to me of the depth of the system.<span> </span>Mildred was certainly strongly attracted to it.<span> </span>That this system, which she devoted her life to, has been largely forgotten since Mildred’s death I find most curious. <span> </span>Given the challenges of the 21<sup>st</sup> century, I think it crucial that we bring its principles back online.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s own education was unconventional.<span> </span>He was largely self-educated.<span> </span>There was a lot of experimentation in education in his day.<span> </span>The public school system as we know it now was emerging.<span> </span>John Dewey was a leader.<span> </span>Eliot was experimenting with college curricula.<span> </span>St. John’s, a private liberal arts college with a program of studying the Great Books, was founded about the same time as the School of Living.<span> </span>Korzybski was developing general semantics and a library to go with his system.<span> </span>There were several psychologists and educational reformers trying to develop what they thought was a better, “progressive,” approach to learning.<span> </span>Borsodi didn’t care much for these ideas.<span> </span>He became an outspoken critic of what he called mis-education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was a pioneer in alternative education.<span> </span>He provided training and taught his philosophy at Suffern from near the time he started his homestead.<span> </span>He advocated an educational program at Dayton.<span> </span>He founded the School of Living in 1934 with this charter:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To associate a select group of artists, craftsman and teachers in a demonstration of the contribution which decentralized, self-sufficient living in the country may make to redress the economic and psychological insecurity of our industrialized civilization<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To study and develop the possibilities of the home and homestead as a productive and creative institution<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To furnish to men and women the opportunity to follow a carefully developed plan of learning and experiences in living securely, comfortably and richly and in leading others to live equally well<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1940, about the time Mildred finished her year of service at the School of Living, in an address in New York City, Borsodi presented the first known statement of his problem-centered methodology:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Believing that such study and use of wisdom is best facilitated by being related to the universal and perpetual living experience of human beings, the School of Living aims to assist adults in becoming aware of and defining <u>the major problems of living</u> common to all people.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Believing that the full development of each human being is the supreme value, the School of Living has as its primary purpose to assist adults in their study and use of the accumulated wisdom of mankind.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That was also the year he gave his first public seminar on problem-centered education, at Oberlin University.<span> </span>Mildred was there.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred used the problem-centered framework to organize the content of <i>The Interpreter</i><span>.<span> </span></span>Following publication of <i>Education and Living</i> in 1948, Mildred added this paragraph to the Credo of <i>The Interpreter</i>:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Every act and every event involves all thirteen problem aspects.<span> </span>The Interpreter arranges its material under the heading which indicates the aspect or problem of living predominant in that event.<span> </span>These problem headings replace the departments in other newspapers related to Finance, Society, Medicine, Religion, etc.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The problem-centered system would continue to evolve over the following years.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Normal Living<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It’s not clear when Borsodi developed the idea of “normal” living.<span> </span>The first use I found of it was in 1945 as noted above.<span> </span>He gave an extended formal presentation of the concept in his <i>Education and Living</i> in 1948. <span> </span>The term “Normal Living” was another cornerstone for the School of Living.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This is a deceptive term; “normal” is not “average.”<span> </span>It is anything but what American culture then, or now, defines as typical.<span> </span>It is rather optimum human function.<span> </span>It is about the qualities that make us fully human.<span> </span>It is about the practices that give us the good life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Abnormal living is the product of urban-industrialism.<span> </span>It is the way we are all conditioned to live.<span> </span>It is the result of the repression of those natural qualities that define the essence of being a human being.<span> </span>It is largely the product of commercialism, and of the educational system that supports consumer culture.<span> </span>Following World War II, the pace of change, the increased pressure on consumers, rapidly accelerated.<span> </span>It soon took two incomes to support a consumer household.<span> </span>A teen consumer culture was created at that time.<span> </span>Teens went to work to buy the things that defined their collective lifestyle.<span> </span>The home, and the family, of course, declined.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As life became increasingly unsettled, a new self-help literature emerged in philosophy, psychology, health, arts and crafts, and such to help people get a better control over their unsettled lives.<span> </span>There was a lot of psychotherapy.<span> </span>A humanistic psychology movement emerged.<span> </span>Mildred kept up with it.<span> </span>Suffice it to say, Mildred was like the spider at the center of the web of this emerging movement.<span> </span><i>The Interpreter</i> helped subscribers understand the issues life confronted them with and become more engaged with the emerging personal growth literature.<span> </span><i>The Interpreter</i> and <i>Education and Living</i> were what I might define as “prescriptive.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Few others came close to Mildred’s extensive network.<span> </span>This is largely why she became known as the “Grandmother of the Counterculture.”<span> </span>And Mildred walked her talk.<span> </span>She exemplified and championed the “normal” style of life and would do so to the end of her life.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A Brilliant Partnership<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>The Interpreter</i> reflected the evolution of the principles of the School of Living.<span> </span>These issues, over thirteen years, give us some fascinating insights into that emerging partnership and collaboration between Mildred and Borsodi; much better than her own report in her biography of Borsodi.<span> </span>I think it would be helpful to understand the nature of this partnership.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We’ve all heard Margaret Mead’s idea that small groups can change the world.<span> </span>Both Borsodi and Loomis were very capable organizers.<span> </span>A lesser known idea about the leadership of new movements, or businesses, is partnership.<span> </span>Most, if not all, great figures have a great partner.<span> </span>Ralph Borsodi and Mildred Loomis formed such a partnership. <span> </span>In most of these partnerships one is public and the other prefers to stay behind the scenes.<span> </span>Not so with Borsodi and Loomis.<span> </span>Both were dynamic public figures.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It would be a mistake to call Mildred a follower.<span> </span>She was highly intelligent, well-educated, well-read, and well-connected with the best minds of her day.<span> </span>There is evidence that she became a close intellectual collaborator with Borsodi in the development of his educational model.<span> </span>She had her own dynamic way of presenting the School of Living program, especially of popularizing Borsodi’s ideas, and the creative energy to make the School of Living a vivid presence.<span> </span>Their partnership continued to the end of Borsodi’s life and she continued to champion him until the end of her own life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">If Borsodi was the head, the brain, of the School of Living, then Mildred was the heart and hands.<span> </span>In fairness, both had heart, both were passionate and compassionate; Mildred just had a special talent for it.<span> </span>Mildred had a first-rate intelligence in her own right.<span> </span>Both had extensive networks of creative friends and supporters.<span> </span>Both had extraordinary energy, both were competent homesteaders, both prolific writers.<span> </span>They had different personalities and different skill sets.<span> </span>Great partnerships are most often complimentary, not two of a kind.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred’s Emerging Leadership<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The post-World War II years marked a turning point in the careers of both Borsodi and Loomis.<span> </span>In 1945, Borsodi shut down the School of Living at Suffern and chartered the School of Living Institute in January of that year “to promote this new type of education” — “the scientific study of normal living in various communities.”<span> </span>Carl Vrooman, of Bloomington, Illinois, formerly Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, was named Chancellor of the Institute, and Mildred its Dean.<span> </span>Also in 1945, as noted, the School of Living headquarters and its records and library were moved to Lane’s End.<span> </span>Mildred’s signature title became “Director of Education” of the School of Living.<span> </span>She soon had organized local study groups in Bethlehem, Pa., Columbus, Coshocton, Cincinnati and Cleveland, Ohio.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It should be understood that while Borsodi was always active in School of Living affairs he had distractions that I believe presented the opportunity to shift a large share of responsibility to Mildred.<span> </span>Their paths subsequently diverged to an increasing degree over the next few years.<span> </span>First of all, Borsodi was a writer; he spent long periods in deep concentration probing into vast masses of facts and statistics.<span> </span>Mildred cheerfully enabled him to pursue this work.<span> </span>Her taking on the role of Director of Education and moving the School of Living headquarters to her homestead, represents a major milestone in their working relationship.<span> </span>Borsodi’s wife also became increasingly ill with cancer.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I think it is important to understand this turning point in terms of the development of the School of Living.<span> </span>I didn’t fully understand this until I completed my review of the evolution of Borsodi’s educational system (<i>Learning and Living</i> companion volume).<span> </span>It made it very clear that he was on a mission of his own.<span> </span>This was a fork in the road.<span> </span>There were two tracks, always paralleled, but distinct in nature and that nature was defined in the character of the respective leaders:<span> </span>Borsodi and Loomis.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">From 1945 onward, Mildred carried much of the weight of the School of Living; likely the entire weight for extended periods.<span> </span>I don’t think that was just by default.<span> </span>I believe she had the natural capacity to take leadership and developed her own strong supporting organization.<span> </span>She did so with a high degree of alignment with the work Borsodi was pursuing and lost no opportunity to popularize his unfolding system of education.<span> </span>Nonetheless, the interpretation, the energy, and the creativity, were Mildred’s.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred was always intensely loyal to Borsodi and always the chief supporter of his work.<span> </span>As I have suggested, I think she had much more to do with the development of his educational work than we know.<span> </span>She did not tell the full story in her biography of Borsodi; whether from modesty or forgetfulness or just not fully understanding (as I believe) all that was going on in his life especially after 1950.<span> </span>In other chapters I will tell more of her story.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Development of <i>The Interpreter</i><o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>The Interpreter</i> was the official voice of the School of Living for thirteen years.<span> </span>It appears that about 250 issues of <i>The Interpreter</i> were published over those years.<span> </span>This was only the beginning of Mildred’s School of Living publishing career:<span> </span>three other periodicals followed it in sequence:<span> </span><i>Balanced Living, A Way Out</i> and finally, from January 1963 to the end of her life (and continued to December 2018) the <i>Green Revolution</i>.<span> </span>While we do not have a complete file of <i>The Interpreter,</i> what we have seen tells a good deal of the story of the collaboration between Borsodi and Mildred.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">From the beginning, in 1945, <i>The Interpreter</i> was organized around the major problems of living framework.<span> </span>Mildred first used nine major problem topics:<span> </span>Possessional, Civic, Ethical, Occupational, Ontological, Psycho-physical, Epistemological, Operational and Educational (why not eleven as stated above?) and finally thirteen when <i>Education and Living</i> was published 1948.<span> </span>Mildred organized articles according to the problem they addressed.<span> </span>It is clear that she was well informed in the development of the model and already its principal promoter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>The Interpreter</i> not only replaced <i>The Decentralist</i>, but also took over from the other decentralist journal, <i>Free America</i>. <span> </span>Mildred called <i>Free America</i> a “champion decentralist” journal.<span> </span>It had an office and staff in New York City and a mailing list of about 3,000 names, an audience far larger than the School of Living.<span> </span>With the beginning of the war, Borsodi was the principal editor.<span> </span>It ran for ten years until mid-1947 but by then it could no longer pay its way and closed.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The end of <i>Free America</i> shifted the burden of leadership of the American decentralist movement to <i>The Interpreter</i>, that is to say, to Mildred.<span> </span>Mildred wrote that <i>The Interpreter, Free America’s</i> “little sister,” received its mailing list and, in essence, replaced it as a voice for decentralism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred’s reports on the decentralist movement are insightful.<span> </span>In 1947, for example, she wrote that Rodale’s Organic Gardening circulation had reached 65,000 subscribers (my mother became one).<span> </span>Rodale had consulted with Borsodi and spent time in the School of Living library before starting his (still flourishing) organic gardening organization.<span> </span>Mildred also wrote about annual decentralist conferences which she was apparently organizing.<span> </span>Decentralism, problem-centered education and normal living were always foremost.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s <i>Inflation is Coming</i> also received much attention.<span> </span>Since the end of the war several editions had sold out.<span> </span>Inflation had peaked following World War I and, as Borsodi predicted, it peaked again after World War II.<span> </span>There was a series of economic recessions, about every four years, following the war.<span> </span>Mildred reported that Borsodi was promoting an alternative, inflation-proof, currency (a topic they would bring to fruition in the 1970s, another period of rollercoaster economy, when inflation was really bad in the US).<span> </span>Money and inflation were part of the discussion of the Possessional problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>The Interpreter</i> employed, in issue after issue, a decentralist critique of “abnormal” thought leaders, be it the works of important economists, the stranglehold of government regulation on all aspects of life and liberty, and perhaps particularly, the educational system.<span> </span>There were also many items about homesteading.<span> </span>She encouraged readers to contact other decentralists and homesteaders across the country (often listing addresses) who appeared in <i>The Interpreter</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred frequently published letters and short articles from readers.<span> </span>In January 1951, she published an item sent to her that had originally been published in <i>Rural India</i><span>,</span> an India libertarian quarterly:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The present “ugly civilization” that is the product of the factory-dominated, wealth-accumulating and government-regulated way of living has set men thinking all over the world.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“<u>Education and Living</u> is the reflection of Mr. Borsodi after years of study and experimentation, the central theme of which is the “scientific validity of decentralization.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“If his reflections are pondered over by every teacher the coming generation would emerge with a mind more principled, yet more flexible; both more idealistic and more realistic.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I can only wonder about the coming connection between the School of Living and India that came to play a vital role in the development of Borsodi’s work.<span> </span>The Templins and Keens, who took over management of the School of Living in 1940, had, as noted, been missionaries in India and followers of Gandhi.<span> </span>Paul Keene, at least, knew Gandhi.<span> </span>Borsodi was also a man of peace along Gandhian lines.<span> </span>In 1951, the US became engaged in a savage new war in Korea.<span> </span>Peace became a leading topic in <i>The Interpreter</i>.<span> </span>And Borsodi went to the East in 1952 to gain a better understanding of the influence of modern, centralized, economic development there.<span> </span>He made many friends in India.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Also, in 1951, we find an appeal from the School of Living financial committee.<span> </span>It reported that $18,000 had “gone into printing, publishing and selling the School’s message” in 1950.<span> </span>The work had been done by a small and underpaid staff.<span> </span>They had actually incurred a $1,000 debt for 1950.<span> </span>The School publications would always struggle to meet even minimum expense.<span> </span>The Korean War was setting back plans for expansion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred included a short item about the history of <i>The Interpreter</i> and the work she had put into it.<span> </span>She wrote that it had started with 200 subscribers and an income of $400 (twice monthly issues for $2 per year), that it grew to 700 subscribers<a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> by the end of the first year, and that she struggled to pay the printer’s bill.<span> </span>Mildred said she carried the load of editing, folding, sorting, mailing, bookkeeping and correspondence; along with trying to make a living on her homestead.<span> </span>The mailing alone took four of each fourteen days.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Giving the overwhelming problems, Mildred listed a number of options, including “fold up, and quit.”<span> </span>She didn’t; she continued to keep <i>The Interpreter</i> and the School of Living alive.<span> </span>Also at this time, with limited funds, offset by the physical labor of Mildred, John and friends, they completed the permanent, concrete, School of Living building at Lane’s End.<span> </span>The dedication was set for May 1951 with a conference featuring Borsodi as lead speaker.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Over the Labor Day weekend of 1951, a national School of Living workshop was held at a campground at Bloomington, Illinois.<span> </span>This was, I believe, an important event in defining the future of the School of Living.<span> </span>Mildred invited all subscribers to come.<span> </span>The movement, she said, was about ideas and people and “PEOPLE is where you come in.”<span> </span>“Not convenient to attend?” asked Mildred. <span> </span>“Please make the sacrifice; this is important.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The four-day program was focused on the School of Living, major problems, curriculum and re-education.<span> </span>Borsodi spoke on “Re-education, A New Approach to The World Crisis.”<span> </span>Mildred spoke of the “Story of An Individual’s Re-education.”<span> </span>There were reports from Schools of Living at Melbourne, Florida and San Gabriel Valley, California and from School of Living study groups in Dayton, New York City and Chicago.<span> </span>There were “Crusade” topics on soil conservation, the small community, good nutrition, just taxation, self-help, sound banking and psychologic evolution.<span> </span>The conference came to a close with a program about organizing new local Schools of Living around the country.<span> </span>Registration was $3.00, meals $8.80, and camping for accommodations.<span> </span>The conference was apparently a great success; the School of Living organization was revived, and new volunteers stepped forward.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Following the national conference, the format of <i>The Interpreter</i> changed to a 9 x 12 inch, three columns, professionally printed, and a more readable journal.<span> </span>The banner was changed to:<span> </span>“A Commentary on Education and Living.”<span> </span>The typesetting and printing were done at the Melbourne School of Living where Borsodi had installed his linotype machine.<span> </span>While some of the weight of publication had thus been taken off Mildred’s shoulders, she continued as editor and as Dean of the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred put increasingly more energy into expanding the School of Living network.<span> </span>She wrote that the School of Living had gone through several phases.<span> </span>In the 1930s, with the Great Depression, there was much emphasis on homesteading.<span> </span>In 1940, with the war coming and increasing social and economic centralization, the focus had shifted to decentralism.<span> </span>With <i>Education and Living</i> in 1948 the focus had become normal living.<span> </span>With the national conference, it had become re-education, and in 1952 Mildred focused on organization of re-educators. <span> </span>A special, four-page, insert was included in <i>The Interpreter</i> in the Spring of 1952:<span> </span>a “Discussion Guide” and the topic of “Farming and Freedom.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In June 1952, a special edition of <i>The Interpreter</i> was issued as “A Commentary on Education and Living.”<span> </span>In it we find a further clarification of the role of the School of Living:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Interpreter is published by the School of Living of America – a non-partisan, non-profit, non-sectarian institution for Higher Education in the Arts and Sciences of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living believes that the existence of poverty, insecurity, disease, neurosis, crime, war and other social evils, is due fundamentally to <u>mis-education</u>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In August 1952, the School of Living held a three-day summer conference organized by Lane’s End.<span> </span>The topic was homesteading, and Mildred was a lead presenter.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In September 1953, after eight years of twice monthly issues, <i>The Interpreter</i> became a monthly publication with some occasional special editions and topical inserts.<span> </span>Borsodi’s long trip to Asia may have been a reason for this; Mildred was carrying the full load of the School of Living.<span> </span>By November, <i>The Interpreter</i> was a six-page format.<span> </span>Mildred continued as editor but, funds continuing to be short, declined her stipend (which never exceeded $50 per month).<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Wheel of Life<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the January 1953 edition of <i>The Interpreter</i>, Mildred wrote an article about “A Normal Cycle,” and published an image she called the “Wheel of Life.”<span> </span>It is not an original idea, but she gave it a unique interpretation.<span> </span>I believe this was the beginning of her special interpretation of the problem-centered framework.<span> </span>In her last days the “Wheel of Life” garden at her Deep Run homestead in Pennsylvania was where she took visitors to talk about the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The image of the wheel of life represents the cycle in each human life from conception to death.<span> </span>Borsodi described these stages in some detail in <i>Education and Living</i>.<span> </span>Mildred’s wheel is rooted in the soil.<span> </span>“Normal soil,” Mildred wrote, “depends on plentiful minerals, rotational tilling and regular return to it of animal and vegetable waste.<span> </span>In a sense, this is the Biblical ‘dust to dust’ cycle.<span> </span>Our bodies are born of the minerals of the Earth (and our health throughout life depends on our relationship to a healthy Earth).”<span> </span>Mildred described each of ten stages of life.<span> </span>She considered a normal life to end in death, the final stage, somewhere between 90 and 120 years of age.<span> </span>She wrote:<span> </span>“A glorious fact – that man is the only created creature who anticipates his own death and can choose a normal life in preparation for it.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In another column of that issue, Mildred published a short exercise for readers.<span> </span>She called it “The Problem of Purpose (give it a try):”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Try writing out on paper your real purpose in living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Test a day’s or week’s activities by this purpose:<span> </span>How many actions seemed in line with that purpose?<span> </span>How many were dictated by feelings or (unconscious) drives which you did not understand?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Can one arrive at the place suggested by Mr. Roberts (there was a review of his 1933 book, <u>The Earth is Enough)</u> where reason is in control of all conduct?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Evaluate the suggested Normal Life Cycle.<span> </span>For each age-period, ask yourselves three questions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Do these norms seem valid to you?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Are most people neglecting or fulfilling these norms?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How would a land-based, productive-home aid in fulfilling these norms?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Is the emphasis of Mr. and Mrs. Smart (School of Living homesteaders and close associates of Mildred’s) on their own living and building of a homestead normal for their age?<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Decision Time<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In January 1954 Mildred reported that 1953 had been a good year for the School of Living during which there was a higher level of worthwhile activity.<span> </span>Borsodi had returned from his travels to Asia and was writing his book about what he had learned.<span> </span>The annual conference “brought a face-to-face meeting with more than a hundred folks serious about normal living; and touch with a score of outstanding leaders working for the institutional changes and social reforms necessary if normal living is to be achieved by any considerable number.”<span> </span><i>The Interpreter</i> drew more original items from readers and contributors than in any previous year.<span> </span>There was a considerable and positive reader response (of which many were printed in each issue).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The headquarters of the School, which had briefly gone to Melbourne (Borsodi had established his School of Living and incorporated the School of Living of America in 1952 at Melbourne, Florida), with Borsodi’s departure to Asia, had returned to Lane’s End, and Mildred was feeling the weight of taking on full responsibility for the School of Living.<span> </span>Financial problems continued to slow progress.<span> </span>Mildred wrote that the entire income of the School of Living came from subscriptions to <i>The Interpreter</i> and the sale of a few books.<span> </span>The finance committee made a special appeal for funds with a statement about taking the challenge of decentralism seriously: “We have a program of re-education for freedom, sanity, health, family and community life.<span> </span>We, whose program goes to the roots of almost every area of living, why shouldn’t we increase our financial support to commensurate level?”<span> </span>A pressing need was a consultant to help develop new Schools of Living across the country.<span> </span>There were then about 25 local Schools of Living groups.<span> </span>The April 1954 issues listed contact persons for eight School of Living homesteading communities and 19 area Schools of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The next month, following a meeting of the School of Living Board of Regents, we find this line:<span> </span>“Their conclusion was that a crisis exists.<span> </span>Thus 1954 is a year of decision.<span> </span>The fate of the School of Living and <i>The Interpreter</i>– whether they should continue or liquidate – will be decided in this year.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Before the end of 1954, Mildred had reached her decision.<span> </span>That story is in the following chapter.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Normal Living is an idea developed by Borsodi which he would further develop in <i>Education and Living</i>; but the expression of these seven principles are Mildred’s and John’s own manifesto of the good life.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Today the farmer receives only about six cents of each food dollar we spend. The rest we spend mostly for marketing and distribution.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> The Fellowship of Reconciliation was an interfaith, pacifist, organization formed in 1916 by leading social activist, in opposition to the World War. The Fellowship agenda is social justice. That includes overcoming racism and economic injustice through nonviolent means.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Mildred has also used the date October 1944 as the beginning of <i>The Interpreter</i>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E6D450B-FC4F-40E9-80BD-DAB9E79E776B#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> The peak was, for a short time, 3,000 subscribers in 1948 with the addition of the <i>Free America</i> subscription list and the popularity of Borsodi’s <i>Inflation is Coming</i>.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-72064820731672323832021-01-18T07:03:00.001-08:002021-02-26T12:12:14.007-08:00Bayard Lane<p> Bill Sharp (c) January 18, 2021</p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi assumed the role as a model homesteader from 1920 to 1933.<span> </span>His priority was clearly personal independence.<span> </span>In 1933 that priority changed.<span> </span>That year he was invited to advise the Dayton, Ohio Subsistence Homesteading Project.<span> </span>There he developed a model for cooperative homesteading communities.<span> </span>What, he asked, would it mean for a number of individuals and families to form a cooperative association?<span> </span>Borsodi referred to the Dayton experiment as “colonization.”<span> </span>His ideal “colony” consisted of 40 homesteading families.<span> </span>He prepared plans for homesteads, homes and a community.<span> </span>He drafted a constitution and a set of bylaws for such an “organic” community.<span> </span>It is a colony not only in terms of a settlement of people but of the embrace of an ideal of agrarian living – an alternative culture.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A Challenging Experiment<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Dayton experiment didn’t work and Borsodi moved on.<span> </span>He learned a good deal at Dayton.<span> </span>Shortly after leaving Dayton, Borsodi established his School of Living.<span> </span>Borsodi and Chauncey Stillman, a wealth Georgist friend, set up a foundation to secure funds to acquire land for homesteading communities.<span> </span>The Independence Foundation, Inc.<span> </span>was formally incorporated with Borsodi as Director and with Stillman and ten others as board of trustee members. <span> </span>In 1936 Borsodi located land a few miles from his homestead owned by the Bayard family, 40 acres available at $500 per acre.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi acquired the land and put it into private trust.<span> </span>This was a departure from the Georgist policy of putting land into public trust.<span> </span>George wanted to free the land by reforming government.<span> </span>Borsodi said that would take forever, if ever.<span> </span>He pointed out that they were only marginal advances over a half-century in only a handful of places.<span> </span>He had also experienced the disappointment of the failure of government efforts to establish homesteading communities at Dayton.<span> </span>The private land trust was his innovative alternative.<span> </span>Borsodi thus established the model of what became the Community Land Trust movement (see chapter below).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The second of Borsodi’s land trusts communities, Van Houten Fields, was established the following year, in 1937.<span> </span>At that time the list of Independence Foundation board members included Borsodi, Samuel D. Dodge, Clarence E. Pickett, Dr. Harold Rugg, Beveridge C. Dunlop, W. Van Alan Clark, Mrs. Elizabeth Macdonald, Mrs. William Sargent Ladd and Dr. Warren Wilson.<span> </span>I have an alternate list of trustees including Ralph Borsodi, Baker Brownell, W. Van Alan Clark, Samuel D. Dodge, Beveridge C. Dunlop, W. S. Fitz Randolph, Phillip M. Glick, Monsignor Luigi G. Ligutti, Clarence E. Pickett and Dr. Harold Rugg. <span> </span>It appears that other times Borsodi and both of his sons were on the Foundation board.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Monsignor Ligutti, it should be noted, was the former president of the national Catholic Rural Life Conference, and originated the Granger, Iowa homesteading project, contemporary with Borsodi at Dayton.<span> </span>With the support of the Catholic Church, his project was more successful.<span> </span>He and Borsodi established a long-term relationship.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It should be noted that Stillman was a principle investor and supporter of Borsodi.<span> </span>He came from money.<span> </span>He and Borsodi apparently met in New York City at a meeting about decentralism.<span> </span>Stillman graduated from Harvard in 1929 and then studied architecture at Columbia University.<span> </span>He served on a lot of charitable foundation boards and dedicated his life to philanthropy.<span> </span>Stillman became an active player in homesteading and decentralism.<span> </span>He was a devout Catholic and closely associated with Msg. Ligutti.<span> </span>There is more to be learned about him.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As the School of Living homesteading communities developed, three interdependent organizations were formed to support the project:<span> </span>The School of Living, directed by Ralph Borsodi; the Independence Foundation, directed by his son Ed, who homesteaded at Bayard Lane; and the Bayard Lane Community, which was formed by the homesteaders.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Bayard Lane project started in temporary quarters in 1934.<span> </span>With the land trust, instead of a hefty down-payment and mortgage, homesteading families leased two-acre plots of land, built houses and installed productive gardens.<span> </span>The homesteaders would pay from $4.65 to $7.68 monthly to cover taxes, road costs and community improvements.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were architects to help with design.<span> </span>While homeowners could, and were encourage to, build their own structures, mostly of stone, Borsodi enlisted Ernest Gaunt, a businessman and a New Deal supporter turned homesteader, to develop the Ramapo Guild Association.<span> </span>The Guild hired local unemployed craftsmen and construction workers. <span> </span>There were up to five building guilds of seven to ten workers each.<span> </span>They had a deal that if they could come in under bid, the difference would be split between the guild workers and the homeowner; and if over bid, again the cost would be equally split.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ground was broken for the first house at Bayard Lane, the Marquart residence at number 14<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>, June 23, 1935 and completed in 1936.<span> </span>In 1938 there were 14 fine homesteads at Bayard Lane.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Craig H. Long<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>, historian for the Town of Ramapo and John Scott provided further insight into Bayard Lane in the October-December 1989 publication of The Historical Society of Rockland County.<span> </span>Elizabeth Knapp Anderson provided insight into living at Bayard Lane.<span> </span>She and her husband drove to Suffern for weekend meetings of the School of Living then at the Kakiat Farm on Spook Rock Road.<span> </span>She provided the photograph of Kakiat used in another chapter.<span> </span>They decided to join the project.<span> </span>She provided the following narrative.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKk-1iGL6LUHPNOvDKk6Cz6XYTcbKtsJoVWDgj9nQ4KoGze_gRZelgSUQk0_kXv_OdqZQBEIIuZdEk8wf1it4UP0dLHHIC-G-DUsgMqqmPvC0Xe32mqHsxvIALYzU4eAvOzV98MX2II0A0/s1516/Early+House+Blog+Image.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="962" data-original-width="1516" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKk-1iGL6LUHPNOvDKk6Cz6XYTcbKtsJoVWDgj9nQ4KoGze_gRZelgSUQk0_kXv_OdqZQBEIIuZdEk8wf1it4UP0dLHHIC-G-DUsgMqqmPvC0Xe32mqHsxvIALYzU4eAvOzV98MX2II0A0/s320/Early+House+Blog+Image.png" width="320" /></a></div>Following the arrival of Frieda and Dick Marquart were Hiram and Julia Bell Merriman, then Paul and Helen May and then the Shiperds.<span> </span>Then came:<span> </span>“The Haefners, Geelans, Brendels, Dahirs, Busches, Wrays, Morrows, Bogles, Petrys, Davises, Berrymans, Osbornes, Zuckers and Plotkins<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Eventually, a total of 19 homes were constructed on the property.<o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Cindy Berryman posted this photo of the house her grandparents built at Bayard Lane on Facebook in 2016.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a pioneering spirit among the early settlers.<span> </span>They became good friends, built their houses, some camping out in the meantime, planted gardens, raised chickens.<span> </span>There was apparently no electricity at the beginning.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Van Houten Fields<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">John Scott gave us this story when he wrote an article, “Van Houten Fields and Ralph Borsodi,” for The Historical Society of Rockland County (October-December 1987).<span> </span>In 1937 the Van Houten Fields Association, at West Nyack, NY, about ten miles east of Suffern (both are in Rockland County) and 30 miles north of central Manhattan, a group of local people, formed to buy 106 acres of homesteading land.<span> </span>They approached Borsodi about support from the Independence Foundation.<span> </span>One story has it that they learned about Borsodi when they saw a School of Living display in the John Wanamaker store in New York City.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">They met with Borsodi in November 1937 at Dogwoods.<span> </span>At that meeting Borsodi was elected chair of the forming committee, his son, Ralph, Jr. was appointed secretary and five trustees were elected:<span> </span>Ralph, Jr., Homer T. Bogle, Wharton Clay, W. S. Fitz Randolph and Chauncey D. Stillman.<span> </span>Clay was elected as community manger, Bogle as field manager. <span> </span>A development plan was submitted by C. Earl Morrow who served as consulting architect.<span> </span>There was also a board of sponsors of Van Houten Fields.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Van Houten Fields Association was formally founded in 1938.<span> </span>That year they started clearing land and construction. <span> </span>Homesteaders secured 99-year leases to one to two acres from the Foundation.<span> </span>Many of the potential homesteaders preferred to use the Guild to build their homes.<span> </span>Labor was plentiful during the Great Depression, but as the war economy developed, construction materials became very hard to acquire. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Expansion and Decline<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Flush with success Borsodi moved on to acquire a new site at Ringwoods, New Jersey.<span> </span>Ringwoods repeated the West Nyack plan with 40 homesteaders on 130 acres.<span> </span>Borsodi then wanted something larger.<span> </span>He found a group interested in 600 acres near Ossining, NY that would accommodate 200 homesteading families plus a large commons, lake and land set aside for future commercial development.<span> </span>This represented an explosive expansion of activity, but unfortunately this phase of the School of Living history was about to come to a close.<span> </span>There were a lot of reasons but not the least was a growing war economy.<span> </span>With the return of good jobs, interest in homesteading flagged.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi may have also been trying to do too much too quickly.<span> </span>The jury is still out on how good a manager he was.<span> </span>He was not lacking in knowledge and skills for working in complex environments.<span> </span>He had been a leader in the Georgist movement.<span> </span>He had charisma.<span> </span>He was an idealist.<span> </span>His energy was incredible and could be unsettling.<span> </span>He was exacting in attention to detail.<span> </span>Some complained that he could get a bit prickly.<span> </span>While his close supporters mostly stuck with him, many remaining friends during the lives, the homesteaders were a different matter.<span> </span>They didn’t for the most part (then or later) share his ideals.<span> </span>Borsodi was unable to contain the growing chaos of issues.<span> </span>It was, what we today call, a perfect storm.<span> </span>It was a terrible drain on him personally.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Likely Borsodi did overreaching himself with Ossining.<span> </span>The Ossining group had initiated the idea and Borsodi’s thought it was a good one.<span> </span>The story Mildred told in her biography of Borsodi is that the Independence Foundation board forced him to pull out of the deal.<span> </span>A contributing factor, she added, is that Chauncey Stillman left the Foundation, as did others.<span> </span>Stillman, a reserve officer, went into uniform.<span> </span>With a rapidly growing war industry people were going back to work.<span> </span>They had jobs and security and lost interest in homesteading.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">School of Living Headquarters<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Borsodi’s mission had three parts:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Personal and family independence through homesteading<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Collaborative community<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Education:<span> </span>The School of Living<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living came out of Borsodi’s fertile creative mind.<span> </span>Borsodi attracted men and women of considerable talent to his ideas.<span> </span>He had a comprehensive and integral philosophy of life.<span> </span>I can’t sufficiently stress the two words “comprehensive” and “integral.”<span> </span>He believed there were fundamental principles and practices that must be learned in order to achieved personal independence and self-reliance.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s personal experience with education was unusual.<span> </span>He was largely self-educated.<span> </span>Learning was an intense and disciplined practice he followed throughout his life.<span> </span>He had a retentive mind.<span> </span>The Borsodi’s choose to homeschool their children.<span> </span>It appears that they had reservations about the then emerging idea of progressive education.<span> </span>They did weekend training for visitors at Dogwoods.<span> </span>Borsodi gave expression to his emerging system of education in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>.<span> </span>His experience at Dayton reinforced the idea of a need for an educational program that was both practical and directed towards a philosophy of life.<span> </span>Within weeks after leaving Dayton he launched his School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi understood that there are differences in people but saw their diverse roles as complimentary rather than hierarchical.<span> </span>He knew, as did the American Founders he closely studied, that there are always conflicting interests.<span> </span>He knew that democracy was difficult.<span> </span>The unifying ideal was that people would inform themselves, overcome personal biases and intolerance, developed their talents and apply them for the benefit of their family, community and for humanity at large.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What, then, would you expect with a system that essentially defined itself in terms of independence?<span> </span>As we free ourselves from the tyrannies of governments and organized religion, the burden for transformative change falls on the individual.<span> </span>The School of Living project was about pursuing that high ground of living as a human being should. <span> </span>That including understanding the nature of personal independence, family and community association.<span> </span>It appears in this twenty-first century that we are still in need of that understanding.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">From 1934, the School of Living offered programs to develop what we might call today a higher state of consciousness.<span> </span>People came out from the city on weekends work workshops in homesteading and domestic arts.<span> </span>The also attended seminars during which the topic of the barriers listed in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> were addressed.<span> </span>There was a good library.<span> </span>Fruitful conversations were engaged in.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdCgU_1Oc0Z-Z6JfDmnKKHBiDK_OnBFxfvwsVA0ZQHSVajEpFfjZgPyisnpDhYlJ9s3zq54kphKHg4YsOmvWB2_UYYlqwagSfvZOS3lv1HeD5lhhf0s4g7y1MteYw3QkC20gHL4yTDEMa_/s2048/School+of+Living+2012+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdCgU_1Oc0Z-Z6JfDmnKKHBiDK_OnBFxfvwsVA0ZQHSVajEpFfjZgPyisnpDhYlJ9s3zq54kphKHg4YsOmvWB2_UYYlqwagSfvZOS3lv1HeD5lhhf0s4g7y1MteYw3QkC20gHL4yTDEMa_/s320/School+of+Living+2012+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />The School of Living was central to Borsodi’s idea of community.<span> </span>Construction was started on the new School of Living headquarters building at the center of the Bayard Lane community in 1936.<span> </span>Stillman designed the building.<span> </span>It was on four acres and had its own garden where staff grew their food.<span> </span>The main floor had a library, meeting room, office and kitchen.<span> </span>Upstairs was a dormitory.<span> </span>The library was moved from Kikiat cottage.<span> </span>The project was completed in 1937<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>It was dedicated on July 4<sup>th</sup>, Independence Day (possibly 1938).<span> </span>The School was dedicated to the:<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 7.5pt;"> </span>"economic independence of the American people."<span> </span>It taught the essentials of do-it-yourself agrarianism, including canning, poultry raising, animal husbandry, masonry, carpentry and the use of tools and household equipment.”<span> </span>It was also a center for conducting research and promoted the Borsodi philosophy of balanced and healthy living in which the home and the land were productive instruments. <o:p></o:p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPx-oti4CkQgdt2AxtMpBLpG-LT78yakSHdWOSeiZEMYNckvlOveavwxCnB2LHM0LzduEY-GfEgZUpgrxOa4pBhxCT6o6-YfcNvMHfr4-qjMzy0zH7QNQgjQDuK7ML0dNQaMgvwP2Wurns/s2048/School+of+Living+Architecture.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPx-oti4CkQgdt2AxtMpBLpG-LT78yakSHdWOSeiZEMYNckvlOveavwxCnB2LHM0LzduEY-GfEgZUpgrxOa4pBhxCT6o6-YfcNvMHfr4-qjMzy0zH7QNQgjQDuK7ML0dNQaMgvwP2Wurns/s320/School+of+Living+Architecture.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><br /><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Turning Point<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The homesteaders, however, too often came for other reasons.<span> </span>Mildred observed that few of them actively participated in the School of Living.<span> </span>They didn’t read the books.<span> </span>They came for security and once achieved turned back to their personal interests.<span> </span>Collaboration is a great idea but what emerged was not so much a system but rather a collection of issues.<span> <span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span>The land trust “community” at Bayard Lane begin to fall apart quickly.</span><span> </span>One homesteader wanted to start a chicken business that was not permitted in the community charter.<span> </span>This started a crusade to break up the land trust.<span> </span>They found a lawyer who specialized in breaking up condominiums.<span> </span>The Bayard Lane association found a loophole that allowed them to opt out of the trust.<span> </span>With the outbreak of World War II and the shift of the US into mobilization and a war economy that created jobs, the tide had turned against Borsodi, or should I say, it turned against his vision of a better society.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Bayard Lane experiment came to an end.<span> </span>Homesteaders with money in their pockets opted to break the trust and get the deed to their land.<span> </span>The war, in fact, brought the New Agrarian movement to a standstill across the country.<span> </span>As Maslow would later point out, people struggling at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs are unlikely to grasp higher ideals.<span> </span>At Dayton people were desperate.<span> </span>At Bayard Lane, they got comfortable and comfort took precedent over ideals.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were other problems.<span> </span>At Van Houten a conflict occurred between the construction guild that was formed to help homesteaders build their homes and one of the homesteaders:<span> </span>serious cost overruns.<span> </span>With the growing war economy materials had become scarce and expensive.<span> </span>Construction ceased at Van Houten in 1941. That issue didn’t resolve.<span> </span>Borsodi had enlisted Ernest Gaunt to lead the Ramapo Guild Association.<span> </span>They had a falling out.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1941, Van Houten Fields Association became independent of the Independence Foundation and the land trust was quickly broken with the 20 homesteads going to the homeowners under fee simple.<span> </span>Houses continued to be built in the area and today it is a pleasant, wooded, upscale but very suburban development.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Transition<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">After the Bayard Lane homesteaders opted to break up the land trust, Borsodi turned management of the School of Living over to Ralph and Lila Templin.<span> </span>They had been Methodist missionaries in India and followers of Gandhi.<span> </span>Visiting the School of Living in 1939 they found it “the nearest thing to Gandhi in America.”<span> </span>They settled there in 1940<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> and at the end of the year Borsodi invited them to take over management.<span> </span>They invited mission associates Paul and Betty Keene to assist them.<span> </span>School secretary Carolyn Crusco continued in that capacity.<span> </span>They worked for room and board and a small stipend.<span> </span>They gardened, fed themselves and sold their surplus for a cash income.<span> </span>They wove fabrics, ran school programs, cooked and served food.<span> </span>The number of visitors and paying resident students continued to grow under their able management.<span> </span>Borsodi continued to give seminars at the School.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Templin’s and Keene’s were pacifist and reformers.<span> </span>They applied themselves to rebuilding the Bayard Lane sense of community.<span> </span>They had a more communal vision than Borsodi.<span> </span>While Borsodi was an individualist and believed in the primacy of the homestead, they worked for a more communitarian relationship with the students at the School and with their neighbors – a sharing relationship.<span> </span>Borsodi found much merit in their work and their partnership deepened over the years.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living was still a vibrant institution in its own right.<span> </span>Borsodi had a full agenda.<span> </span>He continued to manage his homestead at Dogwoods.<span> </span>He visited other homesteads such as Bryn Gweled<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>, 40 families on 240 rolling acres near Southampton, Pennsylvania, inspired by him.<span> </span>He visited Lane’s End and with Dayton area homesteaders. <span> </span>He wrote, lectured and conducted seminars on the major problems at Suffern and at Oberlin College and at other colleges across the country.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1942, with mechanized warfare consuming the world around, the Templin’s and Keene’s asked Borsodi to draft a peace plan<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Mildred devoted six pages of <i>Reshaping Modern Culture</i> to the content of that plan.<span> </span>In brief, Borsodi viewed the World War as a “horrible insanity,” a civilization destroying itself.<span> </span>He observed that during the last thousand years the world had experienced three great collapses, the latest beginning in 1929<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>The problem was national sovereignty.<span> </span>The bottom line was that it should be abolished.<span> </span>In it he listed five prerequisites for peace:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Freedom of access to natural resources; they are a common heritage.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->An honest, reliable medium of exchange without theft and injustice<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Free trade, free travel and free communications anywhere in the world.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Organize a volunteer World Patrol force to disarm the nations, and<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->In essence, eliminate nations<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In short, it was a precursor to the idea of the United Nations, only one without centralized organization<a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Decentralism<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">During the war years, Borsodi became increasingly involved with, and emerged as a leader of, the decentralist movement.<span> </span>In 1937 he had cofounded the journal <i>Free America</i>.<span> </span>The other two leading editors, both reserve officers, Stillman was one of them, were called to duty.<span> </span>Borsodi began to further explore in depth the question of whether decentralism could end this cycle of ruin.<span> </span>Decentralism was, indeed, the core idea of the School of Living.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote a manuscript about decentralist culture, with an introduction by Aldous Huxley, that was never published.<span> </span>Huxley, an Englishman, was the grandson of renowned biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, famous as Darwin’s champion.<span> </span>Huxley’s father and brother Julian (who achieved renown as an international educator) were also biologist.<span> </span>Huxley chose a life in literature.<span> </span>He is best known as the author of <i>Brave New World</i>, a critique of mass-production society, of Fordism.<span> </span>In 1937 he moved to Hollywood and became a leading member of a radical movement that included noted artist, teachers of eastern religion, and humanistic psychology.<span> </span>He and Borsodi shared a friendship and revisionist views on the human potential.<span> </span>Huxley published his own book on decentralism, <i>Science, Liberty and Peace</i>, in 1946, referencing Borsodi.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The theme of decentralism can be found in a quote with which Mildred opened chapter XXI of <i>Reshaping Modern Culture</i>, from William James:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“I am done with great things and big things, great institutions and big success.<span> </span>I am for those tiny, invisible moral forces that work from individual to individual, like so many rootlets, which if you give them time, will rend the hardest monuments of man’s pride.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living newsletter was entitled <i>The Decentralist</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Templin’s, Keene’s and Mildred rallied to support decentralism.<span> </span>Mildred prepared a bibliography of decentralists books.<span> </span>In 1945 Mildred and Borsodi started <i>The Interpreter</i>, a semi-monthly publication to support decentralism that went to a list of 500 friends.<span> </span>It then absorbed <i>Free America</i> and its mailing list.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The End of an Experiment<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1945 Borsodi closed the School of Living at Suffern.<span> </span>The School of Living building was sold and became a private home.<span> </span>The library and programs were moved to Mildred Loomis’ Lanes End homestead in Ohio.<span> </span>Mildred had the title of Director of Education.<span> </span>She would continue to lead the School of Living to the end of her life.<span> </span>Her focus was on homesteading.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi had another path to following.<span> </span>As noted, he had started the School of Living with an educational mission.<span> </span>By 1940 he had developed his problem-centered approach to education and continue to develop it in his seminars at Suffern and elsewhere.<span> </span>Following World War II Borsodi’s organized his notes and wrote, typeset and published <i>Education and Living</i>.<span> </span>In it he fully articulated his educational mission.<span> </span>In 1950 he sold his homestead, Dogwoods, and moved to Florida to begin the next phase of his work.<span> </span>He and Mildred would work in parallel, complementary but distinct paths.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> This site can be found on Google Maps. There is a street view for the entire project.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Credit for much of this information goes to Craig H. Long, “Village Historian.”<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi apparently acquired the property from Plotkins who elected to remain on five of the 40 acres.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> The original School of Living building still stands and is owned by a private family. Photo by Bill Sharp, June 2012.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> For a year (1939 – 1940) Mildred Loomis was Borsodi’s assistant and came to take on a greater range of responsibilities running the School’s programs. Mildred returned to Ohio in June 1940. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> In the previous article it was reported that the School of Living provided funding to Bryn Gweled. A former resident wrote that while they consulted Borsodi, and he did offer funding, they declined and financed the community on their own. The Bryn Gweled community continues to this day: <a href="http://www.bryngweled.org/">http://www.bryngweled.org</a>. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi had attended a military school for several years when young. At least one of his sons served as a Marine during the war.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a> Oswald Spengler wrote that the process of the decline of the west was well underway in 1918. Rome wasn’t built in a day and it took several hundred years for it to decline: It faded rather than collapsed. The twenty-first century brings us mounting stresses such as climate change, resource depletion, rising population, global economic instability and political anxiety.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a> I don’t believe Borsodi believed in a world government.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://5EA3A659-E2E3-4A99-B870-AAA49B0A01E3#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[10]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi’s peace plan was offered as a School of Living publication at least into the 1980s.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-79689701817242705642021-01-10T08:54:00.001-08:002021-01-10T08:54:50.299-08:00Dayton<p> Bill Sharp (c) January 10, 2021</p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi first reported his homesteading experience as part of his book <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> in 1929.<span> </span>The objective of his homestead was personal independence.<span> </span>On a small homestead a family has shelter and can produce much of its own food, do weaving, crafts and other things to provide its needs.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s model came out of an agrarian context described in another chapter.<span> </span>Farming was still very much a part of American life.<span> </span>More people lived on farms then and many in the cities had been raised on farms.<span> </span>As the Great Depression deepened year by year, people who could returned to family farms.<span> </span>A lot of economically stricken communities saw merit in a return to the land and numerous homesteading projects were started across the country to provide jobless people with greater personal security.<span> </span>It was natural that Borsodi would be called to assist at Dayton, Ohio in 1933.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Over the course of better than a year, Borsodi advised and provided leadership in establishing a model homesteading program for Dayton.<span> </span>Dayton was an early leader in the homesteading movement during the Great Depression.<span> </span>There were some competent and dedicated people involved.<span> </span>It became part of a national movement during one of the most stressful periods in American history.<span> </span>It became a focus of Roosevelt New Deal administration.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The project was a failure – as were many of the homesteading projects across the country.<span> </span>But then, in any field of endeavor, a great majority of projects fail or achieve only disappointing results.<span> </span>What Borsodi learned there inspired him to establish the School of Living and homesteading communities on private land trusts during the following years.<span> </span>This is the story of the Dayton experiment and what Borsodi brought away from it.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Homesteading Model <o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi first attracted attention about his homesteading experiment when the <i>New Republic</i> ran a three-part condensed version of <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> during the summer of 1929.<span> </span><i>The New Republic</i> was (and is) a liberal American magazine of commentary on politics and the arts with influence on American political and cultural thinking. <span> </span>Founded in 1914 by major leaders of the Progressive Movement, it attempted to find a balance between a progressivism focused on humanitarianism and moral passion while also seeking a basis in scientific analysis of social issues. <span> </span>Eleanor Roosevelt (Franklin Roosevelt was then governor of New York) read the <i>New Republic</i> series and visited Borsodi at Dogwoods.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>This Ugly Civilization</i> arrived in bookstores just weeks before the Great Depression began.<span> </span>In it, Borsodi explored three themes.<span> </span>The first was a critique of the American industrial and commercial economy.<span> </span>It could be argued that he in effect<span> </span>anticipated the Great Depression.<span> </span>It was also his first statement of an educational program.<span> </span>Third, Borsodi’s reported on his homesteading experience.<span> </span>This was extremely timely in its appeal to support the many people out of work and evicted from their homes.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As the Depression deepened, Borsodi’s publisher asked for a more popular version of <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>focused on his homesteading experience. <span> </span>In 1933, Borsodi published a far more comprehensive book on homesteading, <i>Flight from the City: An Experiment in Creative Living on the Land<a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>.<span> </span>In that volume, Borsodi provided a practical, and now classic, homesteading manual.<span> </span>Borsodi focused on the advantages of decentralization – of both industry and population, of moving away from the city and ultimately back to the farm and family enterprise to produce the food and goods needed.<span> </span>He made a business case for the family homestead.<span> </span>It was at that time he was invited to Dayton.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dayton added a new dimension to Borsodi’s program, the homestead community.<span> </span>Two years later, following his Dayton experience, in his introduction to the second edition of <i>Flight from the City</i> (1935), Borsodi noted that the Dayton project was at a standstill as a result of “federalization.”<span> </span>At the end of the book, he added a “Postlude” about the Dayton experiment.<span> </span>He wrote about “colonies” of 40 homesteading families that he had proposed for Dayton.<span> </span>These colonies, or associations, would be self-managing, self-governing.<span> </span>He provided considerable details about where he hoped the Dayton experiment would go.<span> </span>I think we need to define this as an interim report written while he was still at Dayton.<span> </span>In that edition, Borsodi also introduced his School of Living and included a statement of its mission. <span> </span>With his School of Living he was clearly seeking a more workable alternative to creating homestead communities.<span> </span>This chapter will describe what he took from the Dayton experience and I believe it will help understand the work he undertook with his School of Living. <span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Great Depression and Dayton<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Great Depression of 1929 occurred less than a year into Republican Herbert Hoover’s presidency.<span> </span>He thought it would be over by the following year, but it soon became clear that there was a persisting economic downturn.<span> </span><span> </span>In 1931 Hoover established the Commission on Unemployment Relief.<span> </span>They started with mining communities in the Ohio River valley.<span> </span>With the assistance of Federal and state agencies, including church organizations and the Pennsylvania State Bureau of Education, they began to establish subsistence farms.<span> </span>The objective was to combine part-time farming with part-time mining. <span> </span>The idea was to promote local self-reliance rather than massive government aid.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dayton was a prime example of this model to pursue a grassroots solution.<span> </span>The project was launched by prominent social leaders, supported by wealthy backers and staffed by religious and social workers, including Mildred Loomis.<span> </span>The Great Depression continued to deepen throughout Hoover’s administration.<span> </span>In 1933 Franklin D Roosevelt. succeeded him as President.<span> </span>The story of the Great Depression is mostly about Roosevelt’s New Deal administration – a massive government response to the crisis.<span> </span>Roosevelt was a Democrat with the expected values of that party.<span> </span>He wanted to use the power of government to alleviate suffering and put the country back to work.<span> </span>He vastly expanded government programs and spending.<span> </span>Roosevelt was admittedly experimenting and expected failures and, as we shall see, they occurred.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dayton Subsistence Homesteading<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dayton was a factory town and those factories, as they did across the country, had shut down leaving many workers unemployed.<span> </span>The Dayton Subsistence “Production Units” were established in 1932.<span> </span>Elizabeth Nutting, director of a division of the Dayton Council of Social Agencies (that coordinated Dayton depression relief) organized the production-unit program.<span> </span>There were perhaps 500 families involved in the city.<span> </span>They produced food and a variety of household goods.<span> </span>They had a barter exchange system.<span> </span>Nutting believed that more was needed, a subsistence homesteading project.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are several accounts about how Borsodi was drawn to Dayton.<span> </span>In one, Mildred Loomis, living in Dayton, who had met Borsodi in 1932 after reading <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>, and being deeply impressed by it, related the experience to Margaret Hutchison, a leader in the Dayton relief effort and they visited Borsodi at Dogwoods.<span> </span>In this version, they then informed Elizabeth Nutting.<span> </span>In another story (by Mildred), Nutting, Director of the Council of Social Agencies in Dayton, having read the <i>New Republic</i> series, invited Borsodi to Dayton to explore combining production units with his model of homesteading.<span> </span>He made several visits to Dayton starting in January 1933.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Rev. C. L. Seasholes, head of the Dayton Council of Social Agencies, formed a Unit Committee in February 1933 to organize the homesteading project.<span> </span>Rev. Seasholes appointed General George Wood to head this committee. <span> </span>Borsodi was invited to join the project as an official adviser in May.<span> </span>He received a salary of about $200 per month.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Unit Committee proposed a plan to establish small numbers of families in rural homesteading communities where they would produce necessities, included food, clothing and household items, by they own labor.<span> </span>The plan was that unemployed people growing their own food would need less relief.<span> </span>A 160-acre farm was acquired west of the city on Liberty Road (Called the Dayton Homestead, later named the Liberty Homestead).<span> </span>It was planned to accommodate 35 – 40 families on up to three-acre homesteads with an additional 55 acres held in common.<span> </span>The land was offered under lease and a dozen families started plots.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Liberty site was formally dedicated May 14, 1933.<span> </span>Several homesteaders moved into a brick farmhouse already on the property and prepared to start construction.<span> </span>Rammed-earth construction was planned.<span> </span>Borsodi had reportedly asked for assistance from local builders and trade unions, but it was not forthcoming.<span> </span>Based on his own experience at Dogwoods, he proposed a construction training program for the homesteaders. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Liberty Homestead was just the beginning.<span> </span>In April 1933 property for an East Dayton production unit was acquired.<span> </span>The plan was for 50 homesteading units surrounding Dayton.<span> </span>There was considerable enthusiasm for the idea.<span> </span>The project leaders wanted to make Dayton the leading laboratory for homesteading in the country.<span> </span>An advisory board of educators was established, form Ohio (State University) and New York (Colombia) to “oversee the cultural and adult-education programs of the proposed fifty units.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Subsistence Homesteads Division<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In June,1933 Congress passed the National Industrial Recover Act to provide $25,000,000 for subsistence homesteading.<span> </span>The Subsistence Homesteads Division (SHD) was established as an agency under the US Department of Interior.<span> </span>It was formed August 23, 1933. <span> </span>Milburn L. Wilson was selected to direct it.<span> </span>The record is not clear about who initiated the philosophy of the SHD, but it reflected ideas Borsodi presented in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> and <i>Flight From the City</i>.<span> </span>Eleanor Roosevelt, who had consulted with Borsodi, took a personal interest in the project.<span> </span>It was based on “an agrarian, “back-to-the-land” philosophy.<span> </span>The objective was a house and a plot of land upon which the tenants could grow most of their own food for home consumption and not for commercial sale.<span> </span>A corollary was that cash would be earned in some form of employment outside the home.<span> </span>It also emphasized community and cooperation.<span> </span>Some 34 communities (other reports of up to 98 or even 200) federal subsistence homestead projects were set up across the country.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Wilson visited Dayton in September 1933.<span> </span>Borsodi worked with him to secure a $50,000 government loan.<span> </span>It was the first project under the new Division to receive funding, and the only one with a no-strings provision. <span> </span>It was also the smallest sum in a list of New Deal Subsistence Homesteads (DSH) and the only one issued as a loan – several projects received grants of between one and 3.4 million dollars. <span> </span>In October, Borsodi secured a check for $9,000 to pay for the Liberty property.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The SHD had a short and controversial life.<span> </span>It was dissolved May 15, 1935.<span> </span>See below.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Rotarian Support<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Frank D. Slutz’s article “Dayton’s Self-Help Plan” appeared in the January 1934 issue of <i>The Rotarian</i>.<span> </span>Slutz reported that the program was started in 1932 by Dr. Elizabeth Nutting of the Dayton Council of Social Agencies.<span> </span>She was assisted by H. H. Keeler and Mrs. George H. Wood.<span> </span>They started, he reported, with “production units,” of which there were ten, each with its own headquarters, who produced products for trade and barter locally.<span> </span>These products included:<span> </span>“woolen comforts, rebuilt shoes, soap, women’s house dresses, girls’ and children’s dresses, men’s work shirts, overalls, firewood, canned fruits and vegetables (the latter raised in the unit gardens), wool-felt blankets and overcoats, twelve hundred loaves of bread daily, chickens and eggs.”<span> </span>One unit built a Unit Hall of some 7,000 square feet from used bricks.<span> </span>It had a large auditorium-gymnasium and many small rooms.<span> </span>Members also developed nursery schools.<span> </span>There were “Forums, lectures, band concerts, motion pictures, parities and dinners for members…”. The ten Production Units formed an association which met weekly.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Slutz reported a new project with Mr. Ralph Borsodi as an advisor.<span> </span>This consisted of the purchase of the land for the Dayton Homestead.<span> </span>He wrote that six houses were being built at the time.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Borsodi Plan:<span> </span>Borsodi at Dayton<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s first public report on the Dayton homesteading project came out April 19, 1933 in an article in <i>The Nation</i>: “Dayton, Ohio, Makes Social History.”<span> </span>This was, I should point out, printed just before Borsodi was formally brought on board.<span> </span>This brief document is clearly Borsodi’s manifesto.<span> </span>In the first sentence he proclaimed the project as “the stage for an important economic, social and educational experiment.”<span> </span>The objective was to ring the city with Homestead Units that “represents an attempt to solve the dilemmas of the machine age along entirely new lines.”<span> </span>What makes the project distinctive is that, unlike hundreds of similar movements across the country, rather than based on production for sale it is about production for use.<span> </span>It represents a better way of living rather than a temporary solution for people “now struggling for happiness in our industrial civilization.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi reported that Dayton started with Production Units in various parts of the city with members of 800 families or about 4,000 men, women and children. <span> </span>Each of the production units secured an empty house or building, “acquires sewing machines, shoe-making machinery, abandoned bakery ovens, and begins to make dresses and shirts, to bake bread, to repair shoes, to cut wood.”<span> </span>Borsodi wrote that the Production Units were to be kept small but nonetheless, they must be adequately managed, and that “exceptional leadership” is required.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhagQ_Xx2BHFYjlKp5B1UhJBm4XMeXYRO4p9Jx89h9JvLVUWuICzCxZvjzDRCoCkEvLBXy25aNw0saHpKWHr5RNcDIhv6cDtCIU0spFiJrJyCKHWlN0FTIoZoIradq-YHEKFHdKA5XJw0F8/s474/007883.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhagQ_Xx2BHFYjlKp5B1UhJBm4XMeXYRO4p9Jx89h9JvLVUWuICzCxZvjzDRCoCkEvLBXy25aNw0saHpKWHr5RNcDIhv6cDtCIU0spFiJrJyCKHWlN0FTIoZoIradq-YHEKFHdKA5XJw0F8/s320/007883.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The Homestead Units were intended to extend the program into the countryside.<span> </span>These Homestead Units were planned to be located with 15 miles of Dayton.<span> </span>The land would be owned cooperatively and made available to families by perpetual lease agreement.<span> </span>Families would build their own homes, “a poultry house, cowshed, workshop and cultivate a garden, set out an orchard and berry patch,” grow their own food and achieve self-sufficiency much as the early pioneers did.<span> </span>The homesteads would provide food and raw materials in exchange for finished goods.<span> </span>Cooperatives would be formed for larger-scale operations such as grain.<span> </span>Trades and crafts would also be developed.<span> </span>Trade within the program is by barter.<span> </span>There will be electricity for lighting and power.<span> </span>Borsodi added a paragraph about mobilizing funds and loans to homesteaders to get them started.<span> </span>He re-emphasized that the land would be held in trust.<br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He summarized<a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The outstanding fact about these homesteads is that they are designed not only for family gardening, but for family weaving and sewing and family activities in all the crafts which have been neglected for so many years.<span> </span>The loom room and the workshop, with all their opportunities for self-expression and creative education, are once again to become part of the American scene.<span> </span>…. that they fulfilled in the early American home – to furnish economic independence, security and self-sufficiency.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi made his case for more efficient technology to eliminate drudgery and increase productivity.<span> </span>He added:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The homestead will furnish the security of which industrialism has deprived us.<span> </span>What I called domestic machinery<a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a>in my last book, in contrast to factory machinery, is to be given a chance to free the unemployed of Dayton from the dependence upon industry and make possible a higher standard of living than they ever before enjoyed.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi argued for decentration, “making the home rather than the factory the economic center of life and turning to education and the artist-teacher rather than to the politician and the technical specialist for a way out.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Thus, Dayton is making social history. …. Something really new is emerging from its struggle with the problem of relief.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Postlude<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the second edition of <i>Flight From the City</i><span> (1935)</span>, in a section with the title “Postlude,” Borsodi gave a further account of the Dayton experiment.<span> </span>He included the above 1933 report on Dayton homesteading and added:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Since the above report was written, the goal for the coming year in Dayton, provided the necessary capital can be secured, is to establish fifty Homestead Units to enable between 1,750 and 2,000 families to make themselves self-sufficient and secure even under present-day depression conditions.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Following this statement, he provided a more in-depth plan.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirYDxauXyEwcI-CQ5zeSuPmf77JeK3wAWmXhw_uMJgORDytIbg5ji9lNvZ1CMpxumswdXELpTahpmK0LP_IiD0_GtXC9SNLldhiP5n-XHfZ1TYNkNkQFGMl7A9nu0G2Y4A3euLJS60842I/s720/Liberty+Homestread+Community.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirYDxauXyEwcI-CQ5zeSuPmf77JeK3wAWmXhw_uMJgORDytIbg5ji9lNvZ1CMpxumswdXELpTahpmK0LP_IiD0_GtXC9SNLldhiP5n-XHfZ1TYNkNkQFGMl7A9nu0G2Y4A3euLJS60842I/w400-h300/Liberty+Homestread+Community.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>The new Homestead settlements, or colonies as he called them, he reiterated, were planned to encircle Dayton to a distance of up to 15 miles – allowing homesteaders to commute to jobs in the city.<span> </span>The plan was for 50 units of 35 to 40 families each for a total of 1,750 families.<span> </span>Pictured is the plan for the Liberty Homestead.<br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s “Postlude” expressed what he thought the philosophy of the Dayton project should be, and, summarizing his article in <i>The Nation</i>:<span> </span>It, first of all, “represents an attempt to solve the dilemmas of the machine age along entirely new lines.”<span> </span>Second, is to provide production for consumption, not for sale.<span> </span>Third, it is “not only a temporary solution for the problem of unemployment but a permanently better way of living for every man, woman, and child now struggling for happiness in our industrial civilization.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi stated what might be called his declaration of independence:<span> </span>“Dayton is not waiting for economic planning in order to find some way of taming the machine.<span> </span>It is decentralizing production, instead of integrating it; and eliminating distribution costs by making the point of production and the point of consumption one and the same.<span> </span>It is making the home, rather than the factory, the economic center of life, and turning to education, and the artist-teacher rather than to the politician and the technical specialists for a way out.<span> </span>Dayton promises to make social history.<span> </span>Something really new is emerging from its struggle with the problem of relief.”</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwB1_w0BZ72U7lo7CdkMkZjfeUJCothMJWjRRexfdOHmcM0_Mk0K0Yx40ONQALhmBlqndqTWM3ukMv47chJQP-IBsqNTw4stsaMxCkJOVi3kW89zWZw-TsMy-1UEybcvQPlvH47Fqv08vL/s720/Three+Acre+Homestead.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwB1_w0BZ72U7lo7CdkMkZjfeUJCothMJWjRRexfdOHmcM0_Mk0K0Yx40ONQALhmBlqndqTWM3ukMv47chJQP-IBsqNTw4stsaMxCkJOVi3kW89zWZw-TsMy-1UEybcvQPlvH47Fqv08vL/s320/Three+Acre+Homestead.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In his usual fashion, Borsodi provided a detailed plan for the Homestead Units.<span> </span>There is a plot layout, a “Bird’s-eye view” of a three acres homestead, and a plan for a comfortable family home.<span> </span>He suggested raising the necessary capital through Independence Bonds, making government aid unnecessary.<span> </span>He estimated a total of just under $2.5 million for all 50 of the Homestead Units (closer to $50 million dollars in 2021).<span> </span>His accounting included land, electrical services for water wells, pumps and plumbing, household appliances, agricultural implements and tools, livestock, feed and groceries during construction, seeds, plants and trees.<span> </span>He provided budgets for each unit and for each family in the unit.<span> </span>He calculated interest and amortization for fifteen years:<span> </span>weekly installments of $6.14.<span> </span>He continued his budgeting down to each item of domestic machinery and equipment, including 500 canning jars per family.<span> </span>He also drew up a detailed family food budget for six months to get started – until the first crops were produced.<span> </span>There are five pages of detailed accounting.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5JAnnkGghrM7wqdpSzVaXRR92cTHlreFsUsD9Lr6zebWASGEQcLoz6eeYJSxbwKtIw0rrrOzlX_28yhYmk1GtzDjkA9JOpcEYXtrrcOVpN8nd8hEI6j_TyFDV4OzU4Mt7n_iNXIxXyFSh/s720/Liberty+Home+Model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5JAnnkGghrM7wqdpSzVaXRR92cTHlreFsUsD9Lr6zebWASGEQcLoz6eeYJSxbwKtIw0rrrOzlX_28yhYmk1GtzDjkA9JOpcEYXtrrcOVpN8nd8hEI6j_TyFDV4OzU4Mt7n_iNXIxXyFSh/s320/Liberty+Home+Model.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi included “Extracts from the Constitution of the First Homestead Unit” which I further extract:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“We the undersigned, in order to secure the opportunity to:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Satisfy our needs and desires directly by production for our own use through intensive husbandry and home craftsmanship<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Achieve a permanent basis of economic independence and security<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Develop a progressively higher standard of living<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Provide for our youth as soon as they are ready, and assure our aged as long as they are able, participation in productive and creative activities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Enrich family and home life by reducing drudgery and releasing creative activity through the use of domestic machinery<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Increase control over our destinies by solving our problems through simple family and neighborhood activities rather than through large, complicated and impersonal civic and industrial relationships, and<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Furnish to the community of Dayton, which is assisting us to establish ourselves on homesteads, an example of effectual and beautiful living, to associate ourselves together to form a community of homesteads and pledge ourselves to abide by the provisions of this constitution.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He added a right of members “to the development of a completely individual life.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi also proposed a lease agreement for each homestead which not only outlined the conditions of the lease but served to keep the land in trust and put the land beyond the reach of probate courts.<span> </span>The lessee has the right to dispose of “improvements.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi concluded with an article by Walter Locke, vice-president of the Unit Committee, that was published in <i>The Dayton News</i>.<span> </span>Locke advocated a back-to-the-land solution for the ongoing economic depression.<span> </span>He described, in his own words, the objective Borsodi advocated:<span> </span>a few acres for a productive family garden to support a job in town, and to provide security when there was no work. <span> </span>Cash production is not, he argued, the answer.<span> </span>Neither is laboring as an exclusive means of livelihood.<span> </span>The homestead represents the middle ground.<span> </span>He concluded:<span> </span>“Till industry and agriculture can both, by a growth in wisdom, be made safe for democracy, this halfway place of refuge, the combination of the two gives challenge to our thought.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi Final Report on Dayton<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In January 1934, Borsodi wrote another article, “Subsistence Homesteads:<span> </span>President Roosevelt’s New Land and Population Policy.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi opened this article about the Subsistence Homesteads program on a positive note.<span> </span>He thought the Roosevelt administration was going in the right direction – a redistribution of the population out of the cities and back to the land.<span> </span>That philosophy was put into practice with $25,000,000 allocated for subsistence homesteads.<span> </span>The money was for “making loans for and otherwise aiding in the purchase of subsistence homesteads.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dayton, Borsodi wrote, had been selected from nearly 300 applications for a loan.<span> </span>There were 50,000 people on relief there out of a population of 200,000.<span> </span>He said he was called to serve as a consultant economist.<span> </span>He submitted a plan for homestead communities that was accepted, and the first Homestead Unit was organized in the spring of 1933.<span> </span>Thirty-five families were settled on 160 acres.<span> </span>One of the unique features of this plan, he added, is that land is leased to the homesteaders.<span> </span>This keeps the land in trust.<span> </span>A loan fund was established for homesteaders to borrow from.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Loans were available for eight purposes:<span> </span>“For housing material, wells, plumbing and heating, barn materials, agricultural implements and tools; domestic workshop equipment, such as pressure cookers, sewing machines, looms, lathes; livestock, seeds, plants, trees; groceries for the family and feed for the livestock while the first crop is being grown. <span> </span>“The money could not be used to hire a contractor to build – that the homeowners must do, and members were chosen with the requisite skills ranging from architecture to plumbing and electrical work.<span> </span>A credit system was established to compensate for shared labor.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The advantages of this plan for homestead colonization recently summarized by a writer in <i>The Architectural Forum</i> present the views of a competent and disinterested observer:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The advantage of great individual freedom which can be enjoyed by the households on the various homesteads together with the possibility of as much collective activity as the group freely chooses to carry on.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The emphasis on family life where a family as a unit will produce its basic necessities and therefore where the influence will be in the direction of binding the family together rather than driving the members apart in the case of the present situation.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A sense of permanence and economic security which will grow out of the homes actually owned by the homesteaders to which they will be attached because the homes will be largely the work of their own hands and the result of their own planning.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The combination of small electrical machinery with subsistence farming will give families ample food and clothing with much of the drudgery eliminated.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi again stated that he planned to extend the network to 50 homestead communities surround Dayton.<span> </span>He argued that this would make Dayton a national model for subsistence homestead communities.<span> </span>From there, the idea could be spread around the country.<span> </span>He wrote that his arguments “so impressed Dr. M. L. Wilson, director of Subsistence Homesteads Division, and his advisory board that they urged the Committee to get addition units underway as rapidly as possible.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The outcome would realize Borsodi’s dream of a post-industrial economy, one that would be free of economic instability.<span> </span>To make it a national movement, Borsodi asserted, is not only an economic or agricultural problem, “<i>but primarily an educational problem</i>.”<span> </span>He wrote:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The really difficult problem is that of inspiring and training families – for this is a family undertaking – to change their notions of the good life, and their ways of securing the necessities and satisfactions of life.<span> </span>In some way they will have to be taught to think in terms of years instead of weekly pay-envelopes; to look upon the earning of cash as something to which they ought to devote only part of their time, and to secure their satisfactions out of creative and self-expressive activities instead of out of conspicuous consumption and vicarious play.<span> </span>Homesteading is, then, in the last analysis, a problem in adult education and as such must secure the right kind of educational leadership.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi concluded this article with “Three things are needed in order to realize the possibilities of the movement:”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“First, definition. Among those working at one phase or another of the back-to-the-land movement there is the widest disagreement as to what constitutes a subsistence homestead. <span> </span>Is it only half an acre, or can it be as much as fifty acres? <span> </span>Should homesteading be confined to areas around places where industrial employment can be secured, or should it include farm colonization projects in which crops such as cotton furnish the cash income of the homesteader? <span> </span>A National Conference on Subsistence Homesteading is meeting in Dayton<a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></b></span></span></span></a> as this issue of Survey Graphic is in press and may furnish a definition. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Second, an organizing and educational institution covering the whole country. To provide the continuous education needs for a period of years, as well as to furnish the government with responsible local institution for supervising homestead groups which loans are made, the cooperation of established institutions, such as state agricultural and mechanical colleges, must be enlist in the movement. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Finally, there is the necessity for securing ample capital finance for the homesteaders and the communities they establish. <span> </span>While thousands of families have or can secure the little capital needed to start homesteading individually, there are hundreds, thousands well fitted for homesteading who are unable to consider it because of lack of finances. <span> </span>The $25 million government funds available at present is sufficient only for a comparatively small number of these families. <span> </span>Therefore, as soon as the division is ready for the expansion of the work, Congress should appropriate ample funds for this purpose. <span> </span>In what better way could government money be spent in an effort to help thousands of hard-working families rendered helpless by the depression and to bring about business recovery? <span> </span>Most of the money would actually be used to purchase lumber, cement, hardware, tools, tractors, agricultural implements and small machinery of many kinds and would therefore increase employment in the very industries now operating at the low levels. <span> </span>I therefore suggest that Congress consider carefully the possibility of appropriating at least a billion dollars for this purpose in 1934. <span> </span>By this means the business of putting the new land and population policy into effect would be promptly got under way. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s big picture dream attracted some interest from the faculty at the University of Ohio (and at some point, a long-term working relationship was established with Antioch College at Yellow Springs, near Dayton) who became involved in developing educational material.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dorn Report on Dayton<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Jacob Dorn wrote a more or less official history of “Subsistence Homesteading in Dayton, Ohio, 1933 – 1935” for the <i>Ohio History Journal </i>(<a href="https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/browse/displaypages.php?display%5b%5d=0078&display%5b%5d=75&display%5b%5d=93" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a>)<a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><i><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></b></span></span></i></span></a>.<span> </span>Dorn correctly suggested that there was an agrarian background to a back-to-the-land movement when the Great Depression hit.<span> </span>I’ve devoted a chapter to that movement (below).<span> </span>He reported that Dayton began a program to assist the unemployed in 1932 that involved producing food and other goods which they bartered for goods.<span> </span>There were twelve “production units” involving 350 – 500 families.<span> </span>By 1933 it was realized that something more was needed to meet pressing needs as the Depression deepened.<span> </span>They begin to explore subsistence homesteading.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dorn noted that Borsodi had been invited for several visits to Dayton and then joined the project as an advisor in May 1933.<span> </span>The homesteader’s “colonization” project was formally launched that month with Borsodi, Elizabeth Nutting, Sam Thal and Robert Corwin as project leaders.<span> </span>Borsodi sought to raise funds for land with Independence Bonds, land was acquired for the Liberty Homestead and several homesteaders moved into an existing farmhouse on the land.<span> </span>A community organization of homesteaders was established.<span> </span>Ground was broken for the first house June 11, 1933.<span> </span>Two-acre plots were leased, at least a dozen families started gardens, but the home building effort barely got off the ground.<span> </span>Cost were rising and money was running out.<span> </span>A fire destroyed a storage building and household goods it contained.<span> </span>By the end of the year, lack of progress was raising tension and dissention.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi had from the beginning, with support from key backers, planned a cluster of homesteader communities around Dayton.<span> </span>By the middle of the year supporters believed that Dayton could create a model subsistence homesteading program.<span> </span>It was already one of the first to attempt this objective.<span> </span>They needed a further $2,500,000 and requested federal support.<span> </span>Federal funding, however, was withheld.<span> </span>That was in no small part due to conflicting interest among the Dayton organizers and between interest groups and Borsodi and his supporters.<span> </span>Dorn goes into these conflicts. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">By March 1934 Borsodi had plans for four addition homestead units to accommodate up to 200 families.<span> </span>Borsodi placed an application for a $309,400 loan with the Division of Subsistence Homesteads that month.<span> </span>One of these units was planned for Negros.<span> </span>That drew protest from nearby white residents.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The internal dissention at Dayton continued to grow.<span> </span>Borsodi’s core group of Dayton leaders stood with him, but they were losing ground.<span> </span>Interior Secretary Harold Ickes, who believed things must be run in an orderly manner, became alarmed with the controversy at Dayton.<span> </span>He also came to distrust Wilson as administrator of the DSH.<span> </span>Ickes, with strong socialist leanings, ordered complete federal control of the homestead programs and dismissed Wilson, who resisted centralized control, in June 1934.<span> </span>This caused addition tension in Dayton.<span> </span>Four of the Unit Committee sided with Borsodi against federal controls; only one in favor.<span> </span>They believed federalization would destroy the project.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Federal subsistence policy shifted towards more orderly and centralized control of the projects, a bureaucratic program.<span> </span>That policy held that local officials did not have the capacity to manage funds.<span> </span>But there was a division of opinion even in the federal administration about the proper way to manage subsistence homesteading projects.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Whether to accept more direct government control or not further aggravated the dissension among parties in Dayton.<span> </span>The Dayton Unit Committee first rejected the federal proposal.<span> </span>In June the Unit Committee decided to sue the Federal Subsistence Homestead Corporation for the $309,400 it had promised to help form the four new homestead sites.<span> </span>Negotiations continued in Washington, D.C., and on July 2nd, the Unit Committed decided to comply with Ickes demands.<span> </span>On July 10<sup>, </sup>1934, Borsodi resigned and left Dayton.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The federalized project, as Borsodi predicted, failed.<span> </span>The government assumed full control of the Dayton project in March 1935.<span> </span>The promised money did not come.<span> </span>The Liberty Homestead land was sold to the Ohio Rural Rehabilitation Corporation in December 1935 and early in 1936 the few resident homesteaders had departed. <o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was the Dayton project visionary, planner and a prophet of a new era.<span> </span>He was on a crusade.<span> </span>His reports provide a synthesis of the ideas he developed during his association with the Dayton project.<span> </span>The tryptic is clearly stated:<span> </span>Productive family homesteads, collaborative community and education.<span> </span>Education had, I believe, become the key to his program.<span> </span>He started educational programs at Dayton and he clearly advocated a national program as described above.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi strongly supported the idea of a local initiative and to raised money with Independence Bonds, but he had to go to Washington, D.C. for additional funding ($50,000 with no strings attached). When that ran out the homesteaders asked for additional government loan.<span> </span>The government agreed on the condition that it would take over the project.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi objected to government takeover on principle.<span> </span>I will leave it to the historians to argue over the details and interpretations of the New Deal – and there are pros and cons.<span> </span>In essence, however, Borsodi’s principles were drawn from his studies of the early American Republic.<span> </span>He was not political per se, seemed not to have backed parties or candidates, but he had a profound philosophy about the American experience.<span> </span>Borsodi was a leader in decentralist philosophy and practice.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi warned the homesteaders that they would be selling their liberty and self-determination for security – and a form of slavery.<span> </span>He told them of the alternative, the vision of Henry George and Tom Paine, about the need for free land and the freedom to work it.<span> </span>He said that the goal of the government was welfare relief, not self-sufficiency.<span> </span>But he had resistance from both the homesteaders and other forces at work in Dayton, a lot of internal politics.<span> </span>There was the NIMBY response from local landholders.<span> </span>Wealthy sponsors wanted to favor their own interests.<span> </span>Some affluent local citizens saw homesteads as a fashionable lifestyle and asked for lots of their own, displacing people in need.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was, in short, a lot of drama on this stage.<span> </span>The political environment around Dayton was typically complex.<span> </span>There were factions – a lot of strong-willed and influential local citizens.<span> </span>There were homesteaders who thought they weren’t getting enough personal attention.<span> </span>Then came the running argument with the New Deal Administration about how much control they would exert on the project.<span> </span>The odds are always stacked against the success of a major project. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Some Daytonians strongly supported Borsodi.<span> </span>Others attacked him for not only his “lofty” vision but also criticized him personally.<span> </span>He had adversaries in Washington.<span> </span>Rex Tugwell, then a New Deal insider, opposed homesteading in preference to suburban Greenbelt towns.<span> </span>The Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes, invited Borsodi to Washington to discuss the issue and Borsodi strongly recommended local self-determination.<span> </span>Ickes characteristically rejected this advice and proceeded to federalize and bureaucratize the homestead projects in 1934, dealing Borsodi a stunning defeat.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There has been some debate about Borsodi’s role in the lack of success of the Dayton project.<span> </span>It is easy to take an ad hominem position, but such is a recognized fallacy.<span> </span>As a conspicuous leader in the project, he attracted attention, not all favorable.<span> </span>Borsodi had a dynamic personality.<span> </span>He was brilliant, well-informed, and as an economist and accountant he paid excruciating attention to detail.<span> </span>He was self-confident, self-determined and likely overwhelming to many.<span> </span>He had a compelling vision and that would, throughout his life, be resisted by people of more moderate intellect and drive.<span> </span>That Borsodi was a good organizer is evident over the course of his long life.<span> </span>That he was a good manager is another question.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Closure<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The situation came to a climax in July 1934 as described above.<span> </span>Mildred, a Liberty Homestead resident and something of a project insider, had her own story.<span> </span>In her biography of Borsodi she reported that the vote to federalize the project, on accepting Federal funds and conditions, was put to the homesteaders. <span> </span>She wrote that the project leaders gathered at the Nutting household while awaiting outcome.<span> </span><span> </span>The homesteaders had voted, she said, 12 to 10 in favor of government funding and control of the project.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi interpreted this as the herd mentality (an idea from <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>) at work in Dayton:<span> </span>People putting security over the pursuit of the good life.<span> </span>The Unit Committee at first continued to support Borsodi but following negotiations with the government, gave in.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote his final report as project director and returned to Dogwoods.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred reported that Borsodi was sadly disappointed, but his views were vindicated.<span> </span>The government administrators arrived in Dayton and set up office.<span> </span>The funding never arrived.<span> </span>That winter homesteaders, living in chilled unfinished houses and tents, crowded into the community building, the old farmhouse.<span> </span>The Liberty community was never finished<a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Federal Homesteading Administration slid into oblivion, choked by red tape; one of Roosevelt’s failed experiments.<span> </span>Very few of the homesteading projects across the country could be said to have met local expectations.<span> </span>Those that did well were typically under strong leadership by such as Arthur Morgan and the Catholic Church.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I should note that Borsodi continued a good relationship with M. L. Wilson.<span> </span>Indeed he, Wilson (then Under Secretary of Agriculture) and O. E. Baker (also USDA) coauthored <i>Agriculture in Modern Life</i> in 1939.<span> </span>He also continued a friendship with Elizabeth Nutting and Virginia Wood and others who would appear in projects with him in the coming years.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Yes, he might have done better, he might have been luckier, but one thing we can say is that challenge never deterred him.<span> </span>He put the Eveready Bunny to shame.<span> </span>This was not the end of the story for Borsodi but rather a beginning.<span> </span>Within two months of returning home, working with family and a group of friends, he created his School of Living.<span> </span>Borsodi set out to create a “true,” not federally subsidized, homestead movement.”<span> </span>And he did.<span> </span>In doing that, he developed a land trust model that has provided a highly successful institution as we I describe in the “Land Trust” chapter.<o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> A second edition of <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> was also published in 1933.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> These homestead principles were already expressed in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> and exemplified in Borsodi’s own homestead.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> This was the beginning of appropriate technology Schumacher popularized 40 years later.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> The Subsistence Homesteading Conference met March 24, 1933 at the Miami Hotel in Dayton. It was organized by the Dayton Unit Committee. Borsodi spoke about subsistence homesteading.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Dorn Report: <a href="https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/browse/displaypages.php?display%5b%5d=0078&display%5b%5d=75&display%5b%5d=93">https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/browse/displaypages.php?display%5b%5d=0078&display%5b%5d=75&display%5b%5d=93</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://8AE36E77-44BE-4D00-9977-3A03F8C673FC#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> Another Dayton community, that rejected Federal funding, secured a loan and completed their houses and settled on the land.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-81856962627381876912020-12-20T08:05:00.004-08:002021-01-18T06:42:53.248-08:00Borsodi’s Land Trust <p> Bill Sharp (c) December 20, 2020</p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Ralph Borsodi is considered an originator of the Community Land Trust and he certainly played a key role in the development of this important institution.<span> </span>Borsodi established, and coined, the term land trust to provide affordable land for homesteaders.<span> </span>That idea is now widely used to provide affordable housing in urban areas.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was literally brought up with Henry George’s philosophy that land should be put into public trust and made available for the productive use of families and not for the benefit of speculators.<span> </span>Borsodi’s father was an avid supporter of the Georgist movement and Ralph also became deeply involved in the New York City organization in his early teens.<span> </span>He became chairman of that organization in 1919 just before moving to his homestead outside the city.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Land held by speculators became too expensive for many ordinary people.<span> </span>This, said George, caused poverty.<span> </span>It prevents people with limited means from obtaining the land they need to support a family.<span> </span>As people moved from the land to the city for jobs, they lost the security of the land.<span> </span>During economic crises when they are out of work, a little land could ensure the family was at least adequate feed and sheltered.<span> </span>Borsodi sought a recession-proof model that provided a small homestead as well as a regular job.<span> </span>Call it a form of insurance if you will.<span> </span>The homestead offers, for those who choose, a high degree of economic independence.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Communal Association<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi championed the back-to-the-land movement.<span> </span>His objective was a family homestead.<span> </span>He understood the value of community.<span> </span>He established his Independence Foundation, Inc in 1935 and secured funding to create his first land trust community in 1936.<span> </span>He described the normal, that is optimal, community in considerable detail in his 1948 book <i>Education and Living</i>.<span> </span>He further elaborated the economy of his land trust model in his 1938 <i>Prosperity and Security</i>.<span> </span>There are a number of degrees of communal association that can be established.<span> </span>The idea of “community” is an important, albeit challenging, topic in its own right<span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"> <a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a></span>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBGaZJPKZXEf_SFk-SDvB7swOak_RN6mV8QsJPE4sCbAJQ2VHYoF_w5ydRr2QOZU4vMOMHNcOvGMl9zZ0I_SCWtPNqD8uI4MhODZ9VTtc7svGCIcnoNvHqgQr23yxwDYlZuToU7Xd1bWZN/s586/III+Logo.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="586" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBGaZJPKZXEf_SFk-SDvB7swOak_RN6mV8QsJPE4sCbAJQ2VHYoF_w5ydRr2QOZU4vMOMHNcOvGMl9zZ0I_SCWtPNqD8uI4MhODZ9VTtc7svGCIcnoNvHqgQr23yxwDYlZuToU7Xd1bWZN/s320/III+Logo.png" width="320" /></a></div>Thirty years after founding his first land trust community, in 1967 Borsodi and friends founded the International Independence Institute (III).<span> </span>A staff member suggested adding the word “Community” to “Land Trust.”<span> </span>That was a significant shift in focus.<span> </span>For Borsodi, the community was a spinoff of individual self-reliance and family productivity.<span> </span>It came out of volunteer collaboration of people living in close proximity.<span> </span>The family and productive use of the land was the dominate theme.<span> </span>When the idea of “Community” Land Trust was established, community became the dominate theme; the start, not the end-product of human association.<span> </span>I think it may be of use to explore the evolution of the idea of community in those terms.<br /><span></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Community Land Trust (CLT) concept has continued to evolve over another half century since Borsodi founded the III.<span> </span>CLT has a lot of expressions.<span> </span>Intentional communities are one and they are still being formed in rural areas and in cities.<span> </span>The current School of Living (which Borsodi founded in 1934) is now essentially a land trust management organization for intentional communities.<span> </span>There are also urban affordable housing programs in cities, and they have arguably become the dominant theme of land trusts.<span> </span>There are many other expressions of this model.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As Borsodi and friends were forming the III, there was a counterculture youth movement in the US with a back-to-the-land emphasis.<span> </span>The Hippies formed communes, intentional communities, all over the country.<span> </span>The <i>Whole Earth Catalog</i> was first published in 1968 to support that movement.<span> </span>The idea of intentional community, however, goes back a long way.<span> </span>We could start with the ancient Greeks, with Pythagoras and Plato. <span> </span>People were far more communal.<span> </span>There were not only villages and tribes and clans but also intentional communal associations throughout the world then; many were religious orders.<span> </span>A notable example was the Essenes at the time of Jesus.<span> </span>In those days, a group of people living together typically grew their own food.<span> </span>There wasn’t really much of an option.<span> </span>In Europe, a few centuries later, the monastic movement became a highly refined system of self-sufficient communal association.<span> </span>The feudal order itself, wherever found, is also about people bound to the land and living a common life.<span> </span>Most were serfs and there were slaves.<span> </span>That was true of the American South.<span> </span>The English manorial system survived until recent times.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Utopia<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">One form of communal association, in literature and in practice, is utopia.<span> </span>Plato developed an iconic utopian scheme with his <i>Republic</i>.<span> </span>There is still a lot of utopianism in intentional communities.<span> </span>Below is a short list of self-contained “utopian” communities established in the US.<span> </span>Most were organized around a radical social or religious belief.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Lewis Mumford wrote a readable book, <i>The Story of Utopias</i>, in 1922.<span> </span>In it he described a number of famous utopian visions such as Thomas Moore’s <i>Utopia</i> in 1516.<span> </span>Moore’s book was a fictional satire.<span> </span>More recent, and quite popular, utopian books include Edward Bellamy’s <i>Looking Backwards</i> (1888) and William Morris’ <i>News From Nowhere </i>(1890).<span> </span>Ernest Callenbach’s <i>Ecotopia</i> (1975) was popular. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were reportedly 130 or more communitarian experiments in the US before the Civil War and many more to follow.<span> </span>Some examples of utopian colonies include:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Shakers were founded in England in 1747and established in the United States in the 1780s.<span> </span>They were a religious community.<span> </span>By the mid-1800s there were upward to 4,000 Shakers in a number of communities.<span> </span>They believed in egalitarianism, equality of the sexes, celibacy, charismatic worship and communal living.<span> </span>They are perhaps best known for their furniture style.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->George Rapp became a Lutheran separatist leader in Germany.<span> </span>He relocated his Harmony Society followers to the United States and established a commune in Pennsylvania.<span> </span>He then established the town of New Harmony in Indiana in 1814.<span> </span>The Harmonites were Millennialist who believed in the imminent return of Jesus to the Earth.<span> </span>There were a lot of Millennialist organizations formed in the middle of the ninetieth century and many of them established communes.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Robert Owen was a textile manufacturer in Wales who founded a utopian socialist cooperative movement.<span> </span>Owen traveled to America and acquired New Harmony from the Harmony Society who then moved back to Pennsylvania.<span> </span>His goal was to improve the life of factory workers.<span> </span>He established 16 communities.<span> </span>The experiment lasted but a couple of years, Owen returned home, but it left a lasting legacy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Amana colony consisted of seven villages on 26,000 acres in Iowa in 1856.<span> </span>Originally founded in Germany, like Rapp’s followers, Pietist in principle.<span> </span>Some 800 relocated to the US.<span> </span>They eventually established a self-sufficient local economy practicing both farming and crafts.<span> </span>They continued to live communally for some 80 years until the Great Depression.<span> </span>They then reorganized and created a for-profit business enterprise becoming, among other things, a major manufacturer of refrigerators and freezers.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Brook Farm was a Fourierist inspired socialist community founded in in 1841 by Unitarian minister George Ripley in West Roxbury, Massachusetts.<span> </span>It was founded largely on Transcendentalist ideals.<span> </span>It lasted only six years.<span> </span>Short-lived, it left a lasting legacy; probably due to its association with Emerson and Thoreau.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Oneida Community was another millennialist religious communal society founded near Oneida, New York in 1848.<span> </span>Members worked collectively and developed a number of commercial products.<span> </span>They eventually narrowed their interest to silverware.<span> </span>They practiced sexual freedom, mutual criticism and ran themselves with a complex bureaucracy of 48 committees.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Theosophy was a radical religion formed in America in the late nineteenth century under the leadership of Russian immigrant Helena Blavatsky.<span> </span>They established a number of colonies such as at Point Loma, California in 1900; and Krotona, first established near Hollywood, California in in 1912 and moved to Ojai in 1926.<span> </span>This movement continues.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were other forms of more or less communal experiments.<span> </span>Some were secular such as those developed by William Morris in England and Elbert Hubbard in the US.<span> </span>Morris was a leader of the Arts and Crafts movement.<span> </span>He developed a line of home decorations, furniture and published books.<span> </span>Hubbard was a marketing executive in the US who, after studying Emerson and visiting Morris, founded his own arts and crafts enterprise in 1895 at East Aurora, New York producing a variety of fine, handmade goods and publishing books<a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>The Arts and Crafts movement has had an important influence on the homesteading movement; Borsodi in particular.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With the eighteenth-century Enlightenment came a movement to rationally design a human future.<span> </span>Out of it came a number of social science movements including Comte’s positive sociology, Marx in history and all sorts of social philosophies.<span> </span>The American Republic was founded on some of those ideals.<span> </span>Then came a gloomier prospect for human destiny such as Darwin and evolution and Freud’s even darker psychology.<span> </span>Today we live in something more of a fantasy than a prophecy; based more on material acquisitiveness than ideals.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a large literature on social criticism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries such as that by George and Borsodi, Morris, Ruskin and others.<span> </span>This included the Populist and New Agrarians who rebelled against industrialism.<span> </span>There were also dystopian works.<span> </span>Dickens wrote about the “dark satanic mills.”<span> </span>More recent popular novels along this line include Orwell’s <i>1984</i> and Huxley’s <i>Brave New World<a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The American revolt against industrialism in essence represented the clash between traditional agrarian values and the rising dominance of the industrial-commercial culture.<span> </span>The Populist and the Country Life (New Agrarian) movements attempted to preserve the traditional agrarian system up to World War I.<span> </span>With the Great War came a transformation of agriculture, making it too a mechanized industry.<span> </span>Manufacturing boomed.<span> </span>There was also increasing centralization of government.<span> </span>Borsodi was a leader of the decentralist, back-to-the-land, movement.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Land Trust<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Bolton Hall and Ralph Borsodi were two of the leaders of the Georgian back-to-the-land movement.<span> </span>They were by no means utopian.<span> </span>While they had no love of the “dark satanic mills,” their appeal was practical.<span> </span>It was about raising food; gardens, self-reliant homesteads and small commercial farms.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The foundation for Hall’s books on land and independence appears to be the Vacant Lot Cultivation program started in Detroit in 1893 as a response to the economic panic of that date.<span> </span>The movement spread to 20 cities.<span> </span>Applicants were granted 1/5 to ¼ acre plots upon which to raise food for themselves and also for local markets.<span> </span>He wrote two books about gardening and small farming in 1907 and 1908, <i>Three Acres and Liberty</i> and <i>A Little Land and Living</i>, respectively.<span> </span>Borsodi’s father wrote the introductory chapter to the latter book.<span> </span>In 1908 Hall established a 30-acre public gardening site in New York City.<span> </span>He also encouraged small farms around cities to provide local markets.<span> </span>In 1909 he toured well-established vacant lot programs in Europe.<span> </span>In 1910 he deeded 68 acres to establish Free Acres not far from New York City.<span> </span>It was developed on Georgist principles.<span> </span>Homeowners entered into long-term leases for sites to build on.<span> </span>Hall’s story is told in another chapter.<span> </span>Borsodi started his own highly successful homestead in 1920.<span> </span>He invited people from the city to spend weekends learning how to start their own homesteads.<span> </span>He published a homesteader’s manual in 1933, <i>Flight From the City</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Another important experimental community was Arden in northern Delaware.<span> </span>It was founded in 1900 by Frank Stephens, a sculptor, and Will Price, an architect, on Georgist principles.<span> </span>It was an artist colony modeled on William Morris’s craft guilds.<span> </span>Another leading homesteader, Scott Nearing, stayed there from 1906 to 1915.<span> </span>The Arden community continues.<span> </span>Joe Biden once lived there.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s first experience related to land trust appears to be his involvement with the Dayton Homesteading Project in 1933 –’34.<span> </span>That was at the depth of the Great Depression.<span> </span>Dayton, as had a hundred or more communities around the country, started buying land to provide small lots for unemployed workers on which they could build a home and raise food.<span> </span>Borsodi was invited in as an advisor.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With a lot of contending parties involved, to say the project was challenging is an understatement.<span> </span>That was true of many of the homesteading projects around the country at the time.<span> </span>Then the New Deal Homesteading Administration took over and the project failed, as did many others it took over.<span> </span>Borsodi concluded that government administration of homesteading projects was not likely to work.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">After leaving Dayton and returning to his homestead at Suffern, New York, Borsodi founded his School of Living.<span> </span>He organized Independence Foundation, Inc. the following year.<span> </span>Independence Foundation, Inc. was an innovation in land trust.<span> </span>With this project Borsodi has been credited with coining the term “land trust.”<span> </span>He sought private funding and attracted investments from wealthy decentralists.<span> </span>He acquired land on Bayard Lane near Suffern and organized construction of homes on two-acre sites leased to homesteaders.<span> </span>In 1936 he constructed the School of Living headquarters in the middle of the Bayard Lane project.<span> </span>That story is told in the chapter on Bayard Lane.<span> </span>In 1937 he acquired land in nearby West Van Houten where another homesteading community was formed.<span> </span>He began to acquire other properties, but they were not completed.<span> </span>With war coming, the defense industry began to hire people and with American entrance into World War II, this phase of Borsodi’s work came to an end.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With the coming of war, Borsodi became more focused on education.<span> </span>Creating the land trust for people to live on was one thing.<span> </span>Getting people to live in community and to understand the importance of the homesteading way of life proved something entirely different.<span> </span>With the return of employment, homesteaders on both School of Living communities broke their trust agreement and opted personal ownership fee simple.<span> </span>Free Acres, while continuing the property lease, reorganized along more conventional residential development lines and in 1936 and Hall left in disgust as they abandoned the Georgist system.<span> </span>Clearly the model needed development.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School of Living continued to operate during the war on its four acres in the center of the Bayard Lane community (then more of a residential development).<span> </span>The staff continued to raise much of their own food; they were way ahead of Victory Gardens.<span> </span>During the early 1940s, Borsodi worked on his problem-centered seminar program.<span> </span>A lot of people attended.<span> </span>He developed the homestead to provide physical and economic security.<span> </span>He developed the problem-centered educational model to develop personal resiliency.<span> </span>He considered the two complimentary and indeed an indispensable partnership.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were other land trust communities; many inspired by Borsodi.<span> </span>One of the notable ones is Bryn Gweled a bit north of Philadelphia.<span> </span>It was founded in 1940 by a dozen, mostly Quaker, families.<span> </span>It grew to 240 acres with 75 home sites of mostly about two acres each leased for 99 years.<span> </span>The land is held by a nonprofit organization.<span> </span>It is organized as an intentional community.<span> </span>Members must be approved by the community.<span> </span>If they leave, the new owner must also be approved.<span> </span>It is still considered a successful exemplar of the residential land trust community model.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi sold the School of Living building in 1945 and the School headquarters was moved to Mildred Jensen’s Lane’s End homestead near Dayton, Ohio.<span> </span>Mildred and John Loomis owned Lane’s End outright.<span> </span>It was never a land trust.<span> </span>The School of Living, under her directorship, did not engage in land trust until 1965 and the acquisition of property in Maryland.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi became engaged with another land trust, as a member and adviser, in 1950.<span> </span>This story is told in the “Melbourne” chapter; but in brief, Melbourne Village, located near Orlando and just south of the Kennedy Space Center was founded by three women who had been involved in the Dayton Homesteading Project.<span> </span>They wanted to create a homesteading community established along Borsodi’s School of Living lines.<span> </span>Borsodi was invited to establish a new School of Living there and did so in 1949.<span> </span>In 1950, a year after his wife died, Borsodi married Clare Kittridge, whom he had met there.<span> </span>Borsodi sold his Dogwoods homestead and built a house in Melbourne Village.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi and the three founders had planned a homesteader’s community.<span> </span>An educational institution, a School of Living, was intended to be a part of that community.<span> </span>After returning from an around the world cruise with Clare in 1952, with a lot of attention to the developing countries of Asia (reported in “The Challenge of Asia” chapter), Borsodi and friends begin working on a plan to establish a university at Melbourne organized around him problem-centered system.<span> </span>That story is included in the “Melbourne” chapter.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The outcome of the Melbourne Village experiment was inevitable.<span> </span>The setting of Melbourne Village, near the ocean, was idyllic.<span> </span>New members were more interested in a retirement community than any idealistic designs.<span> </span>Borsodi and friends were forced to find property for the University of Melbourne outside of the village and it became an independent project.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Gramdan Movement<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi resigned as Chancellor of the University of Melbourne in 1957.<span> </span>In 1958 he made a trip to India for a lecture tour.<span> </span>He was invited to India by Gandhian agrarians.<span> </span>He shared his views related to a Gandhi inspired educational model.<span> </span>He was asked to extend his stay and prepare a university curriculum and wrote <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>in response.<span> </span>He also became very familiar with the Gramdan movement.<span> </span>He established an important relationship with India. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Gandhi had advocated the preservation and development of Indian village economies.<span> </span>Under British colonial rule, most Indian farmers were little more than serfs.<span> </span>Gandhi worked to reform their condition.<span> </span>With independence, India leaders such as Nehru, sought to massively industrialize the country.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">After Gandhi’s assassination, Vinoba Bhave became his spiritual successor.<span> </span>Bhave preserved Gandhi’s vision for a decentralized and self-reliant rural economy.<span> </span>Beginning in 1951, the year before Borsodi first visited India, and for 13 years, Bhave and followers traveled India on foot asking landowners to set aside some of their land for poor families.<span> </span>Within the first three years they had managed to secure over three million acres.<span> </span>This became known as the Gramdan movement and by 1955 there were 812 Gramdan villages.<span> </span>The number peaked at nearly 160,000 a decade later<a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Borsodi made his extended stay in India during that expansive period and was deeply impressed by the movement. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">International Independence Institute<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Bob Swann met Borsodi in 1967.<span> </span>Swann was a peace activist and engaged with Civil Rights<a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>He first learned about Borsodi from Tim Lefever in 1944.<span> </span>Tim and his wife Grace would play a leading role in the development of the School of Living over the years.<span> </span>During the early 1960s, Swann was working on developing an intentional community at Voluntown Farm, Connecticut.<span> </span>The farm was held in a form of trust, but Swann was looking for a way to organize it.<span> </span>He remembered having read Borsodi about land held in common trust and leased by the members.<span> </span>Swann was invited to meet Borsodi.<span> </span>Borsodi, he found, was excited about developments in India and wanted to talk about that.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi had returned to the US from India seriously ill in 1960 but gradually recovered his health and activity.<span> </span>In 1963 his <i>The Education of the Whole Man </i>was published in India.<span> </span>Between about that time and 1967 when he met Swann, Borsodi had returned to India twice.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2YovkHHuJzRU0BbAc6JbgqUX-GPIuDU1Ffv4mQGZEOcbSyFNrzmTlx4IVzsuXPDNvARbT3UdndiWJGXLVr6JE8o-11FXBR4I7wXBfQC3GAjG-aFGw883zvKNQjfRF2elr_88ceZKrZSg4/s1256/Narayan+Blog+Photo.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1138" data-original-width="1256" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2YovkHHuJzRU0BbAc6JbgqUX-GPIuDU1Ffv4mQGZEOcbSyFNrzmTlx4IVzsuXPDNvARbT3UdndiWJGXLVr6JE8o-11FXBR4I7wXBfQC3GAjG-aFGw883zvKNQjfRF2elr_88ceZKrZSg4/w200-h181/Narayan+Blog+Photo.png" width="200" /></a></div>J. P. Narayan worked closely with Bhave in the Gramdan movement<a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Narayan had called a meeting in India in February 1966 about forming an international movement, an organization to provide leadership and raise funds, and a trip to the US (apparently made in March 1967) to raise support.<span> </span>Borsodi shared that vision and wanted to establish an organization in the US.<span> </span>Swann had also met Narayan several years before.<span> <br /><br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi had proposed a plan for a “Rural Renaissance” to Narayan for both India and the rest of the world.<span> </span>Borsodi had established his School of Living to pursue a rural renaissance, sometimes stated as a revolution, a Green Revolution – a peaceful revolution along Gandhi’s line.<span> </span>He had made a clear statement about this idea in his <i>Pan-Humanist Manifesto</i> published in India in 1958, and further developed in <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s plan called for a micro-loan program with funds drawn from private investors and not government sources.<span> </span>Borsodi proposed an inflation proof bond secured by a basket of commodities.<span> </span>Swann reported that Borsodi and Yale University Irving Fisher had developed this commodity basket idea during the Great Depression<a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Much of the “loan” was actually seeds, equipment and other things rather than money.<span> </span>The loan was repaid in kind.<span> </span>Many of the principles Borsodi proposed, wrote Swann, were latter incorporated in the Grameen Bank model in India in 1983.<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPAhyphenhyphen9juhyphenhyphenWrgb132VUA56baN2QNc8cicBCW2CzVTzBfE1kM2osQ-8GKQCzvwW89Jv7xa8Tk_r8iApXqFU53pD7FhBRHeMcbGGwAXu_0rl31B8Qh588d0s6HD6F6hGqFSUg2ws-Zgducpg/s2048/Officers-of-Institute-for-International-Independence-1967.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1583" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPAhyphenhyphen9juhyphenhyphenWrgb132VUA56baN2QNc8cicBCW2CzVTzBfE1kM2osQ-8GKQCzvwW89Jv7xa8Tk_r8iApXqFU53pD7FhBRHeMcbGGwAXu_0rl31B8Qh588d0s6HD6F6hGqFSUg2ws-Zgducpg/s320/Officers-of-Institute-for-International-Independence-1967.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi and Swann joined forces, along with a couple of Borsodi’s New Hampshire friends, Richard Dewey and Gordon Lameyer.<span> </span>In 1967, Borsodi and friends formed the International Independence Institute, headquartered in an office near Borsodi’s home in Exeter, New Hampshire, with Borsodi as Executive Director. <span> </span>They organized a conference to support the Gramdan model.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With the founding of the III in 1967, Bob Swann became a field director with responsibility of promoting the Gramdan model in the US.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The year 1967 was a busy one for Borsodi.<span> </span>His <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i> was published (in India).<span> </span>Borsodi had also completed his <i>The Definition of Definition</i> 1967.<span> </span>In October 1967 Borsodi and Swann travelled to Luxemburg to charter the International Foundation for Independence to promote local agriculture and economies.<span> </span>While the III was developed to provide education, the IFI was intended to raise funds.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1967, both Borsodi, who reached age 79, and Narayan had become ill and had to drop out, wrote Swann.<span> </span>Borsodi I believe was merely exhausted and soon recovered.<span> </span>Swann was taking increasing leadership in the land trust movement.<span> </span>Swann, working with III staff, wrote that he began to put Borsodi’s and Bhave’s models together.<span> </span>Swann referenced Borsodi’s work with Narayan and the creation of the International Foundation for Independence as the foundation for their continued work.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Turning Point<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Swann had made connections in the South that would represent a pivotal turn of events for III and the community land trust model.<span> </span>Swann was a homebuilder.<span> </span>He had traveled south to help rebuild burned out churches and there met, among others, Slater King, a cousin of Martin Luther King, Jr., Fay Bennett, executive secretary of the National Sharecroppers Fund (NSF) and Charles Sherrod, an organizer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).<span> </span>Faye attended the conference Swann and Borsodi had organized in 1967.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Reverend Clarence Jordan was an important part of these developments.<span> </span>He had founded Koinonia Farm in 1942 some 30 miles from Albany, Georgia, where white and black families lived, worked and worshiped together.<span> </span>Swann had met Jordan in 1957 and consulted with him about organizing Voluntown.<span> </span>Swann visited Koinonia Farm several times.<span> </span>Slater and his brother also visited Koinonia often.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO8i2rhLOEUxisw-wsPp1S_hC9HUFpHz9H2iVjyjwDWNKfGvtiM4aQn7n8p80t91Xruc1LadHx3k3VnWlEHE8YA3yFQa_l-jRFSG1yr8YRCD5_lBYkPRTLPhir9a3bQMx-TB4e08RicfxJ/s935/Israel-1968-Slater-King-Bob-Swann-Marion-King-Fay-Bennett1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="699" data-original-width="935" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO8i2rhLOEUxisw-wsPp1S_hC9HUFpHz9H2iVjyjwDWNKfGvtiM4aQn7n8p80t91Xruc1LadHx3k3VnWlEHE8YA3yFQa_l-jRFSG1yr8YRCD5_lBYkPRTLPhir9a3bQMx-TB4e08RicfxJ/s320/Israel-1968-Slater-King-Bob-Swann-Marion-King-Fay-Bennett1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>An organizing group formed to explore developing a land trust for African American farmers in Georgia.<span> </span>In 1968, Faye Bennet’s NSF provided funding for a month-long visit to Israel to study cooperative agricultural settlements; the kibbutz and moshav system.<span> </span>Swann, Bennet, Slater King, Charles Sherrod and four others made the trip.<span> </span>The kibbutz does farming collectively.<span> </span>A moshav uses a cooperative for purchasing and selling goods but each family leases its own land.<span> </span>The moshav is thus closers to the Borsodi/Gramdan model.<span> </span>Both systems were established on lands owned by the Jewish National Fund (founded 1901). <span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In February 1968 Borsodi made his fifth trip to India. <span> </span>Borsodi’s itinerary included: meeting with <span style="font-family: TTE2t00, serif;">IFI potential supporters in London; deliver seminars on the major problems of living in India; and, also in India, inter</span>viewing potential candidates for loans and surveying villages for the possible first pilot of the IFI program. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Faye Bennett joined the III board in 1968. <span> </span>And that year Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis.<span> </span>The year before, June 11, 1967, King, I would like to note, made favorable mention of Borsodi, one of 82 people named in his sermons, at Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Cincinnati.<span> </span>The Sermon was titled “A Knock at Midnight.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Returning from Israel, they organized New Communities which was incorporated in 1969 as “a nonprofit organization to hold land in perpetual trust for permanent use of rural communities.”<span> </span>Slater King was elected president and Fay Bennett secretary<a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>They were joined by Father Albert J. McKnight, an African American Catholic priest, who was credited with a history of organizing cooperatives and credit unions.<span> </span>They began to look for land and took an option on 5,735 acres in Lee County, Georgia, paying over $1,000,000 (paid off over 15 years by selling agricultural products).<span> </span>Slater was killed in an automobile accident and Charles Sherrod became president.<span> </span>Swann wrote the story of the struggle to secure the funds for this land purchase in his autobiography.<span> </span>Swann added that:<span> </span>“We, however, developed what I believe were the first positive criteria for social investing, and New Communities was the first example<a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">New Communities was clearly a turning point in the development of the land trust model.<span> </span>It was an African American enterprise that provided an agrarian economic cornerstone to the Civil Rights Movement, it was a collaboration of African Americans and whites and drew on an international movement and particularly India and Israel.<span> </span>It established a very large land trust.<span> </span>It put “Community” into Community Land Trust.<span> </span>Bob Swann was a creative element and provided leadership.<span> </span>Borsodi’s III laid the foundation for that development. <span> </span>And this was just the beginning of a powerful evolutionary social movement.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Swann said that his role with New Communities pretty much ended with the purchase of the land.<span> </span>He felt drawn to the community land trust concept and wanted to promote Borsodi’s ideas.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Institute for Community Economics<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The III headquarters was moved from Exeter, New Hampshire first to Ashby, Massachusetts in 1971, then to Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1972 and the following year the name was change to The Institute for Community Economics (ICE).<span> </span>Swann became executive director for ICE in 1972.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1972, the International Independence Institute produced <i>The Community Land Trust: A Guide to a New Model for Land Tenure in America</i> (reprinted in 2007).<span> </span>It was written by Swann, as Director of the International Independence Institute, and staff members Shimon Gottshalk, Dick Hansch and Ted (Edward) Webster, with editorial assistance from Marjorie Swann.<span> </span>Ted Websters suggested adding the term “community” to land trust.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The <i>Guide</i> was published by the Center for Community Economic Development (CCED).<span> </span>CCED was a policy and research advocacy center.<span> </span>In 1971 it asked Swann to prepare a document to support community-based economic development.<span> </span>The <i>Guide</i> represented a more limited role of introducing the concept of land trusts as a tool for low income communities.<span> </span>It was a practical handbook.<span> </span>This document can be downloaded at this <a href="https://community-wealth.org/content/community-land-trust-guide-new-model-land-tenure-america" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I will make a very brief review of the <i>Guide</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Community Land Trust is defined in these terms:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A Community Land Trust is a not-for-profit organization with membership open to any resident of the geographical region or bioregion where it is located. <span> </span>The purpose of a CLT is to create a democratic institution to hold land and to retain the use-value of the land for the benefit of the community. <span> </span>The effect of a CLT is to provide affordable access to land for housing, farming, small businesses, and civic projects. <span> </span>This effect can be achieved when a significant portion of the land in an area is held by a CLT . . . .<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A CLT acquires land by gift or purchase and then develops a land-use plan for the parcel, identifying which lands should remain forever wild and which should support low-impact development. <span> </span>A CLT fosters healthy ecosystems and an appropriate social use of the land. <span> </span>The planners solicit input from residents of the region to determine the best uses of the land—recreational space, wildlife preserve, managed woodlots for a local industry, secure farmlands for the region, affordable housing, or affordable office space. <span> </span>The land trust then leases sites for the purposes agreed upon. <span> </span>The lease runs for ninety-nine years and is inheritable and renewable on the original terms. <span> </span>The leaseholder owns the buildings and any agricultural improvements on the land but not the land itself. <span> </span>Upon resale, leaseholders are restricted to selling their buildings and improvements at current replacement cost, excluding the land’s market value from the transfer . . . .<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The CLT is a democratic institution, with the potential to hold most land in a region. The leasehold method provides both security and equity for leaseholders by encouraging their long-term investment and helping them to establish deep roots in the community.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the introduction to the <i>Guide</i>, Swann wrote that the land trust had an ancient legacy.<span> </span>Native Americans, he noted, did not have the concept of personal land ownership; all of nature was a trust.<span> </span>Today land is held by speculators.<span> </span>Swann referenced Henry George’s assertion that corporate ownership of vast stretches of land causes poverty, urban misery and social inequity.<span> </span>Swann asked:<span> </span>“Is there a way out?”<span> </span>His answer, in full agreement with Borsodi, is the land trust.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Curiously, Swann made it clear that intentional communities and Community Land Trusts were two different things.<span> </span>Borsodi had a less than charitable regard for Counterculture communes.<span> </span>The <i>Guide</i> provides a list of distinguishing characteristics of the CLT. <span> </span>I think that the primary distinction is that of the level of formal organization required for a functional CLT.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A Community Land Trust was defined as:<span> </span>“a legal entity, a quasi-public body, chartered to hold land in stewardship for all mankind present and future while protecting the legitimate use-rights of its residents.”<span> </span>It addresses “the fundamental questions of allocation, continuity and exchange.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The III promoted the idea of social responsible investment:<span> </span>“Putting your money where your hearts are.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were a number of definitions.<span> </span>The key idea of a “trust,” for example, came from Borsodi’s idea of “trusterty.”<span> </span>Property, which is created, can be owned; but “the atmosphere, rivers, lakes, seas, natural forests, and mineral resources of the earth … [which] do not come into existence as a result of human labor, cannot be morally owned; they can only be held in trust.”<span> </span>The land trust distinguishes between property, what is built and can be owned and sold, and trusterty, which are those other things, held in common, in perpetuity, preserved and cannot be sold.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With the emergence of the sustainability movement in the 1970s, there was more interest in conservation of natural resources and of the environment.<span> </span>There was more receptivity to putting land into perpetual trusts.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The <i>Guide</i> suggest that the barriers to the idea of land trust are more psychological than economic or political.<span> </span>The CLT is a viable alternative and a much-needed tool for social and economic reform.<span> </span>New Communities, where a new town was being developed, was described as “the best example of the land trust concept as developed in this guide.”<span> </span>But the concept can also be applied to existing communities.<span> </span>Chapter Two describes a long list of exemplary efforts developed around the world and in the US.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter Three describes the New Communities project in some detail.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter Four describes getting started.<span> </span>It makes a distinction between trusteeship and local control.<span> </span>It suggests work be done to achieve a workable balance between them for each community.<span> </span>And it appears that there is a wide range of options.<span> </span>A group forming a land trust defines its rules.<span> </span>People becoming members must understand the conditions under which they will live.<span> </span>A regional trusteeship, which may hold any number of properties, has the advantage of legal and economic resiliency.<span> </span>Each community, however, can be essentially self-governing within the rules established for the trust.<span> </span>Borsodi, I should add, held that once the community was formed, the trust deed was to be transferred to them and they thus became independent.<span> </span>The money could then be invested again.<span> </span>He also believed it was better to start with an existing community than to try to create a new one.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter Five describes the internal organization of a new community land trust.<span> </span>It provides instruction for developing the organization and trust.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The <i>Guide</i> is a practical manual.<span> </span>It continues with chapters on land selection and purchase, financing, land use and social planning, utilization of the land, and “taxation, zoning, building and sanitation codes.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The final chapter is a “Mandate for Action.”<span> </span>It lists “at least four paths for action [that] appear realistic for creating relatively large-scale, significant community land trusts:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->New Rural or Urban Communities for the Primary Benefit of Poor or Minority Groups.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Broad-Based Effort with Legislative Emphasis<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Trusteeship of Scarce Resources<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Regional Land Trust Formed from Existing Communities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Examples are given.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is an appendix of basic documents drawn from Voluntown, Bryn Gweled, and New Communities charters; a copy of Borsodi’s original Independence Foundation, Inc. “Indenture for the Possession of Land,” “Lease for Possession of Land” from Bryn Gweled Homesteads, Jewish National Fund’s “Contract for Lease of a Farm,” Bryn Gweled “Mortgaging Property on Leased Land,” and “New Community Memorandum regarding Intersem’s Service.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A selected Bibliography is provided.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Short biographies of staff are included at the end of the document.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">ICE Course Change<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1979 there was a situation at ICE that led to the resignation of the staff and most of the board.<span> </span>Chuck Matthei became executive director and moved ICE to Greenfield, Massachusetts.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Bob Swann and Susan Witt founded the E. F. Schumacher Society in 1980.<span> </span>This organization continues to be a major player in the CLT movement.<span> </span>It also houses E. F. Schumacher’s library and records.<span> </span>The archives of III and ICE were subsequently sent there.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span>John Emmeus Davis (a former ICE staff member and CLT leader in his own right) wrote an </span>excellent history of the Community Land Trust movement, his <i>Origins and Evolution of the Community Land Trust in the United States</i>, which can be downloaded at this <a href="https://community-wealth.org/sites/clone.community-wealth.org/files/downloads/report-davis14.pdf" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"> <a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a></span>.<span> </span>Davis called Matthei the CLT movement’s Johnny Appleseed.<span> </span>Perhaps inspired by Bhave, Matthei traveled back and forth across the country, by car rather than on foot, to talk to anyone who would listen. <span> </span>He focused on urban CLTs.<span> </span>The first urban CLT was established in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1980.<span> </span>Over the next ten years or so he steadily built ICE staff to 21 employees with a multi-million-dollar fund.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A lot of energy went into spreading the CLT movement.<span> </span><i><span>The Community Land Trust: A Guide to a New Model of Land Tenure in America</span></i><span> provided a strategic framework.<span> </span>Other publications and presentations followed.<span> </span></span>Matthei put together a team to write <i>The Community Land Trust Handbook</i>, published by Rodale in 1982.<span> </span>It pulled together experience gained with urban CLTs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1985 ICE began a series of conferences with nonprofit lenders out of which came the National Association of Community Development Loan Funds, chaired by Matthei for its first five years.<span> </span>The first national CLT Conference was held in 1987.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1990 Matthei moved on from ICE to establish the Equity Trust with a focus on agriculture and partnerships between CLTs and Community Supported Agriculture (CSA). <span> </span>He developed a web site.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1990 the CLT model became a national standard when it was incorporated into the National Affordable Housing Act.<span> </span>The CLT definition was written into the Housing and Community Developed Act in 1992.<span> </span>With public funding becoming more widely available, municipalities became increasing involved in organizing land trust for affordable housing.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Matthei also worked to build regional coalitions such as PaciVic Northwest in 1999 and in Minnesota in 2003.<span> </span>In 2005 the Florida Housing Coalition created the Florida CLT Institute.<span> </span>The following year the National CLT Network established an academy for research, development, publishing and training in best practices.<span> </span>This sounds very much like Borsodi’s mission with the III.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 2008 ICE moved to SpringVield, Massachusetts.<span> </span>ICE was then absorbed into the National Housing Trust (NHT) and ICE came to an end.<span> </span>NHT retained the Institute for Community Economics.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I would recommend the Roots and Branches web site, co-founded by Davis, (<a href="http://cltroots.org/" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>) for some excellent history of the CLT movement.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A Ralph Borsodi Legacy<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Henry George suggested putting land into public trust in his 1879 <i>Progress and Poverty</i>, an internationally bestselling book advocating land reform.<span> </span>Borsodi had championed this idea but he noted that land reform had made very limited progress.<span> </span>The Dayton experiment was a bitter pill for him.<span> </span>He created the private land trust.<span> </span>Borsodi worked tirelessly over the years to promote personal and community independence.<span> </span>His connection with the Gramdan movement in India was a catalyst for taking the next step and it was a major evolution in land reform.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At this writing (2020) it has been 83 years since Borsodi established the Independence Foundation, his innovative model of a land trust, acquired funding and began his first land trust community.<span> </span>It has been 53 years since Borsodi established the International Independence Institute.<span> </span>In a very real sense, Borsodi and friends created a practice to realize Henry George’s idea of land going into the public domain.<span> </span>As this chapter demonstrates we owe him a great deal – for a lot of innovations – but particularly for the CLT.<span> </span>Transition Centre is building on that legacy.<span> </span>Our objective is Resilient Communities.<o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> I have written elsewhere that the very idea of community has been largely lost in out day. That is a major crisis of our day.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> See my Elbert Hubbard: Master Craftsman: <a href="https://newschoolofliving.blogspot.com/2016/01/elbert-hubbard-master-craftsman.html">https://newschoolofliving.blogspot.com/2016/01/elbert-hubbard-master-craftsman.html</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Huxley also wrote the utopian novel <i>Island</i> in 1962.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> As with Borsodi’s experiments in the US, these villages reverted to private ownership; declining to some 5,000 by 2009.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Swann’s autobiography can be found at this link: <a href="https://centerforneweconomics.org/publications/peace-civil-rights-and-the-search-for-community-an-autobiography/">https://centerforneweconomics.org/publications/peace-civil-rights-and-the-search-for-community-an-autobiography/</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> Martin Luther King, Jr. visited Narayan in Indian in May 1959 and noted that he was an advocate of a decentralized economy.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi used this basket of commodities as the foundation of an inflation-proof local currency he would develop.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a> Much of the history of New Communities was drawn from a more complete story found at this link: <a href="https://cltweb.org/resources/new-communities-inc/">https://cltweb.org/resources/new-communities-inc/</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn9"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a> While that land was eventually lost, New Communities continues to operate. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn10"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[10]</span></span></span></a> Community Land Trust Guide: <a href="https://community-wealth.org/content/community-land-trust-guide-new-model-land-tenure-america">https://community-wealth.org/content/community-land-trust-guide-new-model-land-tenure-america</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn11"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a> Davis’ <i>Origins and Evolution of the Community Land Trust in the United States</i> can be downloaded at this link: <a href="https://community-wealth.org/sites/clone.community-wealth.org/files/downloads/report-davis14.pdf">https://community-wealth.org/sites/clone.community-wealth.org/files/downloads/report-davis14.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn12"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://BB665E95-EDC1-4679-B053-A09D9185367F#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[12]</span></span></span></a> Roots and Branches web site: http://cltroots.org</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-88768096325322992592020-11-30T08:48:00.000-08:002020-11-30T08:48:09.785-08:00Borsodi in India<p> Bill Sharp (c) November 30, 2020</p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />It is unclear when Borsodi first became interested in India.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Given his interest in eastern thought, he probably had a good knowledge of Indian history, culture and particularly knew about Gandhi.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Keene’s and Templin’s, who worked with him at Suffern in the 1940s, had been Christian missionaries in India and followers of Gandhi.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Paul Keene, at least, knew Gandhi.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Both Borsodi and Gandhi had a common understanding of the need for a non-industrial society.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">If Borsodi was the “Decentralist Supreme,” so was Gandhi.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi was also a man of peace</span><a href="applewebdata://EE498589-FAFF-4A05-8DFE-82D8DF2C70FC#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Following World War II came a wave of decolonization. The Soviets and the capitalistic West were competing to shape the future of these countries according to their respective ideologies. China became a communist state in 1949 and launched a massive program for social transformation. And then came the war in Korea in June 1950. It was clear that the East would be a battle ground not only militarily but also socially and economically. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In May 1952, Borsodi and his wife Clare started a cruise that took them around the world. They stopped in Spain to visit one of his sons and then continued on an extensive tour of Asia; a total of eleven countries. These included Lebanon, Syria and Palestine, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Japan, Nationalist China, Thailand and Cambodia. Borsodi met with leaders in education and culture. “He went,” wrote Mildred Loomis, “to discover, if possible, what Asia could contribute to solve the modern crisis. In the great struggle between Liberty and Authority, which would Asia choose – agrarianism or industrialism, decentralization or centralization?”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi begin to compile his notes and write what would become <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>, while still on the boat returning home. The book is a major, and powerful, critique of political and economic centralization and a defense of decentralism. In it Borsodi pulled no punches. It is one of the most vivid representations of the humanistic passion that compelled his life’s mission.<o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWU-XE5RlAOMJhtbvA8OTYLWMt_0SeXk_aj9z_kEObcbdBcmB7pGaxyQGdxkpOL4bhXmpJiW6rO0Ouq3LUMOfyh8rSzXXc9sFfdVnB1_bJK_RZfzf3t6y7U_d8dglISsdJSWov6Us4x6QJ/s2048/Challenge+of+Asia+Cover.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1320" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWU-XE5RlAOMJhtbvA8OTYLWMt_0SeXk_aj9z_kEObcbdBcmB7pGaxyQGdxkpOL4bhXmpJiW6rO0Ouq3LUMOfyh8rSzXXc9sFfdVnB1_bJK_RZfzf3t6y7U_d8dglISsdJSWov6Us4x6QJ/s320/Challenge+of+Asia+Cover.jpeg" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><i>The Challenge of Asia: A Study of Conflicting Ideas and Ideals</i> was published in 1956 by the University of Melbourne press. To that volume Borsodi appended several chapters about the program being established at the University of Melbourne. A review of that section can be found in the “Melbourne” chapter. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">At base, <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> is about economics. But economics is a part of society. The principles of a society define the nature of its economy. Borsodi devoted a good part of the book to these fundamental principles and made clear his choice of liberty over authority.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I think there is another lesson to be learned from this book. Given the state of the world during (and for several more decades) the Cold War. There were two mutually exclusive ideologies battling for dominance. Is that not so in the US today? Borsodi proposed an alternative; a middle way, so to speak. That was an agrarian culture of homestrading families living in small collaborative communities that took care of their own needs. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi returned to India in 1958 for a lecture tour. It turned into an extended stay. The first part of that story is in this chapter because I believe it helps set the context. The full story about his extended stay is covered in “The Education of the Whole Man” chapter. From that point to the end of his life, Borsodi continued a close association with India. He would visit India three more times. <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> and <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i> were both published in India. <o:p></o:p></p><h1>The Challenge of Asia<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi opened <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> with a comment that during the 1950s, Asia was shaking off the imperialistic yoke. Asia was then part of the “third world,” the battleground between western capitalism and Soviet (and by then Chinese) communism. Either option was about massive modern industrial development. Borsodi shared Gandhi’s vision; his own vision. He wrote: “Old Asia was personalistic; Old Asia was familistic; Old Asia was villagistic.” He saw in Asia the last best hope of preserving these values. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The choice between tradition and westernization lay with the leaders of Asia. Borsodi didn’t think much of them. They were sometimes bad leaders and sometimes perhaps good leaders with bad ideas. They were “not really interested in the family, in the village, in religion and philosophy, in the arts and crafts which made old Asia the cradle of man’s culture.” They were interested in Progress and Technology. “They have accepted the West’s over-individualization and over-centralization ‘lock, stock and barrel.’” They have embraced our cherished delusions of Nationalism, Industrialism and Urbanism. In that respect it didn’t make much difference is they choose Capitalism or Communism. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Is the future to be found in science, technology, industry, revolution or religious salvation? The modern age came with promises but those promises, of liberty, peace and abundance, have not been fully realized through industrial progress. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What we need, said Borsodi, is a philosophy that allows us to determine how to organizes our lives around the right principles. There are four universal social principles: the individual, the family, the community and the world. For America, priority is on the individual. In Russia, on society. Locke gave us the philosophy of atomistic society. Hegel one leading to totalitarianism. Both are wrong.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There is still hope in Asia, but it is not the hope of its leaders. Despite Gandhi’s warnings to the contrary, Nehru was determined to make India a modern industrial nation. The challenge of Asia, Borsodi believed, was the same that the US had experienced: to retain its traditional values and an agrarian, human-scaled life, or to take the path of the ugly civilization. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Prime Minister Nehru, arguably an apostate disciple of Gandhi’s with political ambitions, lead the country from 1952 to 1964. While Congress did pass laws to establish more equitable rights for minorities (untouchables) and women and to promote education, Nehru’s government advocated industry and technology. As a prelude to the industrial agriculture “green revolution<a href="applewebdata://EE498589-FAFF-4A05-8DFE-82D8DF2C70FC#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a>,” the government seized village common lands and instituted public works to install electricity, roads, promote mining and manufacturing, created the MIT level Indian Institutes of Technology and otherwise modernized the economy<a href="applewebdata://EE498589-FAFF-4A05-8DFE-82D8DF2C70FC#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The mistake of Asia leaders was their pursuit of Western standards. Nationalism, for example. Borsodi asked if nationalism was an improvement over colonialism, or just a substitute. Leaders might speak of prosperity, an end of hunger and disease, of liberty and democracy, but they create national states. Nationalism, Borsodi concluded, was absurd. There are no such things as nations. India, for example, is a kaleidoscope of people and races, not a nation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Industry is another error. Borsodi had made that point with his 1929 <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>. We pay a very high cost for centralized industry. It not only consumes irreplaceable resources, it discards folkways, arts and crafts. It creates cities. The city, the office and the factory are psychologically debilitating. Gandhi called rather for a rural and village revival. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What about democracy? If government is a necessary evil, then is democracy the lesser evil as some pundits have claimed? If democracy is not the right answer, then what is? Borsodi’s answer: None of them. The answer is not the vote, he wrote, but rather in knowing <u>how to live</u>. You cannot make a democracy out of a unit of government larger than a local community. It is about right-education. Right education is not about literacy; not about ideology. It is learning how to live the life of a normal human being. It’s about learning to live in harmony with other people. It’s about learning to provide for the security of your own family. Borsodi wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">What the crisis in the world calls for is not revolt but learning.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">We must learn, learn, learn – old, simple, elemental, platitudinous truths about how human beings should live, how they should treat one another, how they should organize the relations between the enterprises they establish and conduct. Then each year there would be less and less need of government, and government – both democratic and non-democratic – would shrink and shrink until not we but our “children’s children’s children” finally reach that far away Golden Day when mankind can be fully trusted, when liberty will be enough, and government will have entirely ‘withered away.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">How more ironic, added Borsodi “than the completeness of its rejection of the greatest personality it has contributed to our times,” Gandhi. While acknowledging their debt to him to free India, “the leaders of India are subconsciously engaged in repudiating the kind of India to the realization of which he gave his life.” Borsodi added:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The India which Gandhi envision, the India of the village and the country-side; the India of the spinning-wheel and cottage industry; the India of satyagraha and ahimsa. This is the soul of existent … India, as Liberty is the soul of free America.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We have a similar condition in America he wrote: “the America of Thomas Jefferson – the America of the Declaration of Independence; of national rights, state rights, local rights; of homesteads of farms, of shops and independent business,” has been largely lost.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Instead we get “the official and practical America of Alexander Hamilton – the America of manufacturing and tariffs; the America of big cities, big business, big government.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">No, said Borsodi:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The soul of American is not to be found in the manufactures and financiers who have built its cities and factories; it is to be found in Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln; in Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry D. Thoreau; in Walt Whitman and Benjamin Tucker; in Thomas Paine and Henry George.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Under the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Borsodi noted, the “conception of the limitations of government was officially repudiated in the United States.” Nehru and the Congress Party, he added, “never labored under the handicap of a restricted and limited concept of government.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In its rejection of Gandhi, India is going the way of America. Nationalism is inconsistent with the ideal of non-violence. Government is founded on coercion, on force. And today India is a nuclear power (as is Pakistan) with the world’s second largest army.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">How well has that worked? India today ranks second in the number of people living in extreme poverty.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>The Gifts of Asia<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The gifts of Asia are in two things, said Borsodi: a way of living, and an attitude toward the mystery of life. These must not be forgotten. And, not everyone in Asia has rejected them. In it “are the seeds of salvation for the whole troubled world.” Borsodi devoted several chapters to these “gifts.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The first chapter addressed Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. While Schumacher gets the celebrity for “Buddhist Economics,” Borsodi was, once again, there first with not only Buddhist but an array of eastern faiths and their influence on economics. Borsodi opened by stating that the western, Christian, sense of superiority towards Asian faiths, is a mistake. There is much we can learn from the East. He described the history and principles of Buddhism and a meeting with a Buddhist patriarch. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi said that he “went to Asia looking for ideas – ideas which might help America in its present quandary, and help, at this time of crisis, the whole world and not only Asia.” Asian leaders, however, were interesting in ruling and progress. “But,” he continued, “in the Buddhist countries of southern Asia, I found in Buddhism a great and neglected force.” The virtues of Buddhism include: “It’s realistic pessimism; its gentle metaphysics; its emphasis upon the meditative life, … its middle way of living.” Above all it is tolerance. To this he added, “What is true of Buddhism is also true of Confucianism, of Taoism, and a least to a degree also to Brahmanism.” He cited Gandhi’s ready embrace of the principles of different faiths, and particularly in his path of non-violence. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In comparison, Borsodi found the faiths of the West, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, fall short; particularly on the virtue of tolerance. The West sees the faiths of the East as “barbarous and idolatrous superstations, naïve,” but “the truth is almost the exact opposite of this.” Borsodi, not a believer himself, found something profound in the East. To this line of thought he added that it is a mistake to try to do business with fanatics, whether religious or political. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The second gift of the East is the family and village. Although this is more or less universally true of all cultures before Scientism and modern industrialism, modern Individualism and modern Centralism. Both Capitalism and Communism have rejected these traditions. In the West we have forgotten the virtues of the family system. All civilizations have been based on village living and strong family. The family was extended through generations and kinship. It was imbedded in the embrace of a more extended unity in the village. The family was a production unit. The virtue of the system is security. Borsodi had presented the case of the family and small community in <i>Education and Living</i>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Western civilization, that is European civilization, is Christian in theory. More in theory than in fact, Borsodi asserted. He made two points about western spirituality. First, Christianity has strong pagan roots. Second, modern western society has become, in Toynbee’s term, “ex-Christian.” We have become materialistic, secular. In a sense, he said, we have returned to our pagan roots: or rather, said Borsodi, we are not so much neo-Pagan as we are neo-Barbarian. The Pagans at least had roots in the past. “Modern man has no roots. He is at war with the past. He is truly Barbarian.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“He believes in only one idea: Progress. He has only one ideal: a materialistic one. But he has two ideologies – the ideology of Capitalism, and the ideology of Communism – and both of them are false. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">These two ideologies are locked in a death struggle. What is the alternative?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“What we need to do is neither to embrace what is false nor to be satisfied with what is half-true. What we need to do is to dedicate ourselves to what is wholly true.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“What we need to do is to discover not something new but to rediscover what we have permitted to die. What we need to do is to substitute for our present materialist quest, the quest of the good, the true and the beautiful. We need to replace the mistaken idea of progress with the idea of living like normal human beings; we need to replace the ideal of material wealth with the ideal of education from the cradle to the grave; we need to replace the ideologies of Capitalism and Communism with the ideology of Liberty. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi again made it clear that he was not anti-capitalist: “The Capitalism which must be abandoned is predatory Capitalism: the Capitalism which must be saved – if Liberty is to be saved – is fraternal Capitalism. …. True Capitalism is commercial, not industrial. True Capitalism is agrarian; it is rural and villagistic – not urban. … The acid test is the free market.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Do we understand what a free market actually is? Borsodi defined the dominant market as one in which some of the competitors are favored and some handicapped by law. He dealt with the problem extensively in earlier books and particularly <i>Prosperity and Security</i>. The truly <u>free</u> market is just and humane. It favors cooperation. Unlike socialists, Borsodi does not reject competition nor private ownership. Cooperation is voluntary, an expression of personal freedom. He cited the economics of Henry George. Borsodi blamed nationalism as a barrier to free trade around the world. He blamed expediency. He blamed the educational system for conditioning us to abnormal behavior. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi has nothing good to say about Communism; or for that matter socialism of any form. Both are explicitly centralized economies and societies. He has little regard for utopianism: “There is no perfect social system.” Utopia, like socialism, and they are typically socialistic, are rule-bound. They oversimplify reality. They provide little if any scope for individualism. We err equally with ideologies that lead to a servile society and in those that lead to the individual as an end in him(her)self. There must be a balance; not ideals but rather a practical reality. Above all, it is the well-informed individual, who is a member of a family and village (community), who must be informed and who must thoughtfully decide what is the right thing to do.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">As Borsodi looked around his world he saw liberty shrinking and authority growing. Like a pandemic, this trend has spread around the world. The big lie, he wrote is “that government is good.” We have been conditioned to turn to governments to solve our problems. The lie is in our ignorance. We need to re-write the social science textbooks – political science, sociology and economics. “We need textbooks which do justice to the teachings of (as already listed above) Paine and Jefferson, of Emerson and Thoreau, of Benjamin Tucker and Josiah Warren and other American protagonist of the doctrine that the government is best which governs least.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Prescription<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Part II of <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> is called “Prescription.” There are four chapters on the nature of the political world and what we might do about these problems. I think this is the foundation of the book. In it Borsodi further revealed a personal philosophy of life. He had expressed elements of this philosophy is previous works. I believe that this articulation of his philosophy clarified his mission with the University of Melbourne and continued to define his work through the remainder of his life. It is a succinct statement of what he believed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The crisis of the world, he said, is political, not economic:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The political ideas and political principles upon which we are relying, from top to bottom of society, are utterly inadequate. Everybody seems to be improperly equipped and inadequately educated for the task with which we are confronted. Never before in the history of the world have we had so much government; never before have we had so many laws; never before so many public officials to execute them. And never before have we had so much war, nor wars more bitter nor more bloody, nor prospects of wars as dreadful as those which we face today.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The first truth about governments is that they are created by men. They are very human. There is nothing holy about them; nothing that claims our veneration.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The second truth is that governments rely on compulsion. They are systemized, legalized coercion. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Third, we have no choice about being governed. It is in our nature. We are social creatures. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Fourth, at worst, governments use bad means for bad ends. Too often it is seen as a necessary evil. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Fifth, government is not a country. “The truth which should never be forgotten is that government is one thing, the people over whom governments rule.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Finally, the objective of government is not liberty. As Paine wrote: “Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness positively, by uniting our affections; the later negatively by restraining our vices. Society, in every state, is a blessing; but government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The second prescription is the “Nature of Harmony.” All acts, wrote Borsodi, are either harmonious or violent. Violent acts he defined as those “that have characteristics variously describable as compulsory, coercive, forcible, belligerent, aggressive. They need not be injurious or destructive in intent; they may be, as a matter of fact, defensive and protective, but if they involve the use of force directly or indirectly, they fall into the category of violent acts.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“In contrast, all acts which can be truly describe as free, voluntary, and peaceful, fall into the category of harmonious actions. No act of government … is ever really free, voluntary and peaceful.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Harmony means things fitting together properly, that form a connected whole, that function systematically. This can mean community, society and even humanity as a whole when directed toward the common good; for the benefit of both the parts (individuals) and the whole. “If the members of a community freely and voluntarily play their proper parts so that the whole functions as it, by its nature, should, there is harmony.” Pseudo-harmony doesn’t apply. A synonym is cooperation. Competition, when not predatory in nature, can be harmonious. For example, in competition in games where skill is exercised and respected by all players. Competition in an actual free market can be harmonious. It is necessary.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Much of our political and economic philosophy assumes an inharmonious rivalry. <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Is Violence Natural?<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">If man is innately violent, education is futile. Much misconduct is due to miseducation. Humans are typically violent when they are afraid or angry (often linked). We are capable of violence but there is another side to human behavior and it can be nurtured. Right-education seeks to attain what Borsodi consider our “normal,” higher nature.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi devoted a chapter to the nature of violence. He sought to provide a better understanding of it; to define it as a problem to be solved.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The root of violence is the Latin word “violare,” to act with strength or force. Is there a legitimate use of force? Borsodi believed in self-defense. He believed in the defense of one’s person, one’s family and one’s community against aggression. That does not extend to violent resistance against government or predatory trade. In many things we have the legitimate power to simply say no. We have alternatives to predatory trade. These Borsodi described in his earlier works and these he made a clear case for through homesteading. He believed that the purpose of government was to protect people from criminal activity and, at the global level, to deprive nations of the power to make war. These principles he proposed in a peace plan written during World War II; in essence anticipating the idea of a (minimal) United Nations. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Of greater importance is the gradual evolution of society, of culture, to a more normal state of being. Again, if we develop a viable alternative to government, when people begin to take care of their own affairs at a local level, nations will fade. People need an appropriate education to provide the knowledge and skills needed for greater local self-reliance.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi went further into the nature of coercion. Governments are allowed to use coercion against their citizens. Some use this power with more enthusiasm than others. The range of coercive behavior defined as legitimate action by governments includes the power to fine, to imprison and even to deal death. Coercion is usually imposed through law and regulation rather than at the muzzle of a gun. This is true, he said, of non-governmental organizations.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There is usually latitude for nonconformity; call it eccentricity. There is also civil disobedience, and this carries the expectation of arrest and imprisonment. Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. took nonviolent protest to an inspiring level. Democratic societies, at least, provide considerable scope for protest, for opposition, and this is often highly organized. Such action requires a more or less tolerant society. Gandhi knew that he would not have prevailed against a Hitler or Stalin. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Violent protest, armed revolution, and criminal activity are outside the pale. Borsodi placed predatory economic behavior on this level. But it is legal. It is still unjust. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">So, how does Borsodi go beyond this? It requires re-education. It is an evolutionary activity. It will take generations. His work was the beginning of the process. He was by no means alone is this quest, then or now.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We have the power to choose. Our unsatisfactory circumstances are simply the result of bad choice. Bad choices are typically the fault of bad education – which includes a lack thereof. As was his style, he clearly outlined both the right and wrong way to approach a problem. He leaves the choice to the reader, but it is clear that his preference, like Thoreau’s, is a government that governs the least. <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Liberty versus Authority<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The chief problem is the conflict between the ideas of liberty and authority. Liberty is an inalienable right – it is a birthright, a natural right – not something granted. It is the right of normal human beings. No government can grant liberty, and none can deny it. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Authority is a power, not a right. The conflicts of the world are differences in ideology. Which is right? Borsodi believed that there is no justification for a faith in authority. How do we reconcile the conflict? This is the question of Re-education versus Revolution. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We have an enormous body of objective knowledge about the nature of humankind – biological, physiological, psychological; history and biography; anthropology, sociology, etc. Borsodi asked: “What does this knowledge furnish us with regard to whether man is an individual organism or a part merely of an organic collectivity? Is the individual, or is society, the unity which must be the object of consideration when we speak of man? Or is there some third unit – the family, perhaps – which is the real unit of the species of animal which zoologist call homo sapiens?”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Society is not man; it is something we invented. Society, said Borsodi, exists for man, not man for society. The family antedated society. Both family and society exist for man. The family and the individual are inseparable. Individual and family rights must come first; society and governmental powers second. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">As a right, liberty carries correlative obligations – the obligation that we must all recognize the right of liberty for every human being.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It boils down to two types of ideologies, intolerant and tolerant. Intolerant ideologies he called monistic, exclusive, centralist in their goals and intolerant in their methods. He listed eight of these including: Nationalism, Colonialism, Communism and Fascism. He included fanatical religious sects. In no way can intolerance and fanaticism be good, true or beautiful.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The second group he called pluralistic and tolerant: Regionalism, Universalism, Humanism, Capitalism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Aggressive behavior is unjustified. All war is bad, but it does not follow that no war is necessary. Defensive behavior is not aggression – the protection of rights is justified. Sometimes we must fight for what we cherish. But try Gandhi first. Gandhi knew there were limits. “The moral is plain,” wrote Borsodi: “In dealing with fanatic ideas and fanatic proponents of fanaticism, speak softly but carry a big stick.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In reality, we cannot choose between authority and liberty. There is always a road between. It is the Golden Mean. That is our choice.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There is a middle way between abnegation or the use of force. It is through reason and education. “True progress – humanized progress – comes in only one way and from only one thing, <i>from leaning how to live, and how to deal with the problems which confront us, like normal human beings</i>.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">At root it is, as Mark Twain said, that we know too much that just isn’t true. The source of this mistruth is our system of education: school, family and other institutions. A course of action is required “which unfortunately demands an intellectual discipline … to which few of us are willing to submit ourselves.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The lesson of history is there to be learned: not progress, not industry, not invention, not the machine, not science, not art, not institutions, but human cultivation, human understanding, human compassion, and human conduct are primary.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi elaborated this thought:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Rightly educated men will be neither stupidly reactionary nor blindly progressive.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“They will be neither afraid of change nor hostile to what is old.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“They will not be ashamed to follow, nor hesitant about leading.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“They will periodically re-examine their basic assumptions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“They will have trained their intelligences so that they can distinguish between institutions which need reformation and those which need preservation, between institutions which should be abolished and new institutions which should be substituted in their place.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“They will have trained their emotions so that they will be abler to distinguish between knaves and honest men; between fanatics and reasonable men; between demagogues and disinterested reformers.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Above all, they will have emancipated themselves from the twin fallacy of thinking that right institutions can produce a good society –if it is composed of, and led by, venal people; or that good people can produce a good society, no matter how frustrating the intuitions through which they try to implement their goodness.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Finally, they will have learned that of all the virtues, none is more important than intellectual honesty.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What is right education?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Right education cannot be achieved in the current school system. Education is more than literacy. 99% of current education is mere instruction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Right education considers knowledge as raw material which we use to establish our rational understanding of existence – our beliefs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Right education is practical. It puts ends above means. It is about values: ethical, esthetic, epistemological and teleological – training in evaluation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Right education not only enlightens, it also enlivens –it moves us to implement what we have learned.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Right education involves a faith in the liberty to learn.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Confucius, in “The Great Learning,” said: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Things have their roots and their completion. Affairs have their end and their beginning. To know what is first and what is last is the beginning of wisdom.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Those who desire to create harmony in the world must first establish order in their own communities. Wishing to establish order in their own communities, they must first regulate their own family. Wishing to regulate their own family life, they must first cultivate their own personal lives. Wishing to cultivate their personal lives, they must first set their own feelings right. Wishing to set their feelings right, they must first seek to make their own wills sincere. Wishing to make their wills sincere, they must first increase to the utmost their own understanding. Such increase in understanding comes from the extension of their knowledge of all things.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“From the greatest of men down to the masses of people, all must consider the cultivation of the personal life the foundation of everything.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Melbourne<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Following his trip to Asia, between 1953 and 1957 Borsodi was intensely engaged in developing the University of Melbourne. <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> was printed by the University of Melbourne Press in 1956. Borsodi was insistent that the University of Melbourne have an international and intercultural faculty and students. In the last issue of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i>, a plan was developed to hold a conference about education in Asia. Borsodi carried on a correspondence with Indian leaders about the plan and got affirmative responses.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Second Trip to India<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1958 Borsodi was invited back to India. That story is told my “The Education of the Whole Man” chapter. I needed to tell more of the story there because his planned short visit was extended. He was scheduled to visit for six weeks. He was invited to speak, was interview by the news media, and met new friends. As he traveled, lecture and engaged in a dialog with Indian leaders he attracted considerable interest. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi clearly resonated with Gandhi. From the beginning of his activist career in India, Gandhi promoted agrarian communities and worked to raise a cadre of leaders to pursue not only basic human rights for people of color but to elevate all people to a higher human potential. The iconic image of Gandhi is that of him at his spinning wheel. This image is not entirely, as often believed, a protest against the British textile industry that imported cheap Indian cotton and charged prohibitive prices for finished products. Gandhi was advocating village social and economic development. He sought local economic self-sufficiency. He sought to preserve a way of life. He vigorously resisted the path of industrialization and its consequent dehumanization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s involvement with India started only a few years after Indian independence and Gandhi’s assassination. Despite Gandhi and his followers’ work, a deep undercurrent of divisiveness and violence kept the country in an unsettled state. The separation of India and Pakistan and the subsequence war, hostile sectarian factions, rising population, extreme poverty and constant famine defined this new nation. In short, there was a lot of work to be done and Gandhi’s followers continued his mission. Indian political leaders, however, were determined to make India a modern industrial nation. Borsodi’s philosophy and work was attractive to the Gandhian faction. He found a natural and receptive audience in India. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The key term, the key connection between Borsodi and Gandhi, was decentralism.” Borsodi was a globally recognized sage of decentralization. So too was Gandhi. His Indian supporters, and critics, challenged him to give them a succinct outline of his program. Only a few weeks after his arrival in India, and after a week at the typewriter, Borsodi completed his <i>Pan-Humanist Manifesto</i>. It was a synthesis of the ideas of Jefferson and Gandhi. It sought to humanize society, promote a social renaissance, pursue greater political liberty, if not a virtual decentralist anarchy, and economic justice in the face of capitalistic development. It offered a third alternative to capitalism and communism. The Ambala Tribune wrote that it “ranks with the great revolutionary pieces of the world.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2>The Manifesto<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“A Pan-Humanist Manifesto” was first issued by the Libertarian Social Institute, Bombay, India, October 1958. It was a 31 page, 5½ by 8-inch pamphlet. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Pan-Humanism means: ”All human beings are members of humanity, … and real social renaissance for all mankind will not come until every vestige of unilateral and exclusive citizenship in nations is abolished and the people everywhere taught to place their obligations to humanity above those of nation-states.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The title of the pamphlet was later changed to “The Decentralist Manifesto,” with some minor editorial changes, and printed in the US. It is available for download at this <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVbGR0SzRaNlJBTDQ/edit">link</a><a href="applewebdata://EE498589-FAFF-4A05-8DFE-82D8DF2C70FC#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></b></span></i></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi started the pamphlet with these lines: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">A new world is being born. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">If this new world is to be a better world than the one now dying and to make possible a fuller fruition of the human spirit, then it will be very different from the Capitalist world of today, and different from the world which the dictators of Russia and China are providing, and different from the Socialist world into which most of the world is now drifting. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">Concerned and thoughtful men and women are challenged to arrest the present drift and drive into a mechanized barbarism, and to contribute to the birth of a world in which persons will be free to realize their potentialities as creative beings. Such leaders must have the courage to assert themselves and must discipline themselves to think about all the institutions essential to such a world. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi reiterated his call for “a determining number of the thoughtful and considerate” people to arise to create the good society. It is going to take a radical change. To achieve that, a program of educational reform would have to be undertaken. A new leadership would have to form; a leadership not of warriors, kings, priest, politicians, businessmen and financiers but of “concerned and thoughtful teachers,” of writers, artist, poets and even men and women in professions who “consecrate themselves to the search and realization of what is true, what is good, what is beautiful.” In short, the quality minded of <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>. Above all else these gifted people must teach.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi argued for moral re-education. He described different types of instruction. Moral re-education begins in the home. The family must be normalized (optimized). It must be continued in school. It is a lifetime study. The first commandment of moral re-education is “Harmony, not Discord.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Second, the small community must be revived. The small community is essential for economic prosperity and political autonomy. It is an agricultural community. It must support the essential human social institutions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The second section of the pamphlet addresses “Political Liberty.” The function of the leader/teacher and re-organized educational institutions, it states, is to humanize all of humankind. Borsodi’s fundamental political reforms included principles such as:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Every human being should have inalienable rights.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The function of governments must be held to the absolute minimum.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Each local community should be autonomous.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Collaboration between communities can be achieved through federation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The third section the “Manifesto” is about Economic Justice. This requires opportunity. It is clear that, as Henry George asserted, land must be made available for production, not tied up in speculation. The market must be unrestricted; a collaborative local economy. Clearly, the centralization of power and wealth, of government and the market, must be brought to an end.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Manifesto begins and ends with a call for leadership. There is an ideological vacuum in the world: “People everywhere are sick to death of a world which seems to have lost its bearings, which is drifting here and being driven there.” Borsodi cited a long list of illness of modern society. Neither capitalism nor communism supplies this need. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">He wrote of this leadership: “They are looking for something fresh and new; something which would give this tired old world a purpose and a meaning worthy of the spirit of man.” The time is ripe for a new idea: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“In the final analysis, if mankind is to be saved from the mechanized and materialistic barbarism into which the free world is drifting, and the rest of the world being driven, if democracy is to be realized and liberty saved, if men are to be taught to live rationally and humanely, and the people persuaded to make the far-reaching reform needed, the educators of mankind must be challenged to furnish the leadership the crises calls for.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“A Pan-Humanist Manifesto” excited a great deal of interest in India. There was then a crisis in the higher educational system; a lot of leaders wanted change and they wanted to avoid further westernization of the curriculum. Borsodi advocated a natural leader, a teacher. He had done that at Melbourne. His Indian friends wanted more about this, they wanted a curriculum, so they formed an association and invited Borsodi to stay in India. In two years, he completed <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>. The book was printed in India. It provided a well-documented university-level program for producing a determining leadership. <o:p></o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://EE498589-FAFF-4A05-8DFE-82D8DF2C70FC#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi did believe in the defense of person, family and community.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://EE498589-FAFF-4A05-8DFE-82D8DF2C70FC#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> So named by industrial agricultural interests who mechanized and commercialized agriculture following World War II, but anathema to the School of Living where the idea of the Green Revolution originated with the founding of the School in 1934.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://EE498589-FAFF-4A05-8DFE-82D8DF2C70FC#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Today, 70% of India’s population is rural and the poverty rate (under $1.25 per day) is close to a quarter of the population.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://EE498589-FAFF-4A05-8DFE-82D8DF2C70FC#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> <i>The Decentralist Manifest</i>o can be found at: <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVbGR0SzRaNlJBTDQ/edit">https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVbGR0SzRaNlJBTDQ/edit</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-13947724102699431292020-11-22T12:14:00.000-08:002020-11-22T12:14:11.327-08:00Chapter 5: This Ugly Civilization<p>Bill Sharp (c) November 22, 2020</p><p><br /></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">An “ugly” civilization?<span> </span>So, what is wrong with modern society and how do we fix it?<span> </span>Many respond:<span> </span>Yes, it’s ugly but so what?<span> </span>It provides us a lot of material comfort, and longer lives, so why change it?<span> </span>Ralph Borsodi thought it vitally important to answer this question.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was by no means alone in finding fault with American “civilization.”<span> </span>It wouldn’t be hard to find a hundred books on the subject then and now.<span> </span>Borsodi was born into the era of industrial transformation that reshaped American society.<span> </span>He went from horse and buggy and candles to atomic energy and landings on the Moon.<span> </span>He experienced the clash of values between and old and a new order; between commercial and traditional agrarian society.<span> </span>These issues shaped the popular literature and political rhetoric of the time.<i style="text-indent: 0.5in;">This Ugly Civilization</i><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">was Borsodi’s third book critical of American urban-industrial society.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">With it he shifted gears.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">He became more radical.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">He became more philosophical.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">He carefully defined a problem.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">And of greater importance, he stated a solution, two solutions in fact.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The first was by example; that he went back to the land to achieve personal economic independence.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">He became a recognized champion of this model.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Second, he clearly stated the reason why this change of lifestyle is necessary, and this is a philosophy of life, the philosophy of the independent, self-reliant, self-sufficient personality.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">He called it quality mindedness.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">He called for a revolution, a peaceful revolution through education and homesteading.</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj55X5pmEdrAuDwpUDSU-E5GnsRDF4I_H8a-tWyQPg4N7ZdHmvZ0HuvO_YuXoG3HGDGIMi4I7isdP3yPi85jjOCcZP768-Kp_WdwPUvHGMJDXXXVQ5YBIxlcKFsf0wgJ9qjhcMFnTmFbIhO/s300/ThisUgly.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj55X5pmEdrAuDwpUDSU-E5GnsRDF4I_H8a-tWyQPg4N7ZdHmvZ0HuvO_YuXoG3HGDGIMi4I7isdP3yPi85jjOCcZP768-Kp_WdwPUvHGMJDXXXVQ5YBIxlcKFsf0wgJ9qjhcMFnTmFbIhO/s0/ThisUgly.jpg" /></a></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>This Ugly Civilization</i> was first published in 1929, on the eve of the Great Depression, and has been re-issued several times, the latest on the ninetieth anniversary by Keven Slaughter.<span> </span>It can be found at this <a href="https://www.amazon.com/MOUTEN-Sleeve-Casual-Business-Pockets/dp/1943687226" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a><a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>This ugly Civilization</i> is a big book; 462 pages long.<span> </span>It is actually two books in one.<span> </span>The first book is Borsodi’s critique of centralized industrial production, distribution and finance.<span> </span>He indicted commercial enterprise as dehumanizing.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The second part is about the pursuit of a better life.<span> </span>This has both a material aspect (personal economic independence) and a philosophic aspect.<span> </span>With the former Borsodi described his model homestead and its benefits. <span> </span>In the later matter, he began his discussion of the manner of education needed to achieve a quality state of mind.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With these topics Borsodi defined the scope of the work that would occupy him the remainder of his life – as we will see – 48 very productive years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Relevance” is my philosopher’s stone.<span> </span>We are going on a century since <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> was published; a truly incredible century.<span> </span>Borsodi would be the great, great, grandfather of millennials.<span> </span>For them his lifetime is found in history books.<span> </span>What I will argue is that while the outer form of our lives may have changed as a result of technology, the problems of the inner life have not.<span> </span>Indeed, a vast literature begin to appear at the end of Borsodi’s life dealing with the issues of living adequately in a rapidly changing world.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I had the privilege of writing a new introduction for the 2019 edition of <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>.<span> </span>In that introduction I described a way forward.<span> </span>In short, I found it, and the bulk of Borsodi’s work, highly relevant to this twenty-first century.<span> </span>This book was the foundation of Borsodi’s mission, and he built on it.<span> </span>It is becoming increasingly urgent that we update the blueprint for his work. <o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Part I:<span> </span>This Ugly Civilization<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi opened this section with two quotes from Nietzsche: <span> </span>“Man hath enjoyed himself too little,” and the second, in essence, that this shames us.<span> </span>He started Chapter I with this rather poetic statement:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“This is an ugly civilization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It is a civilization of noise, smoke, smells, and crowds – of people content to live amidst the throbbing of its machines; the smoke and smells of its factories; the crowds and discomforts of the cities of which it proudly boasts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi listed some examples of ugly cites such as Pittsburgh with its clouds of soot, Chicago with the smell of the slaughterhouses, New York City with its crowds, crowds and more crowds.<span> </span>And there are many, many more such cities.<span> </span>In short, these proud products of industry, while giving us material comforts, rob of us of the pleasures of living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He goes on to describe the psychology of industrial work:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The servitude of the factory which it enforces uniformly upon all men harnesses skilled workers and creative individuals in a repetitive treadmill which makes each muscle of their bodies, every drop of blood in their views, the very fibres of their being, cry out in voiceless agony that they are being made to murder time – the irreplaceable stuff of which life itself is composed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“For America is a respecter of things only, and time – why time is only something to be killed or butchered into things which can be bought and sold.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The institutions that dominate this society are led by “acquisitive, predatory, ruthless, quantity-minded men.”<span> </span>They have the power to impose their will.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi closed the first chapter with a QED (what was to be shown) to his opening statement:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“For this is an ugly civilization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It is ugly because of its persistent failure to concern itself about whether the work men do, and the things they produce, and above all the way they live, create the comfort and understanding essential if mankind is to achieve an adequate destiny.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“And it will remain ugly and probably become uglier year by year until the men who are able to mitigate its ugliness free themselves to do so.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In Chapter II Borsodi discussed the role of the machine in industrial life.<span> </span>He started by saying that we have a poor understanding of the nature of a machine.<span> </span>He believed that machines can be used “to free its finest sprits for the pursuit of beauty.”<span> </span>Or not.<span> </span>He cited Gandhi’s plea for simple machines used in a village economy, for example, the spinning wheel.<span> </span>Gandhi strenuously opposed industrialization of India<a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi made a clear distinction between the factory machine and the domestic machine.<span> </span>Electric motors and internal combustion engines make domestic machines productive and reduce drudgery.<span> </span>He provided a long list of useful machines and how they did the work of factories.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi made it clear that it is the factory, not the machine, that is the problem:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“If mankind is not to be made into appendages to machines, then domestic machines must be invented capable of enabling the home to meet the competition of the factory – the right kind of machinery must be used to free man from the tyranny of the wrong kind of machinery. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He pointed out that the object of machinery is not to produce as much as possible but producing rather that which is compatible with the good life.<span> </span>Otherwise we waste time and material that should be employed to make the world a more beautiful place to live.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The third chapter addresses how the idea of efficiency is used to drive industrial development, and why this is a bad idea. <span> </span>The factory, Borsodi pointed out, is not a product of nature, it is a human artifice.<span> </span>We need to understand the thinking that went into creating the factory system.<span> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">[Coming soon a link to <i>The American Economy</i>.]</span> <span> </span>And we need to ask is it possible to live well without it?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi described something of the history of industrialization.<span> </span>It came about with the invention of more complex and efficient machines that were driven by water power.<span> </span>This happened with textiles in England.<span> </span>Production went from homes to factories.<span> </span>Adam Smith in his 1776 <i>The Wealth of Nations</i> described a division of labor for making pens – a lot of people each doing one operation in turn.<span> </span>It produced a lot of pins.<span> </span>But it turned people into cogs in the factory system.<span> </span>The book came out at the time Watt perfected the steam engine to power the industrial revolution.<span> </span>This turned laborers into machine tenders.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Efficient machines produced great wealth and wealth harvesting became the objective of business.<span> </span>As laws and procedures to support industrialization were established, factories became bigger, businesses became gigantic, monopolies were formed.<span> </span>More and more factories were built, and this resulted in greater and greater competition.<span> </span>With increased competition the struggle for businesses to survive became more intense.<span> </span>New tools and procedures were invented, such as Taylor’s scientific management, to milk the last drop of efficiency out of human labor.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi, as an expert on the subject, discussed the cost of doing business by the factory system – a crucial point in his argument about returning to domestic production.<span> </span>The cost of factory production includes labor, material and production.<span> </span>As factories located close to raw materials, they were served by a network of railroads and canals, rivers and oceangoing vessels.<span> </span>Distribution became an additional cost of business that was passed on to the consumer.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Three levels of profit taking came about as a result of this system:<span> </span>factory, wholesale (distribution) and retail (marketing and advertising).<span> </span>Less than one-third of the cost the consumer pays is the cost of factory production.<span> </span>There were also unstated costs, those needed to run governments and other institutions, that were paid indirectly by the consumer through taxes and fees.<span> </span>This includes regulation and compliance.<span> </span>Many directly affect the health, safety and welfare of people.<span> </span>We now understand environmental impact as one of the major indirect cost of business today.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Governments did respond to the conditions imposed on workers.<span> </span>They created more regulations and programs.<span> </span>But they depend on tax revenues to do their work and so we get the income tax.<span> </span>They produced massive bureaucracies.<span> </span>They sought to break monopolies.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote an interesting story about a consortium of businessmen, attorneys and government officials who devised a system that circumvented the Sherman anti-trust act.<span> </span>In short, while keeping industries, like oil, somewhat fragmented, regulations legitimized collaboration and consolidation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi also discussed the communist system in Russia and trends towards socialization in developed countries.<span> </span>He criticized communist and socialist theories as, first, destructive of human freedom and initiative, and second, of increasing cost of doing business.<span> </span>He observed that, as found in both big businesses and governments, there was an increasing centralization and hardening of corporate management.<span> </span>With this increasing rigidity of management, the communist, socialist and corporate organizations become indistinguishable.<span> </span>There is, in fact, little difference in the structure and operation of a massive multi-national corporation (today) and centralized political control in communist countries.<span> </span>What is lost is the individual and personal freedom that informed Borsodi’s core value.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Over the course of this last century, we have seen the process of industrialization continue and accelerate.<span> </span>To reduce labor cost, we have moved manufacturing offshore.<span> </span>We have also automated manufacturing.<span> </span>There is today a vast, elaborate and complex global economic system.<span> </span>Raw materials and resources are becoming increasingly scarce.<span> </span>Population continues to rise exponentially.<span> </span>New economies are striving to emerge into the global market.<span> </span>This complexity is unmanageable.<span> </span>This type of economy is not sustainable, and it is inherently unstable.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Given these facts, do we need to ask if this is an ugly civilization?<span> </span>Do we dare dismiss thinking about solutions and alternatives?<span> </span>And do we have the courage to seek an alternative, as proposed by Borsodi?<span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Part II:<span> </span>The Factory<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi devoted 150 pages to “The Factory.”<span> </span>This section includes five chapters.<span> </span>The first is introductory.<span> </span>The remaining four each take up a problem with the factory economy.<span> </span>In this section he also introduced his alterative to the factory system and made his case for home production.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi opened the first chapter with a restatement of the ugly factory system.<span> </span>The buildings are ugly.<span> </span>It creates traffic and congestion.<span> </span>It raises land cost.<span> </span>Low wage workers breed slums.<span> </span>It requires intrusive transportation right of ways – look at our modern freeway system.<span> </span>It greatly increased the complexity of society.<span> </span>It introduced high-pressure marketing, credit buying, a dominant distribution system, drives consumer consumption and produces massive waste.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He then described the alterative, pre-industrial economy that once defined us before, as he said, Samuel Slater brought the factory system to the US in 1790.<span> </span>Before that nearly everything consumed in the American home was either produced at home or made to order in community mills and custom workshops.<span> </span>Farmers worked in crafts and trades off-season in home shops.<span> </span>These handmade products were labor and time consuming but durable.<span> </span>Nearly every home had a spinning wheel and small loom.<span> </span>They produced their own food.<span> </span>Eric Sloan produced a number of well written and well-illustrated book about pre-industrial trades and tools in America.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It should be noted that an inventory of things found in a comfortable home in the nineteenth century was a fraction of what we have today (much of which is located in storage bins and lockers).<span> </span>The factories begin producing a great variety of products in quantity at low cost – just browse through a reprint of a massive early 20<sup>th</sup> century Sears catalog to see what was offered.<span> </span>But, the quality of these goods, said Borsodi, was lower than those produced locally.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi Brought this chapter to a close with a list of four aspects of the factory’s influence which are the topics of the remaining four chapters of this part:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Quality of products<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Influence on those who do the work<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Influence on the public/consumer<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Influence on the quality minded minority.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi acknowledged that there are many advantages to the factory, with this admonishment:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The factory promises us in the future even more riches than we enjoy today.<span> </span>It seems to offer us veritable golden age.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We shall see, however, that all is not gold that glitters.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That line, I would like to add, came from Shakespeare and I’m surprised Borsodi didn’t quote the entire passage:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">All that glitters is not gold;<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Often have you heard that told:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Many a man his life hath sold<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">But my outside to behold:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Gilded tombs do worms enfold.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Had you been as wise as bold,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Young in limbs, in judgment old,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Your answer had not been inscroll'd:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Fare you well; your suit is cold.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">J. R. R. Tolkien also picked up this notion in one of him most often quoted lines:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“All that is gold does not glitter,<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Not all those who wander are lost;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The old that is strong does not wither<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Deep roots are not reached by the frost.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I believe Tolkien would have been very much in sympathy with Borsodi in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>.<span> </span>Tolkien’s epic <i>Lord of the Rings</i> is a thinly veiled critique of industrial civilization.<span> </span>He saw it as a great evil.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Hobbits exemplify the homesteader’s life.<span> </span>I tried to capture a vision of a good non-industrial society inspired by Borsodi and Tolkien in my <i>A Visit to the Hobbit Shire</i> (<a href="https://www.amazon.in/Visit-Hobbit-Shire-William-Sharp-ebook/dp/B00H912XUS" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">Kindle</a>)<a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Other speculative writers have picked up on the evils of industrial society such as H. G. Wells in <i>The Time Machine</i> and other novels, and Clifford D. Simak in <i>City</i> and other of his pastoral science fiction novels and stories.<span> </span>The Southern Agrarian book <i>I’ll Take My Stand</i> is an even more powerful critique of the impact of industry on American society which came out the year after <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>.<span> </span>I cover more of this in my chapter on decentralism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Factory’s Products<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This chapter opens with the challenging question:<span> </span><i>“To what extent are the factory’s products necessary to the maintenance of our present standards of living?”</i><span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are, to start with, three kinds of factory products:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Those that justify a factory.<span> </span>Products that are essential to maintaining current standards of material well-being and more readily produced in a factory setting.<span> </span>They include steel, wire, pipe, electric motors and other machines.<span> </span>The factory can produce an automobile or farm tractor at lower cost than a home workshop or village mill.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Products that can be made just as well at home<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Products that we could easily do without.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Regarding the first, essential, type of factory, Borsodi wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Their revolution has been justified on the ground that it improved the conditions of mankind and added to the wealth of the nations of the world.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">However:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“That is precisely the ground on which I shall justify the industrial counter-revolution – for I propose to show that the elimination of the non-essential and undesirable factory will add to the real comfort and true wealth of mankind.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At this point, about a fifth of the way into the book, Borsodi began to propose a good business case to eliminate non-essential factories.<span> </span>He considered about 40% of American factories non-essential.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He started with flour and baked goods.<span> </span>Home baking is a lost art and that is a product of advertising.<span> </span>Flour can easily be milled and baked into a variety of healthy and tasty products in the home.<span> </span>He gave examples of home mills and foods.<span> </span>He added an electric motor to his family’s mill.<span> </span>I should note that I do much of our baking and find it easy and enjoyable to do.<span> </span>I get to choose the quality of my ingredients and it takes a really good professional baker to make a tastier product.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He then wrote about canned goods and made a case for home canning.<span> </span>Home production can also include milk, butter, cheese, eggs and meats.<span> </span>The factories case for canned goods was that home canning was a drudgery.<span> </span>Modern innovations such as home stoves (presumably gas and electric), pressure cookers and the mason jar, wrote Borsodi, have made this a much more practical and attractive home craft.<span> </span>Modern appliances are in fact a major feature in Borsodi’s argument.<span> </span>He and his wife were pioneers in develop domestic arts that saved time and money, created home employment, and provider healthier foods.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi, the economist and accounting, kept careful cost accounts of their home production.<span> </span>He made the case that the time required was less than needed to earn the money to buy inferior products.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi estimated the impact of home production on the factory system.<span> </span>If everyone produced their own bread and canned goods, we would eliminate 5,232 mills, 18,739 large and many smaller bakeries and 2,177 packers and canners in the US.<span> </span>It would also have eliminated some 350,000 factory jobs.<span> </span>And it was just the start.<span> </span>Ten percent of the US workforce, he said, worked in non-essential industry.<span> </span>Borsodi thought other employment could be found but indeed, with the Great Depression, by 1932 13,000,000 had lost their jobs and the remainder were working at reduced wages.<span> </span>His alternative would have provided security for those displaced from the factory under his system; and in another chapter we will see how this developed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi continued with the meat industry.<span> </span>American’s eat a lot of meat (second then only to Australia) because there is a lot of land to raise cattle on and its cheap.<span> </span>We don’t need so much meat in our diet.<span> </span>He also noted the infamous stench of cattle yards and slaughterhouses on the outskirts of many cities.<span> </span>Studies had been made about the unhealthy conditions of slaughterhouses.<span> </span>There was at least one popular novel about them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Sweeteners and starch were becoming popular.<span> </span>Corn syrup was being produced in large quantities and could be turned into products that would imitate honey and maple syrup.<span> </span>They were as much about chemistry as nutrition – poor substitutes for natural foods.<span> </span>Many of these manufactured substitutes were considered potentially harmful to human health.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He then turned to the spinning and clothing industries.<span> </span>American industry was founded on textiles.<span> </span>The plantation South raised cotton for the mills and increased slave labor to meet factory demands.<span> </span>Home spinning and weaving was an ancient tradition.<span> </span>He wrote “The music of the spinning wheel and the rhythm of the loom filled the land.”<span> </span>Home weaving produced a wider variety of fabrics and the quality was high.<span> </span>Home produced clothing had he quality of beauty.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi cited Gandhi’s work to retain the village textile industry.<span> </span>The British had crushed it.<span> </span>They produced cloth in English factories from Indian cotton and sold it back to India at a high cost.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The American textile industry, Borsodi reported, had 7816 factories employing 1,164,638 wage earners.<span> </span>There were also 16,904 wearing apparel manufactures with 499,413 wage earners.<span> </span>All of these factories worked to narrow standards.<span> </span>Production machinery allowed little variation.<span> </span>The quality, again, was questionable.<span> </span>Styles changed annually so why make things to last?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In summary, there are a lot of factories, ugly places, making a lot of things we don’t need.<span> </span>Eliminating factories would also eliminate a host of social, economic and political problems that go with the system.<span> </span>Restoring home production has been made easier with electricity – while maintaining quality.<span> </span>Electric household appliances were being widely sold and rural electrification was being pushed.<span> </span>It takes little to modify old tools for higher, easier production.<span> </span>Return to home production would, in addition, remove “the crippling effect upon the mind of this ignorance about the production of goods we consume – we are cheated of a normal education.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I should point out that this model suggests a homemaker, a form of employment that has become increasingly unpopular and, due largely to two income family, impractical.<span> </span>Borsodi was strong on traditional family.<span> </span>He was also adamant that both husband and wife (and children at an appropriate age) be employed in domestic production.<span> </span>That does not mean no day job, but that could be part time or employment in a personal craft or trade.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Factory Worker<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The factory system radically changed the structure of American society.<span> </span>It herded people into the cities and made them wage earners and consumers.<span> </span>It changed the economic foundation of the family.<span> </span>It changed the status of women as the center of her life moved outside the home.<span> </span>Two income families were already becoming the norm.<span> </span>It changed the concept of the home:<span> </span>no longer the place where you take root, no longer a place to really live.<span> </span>In the city, indeed, often no longer even owned.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Reforms were being made for wage earners and Borsodi acknowledge four of them:<span> </span>Shorter work hours, raised wages, lowered prices of commodities, and improved worker’s social and political status.<span> </span>Borsodi was more concerned with what the factor system was doing <u>to</u> the wage earner.<span> </span>He listed eight issues:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It mechanized workers and turned them into cogs in the industrial machine.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->By introducing more efficient machines and processes, it reduced the number of workers required to produce them and made low-paying menials of the rest.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It brought workers and employers into conflict.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It makes it almost impossible for a worker to be self-sufficient.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It destroys skilled craftsmanship - a means of self-expression as well as livelihood.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It leaves workers without initiative and self-reliance.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It transfers the economic satisfaction of the home economy to the factory, depriving the family of intimacy with growing things and of self-reliance.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It turns the arts and crafts into repetitive work.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Or, as Adam Smith stated it, it creates “a manufacturing animal.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Farming was a balanced occupation.<span> </span>It was part-time.<span> </span>Farmers spent other time in trades and crafts.<span> </span>The artisans and tradespeople who had shops in the village usually owned from one to 20 acres near the town.<span> </span>They too worked part time and grew much of their own food.<span> </span>There was give and take between work and play.<span> </span>There were numerous holidays and celebrations and fairs.<span> </span>In contrast, the factory worker has a steady, year-round, routine timed by the clock.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The factory requires a labor pool – a surplus of labor with a pool of unemployed.<span> </span>Workers become desperate to remain employed.<span> </span>Most jobs required little skill.<span> </span>Henry Ford wrote that 43% of jobs can be learned in a day and 36% require up to a week.<span> </span>Another six percent can be trained within two weeks.<span> </span>This is 85% of the workforce.<span> </span>Only one percent were skilled workers who required one to six years to learn their jobs.<span> </span>Ford also observed that just over half of jobs did not require full physical capacity.<span> </span>He found employment for cripples and amputees – many the product of industrial accidents.<span> </span>In short labor was cheap to develop and plentiful.<span> </span>There is no human quality to such conditions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Scientific management also gained popularity.<span> </span>It sought to get the utmost of both time and strength from laborers and machine tenders.<span> </span>Workers were mere statistics who motions were measured and timed with a stopwatch.<span> </span>Borsodi called them joyless automatons.<span> </span>He wrote: “They were chained to their machines as effectively as galley slaves were chained to their oars.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Factory’s Customers<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi doubted that Adam Smith, when he called man “a manufacturing animal,” foresaw department stores, self-service grocery stores and massive advertisement that turned us also into buying (shopping) animals.<span> </span>He quoted Oscar Wilde:<span> </span>“Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Did Smith clearly foresee that manufacturers would be forced to create buyers to consume their products.<span> </span>We paid a high cost when the factory destroyed self-sufficiency and turned us into earning and spending animals.<span> </span>The factory system has deprived us of much of the means to satisfy the intellectual, economic and social aspiration that were part of home life.<span> </span>Consuming finished goods deprive us of a sense of where our food, clothing and other commodities come from.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In Borsodi’s view, this particularly affected women<a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Women have become buyers rather than producers.<span> </span>They too have become earners to meet the added expenses of running a household.<span> </span>Homemaking, he said, is self-expression, a skill, a discipline.<span> </span>It is an art, a lost art.<span> </span>The studio is the kitchen, nursery, sewing room, dining room, living room perhaps a garden.<span> </span>It is about creating beauty – a desirable place to be and the center of the good life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote approvingly of the advances in the rights of women, including the vote and higher education.<span> </span>Some had become successful careerist but for most, work outside of the home is just a job – driven by necessity.<span> </span>A few choose a life outside the home.<span> </span>Others are simple forced out of homemaking.<span> </span>The home, however, is important as it holds the family together.<span> </span>It is the source of our sense of values.<span> </span>And we are losing it.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Conquering Factor System<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The economy of a pre-industrial village or small town could produce most of what was needed.<span> </span>A blacksmith could make virtually anything from a piece of iron; a carpenter from wood.<span> </span>Products were durable.<span> </span>Artisans were appropriate compensated for they time and materials.<span> </span>Much of that was barter.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The factory system is about efficiency.<span> </span>It systemizes production, standardizes to produce uniformity and relies of an elaborate division of labor.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi observed that “Life, if man is to dignify it by the way he lives, must be lived artistically.<span> </span>Not quantitative but qualitative criterions apply in home life, in education, in social activities, in literature, painting, sculpture.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He continued:<span> </span>“Yet the apostles of efficiency have not been content to limit its application to the factory.<span> </span>They have made efficiency a philosophy of life and are now busily engaged in apply the factory system to the regulation of every activity of civilized man.”<span> </span>Borsodi quoted scientific management prophet Frederick Taylor:<span> </span>“In the past the man has been first; in the future the system must be first.”<span> </span>The factory system works to turn all of society into a machine.<span> </span>The factory works not to fulfill our needs but to multiple them.<span> </span>This idea had a foundation in the mechanistic assumptions of science itself that considered animals, including human beings, are merely a form of machine.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote about the division of labor – the reduction of a job into a series of single task with a worker assigned to do each.<span> </span>The magneto of a Ford car requires 29 men to assemble, the motor 84.<span> </span>Such workers are mere cogs in the greater machine.<span> </span>There are no individuals.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The factory system pervades all aspects of life.<span> </span>Borsodi also wrote about its impact on entertainment.<span> </span>Where once the family gathered to make music, to read together, to converse, they now consume commercial entertainment.<span> </span>Where once they played ball, masses turn out for sporting events.<span> </span>Today we have a wide variety of youth sports but mostly highly organized rather than spontaneous.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Schools have also become part of the factory system.<span> </span>Schools of that time were built to resemble factories.<span> </span>Curriculums were standardized, taught by specialist teachers, and carefully graded.<span> </span>From nursery to university, students went to school en masse, played en masse, thought en masse.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Everything is represented by numbers, sequence, time and place.<span> </span>This is the dominant quantity mind.<span> </span>Borsodi anticipated Aldous Huxley’s <i>Brave New World</i> by three years.<span> </span>They soon became friends.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The problem has been stated.<span> </span>Next, Borsodi offered his solution and laid the foundation of his educational system by which he hoped to reverse the trend of the urban-industrial factory system.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Part III:<span> </span>The Person in the Drama<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In this part of the book, Borsodi starts to cut to the chase.<span> </span>The factory is a product of history, of the people who define it.<span> </span>He defined three social types.<span> </span>(Few are likely pure types.)<span> </span>The great majority are the average members of society.<span> </span>Perhaps too harsh a term or perhaps illustrative, he calls them the “herd mentality.”<span> </span>They go where they are led.<span> </span>There is a smaller minority of quantity-minded who are defined as acquisitive, predatory, dominating.<span> </span>They have the power and define history.<span> </span>They give us the ugly civilization.<span> </span>There is a smaller minority of the quality minded who give us that which is beautiful in civilization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi refuted the idea of equality.<span> </span>Nature likes variety.<span> </span>There are the strong and the weak, the smart and the stupid, old and young, rich and poor, sweet tempered and testy.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He likens us to a race through time – generation after generation, from the distant past into the future.<span> </span>The old die and more of us are born. <span> </span>Each of us is born into it and finds a place.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What we might call Borsodi’s rule is his statement: “Every individual is a law unto himself because each individual is the product of a sequence of events which are not exactly duplicated in the life of any other.” <span> </span>Throughout his life he returned to this principle.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The progress of the human race depends on which style is dominate:<span> </span>Quantity or Quality minded, brute strength or intelligence.<span> </span>The predatory bosses us.<span> </span>The cultured try to civilize us.<span> </span>If we want the latter, we need institutions that encourage intelligence.<span> </span>This is Thomas Jefferson’s theory.<span> </span>He advocated educational institutions that would produce a natural aristocracy, not a ruling elite but men and women of intelligence.<span> </span>These are the teachers of humankind.<span> </span>These are the quality minded.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Is this a utopian vision? <span> </span>No, but it is an ideal and Borsodi wasn’t sure it is even possible.<span> </span>At least not for society as a whole but perhaps in enclaves, in islands of intelligence and sanity.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Our future will be defined by three forces.<span> </span>First is the changes in the natural order itself.<span> </span>We have no control over this (that’s changed).<span> </span>Second is the efforts of ambitious men and woman motivated by power.<span> </span>The third is launched by a new idea.<span> </span>If we hope to see real progress, the quality minded must free themselves from the dominance of the quantity mind.<span> </span>This is another of Borsodi’s basic rules.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">John Doe, Average Man:<span> </span>The Heard-Minded Type<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The conditions that define who we are have changed considerably since 1929.<span> </span>Then, maybe ten percent of those who entered school graduate and maybe 10 out of a thousand finished college.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Then more people went to church, more to Bible School.<span> </span>Today we have a great variety of Christian denominations and a greater variety of other religions.<span> </span>Do these scriptures give us what we need to define the quality life? <span> </span>Borsodi steps across the line for many with his critique of the validity of the ethical principles of the Bible.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">John Doe doesn’t read books.<span> </span>Didn’t then and doesn’t now.<span> </span>Today the “average” person reads four books in a year, all lightweight.<span> </span>Most college graduates never read another book.<span> </span>Then, John and Jane read the newspaper and many of them tabloids.<span> </span>They read weekly magazines.<span> </span>They went to the movies.<span> </span>Radio had then only recently appeared.<span> </span>This is the foundation of a popular culture.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">John and Jane follow convention.<span> </span>They follow the leader.<span> </span>They don’t think for themselves.<span> </span>They take what they get. <span> </span>They envy the millionaire but not the thinker.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">John D. Rockefeller<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi considered John D. Rockefeller the archetype quantity minded businessman.<span> </span>Indeed, he considered him “monstrous.”<span> </span>Rockefeller was the iconic success story.<span> </span>He came from humble beginning.<span> </span>He was driven by money, he was ruthless and had an indominable will.<span> </span>At death he was worth today’s equivalent of over $400 billion.<span> </span>Most billionaires today are worth a small fraction of that – the richest in 2020 less than half that.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As did many industrial barons, Rockefeller went into philanthropy.<span> </span>Borsodi is dismissive of such gifts.<span> </span>He asserted that Pestalozzi and Froebel did more for education, Pasteur and Lister for medicine and Cardinal Newman and Theodore Parker for religion than did Rockefeller.<span> </span>Big money brings with it the rules of the quantity mind.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The “Rockefellers,” including leaders in religion, government and armed forces, make history.<span> </span>Yet there can be sparks of light like Zoroaster, Buddha, Jesus, Confucius, Spinoza and Socrates.<span> </span>Yet even these great systems are in time corrupted to the service of power and acquisition.<span> </span>It is a constant struggle for quality minded men and women.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Charles W. Eliot<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Eliot (1834 – 1926) was Borsodi’s archetype of the quality minded leader.<span> </span>Eliot was President of Harvard from 1869 – 1909.<span> </span>He spent his career humanizing college and university education; or what the quality-drive person should take from his or her education:<span> </span>Borsodi sought to identify and describe the quality minds of his age and offered this outline, from the works of Eliot:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">An available body.<span> </span>Not necessarily the muscle of an athlete.<span> </span>Good circulation, digestion, power to sleep, and alert, steady nerves.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Power of sustained mental labor.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The habit of independent thinking on books, prevailing customs, current events.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The habit of quiet, unobtrusive, self-regulated conduct, not accepted from others or influenced by the vulgar breath.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Reticent, reserved, a few intimate friends.<span> </span>Belonging to no societies perhaps.<span> </span>Carrying in his face the character so plainly to be seen there by the most casual observer, that nobody ever makes to him a dishonorable proposal.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In short, the young person entering the world should be healthy, diligent, independent in thinking, reserved, honest and self-sufficient.<span> </span>Eliot reflected Emerson’s (A Harvard graduate a century earlier) ideals so well expressed in the essay “Self-Reliance.”<span> </span>Emerson and his friend Thoreau (also a Harvard graduate), I would note, were among the first to understand the unfavorable nature of the then emerging industrial age.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Eliot’s is a concise statement of the values to which men of superior qualities attach importance.<span> </span>It is an interesting revelation of what Eliot himself considered the "durable satisfactions of life."<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The quality minded individual is not driven by acquisition, wealth and power, rather they “Extract beauty, truth and goodness from the common stuff of life, no matter what his/her vocation, much as a miner extracts gold from crude ore, and thus enable [themselves] and those about [them] to understand more and to see more, to feel more, and know more than they would otherwise apprehend.”<span> </span>They put more value on ideas, “ethical ideas, intellectual ideas, esthetic ideas.”<span> </span>These are intangible things.<span> </span>The quality minded are not impractical and dreamy but rather down to earth.<span> </span>They are skillful.<span> </span>They think critically, check the facts.<span> </span>There ideals are about permanent things.<span> </span>Ideas endure the centuries; everyday affairs are soon forgotten, like last week’s newspaper.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The factory system constrains the freedom of the quality minded.<span> </span>To earn a living, they have to fit in somewhere.<span> </span>Borsodi gives us another of his axioms:<span> </span>“Until the [person] who is interested in ideas and who produces new ideas is really free to do so – free economically, social, and political – neither he [/she], nor the world at large will really be able to live in mental and physical comfort.”<span> </span>The quality person has a gift, but the acceptance of this bounty is always slow to ripen.<span> </span>This is another way of saying they are ahead of their time.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In many ages, such as the European Dark Age, personal independence was suppressed entirely.<span> </span>Such people are the “leavening in the lump of mankind.”<span> </span>They produce ideas, create beauty, promote understanding.”<span> </span>They got a new chance with the Renaissance.<span> </span>Borsodi added:<span> </span>“I believe that the factory menaces the very existence of the leaven in the lump of mankind.”<span> </span>This promises another dark age.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Those who do not choose this fate must free themselves.<span> </span>“’Men of superior minds,’ says Confucius, ‘busy themselves first in getting at the root of things, and when they have succeeded in this, the right course is open to them.’”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi closed Book I of <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>, which may be thought of as his indictment, with these lines:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The individual quality-minded [person] may not be able to prevent society from plunging into the indignity of a mechanized dark age.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Be he/she may be able to live [themselves].<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And with that we go to Borsodi’s proposed program for doing that.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Conquest of Comfort<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi described two ideas about “comfort:”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“The Material Aspect” addresses the problem of meeting our basic needs, to achieve a degree of comfort.<span> </span>Borsodi described his nearly decade-long experiment in homesteading.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“The Philosophical Aspect” addresses the barriers to achieving comfort and how to overcome them.<span> </span>This is the beginning of his educational program.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Comfort “is a condition of freedom from involuntary, unjust, or imposed pain, cold, hunger and other distresses of the body.<span> </span>Comfort is a state of moderate, temperate, and stable physical well-being.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Comfort is also a state of mind: “a condition of mental as well as material well-being.”<span> </span>We need to learn not to buy products that do not make our lives better.<span> </span>As long as we are dependent upon what the factory provides, we live in a state of dependence.<span> </span>We call it anxiety in modern terms.<span> </span>Comfort requires we break the chains of dependency.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A family homestead is the foundation of achieving a good life.<span> </span>It should be in a rural setting, a farm, but small.<span> </span>The farmer could lead the way to breaking the institutional dependencies of the factory system.<span> </span>They already have the capacity to achieve independence.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi would have liked to create a revolution, a massive revolt against the factory system.<span> </span>It would be highly disruptive of the current economy and political system.<span> </span>If enough people sought homesteading independence, factories would close, even railroads would be affected by shrinkage of freight.<span> </span>Food could be produced for the city from the local region and neighborhood markets revived.<span> </span>The farmer would get just compensation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He observed that there was plenty of arable land in New York state to provide every family a homestead.<span> </span>It would take capital (a problem Borsodi solved just a few years later).<span> </span>Homesteaders would have ample time to pursue trades and professions of their own choosing to round out the family budget.<span> </span>They could build fine houses.<span> </span>They could learn to work in “stone-cutting, masonry, bricklaying, carpentry, joining, iron-work and all the other crafts essential in building of beautiful and substantial homes.”<span> </span>As did he.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi also made a case for electrification.<span> </span>At the time only about one-third of Americans were living where electricity was available and had home appliances; for the most part vacuum cleaners and washing machines.<span> </span>He was a pioneer in electrifying small machines like grain mills to make homesteading work easier.<span> </span>He provided a long list of farm applications that could benefit from a little bit of technology<a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> .<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Essentials:<span> </span>Food, Clothing and Shelter<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We accept what we get because we do not ask if a better method is possible.<span> </span>Can we do better than the factory system?<span> </span>Borsodi said so in the strongest terms.<span> </span>We can produce our own needs without excessive and unpleasant labor, in less time than needed to earn the money to buy them.<span> </span>It is in fact pleasant work.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was an accountant.<span> </span>He did the numbers.<span> </span>He listed the basic needs and the equivalent labor require to buy them.<span> </span>He listed basic foods and the percentage each represents to food expenditures.<span> </span>He made his case for home production of food by cost comparison.<span> </span>He was drawing on nearly a decade of personal experiences.<span> </span>Bottom line, we reduce 56 days needed to earn the money for food to33 days gardening and canning – a gain of 23 days per year. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He estimated it took 44.7 days to provide for shelter including water, lighting and fuel.<span> </span>An equivalent amount of time would furnish us with a fine home in the county.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Clothing:<span> </span>We would gain 24 days per year making our own.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi tabulated the time savings in a variety of categories.<span> </span>Overall, homesteaders could gain 96 days per year by producing their own needs. <span> </span>The extra time would be used productively, creatively, healthfully.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Homestead<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The homestead, first of all, gives us intimate contact with the land, with life, with growing things, sun and rain, fresh air, green grass and trees.<span> </span>As long as we have access to land, we remain free to labor as we wish and free to live as we please.<span> </span>Yet 13 million, of 25 million American families, were landless.<span> </span>Borsodi noted that two million people on Manhattan Island paid rent to 40,000 landlords for a place to sleep. <span> </span>Much of our land is held by speculators.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As land became scarcer during the nineteenth century, people moved to the cities.<span> </span>Some were ambitious, others just looking for work. <span> </span>Borsodi acknowledged that the city is attractive, mostly because of crowds.<span> </span>Millions of people crowd into a few square miles.<span> </span>Streets and stores and theaters are crowded.<span> </span>Borsodi, who grew up in New York City, apparently didn’t care for the crowds.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">But he admitted that once established, it’s hard to get people to leave.<span> </span>Nonetheless he saw the city as a physically and psychologically unhealthy place.<span> </span>You have to accept “the ugliness, the discomforts, and the servitude of industrialism.”<span> </span>He added: “City dwellers become anesthetized against the noise, the smoke and smell, the crowds and the strains of the city.” <span> </span>He proposed a major revolution, a mass exit from the city.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">So, who is he talking to?<span> </span>Who are the candidates for his homesteading adventure?<span> </span>This brings us back to that little band of outliers, the quality minded people.<span> </span>Are they the type of people who would be attracted by an independent life on a few acres of land, free of dependences, raising excellent food, plenty of exercise?<span> </span>One example Borsodi gave for return to the land is the garden theme.<span> </span>He makes it attractive as an art form; which, of course, it is.<span> </span>This is an organic homestead, a place where “we are economically creative and not merely economically consumptive.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Another of Borsodi’s axioms, is that the homestead and the home are a family affair: “The natural family seems to me the normal nucleus around which to build such a home.”<span> </span>Such a home provides a place where children are absorbed in nature and practical arts.<span> </span>He has little good to say about the conditions children experience in modern schools.<span> </span>They need a natural and liberal education.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He suggested the organization of what we now call intentional communities, groups of people who come together around common values.<span> </span>He offered a constitution for its formation.<span> </span>His preamble reads:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“We, the members of this homestead, in order to form a more perfect home, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common interest, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our prosperity, do ordain and establish this constitution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This is, of course, a paraphrase of the Preamble to the Constitution of the United States of America.<span> </span>It takes us to Borsodi’s core values, values found in The Declaration of Independence and Thomas Jefferson.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote: “For quality-minded men and women, the economic independence which such a homestead would furnish would be of revolutionary consequence.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This revolution is embodied in a key principle, and I think a telling one.<span> </span>This is Borsodi’s Declaration of Independence:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">If the majority of our artists, writers, architects, engineers, teachers, musicians, scientists were in this way to secure the freedom to refuse to do work which outrages their tastes, life for everybody would undergo a radical change.<span> </span>The mere fact that business men would lose their power to dictate to the idealists of the world; that they would have to solicit the services of idealist rather than the idealist should beg them to utilize their services, would be sufficient to change a society in which emphasis is placed upon money into a society in which emphasis would be placed upon ideals.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Under these conditions, the plutocracy would fail, and a new leadership emerge.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Relative to this, Borsodi quoted Confucius:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“To learn, and then to practice opportunely what one has learnt – does not this bring with it a sense of satisfaction?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“To have associates in study coming to one from distant parts – does not this also mean pleasure in store?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Are not those who, while not comprehending all that is said, still remain not unpleased to hear mean of superior order?<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Time<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi found no greater untruth than the biblical curse “In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.”<span> </span>From this tradition we have the attitude, he believed, that happiness is to be free of work.<span> </span>That attitude, he suggested, came out of enslavement.<span> </span>Is there any wonder that it is the attitude of the factory worker enslaved to routine drudgery?<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi proposed a Law of Comfort: “Man must use all the faculties of mind and muscle with which [s]he is endowed.<span> </span>We don’t want to abolish labor, we want to ennoble and dignify it.<span> </span>Obeying this law gives us physical and mental strength.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are horror stories of the hardship of pioneering farmers and indeed many struggled.<span> </span>But compare this to the stories of squalor in the cities.<span> </span>Pioneering was tough work.<span> </span>After the land was settled, things often got a lot better.<span> </span>The landscape where I live is dotted with old stone houses that market prosperous farms, with families of many children – all well housed, well-fed and well-clad; from early years all working for the good of the family.<span> </span>There was a sense of community.<span> </span>The land is dotted with villages, with churches, schools and mills.<span> </span>This is also a home of the Amish who continue to prosper on the land with horse-drawn plows.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are a variety of ways drudgery can be relieved on the family homestead.<span> </span>They start with collaborative work as a group – everyone pitching in.<span> </span>Children take natural joy in creative and productive work.<span> </span>The old and infirmed can work creatively and contribute.<span> </span>Borsodi, as noted, was a pioneer in the mechanization of home and farm appliances.<span> </span>He brought in electricity, bought an electric range.<span> </span>Put in a pump and hot water heater.<span> </span>The bought a small tractor.<span> </span>There is also a lot of work that can just be eliminated such as using mulch in the garden to suppress weeds.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi considered time a precious commodity.<span> </span>What is the advantage of spending time rather than money?<span> </span>Time is not money, as the popular line goes.<span> </span>Time is life itself.<span> </span>“The true economy is not money but time, just as true waste is not money but of the irreplaceable materials of nature.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As stated, the homestead earns the basic needs in the equivalent of eight months, leaving a third of the calendar open for other creative employment – not merely for leisure but work and learning and engagement with living.<span> </span>Borsodi noted that during the Middle Ages, one-third of the calendar was devoted to holidays and festivals.<span> </span>He also wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“A beautiful civilization needs more men and women to whom the work of their crafts and their professions is the expression of their own inner aspirations.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The world needs amateur writers, painters, sculptors, dramatists, teachers and scientist.<span> </span>It needs men and women who can appreciate the great achievements of the arts and sciences because they are themselves engaged in contributing to them.<span> </span>Many of the greatest achievements of the human race in the arts and sciences have been the work of amateurs – men and women who worked in many fields and brought to bear upon each of them that fresh point of view which the specialist and the technicians do not supply.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Such as “A Benjamin Franklin who is a printer, a writer, a scientist and a statements; a Thomas Jefferson who is a farmer, a philosopher, a teacher, a statesman, a lawyer and a writer; a George Washington who is a military strategist, a stateman, s surveyor and a farmer:<span> </span>these are worth more to the world than dozens of one-track-minded specialists and technicians.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A few good one-liners:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Schooling is also part of the home economy, not the factory economy.<span> </span>Play is a major part of family life and learning.<span> </span>Play is not paid entertainment.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We are forced to buy education.<span> </span>Many subjects have been turned into “professions.”<span> </span>We want technical experts and specialist to solve our problems.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The home is a place for hospitality.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We simply cannot achieve a quality life until we free ourselves from earning money.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Time spent in labor we do not enjoy is a crime.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And, no amount of wealth will buy us more time.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Machinery<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">With prevailing wages and prices, how does a family get started in homesteading?<span> </span>How do they acquire land and equipment?<span> </span>Borsodi provided an accountant’s advice:<span> </span>You can start with installment credit.<span> </span>But, he cautioned, credit buying is for investment, not expenditure – food processing equipment rather than groceries.<span> </span>It is for productive, not non-productive use.<span> </span>Borsodi’s advice is a lot unlike that he might give a small business just getting started.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Commercialism, he continued, along with installment credit, is something that has been “shoved down our throats.”<span> </span>He advocated a factory model (which could be small-scaled and local) for making domestic (home and garden) machinery, a model that would gradually erode the factory system and its liabilities<a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>I should note that Stuart Brand proposed much the same model with his 1968 <i>Whole Earth Catalog</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Wisdom<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Classical economics defines three factors of production:<span> </span>land, labor and capital.<span> </span>A fourth is needed:<span> </span>management –administrative skill, courage to take risk and leadership needed to make an enterprise flourish.<span> </span>This applies as well to the productive homestead.<span> </span>It is, in fact, entrepreneurial.<span> </span>It is about taking risk.<span> </span>For the homesteader, for the quality minded individual, management has a spiritual (non-material) dimension.<span> </span>Borsodi called it wisdom.<span> </span>To enterprise, knowledge and experience we must add understanding.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We seek to attain material comfort without sacrificing spiritual comfort.<span> </span>There must be a goal.<span> </span>The goal is to abandon the materialistic dogma of the quantity and herd minded masses and the factory society.<span> </span>And on this theme, we enter the final part of <i>This Ugly Civilization.</i><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">PART V:<span> </span>THE PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">All crave but few are capable of experiencing what Borsodi defined as “comfort:”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“There can be no conquest of comfort, even though we surround ourselves with all the comfort which civilization offers us, until we answer this question for ourselves and put into the answer whatever may be needed of the accumulated knowledge of mankind, of personal experience, and of the understanding that makes for wisdom.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We are born into a tyranny of convention.<span> </span>“It is a chaos of irrational, contradictory, cowardly conventions which have acquired validity not because of inherent truth and goodness and beauty but through the inertia of great antiquity and general consent.”<span> </span>And, it is “the compromises of the timid and fearful masses.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Exceptional individuals have, over the ages, given us great ideas that we may choose to apply deliberately to our lives.<span> </span>By doing so, an intelligent person “may live the good life, … eat freely of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">All of us are subject to our environment – family, school, friends, work.<span> </span>There are those rare people who question assumptions, beliefs and attitudes.<span> </span>Most are too busy to do so, too busy to read, reflect and converse with others.<span> </span>We need an environment that allows us to excel, to reach out.<span> </span>The environment can be changed by a friend, a teacher, a book a defining experience.<span> </span>The Superior person as Confucius noted, awakens and “can begin his[her] warfare upon the all-encircling falsehoods of our civilized convention.” <span> </span>But we have to make the effort.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At this point Borsodi introduced his “barriers:” falsehood that are the barriers to wisdom (and therefor to comfort). They reveal themselves through self-contradiction.<span> </span>By comparing conventional assumptions, we reveal these falsehoods.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi raised a crucial philosophical point about the nature of order.<span> </span>Does order come out of Nature, out of our scientific understanding?<span> </span>He said no.<span> </span>Order in Nature is apparent but not necessary.<span> </span>Order is, in fact of our own devising.<span> </span>But to the extent that such order corresponds with truth, it is important because it promotes our survival.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Truth comes out of wisdom:<span> </span>“The wiser we are, the profounder our knowledge, the deeper our understanding, the greater are the probabilities of our survival and the greater are the possibilities of our conquest of comfort.”<span> </span>Our understanding of things has value “only to the extent to which they contribute to [our] survival and comfort.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Only as we free ourselves from servitude to arbitrary and non-creative routines; from conventions which do not contribute to comfort – only as we give ourselves the time and leisure necessary to develop wisdom, do we begin consciously to create patterns of our own and so take on one of the attributes which give dignity to our conception of deity.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This can happen only when the quality-minded attain sufficient freedom.<span> </span>It is they:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“who formulate what we may call mankind’s laws of normality:<span> </span>norms deduced from the study of the necessities of human beings; norms which must be observed if men are to live comfortably; norms the violation of which are followed by premature decay and premature death.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Wisdom must stand the same pragmatic tests as convention.<span> </span>It has to work. <span> </span>The difference is that the free person’s actions are consciously directed; chosen.<span> </span>The wise, the quality mind, must, therefore, free themselves from convention – for their own sakes and for prosperity.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi closed this section with a poignant quote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is an ugly world, my friends.<span> </span>Perhaps it may be made a beautiful world, my friends.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is an evil world, my friends.<span> </span>Perhaps it may be made a good world, my friends.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is a foolish world, my friends. <span> </span>Perhaps it may be made a wise world, my friends<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Free yourselves, my friends, and it becomes yours to make it what you will<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Barriers<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Seeking the objective of obtaining wisdom we encounter the barriers to achieving it.<span> </span>Borsodi first used the term “problems of living” in this section.<span> </span>He then defined them as “barriers.” There are ten of them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi devoted several chapters to the barriers and how to overcome them.<span> </span>Again, the answer is education.<span> </span>One of the bright rays of Borsodi’s genius was his capacity to penetrate to the essence of issues, to achieve a compelling clarity of understanding; something that the radical, Counterculture era, sociologist C. Wright Mills would later call a “lucid summation.”<span> </span>Mills said that the lucid summation, the product of the sociological imagination, provided not only clarity but also the moral energy need to affect change in a broken society.<span> </span>Borsodi had that lucid imagination.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The barriers are, in one sense, statements of problems, and in another sense, suggest goals to be achieved.<span> </span>Barriers to what?<span> </span>The answer said Borsodi is “our individuality.”<span> </span>Each of these barriers represents an externally composed restraint.<span> </span>They are all built into the way we live.<span> </span>And even in a “democracy” we are far less free to determine our own lives than we would wish.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Economic Barrier<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We must all adopt methods to securing food, clothing and shelter.<span> </span>More specifically, these methods must provide security, satisfying work and independence.<span> </span>This is not achieved by working to make money.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote: “Economically we must be dependent upon no one but ourselves and those of our own household.<span> </span>For to the degree in which we are dependent economically upon others, to that degree do we cease to be free to live as we would like to live.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi illustrated this barrier with the Biblical story of Jacob and Esau:<span> </span>When one becomes dependent upon another, they may have to sell their birthright of freedom and happiness.<span> </span>“The terms upon which an exchange is made between two parties are determined by the relative extent to which each is free to refuse to make the exchange.”<span> </span>We must first achieve that freedom.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Only by satisfying the essentials of comfort, of our basic needs, by devoting ourselves to work that is satisfying, can we be “free for the expression of our own aspiration” and “make civilization less ugly than today.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Physiological Barrier<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We are woefully misinformed concerning how our bodies work.<span> </span>We are misled into “foolish habits of eating, drinking, clothing, sheltering and caring for ourselves.”<span> </span>The factory system devitalizes our food:<span> </span>we are “overfed, constipated, nerve racked, physically inferior.<span> </span>Hospitals, sanitariums and asylums multiply endlessly.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Yet an enormous body of information exists from which we can learn to live healthfully.<span> </span>We need to learn to eat properly, to exercise, to rest.<span> </span>We need to learn to enjoy life and that comes through good health.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Factory food is a poor substitute for home grown.<span> </span>It can be, and often is, unhealthy.<span> </span>This is being demonstrated by modern medical research.<span> </span>We are hurried, driven by the clock – a strain on the nerves and body.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“There can be no real enjoyment of comfort until we discover that the most important thing for which we ought to be in business is our health.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Social<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We all know that we are a social species; “inescapably gregarious.”<span> </span>We are, however, expected to conform to conventions, to sacrifice our individuality.<span> </span>Upon examination, for the few who take the time to do so, these conventions are absurd.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote in depth about convention just before this part of the book.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We cannot entirely abandon social convention, but we need not engage in them to the expense of our own goodness.<span> </span>Conventions such as courtesy are of mutual benefit.<span> </span>Others deprive us of freedom and individuality.<span> </span>We need not be terrorized by “what they may think about us.”<span> </span>We can learn to be free, independent and self-reliant.<span> </span>By achieving our economic independence, we become free to live our own lives.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Biological<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We are sexual beings.<span> </span>Society defines our sexual behavior and roles.<span> </span>At the time of <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> women had only recently achieved the right to vote; women were working to break conventional barriers and stereotypes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Parenthood, Borsodi observed, is a great adventure: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It offers us unlimited opportunities for self-expression, yet it is the greatest of all disciplines.<span> </span>Parenthood, through every stage – conception, pre-natality, infancy, childhood, adolescence, mating and finally the second cycle of life – is potent with joys that can fully compensate us for the pain and suffering which seem invariable accompaniments of everything worthwhile.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Our attitudes towards sex have been institutionalized.<span> </span>They define the roles of women; not necessarily to their advantage.<span> </span>Sex has been made evil, not natural.<span> </span>“Hypocrisy, jealousy, frigidity, prostitution, abortion – these fruits of our present sexual conventions will remain to plague us.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The family is the basic unit of human life.<span> </span>Industrialism has weakened the family.<span> </span>To restore it to its proper place the family unit must provide for its own economic functions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span> </span>“It can furnish us a superior instrumentality for securing most of the essentials and many of the luxuries of life.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“It can furnish us with desirable conditions under which to mate, reproduce and rear our children.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It can provide for our social functions:<span> </span>“It can furnish us a really satisfying field in which and through which we can entertain, education and express ourselves.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The family is the foundation of the homestead.<span> </span>The family homestead is a social microcosm.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The development of a family on a homestead of its own is not only potent with comfort; it is potent with social progress.<span> </span>For the family unit’s own homestead is a social microcosm.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It furnishes us the opportunity to deal with all the problems with which society as a whole has to cope.<span> </span>What is most important, the problems of private property, land tenure, inheritance, rent, taxation, free trade, tariff, law, education as they develop in the life of the family may be disposed of without sacrificing the unique interests of the individual to the supposed interest of the indifferent masses.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Were we to accept the family and not the factory as the true stage upon which to enact the drama of our lives, not only would we be free from the exactions of our factory-dominated civilization but the less independent rank and file of mankind would be tempted to imitate the sort of life that they would see us live in order to win a similar freedom.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And those of us who believe that life is enriched by the degree in which we individually control our environment would be able to nullify the activities of those who believe that the social environment – the factory, the church, the state – should control all of the important activities of individuals.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Religious<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Fear is bred, if not born, into us.<span> </span>Out of fear we flee – or we strive to destroy.<span> </span>Fear is natural – life is dangerous.<span> </span>But most of our response to fear is conditioned.<span> </span>It is unnatural and it is irrational.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Religion has offered solace through escaping from the hard facts of life.<span> </span>It evades the essential facts of life.<span> </span>Borsodi is rather extreme on this position:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Until we utterly and completely exorcise all religion from our being; until we drop all fears, superstitions, rituals, habits, which spring from religion, no true spiritual comfort is possible; we are not properly equipped to extract from every moment of life the uttermost of truth, goodness and beauty.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Nothing is gained by shifting the point of inquiry from nature, which can be observed, measured and analyzed, to god who cannot be known and concerning whom the lowest savage and the most highly civilized man can speak with equal authority.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The wise person understands that the more we know, the more there is we do not know.<span> </span>He or she faces life squarely.<span> </span>We doubt, we question, we are what nature made us – a complex, self-aware being.<span> </span>We have an intelligence that allows us to create and build.<span> </span>Conventional religion, Borsodi asserted is “a hindrance to the formulation of an intelligent morality.”<span> </span>That there is little universality among moral creeds suggests a lack of agreement on the nature of a supreme deity.<span> </span>There are questions of tremendous importance in our lives, but religion does not adequately address them, he asserted.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Is religion a means of dealing with life or a matter of conformity?<span> </span>Do we fear God or fear ostracism?<span> </span>Do we fear damnation?<span> </span>The sun shines and the rains fall the same upon the believer and the unbeliever.<span> </span>Our choice is to act within the conventions inimical to life and comfort, or to act in according to the realities of our life on this Earth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This is one of Borsodi’s longest essays about the Barriers.<span> </span>I don’t think Borsodi is atheistic but rather non-theistic.<span> </span>We can summarize his argument in this statement:<span> </span>“We must get rid of religion, among other reasons, because it is a hinderance to the formation of a. morality intelligent enough to make possible the conquest of comfort.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“If we must have the psychic release of genuine religious experience; if we must aspire to something above our individual selves and worthy of our worship, let us devise a new worship of the lares and penates – of the spirit of the home, the family and the fireside.<span> </span>These at least are worthy of consecration at our hands, because they are capable of responding to the best that we may give to them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">If we must have a religion, let it be this religion which conduces to our comfort rather than erects barriers to it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This position will be troubling to many.<span> </span>Much of the accumulated record of human experience is religious. <span> </span>Borsodi was all his life surrounded by men and women of deep faith.<span> </span>He expressed a deep moral spirituality a number of times.<span> </span>I believe his objection was to irrational dogmatism and certainly to centralization and hierarchies.<span> </span>He clearly understood that there is more to understanding than rational explanation.<span> </span>I should add that we know nothing for sure about Borsodi’s family religious history.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Political<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We are born into political status:<span> </span>citizen, subject, comrade.<span> </span>We can change our political status by moving to another country.<span> </span>We can avoid tithes, but we can’t avoid taxes.<span> </span>If you chose not to pay taxes, or accept compulsory military service, you will likely be imprisoned.<span> </span>Abandonment of the state, however, gives us an alternative evil.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Government is a necessary evil.<span> </span>It has, however, but three functions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To protect its members from antisocial activity:<span> </span>law enforcement and courts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To protect is members from the attacks of other governments.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To render various social and economic services such as schools, the postal service, fire protection, water and sewer systems, roads and streets.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">These functions are necessary only when they are not provided by other means and most could be provided through local, voluntary cooperation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“We develop government because it is an agency which generates social control, when we should develop institutions like the family which are agencies for generating self-control”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Do governments exist for the benefit of the public, asked Borsodi, or are they more conducive to the benefit of the governors?<span> </span>Bureaucracies maintain government for its own sake.<span> </span>There is plenty of corruption at every level of government but the higher you go, to state and national governments, the more likely it will dominate.<span> </span>The higher you go, the more likely the objective of elected officials tends to be power.<span> </span>The broader the scope of government the more the need for power, for force, for coercion, to maintain what it defines as order. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Economic independence will not free us entirely from government, but it can enormously reduce its scope.<span> </span>We cannot reform government from the top down.<span> </span>We can only do so from the grassroots – from the bottom up.<span> </span>By what means?<span> </span>Through education, the arts, self-reliance and self-sufficiency; by undertaking essential services through local collaboration; by open discussion of issues, planning and works for the common benefit.<span> </span>We need a local news media that is not subject to the pressure of advertisement.<span> </span>By developing the arts (beauty) in our communities.<span> </span>By electing quality-minded individuals to local authorities.<span> </span>By boycotting mass-produced goods.<span> </span>Perhaps through considered acts of civil disobedience.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Government is an idea.<span> </span>There are other ideas, better ideas.<span> </span>Must we be dependent upon government (and other centralized powers) or can we make them dependent upon the quality minded?<span> </span>Thousands of small communities of quality minded homesteaders would create the power of change in incremental steps.<span> </span>It is evolution in process but revolutionary in outcome.<span> </span>Ultimately the factory system and its twin – big government – will erode.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“In a society in which the press, the stage, and the class-room were controlled by the quality minded, leviathan would be reduced to normal dimensions.<span> </span>Control of the irreducible minimum of government remaining would become of little importance because the ideas of the quality-minded, rather than the interests of the quantity-minded would become of paramount interest to government officialdom.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Our choice is between power and the power of ideas:<span> </span>“Whatever we are able to accomplish toward the making of a more beautiful civilization comes from the innate strength and persuasiveness of the ideas which we launch.”<span> </span>We must be free to pursue those ideas.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Moral<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Morality is another body of ideas enforced by law and convention.<span> </span>It is about our relationship to other human beings.<span> </span>Moral norms may be obeyed unquestionably – or if you have the power – ignored.<span> </span>There are contending bodies of morality – which do you follow?<span> </span>Morality, Borsodi observed, is not absolute.<span> </span>Moreover, it is expressed individually.<span> </span>He wrote: “No progress over the moral barrier is possible until we have the time and the freedom for two things:<span> </span>the devising of moral values of our own and the development of a self-consciousness which enables us to utilize our own values.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Moral systems seem to have less to do with ethics, with higher values, than with enforcement of conformity.<span> </span>We are made to feel guilty in the sight of man and/or god.<span> </span>We are expected to comply.<span> </span>We are bound by a sense of duty.<span> </span>These duties are arbitrary, rule-bound and inflexible.<span> </span>It is not an art of human relationship among equals.<span> </span>It is not a philosophy to guide the good life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">If every human act is a unique event, it follows that the moral equation is defined by that uniqueness – not by absolutes.<span> </span>Moral codes assume everyone is exactly alike.<span> </span>Morality, however, varies with age, through the stages of human development.<span> </span>Each stage has its own unique needs and conditions.<span> </span>The relationship between two or more people, two or more groups, is also unique.<span> </span>It is the art of accommodation, or perhaps a better term is collaboration.<span> </span>It is a process of conscious decision.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The quality of a relationship is not defined by laws or rules of etiquette, but rather by mutual respect.<span> </span>People form enduring associations through mutual respect.<span> </span>Men and women through their sense of respect have created the best social philosophies.<span> </span>Law has evolved and recognizes circumstance and culpable intent – the intent to harm another for personal gain.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Morality is not simply habit – it involves informed choice.<span> </span>Some relationships carry an overwhelming duty such as that of parents for their children – but from the beginning the family and the home have been sacrosanct domains.<span> </span>We must not be intimidated by religious rule.<span> </span>The law we can be readily challenged in court. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In summary:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“If we are intelligently true to ourselves, we will be as just to all whom our acts affect as we can be.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“What we lose, however, in superficial satisfaction because of the restraints we impose upon ourselves, we more than gain by the depth of our understanding of all that we do permit ourselves to experience.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Only a person of exceptional quality, the Superior personality, has the capacity to act morally.<span> </span>They act not out of fear but of courage, of intelligence, and of truth, goodness and beauty.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><i>This Ugly Civilization</i> is one of Borsodi’s best philosophical statements.<span> </span>It is essentially a moral treatise. <span> </span>He expressed personal conclusion to key issue and these statements help define (but do not fully explain) his own moral principles.<span> </span>His approach of posing problems (barriers) for solutions dissolves convention.<span> </span>It gives us self-determination.<span> </span>But this too is a fundamental moral principle.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Psychological<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We are emotional beings.<span> </span>Civilization, however, tends to make us emotional illiterates.<span> </span>We no longer have much contact with life, with birth and death.<span> </span>Our education divorces knowledge from living.<span> </span>Children are taught to sit still and silent in class, to be well behaved.<span> </span>In church we too often are required to enter the presence of deity with reserve, dignity and decorum.<span> </span>We hold our temper.<span> </span>Men don’t cry.<span> </span>We have, in short, become psychological cripples.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“We have been made emotionally abnormal by deprivations which have dried up our affections; starved our sympathies; made us indifferent to misfortune and paralyzed our understanding.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We must learn to engage with life and the emotions nature has endowed us with.<span> </span>This doesn’t come from books but rather from engagement with life, engagement free of conventions.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Here self-sufficiency can serve us supremely well.<span> </span>It not only releases us from servitude to the factory-dominated civilization which today aborts our psychological development, but it furnishes us in place of it a whole life of emotional education through contact with reality.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“And in thus reducing our emotional maladjustment to life and stimulating our emotional adaptation to it, we tend to overcome the psychological barrier to comfort.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Educational<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Because we think, what we learn is of the greatest importance.<span> </span>Few of us, however, learn to think well.<span> </span>Education is something we undertake only early in life, in school.<span> </span>The school does not seek to equip us for life; for a job yes, but not for living.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It is the possession of this faculty of thinking with its limitless capacity for enriching life which gives to education its great importance.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The factory system demands narrow specialization and the schools respond.<span> </span>Colleges are vocational schools.<span> </span>They prepare us for making money, for success.<span> </span>A few of us are ruthless enough to climb to the top of the system of acquisition.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Part of educational is vocational; however, “The matter of equipping us for living beautifully is relegated to a subordinate place when it is not entirely forgotten by our educational institutions.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi concluded:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Education ceases to be a barrier to comfort only if we can afford to make the whole of life a two-fold process – a process of acquiring facts about living, and of acquiring understanding of their significance.<span> </span>The two processes must continue unremittingly throughout life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A lifetime devoted to such education may not, it is true, make us perfectly wise, but it should at least make us wise enough to escape from the false values to which the masses of mankind unthinkingly dedication their existence.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Individual<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We are individuals, each with unique needs and desires.<span> </span>We crave the joy that we can secure from doing creative work. <span> </span>However, “The greater our individual endowment, the greater is the antithesis with which life confronts us.”<span> </span>We are torn between the desire for society and the desire to be ourselves, between wealth and joy:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">If we are to conquer this final barrier to comfort, we must resolve the conflict between our individual desires and cravings for a personal fulfillment and the demands and limitations which marriage and home and society place upon us.<span> </span>We must end the antithesis between our own ego and the other egos with which it is necessary for us to come to terms.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi answered this dilemma with the idea of friendship: “For friendship offers us the only satisfying synthesis between ourselves and our fellow human beings.”<span> </span>He added: “the joys of life are doubled and redoubled when we can share them and live them over and over with our friends.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The bonds of friendship are weakened by the hundreds of contacts that define our lives<a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>In the midst of crowds, we feel alone.<span> </span>“The more efficiently we complicate our lives, the more certainly do we destroy the conditions under which we can really come to know each other.”<span> </span>And further: “For the cultivation of friends we need above all time for conversation and freedom to be ourselves – neither of which this factory-dominated civilization dares accord us.”<span> </span>When we share the joys of life, we redouble that joy.<span> </span>Life becomes beautiful to the degree that we are able to freely express ourselves and that free expression comes only with friends and loved-ones.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Civilization becomes beautiful in the degree to which those who are capable of contributing beauty are free to express themselves.”<span> </span>This includes friendship and it includes leadership:<span> </span>“Those who have something exceptional to contribute; those whom nature has endowed with greater powers than conferred upon the average men and women, must be free to express themselves fully, not only for their own sake, but for the sake of mankind.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We have a choice of devoting ourself to self-expression or cultivating the social life, or somehow both.<span> </span>Rejecting either diminishes us.<span> </span>Family and friends are part of our lives.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Both the personal and social aspects of life must, if they are to be made endurable, be infused with our genius.<span> </span>Certainly, if we aspire to be superior beings, that superiority should be used to ennoble every task in life and not our special talents only.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">But first we must find individual security; the freedom and power to act in our own best interest and the best interest of others.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">L’ENVOI<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">L’envoi means concluding remarks.<span> </span>Borsodi concludes <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> with lines of poetry and a parting personal message, a personal declaration of independence.<span> </span>The opening quote is from Nietzsche’s <i>Thus Spake Zarathustra</i>.<span> </span>Borsodi used quotes from Nietzsche’s <i>Zarathustra</i> to open each section of the book.<span> </span>Those perceptive enough will find these quotes thoughtful; and perhaps feel curiosity about what is behind them.<span> </span>Nietzsche was a radical and controversial philosopher.<span> </span>He used Zarathustra to announce the death of god and the ascent of the overman.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>I do not see that Borsodi shared Nietzsche philosophical pretensions, but he did share in the vision of the true individual – a vision represented in Jefferson, Thoreau and Emerson – all who preceded Nietzsche.<span> </span>Nietzsche also understood the failing of modern industrial civilization and laid the foundation for reactionary philosophy, particularly existentialism.<span> </span>Existentialism tends to be defeatist and fatalistic.<span> </span>Borsodi was no existentialist.<o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi does, in fact, give an odd twist to the Zarathustra story.<span> </span>It starts on a mountain from which Zarathustra descends into the world after a long period of contemplation.<span> </span>Borsodi, paraphrasing Nietzsche, wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The factory has taken us up on an exceedingly high mountain and shown us all the great cities of the world, and the riches within them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“All these things are yours, the factory says, on condition only that you bow down and serve me.<span> </span>Abandon strange and dangerous ideas of your own.<span> </span>Think only of my greater glory.<span> </span>Sink your initiative and your individuality in the conventions that sustain me, and riches beyond the wildest dream of Croesus shall be yours and your children’s.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is this god that Borsodi declared dead.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Why did he write the book?<span> </span>His answer is that it was not that he had any hope that the masses of men would read it.<span> </span>You can show them the way to comfort but “they not only lack the will to achieve comfort; they lack even the desire to attain it.”<span> </span>They will live by convention and for convention.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Why then have I spent all this time to tell the story of my quest for comfort, he asked?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">First,<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Because a cold rage seizes one at whiles<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To show the bitter, old and wrinkled truth<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Stripped naked of all vesture that beguiles,<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">False dreams, false hope, false masks and modes of you;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Because it gives some sense of power and passion<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In helpless impotence to try to fashion<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Our woe in living words howe’er uncouth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And second, <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Here and there some weary wanderer<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In that same city of tremendous night,<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Will understand the speech, and feel a stir<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Of fellowship in all-disastrous flight;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“I suffer mute and lonely, yet another<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Uplifts this voice to let me know a brother<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt 1in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Travels the same wild paths though out of sight.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"> <a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></b></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi concluded the book with some lines of his own, a reflection of Zarathustra’s own parting words:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And so good-bye.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">You probably will continue as before.<span> </span>And so shall I.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">But I, at least, am free to continue the quest of comfort on my own small domain – mine as long as I can scrape together the taxes which the state levies upon it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I, at least, have the opportunity to work out a manner of living for myself without regard to the life that landlords, tradesmen and manufacturers would impose upon me.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I, at least, can say to the factory:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Get thee hence.<span> </span>I want thy riches not, because I need them not.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A comfortable home in which to labor and to play, with trees and grass and flowers and skies and stars; a small garden; a few fruit trees, some fowls, some kine, some bees; and three big dogs to keep the salesmen out – and I, at least have time for love, for children, for a few friends, and for the work I like to do.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">More the world can give to no man, and more no man can give to the world.<o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>, 2019 edition <a href="https://www.amazon.com/MOUTEN-Sleeve-Casual-Business-Pockets/dp/1943687226">https://www.amazon.com/MOUTEN-Sleeve-Casual-Business-Pockets/dp/1943687226</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi had much more to say about this in his <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> some 30 years later. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Sharp, A Visit to the Hobbit Shire: <a href="https://www.amazon.in/Visit-Hobbit-Shire-William-Sharp-ebook/dp/B00H912XUS">https://www.amazon.in/Visit-Hobbit-Shire-William-Sharp-ebook/dp/B00H912XUS</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi’s traditional view of the role of woman as homemaker has earned him the ire of feminist. But he also established the economic value of homemaking.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi anticipated E. F. Schumacher, who got the credit for this appropriate technology in his <i>Small is Beautiful</i>, by<i> 44 years.<o:p></o:p></i></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> Within a few years he started manufacturing domestic equipment, such as looms, at the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> And now we live in an impersonal Facebook/Twitter world.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn8"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://A51A5AB6-CDF2-42B3-B7D2-731DD5747D7C#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a> Both of these quotes are from poet James Thomson, <i>The City of Dreadful Night<br /></i><o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-34290364709090773052020-11-15T12:51:00.000-08:002020-11-15T12:51:13.758-08:00Chapter 8 Prosperity and Security<p> Bill Sharp (c) November 15, 2020</p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The mid-1930s were an extremely busy and highly productive time for Ralph Borsodi.<span> </span>In January 1933 he was invited to the Dayton Homesteading project.<span> </span>This represented a career change for him.<span> </span>He left his business as a consulting economist to devote himself completely to homesteading.<span> </span>He published <i>Flight from the City</i> in 1933 and a second edition in 1935.<span> </span>Following Dayton, he opened the School of Living in 1934.<span> </span>He and friends established a corporation to raise funds for land trusts and he established homesteading communities at Suffern, West Nyack and bought property elsewhere.<span> </span>He and friends developed a number of production divisions at the School of Living.<span> </span>In addition to its organizational and educational efforts, the School of Living produced a long list of publications.<span> </span>Borsodi joined Chauncey Stillman and Herbert Agar to start and edit <i>Free America</i> in 1937.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1938 Borsodi published <i>Prosperity and Security</i> and in 1939 coauthored <i>Agriculture in Modern Life</i>.<span> </span>This chapter will focus on those two books.<span> </span>In them he describes a new economic theory and its application.<span> </span>Borsodi introduced a new approach to economics.<span> </span>He observed that scientific economics, and he challenged economics as a science, ignores the largest industry in the country, and the one that offers the greatest long-term security, home and small-scaled production.<span> </span>It is not conventional capitalism although it advocates a free and open market. <span> </span>It is a decentralized market free of the strictures of government and big business.<span> </span>It has no use for the collectivist ideologies of Russian, German and Italy, or for that matter the New Deal.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The two books, <i>Prosperity and Security</i> and <i>Agriculture in Modern Life</i> must, in my opinion, be read together.<span> </span>In the latter he joined forces with two leaders of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal.<span> </span>In that book he provided an insightful alternative to the New Deal.<span> </span>He didn’t like what he perceived as government centralization and made no bones about it. <span> </span>In three chapters he stated his case and in the final section, a dialog between the three authors, he made it clear that he heard a different drummer.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">It should be pointed out that Borsodi was at a personal peak at this time.<span> </span>The School of Living experiment was flourishing.<span> </span>The Great Depression was going into its tenth year.<span> </span>Japan was on the rampage in Asia and Europe was under the sway of tyrants.<span> </span>It was clear that war was imminent.<span> </span>New Deal centralization of government and economic planning was becoming an accepted fact.<span> </span>Borsodi and friends, however, as we will see below, were rebelling against centralization.<span> </span>They railed against the abuses of industry leading up to the Great Depression and the massive bureaucratization of American society under Roosevelt’s hand.<span> </span>They sought not reform but an alternative, a moral and just society much along the lines proposed by Jefferson and founded upon firm American traditions.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In this chapter I will attempt to summarize Borsodi’s economic theory.<span> </span>This should give us better clarity about his mission in life and underlying philosophy.<span> </span>It also gives us a more coherent and articulate formulation of the economics of the Green Revolution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">And please note that in this chapter I have quoted liberally, with and without quotation marks.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Open Letter<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>Prosperity and Security</i> begins with a long open letter to a man who is seeking success in life; an ambitious young man.<span> </span>It probes the question:<span> </span>What is success?<span> </span>There is an element of satire in this letter.<span> </span>Borsodi uses it as an indictment of predatory ambition which he, and many other critics of the day, saw as a major cause of the then extended Great Depression – then going almost a decade long.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">If you want to be really successful and rise to the top, he wrote, you have to have a Machiavellian economics:<span> </span>dog-eat-dog.<span> </span>You have to be ruthless.<span> </span>You have to be a predator.<span> </span>And the law allows you to exploit others so you can do that with impunity.<span> </span>He wrote:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt;">“Wealth goes to the man who does not hesitate to use flattery, fear, fraud, and force to secure some such advantage in the competition with his fellows. <span> </span>Politicians, financial magnates and the heads of modern industry understand this.<span> </span>Most people do not.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt;">“This is something which you and every man ruthless enough to consider living by exploitation and predation should know.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">This is but one of four ways of obtaining the things we need and desire.<span> </span>Borsodi listed them:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The oldest, to plant and harvest things, to spin and weave them; to make them with saw, hammer, and chisel; to fashion them by your own art and craft, and then to enjoy them with your own family.<span> </span>This is what Borsodi called domestic production in <i>Flight from the City</i>.<span> </span>Producing and creating for your own use could furnish you greater emotional security and more opportunities for creative self-expression than taking what you desire from people who are too stupid or too weak to keep what they possess.<span> </span>Family production is a program for folk who aim at virtue and happiness, and for whom the good life is represented by home and hearth, by friends and by children, by lawns and flowers.<span> </span>But for you this means nothing.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The overwhelming majority today make something which can be sold or doing work for which you can secure pay.<span> </span>You can even manage your own business.<span> </span>But this is not the road to great wealth. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->There are those who say the world owes them a living.<span> </span>They rely on the sympathy and charity of others.<span> </span>With the depression millions have been reduced to beggary but this state was temporary.<span> </span>For some with disadvantages, from children to the aged and otherwise disadvantaged, dependence is legitimate and true communities are responsive to these needs.<span> </span>For others, however, it is a lifestyle option.<span> </span>This is the life of the parasite, the dependent personality.<span> </span>Neither, of course have appeal to the ambitious man.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Exploitation and predation.<span> </span>Only saps work:<span> </span>Take what you want from those who happen to possess it for as little return as possible.<span> </span>Predation often does involve hard work.<span> </span>But it is not work in order to create wealth.<span> </span>It is work in order to exploit the wealth created by others.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">History is a story of piracy and conquest – of predatory appropriation.<span> </span>Borsodi cited the monopolistic speculation of notorious business tycoons.<span> </span>The crimes of greed on a grand scale he considered little different than highwaymen and swindlers albeit legal.<span> </span>Predatory business is protected by politics and law.<span> </span>The government provides various instruments (trademarks, patent, license, tariff, subsidy or rebate, incorporation, etc.,) adapted to appropriating money from the public and the courts and police ensure these instruments function properly.<span> </span>There are legal instruments to exploit the producer (farmer), workers and the investing public.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Corporate privileges, monopolies and regulations produce predatory profits.<span> </span>Incorporation provides freedom from personal liabilities.<span> </span>Stocks and bonds, a market created for them, the stock market, allow them to harvest wealth.<span> </span>Ordinary people invest and when markets decline, they lose.<span> </span>Their hopes and dreams, the fruits of their work, their property and savings, can be stripped from them.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi cited a number of “spectacular raids” on the economy beginning in 1893 and leading to the 1929: “slaughter of investors and speculators.”<span> </span>This had happened 14 times “during the past century.”<span> </span>It became easier over time, less risky for the corporate barons and “the sheep are shorn and the golden fleeced to the wealth of the raiders.”<span> </span>He named names.<span> </span>He cited rapacity and ruthlessness.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi described the 1929 crash, into 1930, with facts and figures.<span> </span>He summarized:<span> </span>“Our stock exchanges are organized, like the government, ostensibly for the benefit of the public, but in reality to furnish astute financiers a more convenient arena in which to prey upon the investing public.”<span> </span>And: “In the language of Wall Street, the ruthless insiders are with happy prescience called ‘wolves’; the masses of investors, ‘lambs.’”<span> </span>Many of the wolves bit the dust as well.<span> </span>But the market recovers after a while and usually with some reforms. <span> </span>Workers can then accumulate new savings to be harvested once again.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The 1929 market collapse was an egregious exception to the promise of recovery.<span> </span>The government bailed out bankrupt banks and other corporations, but the Depression lingered.<span> </span>In the wake of the collapse, Hitler, Stalin and Mussolini mobilized the masses.<span> </span>Both communist and socialist were active in American politics and social reform.<span> </span>This, said Borsodi, poses a threat.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Economics:<span> </span>A Redefinition<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">I should reiterate that Borsodi was a consulting economist with clients on Wall Street.<span> </span>Until he went to Dayton he continued to commute from his homestead at Suffern to the city as needed for his work.<span> </span>He was an expert in retail trade, including advertising.<span> </span>I have described the two books he wrote as a pioneering consumer advocate.<span> </span>He was also an accountant who could do the numbers.<span> </span>His first book was an accounting handbook for small businesses.<span> </span>In short, he knew this business intimately.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">And, as noted, Borsodi was a leader in the Georgist movement.<span> </span>George was credited with a new economics.<span> </span>His <i>Progress and Poverty</i> presented that new theory.<span> </span>It was predicated upon the failings of classical economic theory and practice.<span> </span><i>Progress and Poverty</i> is still in print and after 140 years is considered a classic along with the works of Smith and Ricardo or for that matter Keynes.<span> </span>Borsodi’s <i>Prosperity and Security</i> is clearly an extension of George’s thesis.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi’s <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> (1929) was an indictment of a massive and predatory industrial economy.<span> </span>He focused more on the psychological impact of it and on the “quantity” and herd mentalities it produced.<span> </span>He proposed an alternative model, the quality mind.<span> </span>That was both philosophical and practical.<span> </span>But the keystone of the book is his family homesteading experiment – the productive family unit.<span> </span>In <i>Prosperity and Security</i>, he focused on the family unit as the ideal economic element of a just and sustainable society.<span> </span>He continued his critique of the predator and parasite but in terms of illustrating the qualitative difference between the life of the family on the land and other small-scale, mom and pop, economics verses the predator and the parasite.<span> </span><i>Flight From the City</i> was a homesteaders handbook developed to help achieve economic security and quality-mindedness.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">False Economics<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There are a lot of books about economics, but, Borsodi claimed, they present a false and unrealistic picture of how human beings satisfy their needs and desires.<span> </span>Borsodi saw economic behavior as an individual rather than a national phenomenon.<span> </span>The economy had shifted from farm and family to the <i>Wealth of Nations</i>.<span> </span>It became a political economy – a byproduct of nationalism. <span> </span>One of the fallacies of this model is that it is not universal: <span> </span>it applies only to developed countries.<span> </span>Indeed, it applies to only part of them; the industrial side.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The world-wide depression, poverty and widespread economic struggles, demonstrate the failure of the prevailing philosophy of competition and liberalism.<span> </span>What should one do?<span> </span>He listed a large variety of “solutions?”<span> </span>We have to think and choose.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The highest form of production, Borsodi insisted, is not mass-production but the creative arts and crafts, still almost wholly individual.<span> </span>Our desires and appetites are personal.<span> </span>Our social and gregarious activities are founded on the virtues of sympathy, loyalty, fraternity and patriotism.<span> </span>At the high end of the scale are individual or spiritual activities expressed in scientific work and philosophical thought, ethically in the development of character and esthetically in the creative arts and in literature, poetry, painting, sculpture and every field of self-expression from the humblest to the finest.<span> </span>These are the products of the creative individual.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi set out to prove a number of assertions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->That the analysis of man’s economic activities in terms of a national political unit is unreal and unscientific.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->That production and acquisition of things we need and desire, “Is an individual, family and cooperative activity rather than a national process.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Enormous numbers of individuals acquire what they need or desire without producing anything.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The materialistic interpretation of economic behavior is as false as is the interpretation of economic behavior in terms of “economic” man.<span> </span>There are few analogies in mathematics and almost none in the physical science upon which economics is based.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->There are four universal methods for human beings to obtain what they want:<span> </span>family, personal or domestic production, production for the market or monetary production, predatory and exploitive acquisition and acquisition through dependency and parasitism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The choice between large- and small-scale production is determined by people’s beliefs regarding the relative costs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->There are at least five methods by which people divide what they obtain among themselves:<span> </span>according to need, according to sympathy, according to art, according to justice and according to greed.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->There are four “psycho-economic” laws:<span> </span>the law of authority, the law of equality, the law of personality and the law of change.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->And four economic principles:<span> </span>the principle of justice, the principle of obligation, the principle of loyalty, and the principle of self-defense.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem is not merely that of prosperity (standard of living) but also of security – a mental rather than material concept.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Economic progress is founded on technology – to the additions made to the accumulated knowledge of mankind – “but no amount of progress in strictly economic techniques will of itself ever lessen man’s oppressive feelings of insecurity, of injustice and of poverty, but on the contrary, that progress may actually increase and intensity them.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Changes in the forms of economic institutions may merely alter the appearance of economic problems without actually ending them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It takes a balance between small and large-scaled production.<span> </span>Excessive small-scale production results in rural primitiveness; excessive large-scale production results in metropolitan degeneracy.<span> </span>There must be a fair exchange between the two scales of production – not exploitive or parasitical.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Finally, there are only two basic techniques available for establishing and maintaining these balances – the authoritarian technique (which usually involves the use of political power), and the educational (which relies upon the development, training and leadership of men, individual by individual and group by group).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The foundation of this theory is that small-scale production is actually more efficient with regard to approximately two-thirds of the things which people consume.<span> </span>Thus: “The fundamental economic assumptions of present-day radicals and conservatives, capitalists and communists, democrats and fascists, seem to me to be so false” that he said he had been led to examine afresh the accepted approach to the study of the economic activities of mankind.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The most important of these enterprises is the family; usually related to one another by marriage or ties of blood, pooling and sharing in some degree their incomes, and dividing what they purchase or acquire or produce on their farms and in their homes among their members according to their respective needs and requirements.<span> </span>It is to that end that Borsodi made this effort to establish a new economic philosophy.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">Economic Transactions<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Adam Smith based his economics on the idea of trade rather than the more fundamental idea of satisfying our needs and desires.<span> </span>It is really about how we go about acquiring what we need.<span> </span>And the manner in which we optimize this.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi summarized the four means of satisfying wants:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Make what they want for themselves<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Trade what they earned or produced <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Take what they want from others<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Get what they want from charity, beggary or by gift.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Over the course of time, the functions of an economic enterprise (including tribes) has not changed.<span> </span>It is universal.<span> </span>“The most important characteristics of economic enterprises are:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->They are relatively permanent economic establishments initiated and owned or controlled by individuals or groups of individuals as instruments for the satisfaction of their wants;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->They are the instruments through which the money, or goods and property, obtained through the enterprise, are apportioned or divided among those who are considered to have some claim upon it;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->They involve the use of property – they involve capital investments – though those who furnish the capital in different types of enterprises may be related to on another in different ways;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->They involve the risk of loss of the capital and the labor invested in them, though the burden of the risks may be differently distributed in different types of enterprises.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1929 there were about 40,000,000 economic enterprises of various kinds.<span> </span>In broad terms Borsodi listed five classifications of economic enterprises:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Personal and Family Enterprises<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Corporate and Privileged Enterprises<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Social Enterprises<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Government Enterprises<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Criminal Enterprises.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Personal and family enterprises consist of:<span> </span>Salary and wage-earning families (large majority); personal enterprises including farms, mercantile business, professions and other (significant); parasitic and dependent families and wealthy families.<span> </span>About half of the people belonging to family enterprises also engage in outside “gainful employment.”<span> </span>This category represented 36,462,000 of the total of 37,487,587 economic enterprises on the list.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There were a lot of family-owned businesses.<span> </span>A lot of people in trades.<span> </span>A goodly number of artists, authors, architects, physicians and surgeons, dentist, trained nurses, lawyers, engineers, chemist and other professional and semi-profession workers who were not salaried employees but who practiced independently.<span> </span>There was something like 36,800,000 so supported in 1929.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The average number of persons supported by family enterprises was 4.1 in 1929, with an average of 1.6 engaged in earning money.<span> </span>About half of these enterprises owned land and houses, and 6,288,648 owned farms.<span> </span>The value of the goods and services produced by family enterprises was almost equal to the net value of all the manufactured goods produced by industries.<span> </span>Borsodi also recognized the economic contributed of 30,000,000 women homemakers.<span> </span>A lot of these goods were in fact produced for home consumption.<span> </span>The bulk of Americans then still secure their living by producing and earning it.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi provided three tests of the “value” of multiple and indirect production vs. singular and direct production:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Does it result in an increase in self-expression, creativity?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Does it result in an increase in injustice?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Economically, does it result in increased production of goods and services; in efficiency?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The first is domestic production.<span> </span>It is nonmonetary.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1929 some 60% of the total population were producers, evenly divided between monetary and non-monetary production.<span> </span>Shaving (which cost 20 cents at a barber shop) and cooking a meal are non-monetary production. <span> </span>Economics does not measure the value of things men do such as making their own repairs, shaving, mowing lawns, gardening, etc. – DIY.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">It appears that we have become increasingly monetary. <span> </span>We pay for things we used to do for ourselves.<span> </span>Entertainment exemplifies this trend.<span> </span>Homemakers were a large part of the non-monetary production.<span> </span>In the home, children have value that is not measured by economists. <span> </span>That too has been commercialized.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi tabulated a total of $154, 601,000,000 in goods and services in 1929.<span> </span>He concluded that the values of all goods and services produced is about 30% greater than usually estimated by economist who ignore personal and family production.<span> </span>That 30% is what is being produced in homes.<span> </span>These include cleaning and washing, cooking and baking, canning and preserving, garden related, sewing and dressmaking, bearing, nursing and raising babies, teaching children and entertainment.<span> </span>And yes, all of these services can be purchased elsewhere.<span> </span>Homemaking is a 60-70 hour per week job (or more).<span> </span>Economist ignore this.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There are four scales of production:<span> </span>family production, custom production, factory production and social production.<span> </span>Custom production is trades and crafts, such as tailor and seamstress.<span> </span>Social production includes things like highways, postal services, schools, police departments and other social services.<span> </span>Production is only one of six functions which are constant to every enterprise:<span> </span>management, production, financing, purchasing, marketing and accounting.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Social and political systems are different things.<span> </span>Systems of production yet another thing.<span> </span>They overlap each other but there is no absolute correspondence between the three.<span> </span>The resulting system, where they overlap, may or may not work well.<span> </span>History has demonstrated that man can adapt to any system no matter how unjust, fantastic, and inefficient.<span> </span>There is no one best system of production.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi reported that: “Experiments with approximately two-thirds of the products which the average American family consumes, which have been made on the Borsodi homestead for the past decade, have raised serious doubts in my mind about the economy of mass production of goods which do not fall into the category of industrial machinery and similar “durable” goods.<span> </span>He made an example of home producing flour.<span> </span>Powered equipment, he noted, makes home production far more efficient.<span> </span>Borsodi originated appropriate technology.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">While factories may be efficient, the cost of distribution increases.<span> </span>Distribution requires an elaborate marketing and transportation system.<span> </span>Between 1870 and 1932, the cost of production was reduced less than one-quarter while the cost of distribution increased to 57%.<span> </span>Transportation represented another 11%.<span> </span>And now more than half of the population work in non-productive commercial activates.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Nearly half of what is produced (monetary income) is channeled off in the form of rent, interest and profits.<span> </span>Borsodi called these “tolls.”<span> </span>Interest absorbed nearly 10%; profits another 20%.<span> </span>These moneys go to people who do not contribute to production.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In direct barter, both participants to a transaction immediately satisfy their desires.<span> </span>Money postpones the satisfaction of immediate desires.<span> </span>The majority of money is token, not real, a form of debt.<span> </span>It is a promissory note, not tangible property or real wealth.<span> </span>It is not a medium of exchange.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">The Laws of Economics<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The material world remains one system with a single set of laws.<span> </span>But no such good fortune seems to prevail in the realm of economics.<span> </span>No laws exist for the social world:<span> </span>“The world with which we are confronted is a chaos of designs, endlessly patched and re-patched by designing statemen, churchmen, and scientist, all of them desperately and pathetically hoping that sooner or later some of them would succeed in correcting the defects of its original design.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Economics doesn’t explain what humans do but is merely a rationalization of exchange.<span> </span>It’s not one system but 20 or more, often overlapping, systems of acquisition and division – an endless number of possible combinations.<span> </span>Making rules does not make them fact.<span> </span>Economics is based on assumptions – ludicrously inaccurate description of what actually takes place.<span> </span>They assume, falsely, that human behavior is as predictable as molecular behavior.<span> </span>Transactions are rather modified by individual peculiarities, characteristics and personalities.<span> </span>There are also religious, ethical and esthetic ideals; non-economic behaviors.<span> </span>Borsodi’s approach is the actions of individuals, not mass behavior.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi’s three aspects of economic transaction:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The actions preliminary to a transaction – the negotiations of the parties.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The execution of the transaction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The division of the produce or proceeds of the transactions.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">To achieve justice, the individual must be both politically and economically free; feel no arbitrary constraints, such as law and government.<span> </span>Compelled to accept wages makes freedom a mockery.<span> </span>Ditto mortgages.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Economics considers only four fundamental factors — Land, labor, capital, and enterprise produce wealth.<span> </span>This is a simplification, a caricature.<span> </span>Smith believed there were three:<span> </span>land, labor and capital.<span> </span>George that there were only two – land and labor.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In reality there are at least five groups of factors:<span> </span>personal, social, physical, political and functional, and at least 21 distinct factors (not just four) which affect the transactions and enterprises upon which men enter in order to obtain what they want:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Personal Factors<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Individual capability<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Individual character<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Individual wants<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Social Factors<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The standard of living<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The standard of behavior<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The standard of value<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The technical standard<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Physical Factors<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Human beings<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Consumption goods<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Production goods<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Land<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Political Factors<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Taxation<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Land law<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Property law<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Contract law<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Functional Factors<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Management<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Production<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Accounting<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Purchasing<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l12 level2 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Marketing<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">These factors have not changed over time and are not dependent on any system. <span> </span>They are, however, all interdependent – what affects one, affects all.<span> </span>They work together in an almost infinite variety of ways.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">“Division” describes the part of the transaction each individual acquires.<span> </span>There are five divisions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Divisions according to the needs of the persons involved.<span> </span>This is found in a family.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->According to sympathy – willing to share what you have more of.<span> </span>Hospitality. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->According to art - seeking beauty, truth and goodness.<span> </span>Arts and science.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->According to justice, to give each value equivalent to their contribution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->According to greed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi discussed each of these in greater detail.<span> </span>Theoretically, consumers are economic sovereigns.<span> </span>But they buy like sheep.<span> </span>Justice requires freedom of participation.<span> </span>Communist believe it can be done by compulsion.<span> </span>Sympathy is impersonal.<span> </span>It is reciprocal.<span> </span>It is not hypocrisy or parasitism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi’s four Principles for Economic Behavior:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The principle which ought to govern the basis upon which individuals are equally free to enter or to refuse to enter into a transaction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The principle (of economic obligation) which ought to govern the basis upon which the stronger, the superior, the more intelligent, experienced, efficient and enterprising individuals when they enter into transactions with those who are inferior and weaker and less intelligent, experienced, efficient and enterprising than themselves.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The principle (of loyalty) which ought to govern inferior individuals when they enter into the type of transactions described immediately above; with those superior to themselves.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The principle (of economic self-defense) which ought to be observed by society in general – which ought to be observed in the customs, codes and laws which people accept or which their representatives enact, and which should guide the public officials who exercise political and economic power in enforcing or in making possible the observance of the first three principles.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The second principle, of obligation of the superior, insures mutually beneficial enterprises, protects the inferior from the consequences of their own weakness of character and capacity, and educate them for a status of economic equality and freedom by strengthening their characters and improving their capacities.<span> </span>Strength and superiority confer rights, but what the strong and superior should recognize is that they also impose obligations.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Regarding point number 3, the inferior should take into account their own limitations and cooperate loyally with their superiors in every endeavor which actually enhances the welfare of both.<span> </span>Loyalty must be won by the superior, not just given by the inferior.<span> </span>There is nothing menial about this relationship.<span> </span>It is simply a division of labor.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Regarding point number 4, we see a response to the relationship with predators and parasites.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Classical economics is based purely on quantity.<span> </span>This applies to both capitalistic and communistic economics.<span> </span>It is all about the production of wealth – a monstrous proposition.<span> </span>It involves not merely a suicidal exploitation of the physical resources of the earth, but it also involves a debasement of the spiritual resources of mankind.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">These four principles represent an integration of the physical and the spiritual because they are based upon a truer statement of the economic laws which actually govern the production and acquisition of goods and the services which people need and desire.<span> </span>The basic principle involved is the satisfaction of wants.<span> </span>We have learned to transform the world, if not ourselves – or how to live in this transformed world.<span> </span>There must not be a divorce between the material and moral life of the individual.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Laws, institutions, and practices effecting economic life must be based upon the innate need of actual human beings, not only for prosperity and security, but for everything else which enters into life.<span> </span>This is not a demand which can be dismissed as utopian and visionary.<span> </span>On the contrary, it is an objective much more realistic than the so-called materialistic objectives of accepted economics.<span> </span>The gravest mistake, the greatest error, the largest departure from canons of scientific truth in so called economic science is its failure to recognize that people are human beings as well as wealth-producing animals.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Individually owned productive property makes people feel secure primarily because they know that they themselves will be able to produce what they need in the future.<span> </span>Owning property makes people feel free and independent.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The simple truth is that the number of individuals equipped by character and capacity for ownership and administration of property is limited; people must be prepared and educated for it; proprietorship cannot be trust upon them – they will be unable to keep it.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">All the wealth of 1929 was produced by 60% of the population – family production and production for exchange.<span> </span>But they were not able to retain more than 25% of it.<span> </span>Corporations got the rest. <span> </span>About 56% of the wealth of the country is personally owned.<span> </span>Much of it that figurative.<span> </span>In reality it is more like ¼.<span> </span>Three-quarters is owned by plutocracy and bureaucracy.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">Law<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Government laws promote and protect exploitation.<span> </span>These laws serve to protect the government, protect property and protect the person.<span> </span>A partnership, however, exists between governments and predators who support it.<span> </span>Corporate privilege benefits.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">What is law?<span> </span>Demosthenes described the law: “to ascertain what is just, honorable and expedient; and when that is discovered to proclaim it as a general ordnance, equal and impartial to all.”<span> </span>Law “is a gift of heaven, the sentiment of wise men, the correction of every offense and the general compact of the state; to live in conformity with which is the duty of every individual in society.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Law has been perverted to the needs of the rich and powerful. <span> </span>Laws have become the product not of the wise but of the ambitious, their greed, their cunning, their vanity and their passions.<span> </span>It becomes unjust, dishonorable and inexpedient.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Blackstone, in 1765, said laws are different from personal rules in these respects:<span> </span>Law is permanent, uniform and universal; a rule known or made known to the people who are to obey it; authorized by the supreme power of the state, and commands what is right and prohibits what is wrong.<span> </span>But these rules are generally ignored by politicians, judges and lawyers.<span> </span>It serves those in authority.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Money, wealth, does not provide a real sense of security for those who have it.<span> </span>Security is a psychic necessity.<span> </span>The less secure the more desperate and ruthlessly will they struggle to keep or create institutions which they believe will make them secure.<span> </span>Such often are the rich.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In primitive society, the feeling of individual security has its basis in the freedom of access to natural resources.<span> </span>In modern economic societies, there is only one way of recreating this sense of individual security – the individual possession of productive property.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">It has been an error of economist to assume that production on a small scale is less efficient than industry.<span> </span>The small-scale producer has however been heavily taxed.<span> </span>Only when we abandon the habit of depreciating everything that is individual and small and of overpraising everything which is collective and big, will men begin to build such a measure of prosperity and security as is possible in the real-world peopled with such human beings as exist in it.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Giant farms, giant power and giant factories have proved a snare and delusion.<span> </span>The rank and file of people should be taught to distinguish between what can be produced efficiency by industrialism, and what can be best produced by small, local enterprises.<span> </span>They should cease permitting themselves to be fooled by collectivists of various kinds – industrialists, finance-capitalist, New Dealers, socialist, technocrats, communists, fascists – into further subsidizing of big government, big cities and big industry.<span> </span>The many social, economic and political units – owned and controlled by individuals, families and neighborhood groups – should cease sacrificing, not only their prosperity and security, but their very existence in order that a few big units, or one big government unit, should be able to operate on a scale large enough to appear efficient.<span> </span>Industrialism, urbanism and nationalism have failed to provide a solution of the economic problem of human beings for whom they are supposed to have come into existence.<span> </span>The time has come to recognize this truth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">If we would solve, not the problems of our inflated and centralized social, political and economic institutions, but the central problem of prosperity and security for human beings like you and me, the time has come for us to test everything having to do with economics by the criterion of its effects upon what is small but human.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">From here we move to what may be considered a companion book to <i>Prosperity and Security</i>, published the following year (1939), <i>Agriculture in Modern Life</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Agriculture in Modern Life<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i>Agriculture and Modern Life</i> originated in the spring of 1938 at Northwestern University at a (second) conference on distributive society and the possibilities of decentralization.<span> </span>Much of the material in this book was presented then by O. E. Baker, Ralph Borsodi and M. L. Wilson.<span> </span>The material, the editor wrote, was of great and unique importance to all those who love America.<span> </span>Borsodi’s influence in making articulate the ideal of family self-sufficiency and in putting it to a working test was acknowledged.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Part I:<span> </span>Our Rural People, by O. E. Baker<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The bulk of <i>Agriculture and Modern Life</i> was written by O. E. Baker.<span> </span>I’ve taken the liberty of profiling Baker’s career in some detail from a Social Network and Archival Context (SNAC, a free online resource) page because I find his credential impressive.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Oliver Edwin Baker (1883-1949) was an agricultural geographer and population expert and an analyst for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. <span> </span>He was an authority on agricultural land utilization.<span> </span>Baker was born in 1883 in Tifflin, Ohio (population then about 10,000).<span> </span>His father was a merchant and mother a former teacher who taught her son. <span> </span>He graduated at age nineteen from Heidelberg College in Tifflin with a major in history and mathematics and the following year a master’s degree in philosophy and sociology. <span> </span>He was granted a master’s in political science at Columbia University, studied forestry at Yale (1907-1908) and agriculture at the University of Wisconsin (1908-1912). At Wisconsin he co-authored an essay on the climate of Wisconsin and its effects on agriculture, and he spent his summers with the Wisconsin Soil Survey. <span> </span>Baker joined the United States Department of Agriculture in 1912.<span> </span>He subsequently returned to the University of Wisconsin where he earned a Ph.D. in economics in 1921 with a dissertation on land utilization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt;">“In 1922 Baker was invited to join the Department of Agriculture’s new Bureau of Agricultural Economics. <span> </span>His “Agricultural Regions of North America” was published in several parts between 1926 and 1933 in <u>Economic Geography</u>, for which he also served as associate editor for several years. <span> </span>He evidently often amazed his students by citing statistics on any of the 300 counties in the United States. <span> </span>Among his other publications during this period was an essay on agriculture in China that appeared in <u>Foreign Affairs</u> (1928). <span> </span>Baker was vice president of the Association of American Geographers in 1824 and president in 1932. <span> </span>In the late 1920s he also belonged to a National Research Council’s committee charged with the study of pioneer belts. <span> </span>From 1923 to 1927 Baker taught part-time in the newly established geography department at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. <span> </span>In 1937 the University of Göttingen awarded him an honorary degree.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt;">“Baker’s research in population problems stemmed from his interest in what he saw as the most valuable farm product, outstanding citizens. <span> </span>He encouraged and participated in several surveys of rural youth, and, based on his recognition that many rural people live in unsatisfactory conditions, he devoted much energy to improving their circumstances.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt;">“Baker was deeply concerned about the declining U.S. birthrate, especially among urban people, which he predicted would have devastating consequences for the entire nation. <span> </span>He was a strong advocate of a “rurban” lifestyle that would combine urban employment with suburban living and part-time farming. <span> </span>This, he believed, would help preserve the rural values he so admired, including the “family ideal,” and “the worth of the human soul, patriotism, the dignity of labor, the necessity of sacrifice, and the widespread distribution in the ownership of property”. <span> </span>Baker also believed that a “rurban” society would help improve land-use practices and increase the birthrate. <span> </span>He called for farm ownership over many generations, with one dwelling reserved for the older couple and one for the younger. <span> </span>Baker and his wife Alice Hargrave Crew, whom he married in 1925, practiced what he preached. <span> </span>The couple raised four children on a suburban property where they grew a garden and raised cows and chickens. Baker eventually bought a farm in Virginia with the intention of leaving it to his son.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt;">“In 1942 Baker joined the faculty of the University of Maryland. <span> </span>Over the next seven years, Baker established what became one of the foremost geography departments in the country. <span> </span>He retired as chairman in 1949 in order to focus on his research, especially in connection to the Atlas of World Resources and the China Atlas. <span> </span>He died later that year in his home in College Park, Maryland.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">Just the Fact, Please<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Like Borsodi, Baker, had a keenly analytic mind.<span> </span>Unlike Borsodi he had an extensive academic education.<span> </span>Both were economist with an easy command of numbers and statistics.<span> </span>Nearly two-thirds of this book, his contribution, is packed with details, charts, maps and analysis.<span> </span>His basic philosophy was, as we will see, different than Borsodi.<span> </span>His approach was academic, and his career was bureaucratic.<span> </span>He was a player in the New Deal.<span> </span>His basic philosophy I would define as Progressive – focused on social progress.<span> </span>Borsodi’s was more revolutionary and you could say reactionary.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In this book, Baker made two major points – the problem of rural decline, and why and how we need to correct it.<span> </span>The facts came from long ago, so we need not dwell on them more than briefly.<span> </span>But they do describe a turning point in America history, and they provide a scenario for conditions that may now lay before us.<span> </span>They describe how our basic America values were affected.<span> </span>Now as then, not a few thoughtful people are wondering about how economic forces shape our lives – for better or worse.<span> </span>The response then was appropriate for the day.<span> </span>It was an expression of a strong movement in the country.<span> </span>The New Agrarians, of which the three were, to various degrees, involved, made a case for a better life, a middle way.<span> </span>It should be made clear that this book has been written to address those interests.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">The Problem<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Baker, as noted, was deeply concerned about the declining U.S. birthrate.<span> </span></span>Baker’s thesis was that population growth in the US was then in fact almost flat and that if this trend continued, there would be a decline in population.<span> </span>A number of cities were in fact losing population.<span> </span>This was a national cause of alarm, both politically and economically.<span> </span>Rural society was still seen as a more fertile environment.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">William Beveridge, London School of Economics, wrote: “The fall of the birth rate in Britain, Europe, America, Australia, wherever the European races have spread, remains one of the most important events of the past century.<span> </span>With all that lies behind it and all it may portend; I am inclined to reckon it a turning point in human history.<span> </span>[As it appears to have been a factor with Rome.]<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The root cause was the great advances of science and technology, of industrialization and urbanization and of the political and economy system that had evolved to support a commercial society.<span> </span>Farmers were disadvantaged by this system.<span> </span>As they were made to serve the markets, they became a small cog in the wheel of commerce.<span> </span>They had little political power.<span> </span>Wealth, like food and fiber, flowed from the land to the city.<span> </span>And so did many farm youth in search of the better life. <span> </span>The impact of science, invention, and mechanical power on agriculture was a gradual but transformative process.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Baker tried to increase popular awareness of the contributions of farm families to the nation’s welfare.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 10.5pt;"><span> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">If the problem was population, the farm was a solution.<span> </span>Farm families continued to have a number of children.<span> </span>This, he believed, would help preserve the rural values he so admired, including the “family ideal, … the worth of the human soul, patriotism, the dignity of labor, the necessity of sacrifice, and the widespread distribution in the ownership of property.”</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">As the capacity to produce children was diminished, so too was the future of the country. <span> </span>But there were other major problems behind the flight to the city.<span> </span>The first was the impact economic system on farm equity.<span> </span>The second was the effect of exploitation of the land.<span> </span></span>These trends, of which Baker was a leading expert, disturbed him.<span> </span>He believed that the future of the nation, lies largely in the hands of rural people, a return to a more familistic civilization.<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Prior to the Civil War, US population doubled every quarter century.<span> </span>People moved into the frontiers.<span> </span>After the Civil War people turned more and more toward cities.<span> </span>But the period of expansion, exploitation and speculation was apparently approaching an end and people were seeking economic security and stability.<span> </span>As a result of the Great Depression, however, one-third presently were “ill-housed, ill-clad, and ill-nourished.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Most people a century ago were part-time farmers.<span> </span>They were also carpenters, masons, shoemakers’ merchants, teachers, ministers, doctors, lawyers.<span> </span>Employment in trade and commerce more than doubled between 1880 and 1930.<span> </span>Clerical employment dramatically increased.<span> </span>In 1870 three-quarters of the population was employed in basic production.<span> </span>By 1930 it was a little more than half.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1929, half the farmers produce 89% of all commercial production.<span> </span>Between 1910 and 1920, one-quarter of cropland was needed to grow the feed needed by horses and mules on farms and in cities.<span> </span>With increasing mechanization, by 1935 it less than one-sixth.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Internal combustion had come to the city and the farm.<span> </span>Farmers went into debt buying powered farm machinery.<span> </span>Mechanization had a serious impact on land utilization.<span> </span>With the mechanization of agriculture in the US, grasslands were transformed into grainlands.<span> </span>As internal combustion replaced draft animals on the farm and in the cities, 40,000,000 acres of crop land required to feed horses and mules was then used for meat and milk animals mostly.<span> </span>Building of railroads and the invention of well-drilling apparatus, steel plows, grain seeding and harvesting machinery.<span> </span>There was consider change in diet – drawing from distant sources.<span> </span>Refrigeration and canning replaced the daily market with supermarkets.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Also at issue was farm ownership which was on the decline.<span> </span>A growing share of farms were cultivated by tenants.<span> </span></span>There was a dramatic increase in farms operated under lease (tenants) from 1910 to 1935.<span> </span>In 1880 the equity of farm operations in the US as about 62%.<span> </span>By 1935, 39%.<span> </span>Farms go out of private ownership when sons do not take over the farming.<span> </span>They go deeply into debt when a farm is taken over by one son who must mortgage it to pay the others their share.<span> </span>Debt per acre of farm real estate more than doubled between 1910 and 1920.<span> </span>By 1935 farm debt roughly equaled farm income.<span> </span>Out migration impoverishes rural areas.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Poorer farms lack capital, and sometimes the intelligence and persistence, to carry out the recommendations of the extension agents.<span> </span>Dependence upon the cities for financial credit, for standards of living, styles of behavior, attitudes and ideals, is a dangerous thing for farming people.<span> </span>To the extent that they accept the urban culture, they, too, will perish – not the present individuals, but their children will slowly cease to be.<span> </span>They must become masters of their own financial fate.<span> </span>And captains of their own souls culturally.<span> </span>They must do this soon.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Crop production per acre had been declining for 20 years.<span> </span>Exploitation of natural resources, sand and minerals, transformed a once fertile continent. <span> </span>Loss of soil fertility – nitrogen and organic matter – resulted in soil erosion with 100,000,000 acres almost beyond reclamation.<span> </span>Surface soils of the country are being depleted at the rate of about five percent a decade and since settlement, depletion was of the magnitude of 20%.<span> </span>More than 50,000,000 acres of land formerly cultivated have been rendered essentially incapable of cultivation by gullying and other forms of soil removal.<span> </span>An additional 50,000,000 acres had been subject to severe erosion.<span> </span>About 100,000,000 were moderately eroded and another 100,000,000 slightly eroded.<span> </span>The last two groups can still be cultivated. <span> </span>There were 2 ½ cultivated acres per person in the US but due to population and land exploitation, that number dropped steadily.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The wealth of the land concentrated in few hands.<span> </span>It was being exploited ruthlessly.<span> </span>There was already a realization of the potential for depletion of natural gas, oil, the richest coal seams, of copper and iron deposits, silver and gold.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">Rescue for Human Society:<span> </span>The Native Values of Rural Life<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The destiny of the nation, indeed of modern civilization, lies primarily in the hands of rural people, especial of the mothers as they teach their children by precept and example, wrote Baker.<span> </span>He had a caution, however:<span> </span>only if they can recover their land and faith in themselves.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Declining population represents a maladjustment between the people and the environment.<span> </span>There is a cultural penalty, to wit:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It is natural for man to own property, particularly the means of livelihood for himself and his family.<span> </span>Such ownership contributes not only a sense of economic security, but also a sense of dignity and responsibility.<span> </span>It is dangerous for a nation to develop attitudes and institutions that deny a feeling of dignity to a large proportion of its citizens.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Private ownership of land is the great bulwark of freedom, of democracy, and of scientific progress.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Economic security is essential to the raising of children.<span> </span>It should encourage fertility.<span> </span>That comes from the ownership of productive property; not socialism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The most significant characteristic of modern civilization is the sacrifice of the future for the present, and all the power of science has been prostituted to this purpose.<span> </span>There is a divorce between economics and ethics.<span> </span>Economics may become an instrument of oppression rather than of progress.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Baker<b> </b>described five economic systems:<b><span> </span></b>Familistic (characteristic of agriculture), individualistic (characteristic of independent artisans, small tradesmen and certain professions), capitalistic (mostly corporative with stockholders, salaried mangers, manufacturing and large commercial institutes), cooperative (in which stock is owned by contributing members, each with an equal potential voice in management, in buying and selling of farm products and short-time loans), and socialistic.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The first two involve ownership of land, the first productive, the second more consumption.<span> </span>In the first, the family is the basic economic unit.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The capitalistic system tends towards concentration of wealth, striving to maintain or raise the “standard of living,” driven by profit motive, quick to accept advances in science and invention, measures success in terms of material goods, and stimulated by advertising.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Baker’s major objectives included a slow and steady increase in population, efficient production and distribution of goods, and a fair distribution of national income.<span> </span>He added, that only the sense of economic security can make men wholly free, a freedom essential to the preservation of democracy, the progress of science and the development of personality.<span> </span>It relies on private ownership of property.<span> </span>A wage earner cannot differ with his employer.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The first objective is to strengthen the familistic system.<span> </span>This may require a partial abandonment of the prevalent materialistic philosophy of life, especially monetary measures of success.<span> </span>Agriculture appears to be the only major occupation that supports the familistic systems.<span> </span>It may be only part-time agriculture.<span> </span>The farm is the native habitat of the family.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Farmers and farm women talk about what they produce.<span> </span>City dwellers seem unwilling to do so.<span> </span>They talk about what they consume, of new cars, of new cloths and bridge parties.<span> </span>The former seems proud of their work but not the latter – they merely make a living.<span> </span>Rural people enjoy their health and long lives.<span> </span>Their work is part of their life. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Catholic Church (National Catholic Rural Life Conference, circa 1937), Baker noted, supports agriculture as the central institution of Christianity, of civilization, of the family.<span> </span>There is a special kinship with the cultivators of the soil – the breathing of a rural atmosphere, which is spiritually healthy.<span> </span>The family and the farm <i>are</i> a medium of education – the child learns by doing.<span> </span>The family transfers skills and culture from generation to generation.<span> </span>Schools prepare children for urban jobs and economic dependency.<span> </span>Government programs are increasingly taking over support of the needy and disadvantaged in cities.<span> </span>Rural societies take care of their own.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Baker stated: “I place my hope, therefore, for the survival of our civilization, constantly altered by progress in human achievement, in science, universal education, the cooperative economic system, the rural family and the Christian faith, especially its emphasis on the infinite worth of the human soul.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Baker noted that low income people on farms are usually better fed than those in the cities.<span> </span>Home production tends to improve diets because it helps even very low-income families to obtain generous supplies of eggs, milk, butter and green-colored vegetables – foods so important for their mineral elements and vitamins.<span> </span>The quality was better and the caloric content much higher (half again) for rural people at any given level of spending on food.<span> </span>He provided a list of foods consumed by farm families.<span> </span>He observed that people living on farms ranked highest in having good diets and lowest in rate of illness.<span> </span>Rural children are a part of the family economy, not just a cost.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Baker cited John Ruskin:<span> </span>“There is no wealth but life.”<span> </span>The farmer deals with life.<span> </span>The farmer is constantly in touch with this everlasting life:<span> </span>Seasons, timeless generations. <span> </span>Each spring, life renews.<span> </span>A philosophy arises from contact with the organic world.<span> </span>There is a natural practice of thrift.<span> </span>It takes diligence, hard work and honesty to produce.<span> </span>The gentle and ennobling influences touch us continually in our family life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Unless the farming people recover the ownership of the land and agriculture is recognized as an occupation affording opportunity, many of the more ambitious and better educated youth will continue to seek urban employment, and the rural areas will tend to be depleted of people possessing capacity for leadership and high intelligence.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">To recover and retain the ownership of the land will require that farm people turn their faces from the over-commercialized, urban capitalistic system and turn toward the familistic and cooperative economic system.<span> </span>The high degree of independence must extend beyond the food supply.<span> </span>It requires reeducation to keep children on the farm.<span> </span>A different philosophy of life is fundamental; a familistic philosophy, a new, yet very old set of values.<span> </span>It requires rural leadership.<span> </span>Their task will be extremely difficult, and competent persons are as yet very few.<span> </span>The need is urgent.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Whether the rural people will be able to lead the nation toward a more stable and permanent civilization depends primarily upon whether they can retain the ‘native values of rural life’ and recover the ownership of the land.<span> </span>This direction depends on the leaders in agriculture, especially agricultural colleges.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">The Conservation of Human Resources.<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Industrial decentralization is a good idea.<span> </span>Rural electrification an advantage.<span> </span>Nearly one-third of farmers also have paid jobs not connected to the farm they operate.<span> </span>Manufacturing in villages, smaller towns and open country was 26.8% in 1899 and 27% in 1933.<span> </span>Closer markets reduce cost of distribution of farm products.<span> </span>Farm youth could find nearby employment.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Baker described the Scandinavian Cooperative movement and Denmark folk schools which cultivate support for the cooperative movement. <span> </span>They are privately owned though receive small state subsidies.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Another example was Sweden’s consumers’ cooperative, the Konsum – a network of fine stores selling below private competitors and paying dividends to members.<span> </span>It handled 10 – 15% of the trade in the country.<span> </span>It sold 60-70% of farm products and bought feed and fertilizer for members.<span> </span>He also described a rural home industry in Sweden to supplement farm income.<span> </span>Small factories and industries from garage shops to up to 50 workers made screws, curtain rods, wire fencing, other small metal items, linens, novelties made of wood and iron, pottery and glassware, etc.<span> </span>These operate mostly during winter months.<span> </span>There were coops to purchase materials.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Another example was the German Family Farm movement.<span> </span>It sought not only the perpetual fertility of the soil but the integrity of the family.<span> </span>These were “peasant farms,” many occupied by families for 400 – 500 years – one since the 11<sup>th</sup> century.<span> </span>These farmers were proud of their ancestors, proud to be a farmer, and had a sense of superiority over city people.<span> </span>Houses were built to last by a grandfather or great-grandfather.<span> </span>Most had electric lighting.<span> </span>Typically, they had 40 – 100 acres but produced as much as American farms of 100 – 200 acres.<span> </span>Investments went solely into the land.<span> </span>No soil erosion.<span> </span>While there were fewer torrential rains in Germany, there was also careful soil management.<span> </span>Poor soil management was considered an insult to ancestors.<span> </span>As the farm is passed on, the aging parents remain in the house.<span> </span>Each generation climbs from the shoulders of the preceding generation and wealth and culture accumulate, instead of being dissipated by migration to the cities.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Baker reiterated that the term “rurban” is a merger of rural and urban – decentralization of industry and intermingling of rural and urban life which he noted was already occurring in New England where most farms have telephones, electric light and water piped into the house.<span> </span>One-half to one-third then had indoor bathrooms.<span> </span>These small farms were highly productive.<span> </span>There was an absence of conspicuous consumption.<span> </span>There was less tendency in this direction in the south and mid-west where youth moved to the cities in greater numbers.<span> </span></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">Baker’s Suggestions<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->In the US it may be necessary to incorporate the farm to preserve generational integrity.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The extension service can do much to promote this ownership of property.<span> </span>4-H is a potential for developing rural leadership.<span> </span>Encourage parents to take in sons and daughters as partners to operate the farm.<span> </span>Establish new farm enterprises such as poultry and dairying. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Baker gave favorable notice to Mormons and Amish farming and community.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Develop the role of women in the rural economy.<span> </span>And reducing household consumption of trinkets and luxuries and frauds.<span> </span>Processing their own food stuffs.<span> </span>Buy with knowledge and wisdom.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Reduce debt.<span> </span>Interest paid by farmers to non-farmers amounts to some $400,000,000 per year.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Electric light cheers the home and power lessens labor.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Rural values:<span> </span>First, the family ideal, which includes the reproduction of the race, the education of the child and the transmission of wealth and culture from generation to generation.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The recognition of the divine in man, of the worth of the human soul; or, as expressed in part by Jefferson, the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.<span> </span>The concept of the infinite worth of the human soul is a priceless contribution of Christianity to the progress of civilization.<span> </span>In my opinion [he said] it laid the foundation for the growth of freedom, democracy and science.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The dignity of labor which functions not only in the production of commodities but also in the development of personality.<span> </span>This also is a doctrine of the Christian church.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">M. L. Wilson<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">From Wikipedia we learn that Milburn Lincoln Wilson<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span>(October 23, 1885 – October 1969) was an Undersecretary of the<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span>U.S. Department of Agriculture<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span>(USDA) under Presidents<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span>Franklin D. Roosevelt<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222;">(New Deal)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span></span>Harry S. Truman (Fair Deal). <span> </span>He made major contributions to US federal agricultural policies.<span> </span>He also directed the Subsistence Homesteads Division of the U.S. Department of the Interior(during which he met Ralph Borsodi) before it was transferred to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resettlement_Administration" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title="Resettlement Administration"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Resettlement Administration</span></a>.<span> </span>From SNAC we learn:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt;">Milburn Lincoln Wilson was born in Atlantic, Iowa, on 23 Oct. 1885.<span> </span>He received a B.S.A. from Iowa State College, Ames, in 1907 and his M.S. in agricultural economics and rural sociology from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1920.<span> </span>He began his career as a farmer in 1907.<span> </span>He served as Assistant State Agronomist at Montana State College, Bozeman (1910-1912); County Agent in Custer County, Mont. (1912-1914); Montana State Extension Agent Leader (1914-1922); and as an extension agricultural economist at Montana State College (1922-1924).<span> </span>Between 1924 and 1926 he took charge of the U.S.D.A. division of farm management and cost accounting. <span> </span>During his stint as professor and head of the Dept. of Agricultural Economics at Montana State College (1926-1933), he provided consultation on large-scale wheat farming in the U.S.S.R.<span> </span>From 16 May to 1 Sept. 1933, Wilson served as the Chief Wheat Production Secretary in the Agricultural Adjustment Administration and then moved on to the directorship of the Division of Subsistence Homesteads in the Dept. of the Interior until 30 June 1934.<span> </span>In 1934, Wilson was appointed the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture and in 1937 the Undersecretary of Agriculture until 1 Feb. 1940 when he became the Director of Extension Work at U.S.D.A.<span> </span>While director, he also filled in as the Chief of Nutrition Programs and in the Production and Marketing Administration between 1943 and 1949.<span> </span>He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Farm Economic Association (president, 1925), Epsilon Sigma Phi, Phi Kappa Phi, and Alpha Zeta.<span> </span>He was also a Unitarian and belonged to the Cosmos Club.<span> </span>His writings include Farm Relief and the Domestic Allotment Plan (1933) and Democracy Has Roots (1939).<span> </span>Married on 17 Dec. 1913 to Ida Morse from Cromwell, Minn., Wilson made his home in Washington, D.C., where he died in Oct. 1969.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Where Baker approached the agrarian problem as an economist, Wilson came to it more as an anthropologist.<span> </span>He wanted to describe the social dynamics of rural life in America.<span> </span>At root were the values that defined this life.<span> </span>At issue was the impact of industrialization of this way of life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson addressed these problems in terms of a cultural approach – culture as defined by anthological – the manner in which a people live.<span> </span>[I summarize and much of this perhaps should be in quotation marks.]<span> </span>It consists on the one hand of tangible and material things such as foods, clothing, hosing, tools, machines, institution or education and for administering justice, institutions of religion, of marriage, of parenthood, and so on.<span> </span>It consists on the other hand of such intangible and immaterial matters as the customary habits and preferences that dictate choice and forms of food, clothing, and housing, and the way in which they are obtained; the socially transmitted knowledge of attitudes that determine possession of tools and skills, the accumulated lore and opinions that really decide what the content, manner, and ends of education shall be; the concepts of right and wrong, of duty and privilege, and the accumulation of habits and precedents that predispose what justice will be and how it will be obtained; the social transmitted attitudes toward the incomprehensive factors in human experience, and the inherited ceremonials that determine the spirit and the form of religious observance; the general social conditioning, the habits of thought and deed, the more preferences that concern and establish the methods and procedures of mating and of rearing the young.<span> </span>Intellectual, artistic and high-brow culture is of less importance to him.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There is an essential harmony in the things you do and think living on the farm.<span> </span>The farmer’s hours with nature are undisturbed; long thoughts in solitude.<span> </span>The thoughts are about the things you do in daily life; about nature; about wind, rain and hail, sunshine and showers, field work, planting and harvest.<span> </span>The farmer works with nature and not humankind.<span> </span>He is intimate with the miracle of life and the earth.<span> </span>He is constantly attentive to what is going on around him.<span> </span>His motto is “As ye show, so shall ye also reap.”<span> </span>These are eternal aspect of the rural culture pattern.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Christian culture is important – a higher force or law that works slowly but inevitably to make all the phases of our social life harmonious and fits our thousands of culture traits into a congruous pattern.<span> </span>All cultures possess this power to slowly attain new balance and unity when new facts and forces affect them.<span> </span>Changes have been imposed on these cultures:<span> </span>Changing economic factors, new markets, new government policies, technology and industrialization.<span> </span>Change creates disequilibrium but the system seeks a new, perhaps more complex, equilibrium.<span> </span>We cannot escape getting involved in questions of moral, philosophical, and spiritual values whenever we touch upon any social problem.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The freehold farm culture was centered on a family farm and a family economic enterprise.<span> </span>Almost everything produced on the farm was consumed on the farm.<span> </span>What little was sold was disposed of in the nearest town.<span> </span>More likely bartered.<span> </span>This was a rugged, crude and independent culture.<span> </span>It lacked luxuries and even common comforts.<span> </span>Life was laborious and drudging; and short.<span> </span>There was continuous contact with nature, knowledge of beasts and plants and weather, and an unquestioning acceptance of religion.<span> </span>A rugged love of liberty came with economic independence.<span> </span>There were books and papers and lyceum speakers at the Grange.<span> </span>Sunday was the sabbath.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Around such a fact as a hoe or a loom or an automobile there is a cluster of knowledge and attitude that give the hoe or loom or automobile a place in society.<span> </span>There is, first of all, the skill and learning necessary to operate them; and subsidiary knowledge and skills and patterns of social behavior develop.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The loom, for instance, must not only be operated but supplied with materials – involving a whole grouping of subsidiary skills and occupations.<span> </span>Disposing of the products is another skillset.<span> </span>When the small loom is set in the home, it generates its own patterns in the household.<span> </span>It involves a degree of specialization of labor within the family and makes the family more of an economic unit.<span> </span>Moral attitudes surround and support these facts.<span> </span>These constitute a measure of economic independence.<span> </span>They foster basic moral attitudes.<span> </span>With independence comes a hostility towards authority.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The effects of science do not end with material applications.<span> </span>The spirit and content of science has altered education and beliefs and has affected religious attitudes.<span> </span>It has produced vast social and economic rearrangement in the world at large and these have had a profound effect upon agriculture.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">History no longer moves slowly.<span> </span>Never before has there been so much change.<span> </span>In 1776 cultivation was largely done with a hoe.<span> </span>The horse-hoe appeared in 1790.<span> </span>The iron plow came into general used in the 1820s.<span> </span>And there as a lot more to come.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">By 1938, 20% of farmers were getting electricity.<span> </span>There were about 200 uses for electricity on the farm.<span> </span>Both seeds and livestock have been improved.<span> </span>Farmers get more milk, eggs and meat per animal.<span> </span>Animal diseases are better under control.<span> </span>This is scientific progress.<span> </span>Time required to cultivate, plant and harvest had been dramatically reduced.<span> </span>Farm families live in far greater comfort.<span> </span>Before the civil war the average farm worker took care of about 15 acres.<span> </span>By the time of this book it was 36 acres.<span> </span>But farmers are less likely to produce their own food.<span> </span>These benefits were then enjoyed by relatively few farm families.<span> </span>Small farmers were (are) disadvantaged.<span> </span>Farmers have been forced to finance new capital requirements to stay competitive with a commercial market.<span> </span>Wilson, like Borsodi, considered these trends in commercial farming very serious.<span> </span>Cultural transition is a stress.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Small tractors cost under $500, only a little more than a team and tackle.<span> </span>They are inexpensive to operate and do a lot of work.<span> </span>It is still possible, however, to make a good economic argument for horses and mules.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Farm journals began to multiply in the 1830s and ‘40s.<span> </span>They urged scientific and rational farming.<span> </span>It was called book farming. <span> </span>It took to the end of the century for this to take full effect.<span> </span>Then came the county agents.<span> </span>World War I, with reduced labor available, put new demands on farms.<span> </span>They plowed up 40 million extra acres of land to help win the war.<span> </span>That took more machinery.<span> </span>With the coming of internal combustion, 35 million acres of feed land was no longer needed.<span> </span>Then the bottom fell out of the market in the late summer of 1921.<span> </span>Food prices dropped.<span> </span>European nations went back to farming.<span> </span>Export competition from Argentina and Australia increased.<span> </span>There was an increase in industrial tariffs by the US.<span> </span>There was growth of monopoly and price fixing by corporations.<span> </span>Farmer’s equity declined.<span> </span>Telephones, roads, autos, railroads, consolidated schools, chain stores, mail-order houses, radio and movies, appeared. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">This is the economic description.<span> </span>There are “roots and branches” to this problem that are not properly economic.<span> </span>We must consider more closely the human ends that economic things are supposed to serve.<span> </span>There is no single formula to direct the shift toward new rural patterns.<span> </span>There is no dogmatic, rigid-thinking, logic but there are a few principles to guide us.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson agreed with Borsodi that the industrial revolution has introduced much ugliness into our rural culture.<span> </span>Yet it has also vastly increased the material wealth of mankind.<span> </span>The problem is to find a way to take what is good for mankind, and avoid, so far as possible, what is evil.<span> </span>Man has been bent too much to serve machines.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Technological efficiency alone is seldom or never all-important.<span> </span>Technology can create misery.<span> </span>Technology is driving people away from the rural life.<span> </span>Fewer are needed to grow things for the market.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Current policies and programs have not stemmed the tide of people moving from farms.<span> </span>Wilson described these programs.<span> </span>The Federal Land Bank buys up farms.<span> </span>The Resettlement Administration repairs the buildings.<span> </span>Promising families are carefully selected.<span> </span>The Farm Credit Administration buys the farms as they are settled and gives the farmer installment payments over a 40 year period.<span> </span>If the tenant leaves, the Farm Security Administration has first option to buy it back.<span> </span>FSA replaced the Resettlement Administration.<span> </span>And so it goes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">It is frequently argued that land values in this age are abnormally higher in respect to the current return that can be derived from the land.<span> </span>This was due to land speculation.<span> </span>It is also due to commercial markets.<span> </span>Wilson’s solution is policy to increase farm income.<span> </span>And more and cheaper government credit. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson, rather contrary to Borsodi, wrote, “I am convinced that these features of modern industrial society have increased material wealth and will not be deserted by society as a whole.<span> </span>I would agree with Mr. Borsodi, however, that when there is a great concentration of industry within very thickly populated urban areas there may be a loss of efficiency because of the necessity for new services that are incurred when pollutions pile up by the millions. … A tendency to decentralize industry has already developed – many private industries are scattering their various units over wider and wider areas, often putting their factories in rural areas to avoid excessive costs of urban settings.”<span> </span>There is a middle ground between extreme self-sufficiency and extreme specialization; combining group activity and individual enterprise.<span> </span>“Self-sufficiency has its limits and must not be made into a cure-all or a rigid doctrine.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson added:<span> </span>“Workers who have a homestead with a few acres for a garden and orchard, chickens and a cow, do not need a large cash income in order to have a decent and desirable standard of material welfare.<span> </span>Self-sufficiency should not be a basis for withholding from labor its share of the rewards of industry.<span> </span>Wages should be better than they are.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">A great deal needs to be learned.<span> </span>We shouldn’t go too fast or too far.<span> </span>It requires education.<span> </span>Education of urban people and changing their habits of consumption.<span> </span>Like Borsodi, he encouraged the use of small-scaled technology. <span> </span>Also, training in handicrafts, a bit of capital, the incentive of education, part-time work in old crafts of hand weaving, basketry and pottery – leisure time activity with some economic benefit and with it the satisfaction of making things.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There is satisfaction in simple and natural things, a philosophy of life, a slacking of hot greed and unrestrained personal ambition.<span> </span>There is the security of modest acreage, not lavish luxury, but with reasonable comforts.<span> </span>Humility of the kind inspired by religion or by a sensitive social conscience makes the importance of ambitious men seem mere pomposity.<span> </span>It is the philosophy of man against nature rather than man against man.<span> </span>He advocated the end of getting rich, of appearing on the society page, of piling one unwanted gadgets while millions have real necessity.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">We must absorb the new world into our folklore and avoid placing the whole burden of social comprehension upon rational processes that have not yet produced full understanding in a single brilliant individual.<span> </span>Culture is infinitely complex.<span> </span>There is a limit to the amount of new complexities that man in society can assimilate and handle safely.<span> </span>The obvious irrationalities of this age, such as war and famine, seem to testify that society has already passed the safe limit of complex cultural innovation.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Combine the best of the new with the most enduring of the old.<span> </span>Our future now lies in the middle ground, in combining <i>some</i> dependent specialization with <i>some</i> individual responsibility, in joining <i>some</i> group cooperative activity with <i>some</i> personal self-sufficiency.<span> </span>When a new level of cultural integration has been attained, it may be time to plunge again into the unknow.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Amish, Dunkard and Quaker farmers of eastern Pennsylvania have a culture that embodies the best virtues of the self-sufficient type of culture; but they have the advantage of rich land which they exploit commercially in near-by market. <span> </span>Ditto the Mormon’s of Utah.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In the culture of folklore, self-sufficient farming has sometimes tended to foster a provincialism that prevents an understanding of problems and affairs that are not purely local.<span> </span>Democracy requires that citizens have an understanding of our society as a whole.<span> </span>Tendencies toward parochialism and intolerance are never good, and in this period of social stress and strain, they are highly dangerous.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There are virtues in the older kind of self-sufficient, folklore farm.<span> </span>It’s not a business but a home and a settled family enterprise in which all hands shared tasks and responsibilities in order jointly to make a living from nature.<span> </span>This provided economic security.<span> </span>There was old-age security. <span> </span>There was social stability.<span> </span>Family members were partners in a common enterprise.<span> </span>Within the community there was the homogeneity that develops among settled folk pursuing like ends.<span> </span>There was much neighborliness, and opportunity for rich friendship.<span> </span>These conditions provided an excellent opportunity for satisfactory social integration of individual personality.<span> </span>There are low rates of insanity.<span> </span>Relative few conflicts. <span> </span>Early marriage was economically possible.<span> </span>Friendships and neighborly understanding reduced the seriousness of psychological maladjustments.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Recreations and amusements were integrated into everyday life – social gatherings, husking bees, quilting parties, sewing bees and such were amusements built out of neighborly needs.<span> </span>The rural church was a social center as much as a house of religion; where neighbors shared information, courtships began.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">This culture provided “the complete experience,” which is psychologically very important.<span> </span>With their own hands they performed most of the tasks necessary to provide for their needs.<span> </span>They experienced a profound understanding of the complete natural process of life within a simple orbit.<span> </span>They lived through the season.<span> </span>Things related to other things.<span> </span>They knew where their bacon came from.<span> </span>They have a <i>complete</i> experience of life. <span> </span>The way to get the things you wanted was to struggle with nature rather than complete with men.<span> </span>You expended effort and skill directly to the task of making the specific object you wanted.<span> </span>What you got was the result of you own industry and competence, and of the favor heaven and the natural world bestowed.<span> </span>Production was the key to material welfare.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson said that he was profoundly impressed by the unique opportunity for a natural life that a rural culture can offer.<span> </span>There is a physical basis for life that cannot safely be long ignore.<span> </span>Our existence depends upon the proper functioning of biological process which were evolved in a primitive environment.<span> </span>The structure of the body, the muscles and sinews, the nerve ends and connections, the glands and digestive tract were through millions of years conditioned to such a life.<span> </span>Urban culture debilitates and frustrates the neglect of natural functions and overtaxes the nervous system.<span> </span>There is a limit to the amount of cultural innovation and artificiality that the nervous system of man can endure.<span> </span>City life weakens us.<span> </span>A few may prosper but humanity as a whole cannot.<span> </span>The artificiality of this culture will be its own undoing.<span> </span>This condition reduces physical vitality and distorts psychological integrations.<span> </span>Prisons and insane asylums house some of the worst results.<span> </span>Suicides, sickness and neuroses, sanitariums, tonics and vitamins in bottles attest to others.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Farm life, on the contrary, is physically vigorous and direct enough to rest well upon man’s fundamental biological makeup.<span> </span>The economic processes that take place upon the farm are generally both simple enough and complete enough to permit understanding and to foster a folklore based on real entireties.<span> </span>Furthermore, the farmer inclines naturally to associate his spiritual impulses with the mysteries of nature that surround him.<span> </span>His mysticism is generated by reality. His religion tends to be simple, vital and spontaneous.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The progress of scientific and commercial agriculture up to the present has been in many cases accompanied by serious evils that Wilson did not mean to minimize.<span> </span>But it is possible to keep the gain and reject the loss.<span> </span>We need not abandon science.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">Ralph Borsodi A Plan for Rural Life<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">I’ve taken the liberty of moving Borsodi’s contributions to <i>Agriculture and Modern Life</i> to the end.<span> </span>This book is about him.<span> </span>I think it significant that Borsodi was “on stage” with two extraordinary and influential individuals who shared, in part, his basic values but who were less strident in their opposition to urban industrial society than Borsodi.<span> </span>His three chapters and the dialog at the end of the book but him in context with the New Dealism of Baker and Wilson.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Ralph Borsodi was introduced simply as the founder of the School of Living, the Independence Foundation, the Bayard Lane Association, and the Van Houten Fields Association.<span> </span>I think the crucial point that was missed in that introduction was his leadership in the decentralist movement.<span> </span>The New Dealers were seeking reform.<span> </span>Borsodi and his fellow New Agrarians were seeking to revitalize a fading third culture. <span> </span>Baker and Wilson were somewhere in between.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">To understand the confrontation between agriculture and modern life, said Borsodi, we need to define the two terms.<span> </span>The special cultural conditions of modern life came with the end of the medieval way of life.<span> </span>These conditions include science and guidance by natural laws rather than tradition, to prefer reason to intuition or revelation rather than by dogmas which are mystical or religious in their origin, and above all to give greater value to facts and figures than to the accumulation of experience which is properly called wisdom.<span> </span>Modern life is first of all scientific.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">A second cultural condition which is distinctly modern is the differences between what we call the machine age and the handicraft age; between the age of steam, electricity, and gasoline, and the age of the windmill and the water-wheel; between the age of transportation by railroad, automobile and airplane, and the age of the horse-and-buggy; between the age of mass production in the factory, and that of cottage and custom production in homes and small shops.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">A third modern cultural condition is represented by the contrast between our present paper money economy – bank credit and corporate organization of business – and the barter economy of the past with its organization by villages and regions, and its preference for metallic money and tendency to provide for the future in terms of land, livestock and goods, instead of bank deposits, life insurance, socks and bond; between an economy in which exchange takes place continuously in stores, and in which trade takes place intermittently in fairs and temporary markets.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Still another condition is the contrast between the city life of today and the country life of the past; between what is urban and metropolitan and what is rural and agrarian.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi said that agriculture is necessarily, and by its nature in fact, a vocation, a way of life.<span> </span>Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating the land, vs. agriculture as a business and industry.<span> </span>Agrarianism is something essentially American.<span> </span>Science could enrich it without surrendering itself to modern commercialism and industrialism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Both the Hoover and Roosevelt administrations considered agriculture a business and had a counting house approach to it.<span> </span>We need to focus on the problems of agriculturists rather than of agricultural industry.<span> </span>Part-time family farming is just as valid as full-time “business” farming.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">There is something wrong with both modern agriculture and modern life.<span> </span>What is wrong with agriculture today is caused by over a century of modernizing it by commercializing, by industrializing, and by urbanizing it.<span> </span>How can modern life be adjusted to what is inherent and inescapable in the art and science of cultivating the land?<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">High on the list of problems of modern agriculture are land speculation, of mechanization of farming, of misuse of specialized farming, the idea that soil should be treated as mineral or chemical capital to be converted into wealth, and our devotion to farming for the market with its accompanying high cost of distribution.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">To achieve our form of democracy requires families living in the country and owning their own homesteads.<span> </span>The system of land tenure in such a society must be one which furnishes every family the opportunity to acquire land and to establish a homestead.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">A hundred years ago probably 80% of farmers were landowners.<span> </span>Land had been made available free or at moderate cost.<span> </span>Now less than half the farmers own their land.<span> </span>Under speculation the value of farmland rose dramatically.<span> </span>During the Depression it fell again.<span> </span>The modern economy is boom and bust.<span> </span>That is hard on farmers – and society.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The solution can be found in Henry George’s <i>Progress and Poverty</i>.<span> </span>Land should not be considered capital.<span> </span>It is a gift of nature.<span> </span>There are hidden costs to commercial agriculture.<span> </span>All products shipped from the farm, take with them some its fertility.<span> </span>Soil is exhausted, requiring chemical supplements.<span> </span>It is depleted of organic matter.<span> </span>It is eroded.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">So long as we insist upon being modern in this way, no permanently good way of life for agriculturist is possible.<span> </span>It is only by renouncing both land-speculation and land-mining, and by ceasing to be modern as the term modern is customarily defined, that we can lay the foundations for a permanently secure and prosperous life for the agriculturist. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Agricultural land is a trust inherited by those who possess it today, to be used while they live, and to be bequeathed in at least the same, if not better, condition to those who follow them.<span> </span>Each generation of farmers consists of tenants for life only.<span> </span>Land is not a means of just making money.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">Agriculture and the Machine Age.<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1850 there were 20 million farmers and their surplus fed a population of 4 ½ million non-farm folks.<span> </span>Farm mechanization “released” 20 million workers from “a degrading occupation,” for industry, business and the professions.<span> </span>This is considered progress.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Modern agriculture has been engineered.<span> </span>Engineering is “the art and science by which <i>mechanical</i> properties of matter are made useful to man.”<span> </span>Agriculture is not mechanical.<span> </span>It is not static.<span> </span>The land is organic, it gives life and vitality.<span> </span>This is not only biological but also psychological.<span> </span>Any attempt to treat the land primarily in an inorganic, chemical, and mechanical fashion is fundamentally unscientific and in that respect is a violation of one of the accepted standards of what is conspicuously modern in modern life.<span> </span>There are uses for engineering technology for small tasks [appropriate technology].<span> </span>Gigantism is not a virtue; it is a disease.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Unlike business and industry, farming is uncoordinated and unorganized.<span> </span>Instead of specialization and continuity of operation, there is a diversity and discontinuity.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">It’s not the crops that are produced, not “carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and cellulose,” but a way of living that is the objective of farming.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi approved of Ehrenfried Pfeiffer in Switzerland and recommended his <i>Biodynamic Farming and Gardening</i>.<span> </span>It is a practice long used.<span> </span>It rejects specialization or monoculture in favor of diversification and mixing of crops, plants and trees with their biological affinities.<span> </span>It uses no chemical fertilizers or chemical sprays but rather compost “and preparations which farmers can make for themselves.”<span> </span>Modern agricultural technology was also challenged by Sir Albert Howard and his Institute of Plant Industry in Indore, India.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">Agriculture and the High Cost of Distribution<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">As Borsodi asserted in his critical books of the 1920s, little of the price we pay for food goes to the farmer.<span> </span>Why is it that the great advances in technology, in industrial farming, have not lowered the price of food?<span> </span>It is because we pay in freight rates and the toll levied by middlemen.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Farmers were, and still are, exploited; their way of life belittled.<span> </span>They were told their complaints had no basis in economics.<span> </span>The economists, charged Borsodi, have been wrong.<span> </span>And because of this error, farmers, middlemen and consumers have received no adequate guidance in their discussion of this very question.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The actual economic principles involved have not been recognized by economists.<span> </span>One law they overlook is that distribution costs have an inverse relationship to production costs.<span> </span>Lowering cost of production results in larger quantities of product.<span> </span>Large farms cut cost by focusing on one crop in a given region.<span> </span>This product has to be shipped to mills/processors and then shipped across the country to consumers.<span> </span>Wheat in Kansas goes to mills in Minneapolis and then flour is shipped across the country.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The only solution for the farmer is to abandon the industrialization of farming, to reduce the extent to which he produces a cash crop for the market, and increase the extent and the variety of things which he produces for farm and home consumption, to apply modern methods and modern machinery to small-scale rather than large-scale farming, to begin the neglected task of research and scientific study and invention in the field of what he called domestic production. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Roosevelt promised farm relief in his campaign in 1932 and billions of dollars have been spent by the federal government for subsidizing farmers and yet the farmer is still struggling with poverty.<span> </span>That is because commercialized agriculture is not the solution.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Year by year, the country has increased its investment in industry at the expense of agriculture.<span> </span>Government has given corporations privileges farmers do not have.<span> </span>Yet agriculture supports more people than the six largest manufacturing industries combined.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Farming, instead of being scientifically developed as a way of living, is being made more and more into a money-making business.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">We seek to ameliorate the horrors of industrial civilization by building schools, hospitals and other public buildings in our cities.<span> </span>By seeking to socialize more and more the incomes of industrial workers in order to introduce some measure of security into the essential instability of industrial employment.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi was not advocating legislation or a return to primitive farming.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt;">“Primarily I am advocating education.<span> </span>The farmer must be taught that his economic salvation depends upon abandoning his present preference for producing for the market, the engineer must be taught that his real task in agriculture is to help the farmer to produce efficiently on a small scale; the politicians, that his real duty is not to subsidize the uneconomic commercial farmer, but to free the family-sized farmer from the handicaps which have been place upon him in the interests of commercialized agriculture, of the industrial system, and of the metropolitan cities of the nation.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Returning to family production would result in people moving from the city to the land.<span> </span>What would happen if we doubled the rural population?<span> </span>Critics ask that if farmers cannot now secure a good living, how would doubling it achieve the aim?<span> </span>Borsodi was convinced that such a reversal could not only be made to produce a higher standard of living, but that it is entirely within our power to produce such a reversal.<span> </span>In an interval no longer than the span of one or two generations, a counter-transformation could be achieved by educating farmers of the country to the truth about the futility of the industrialization of agriculture.<span> </span>The task calls first for a new country life education, and later for the specific political action which would follow from such education – the ending of all subsides by way of tariffs, freight rates, and expenditure of public money.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Prices would not rise.<span> </span>Farms would become smaller.<span> </span>There would be a greater demand for small machines both in the farm home and for use on the farm.<span> </span>More land would go into woodlots and grass.<span> </span>There would be more of the home crafts and more domestic production. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">To end poverty in the country we need a program for agriculture and for modern life which places the satisfaction of the needs of the farm family ahead of the development of the implementation of industry, the fertilizer industry, the packing industry, the milling industry and all the other industries and businesses which enjoy a parasitic prosperity.<span> </span>We need a new program which places the current interests of human beings ahead of the development of the perfect future industrialize state, and which does not assume that the expansion of industry should have priority over the happiness of the people who have to live today.<span> </span>Only with such a program will we be using modern knowledge for the purpose of lifting the curse of Cain off of the back of the farmer:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; margin: 10pt 0.6in 8pt;">Cursed is the ground for they sake.<span> </span>With sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life. Thorns and thistles, shall it bring forth to thee and thou shalt eat the herb of the field.<span> </span>In the sweat of they face shalt thou eat bread.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0in 0in 6pt;">The Future of Rural Life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">This book concludes with a dialogue between Baker, Borsodi, and Wilson.<span> </span>Baker noted early that there are differences of opinion in spite of the similarity of their feelings on the spiritual values involved.<span> </span>As well will see, however, Borsodi’s vision stands out.<span> </span>While they do indeed share a fellow feeling for the rural life, Borsodi, the decentralist leader, has a far more radical vision.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson related that three weeks before this conversation they were all three at the School of Living to see some of Ralph’s ideas taking form and others buddying.<span> </span>They came away with an admiration for what the Borsodi’s are doing there.<span> </span>Wilson comment that he, his wife and a friend visited the Borsodi homestead several years before while they were away and had a chance to see the original Borsodi homestead without any of “your persuasive conversation.”<span> </span>They were impressed by the order and care they saw.<span> </span>He saw it as a practical success.<span> </span>He said that it demonstrates to him that the Borsodi’s have been able to come out from the city of New York and do for themselves first what they have been proposing that other people do.<span> </span>Wilson said that he was impressed that this homestead was built from the ground up and that it was a demonstration of a way of living and a set of ideals about industry and family life that could be multiplied widely over this country, “if only we felt that way about it.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi stated that he didn’t object to small commercial operations, like Baker’s chicken farm, provided it remains small.<span> </span>He had no objections to farmers’ or homesteaders’ selling their surplus production.<span> </span>But there are two question that he raised:<span> </span>one as to whether they might not find it more profitable to diversify and increase the variety of things they raised; and the other, the danger men run of destroying their natural likening for eggs and other creations of their own because of specialization in their production. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi added his belief that the reason that the bulk of the farmers of America have ceased to live this way is because they have been misled by their leaders and teachers that farming is a business; that farmers ought to specialize; and that it is more economical for them to abandon the older American ideal of independence and self-sufficiency in favor of commercial farming.<span> </span>It seems to me [he said] that this kind of specialized farming is flying in the face of nature.<span> </span>Farming by its intrinsic nature is a part-time occupation; and he didn’t believe that the grave agricultural problem with which we are confronted today will ever be solved until we begin to apply technological discoveries of modern times to part-time and subsistence farming instead of concentrating them on commercial farming.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson commented on the differences of background:<span> </span>He from a farm in Iowa, Borsodi a businessman in New York City.<span> </span>To which Borsodi responded that his wife was raised on an Iowa farm and she ran away from it to the city.<span> </span>“I am entirely convinced that neither the kind of farm from which my wife ran away nor the city from which I took flight is a decent place in which to raise human beings.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson:<span> </span>“I find it stimulating and refreshing to argue with you, Ralph, because your ideas are different in many respects from mine and from those of the people in agriculture with whom I have most of my contacts.” <span> </span>Wilson didn’t’ accept everything Borsodi said at face value.<span> </span>He liked the farm life he grew up into [and left].<span> </span>“You question a good many things” that he and his friends accept.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi responded by stating that the lack of satisfaction in commercial farming, as in the case of his wife, is that it does not hold out to them prospects of marriage and home ownership, nor of the financial prosperity which will enable them to buy the standard of living that reading magazines, seeing movies, going to city stores and so on, lead them to desire.<span> </span>They want to live the way they think the people in our big centers of populating live, and so they leave the farms and hunt for jobs in city industries and city stores and offices.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">He added that his criticism of the economics of modern commercial agriculture is essential a criticism of conventional agricultural engineering.<span> </span>He disagreed with modern engineering assumptions that the farm should be a factory specializing in the production of some one crop.<span> </span>This assumption tends to destroy the farm as a home and as an instrument for the production of what the family itself needs and desires.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">He thought that where agriculture has gone off into the deep, into an economically unsound program, has been in following the classic idea of the supposed benefits of the division of labor without examining how far that idea may be applicable to farming.<span> </span>It has been assumed that there is a net gain through specialization on the farm; but he did not think that in practice it has worked out that way.<span> </span>If it had, we wouldn’t be worried about agriculture and modern life, and we would not be confronted with the really terrifying rural situation that O. E. presented in this book. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Regarding raising standard of living on farms, Borsodi acknowledged that perhaps some realized it but far less than generally supposed.<span> </span>He doubted there has been any net gain at all in agriculture.<span> </span>As a statistician, he discounted averages.<span> </span>What about the concentration of wealth?<span> </span>What about 20 million people on public relief?<span> </span>Where gains were made in lifestyle was largely due to the spoliation of the nature resources of a whole continent.<span> </span>It came out of using science and technology to exploit natural resources to produce wealth; consuming the fertility of the soil, cutting down forest.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Baker agreed with Borsodi on the rising cost of distribution.<span> </span>Wilson responded that he thought that much of the increased cost was for services not previously available.<span> </span>Borsodi replied that if Wilson is right “I haven’t a leg left to stand on.<span> </span>But I don’t think you are.”<span> </span>Modern distribution cost doesn’t improve services. <span> </span>Rising distribution cost are largely a result of cutting the cost of production [centralizing it].<span> </span>It forces farmers to specialize.<span> </span>The more transportation and warehousing, the more people employed.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Where Borsodi faulted specialization and the factory system, Wilson faulted cultural lag – of keeping up with the pace of technology.<span> </span>Wilson did agree about a philosophy of the little man.<span> </span>He acknowledged the value of cooperative effort found in the Catholic Church and among leaders of Jewish thought.<span> </span>He acknowledged a lot of good in the distributist school of thought in England.<span> </span>There is a great deal of this sort of thing in all the democratic countries, especially in France and Scandinavia.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Should governments aid and support this type of thing?<span> </span>Borsodi responded that that was just what he was afraid of.<span> </span>People’s behavior can be changed in two ways:<span> </span>compulsion and persuasion.<span> </span>Persuasion, at its best, produces results by personal changes of conviction; at its worst, by appeal of conformity to fashion or public onion.<span> </span>He didn’t believe we realize today the possibilities of persuasion as a means of social change.<span> </span>All our efforts at reform become political and become autocratic.<span> </span>Government should be limited mainly to police powers and leave it to individuals and voluntary groups of individuals to perform all the other functions that a good society requires.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson stated that if you carry individualism to the extreme it becomes anarchy (to which Borsodi concurred).<span> </span>He didn’t like socialism.<span> </span>Special interest groups, he admitted, can become cut-throat.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi clarified his point:<span> </span>The educator cannot escape the problem of trying to equip the unfolding personality with the truth.<span> </span>How do you implement that truth?<span> </span>By education, not compulsion.<span> </span>If you go to the state to make changes, you get compulsion.<span> </span>He said that it is the truth that the farmer is better off if he first produces everything that he can consume at home.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">They ended this dialog with a discussion of the role of the church.<span> </span>Borsodi noted the role of the Catholic church in furthering the kind of independent, self-sufficing life they were discussing. <span> </span>Baker also acknowledged Protestants and Jewish organization.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wilson said:<span> </span>“These groups are seeking to increase the economic security and independence of individuals, families and groups.<span> </span>They were responding to the wreck of so many old institutions and seeking escape from impeding turmoil – to build themselves little islands of independence where the strange forces at work in the world can’t reach them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Baker observed that the monastic institutions that grew up during the period of the decline of the authority of the Roman Empire, were not only religious institutions but also little islands of independence.<span> </span>The tides of barbarism generally washed around them and left them unharmed.<span> </span>They were a refuge of spirituality, and of the oppressed, and they preserved the treasures of ancient science and learning through an age of ignorance.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi noted that the great turmoil of the period of the Reformation also produced those minor Protestant sets which incorporated the values of independent country life into their religion.<span> </span>Many of these sects persist today.<span> </span>They are will adapted to endure the storms of this age, and of any other.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-link:"Bill Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:6.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
text-indent:.5in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
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span.BillChar
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mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-style-link:Bill;
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mso-style-priority:99;
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mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:"Footnote Text";
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font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
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span.QuoteChar
{mso-style-name:"Quote Char";
mso-style-priority:29;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-locked:yes;
mso-style-link:Quote;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Cambria",serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
color:#404040;
mso-themecolor:text1;
mso-themetint:191;
font-style:italic;}
span.apple-converted-space
{mso-style-name:apple-converted-space;
mso-style-unhide:no;}
p.source, li.source, div.source
{mso-style-name:source;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
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{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
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margin-bottom:6.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
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margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
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div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
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margin-left:1.75in;
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margin-left:2.25in;
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{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
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margin-left:2.75in;
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mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:3.25in;
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@list l0:level7
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margin-left:3.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
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mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:4.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:4.75in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l1
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@list l1:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
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mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:.75in;
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font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l1:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
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margin-left:1.75in;
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font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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margin-left:2.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:2.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l1:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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margin-left:3.25in;
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font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
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margin-left:3.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:4.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l1:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:;
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mso-level-number-position:left;
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font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l2
{mso-list-id:752967463;
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mso-list-template-ids:1176151460 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
@list l2:level1
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
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margin-left:.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l2:level2
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
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mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l2:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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margin-left:1.75in;
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@list l2:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
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margin-left:2.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l2:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
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@list l2:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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margin-left:3.25in;
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@list l2:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:3.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l2:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:4.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l2:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:4.75in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l3
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margin-left:1.0in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
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{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
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margin-left:1.5in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l3:level3
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mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:2.0in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l3:level4
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margin-left:2.5in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l3:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
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margin-left:3.0in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l3:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:3.5in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l3:level7
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mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:4.0in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l3:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
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mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:4.5in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l3:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:5.0in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l4
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@list l4:level1
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l4:level2
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l4:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:1.75in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l4:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:2.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l4:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:2.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l4:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:3.25in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l4:level7
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margin-left:3.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l4:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:4.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l4:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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margin-left:4.75in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
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@list l5:level1
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l5:level2
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l5:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:1.75in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
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{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:2.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l5:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:2.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l5:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:3.25in;
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@list l5:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:3.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
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{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:4.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l5:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:4.75in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l6
{mso-list-id:1153181449;
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mso-list-template-ids:-2055291340 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}
@list l6:level1
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l6:level2
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l6:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:1.75in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l6:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:2.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l6:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:2.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l6:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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margin-left:3.25in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l6:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:3.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l6:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:4.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
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{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
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margin-left:4.75in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
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@list l7:level1
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
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margin-left:.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
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{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
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mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l7:level3
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:right;
margin-left:1.75in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l7:level4
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
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margin-left:2.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l7:level5
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:2.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l7:level6
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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margin-left:3.25in;
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
@list l7:level7
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
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margin-left:3.75in;
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@list l7:level8
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:4.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;}
@list l7:level9
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
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@list l8
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@list l8:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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font-family:Symbol;}
@list l8:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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margin-left:1.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l8:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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font-family:Wingdings;}
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{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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margin-left:2.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;
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@list l8:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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text-indent:-.25in;
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@list l8:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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@list l8:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:3.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l8:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
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font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l8:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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@list l9:level1
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mso-level-text:;
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margin-left:.75in;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l9:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.25in;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l9:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
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font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l9:level4
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text-indent:-.25in;
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</style></p><p class="Bill">Wilson, in closing, reiterated that he didn’t think we want to carry self-sufficiency of this kind to an extreme, any more than he should want to carry individualism, or socialism, or syndicalism, to an extreme, but noted that they all agree we should have enough of it to balance against the pressures of insecurity and dependency and statism and confusion that makes this age so troubled. <o:p></o:p></p><p><br /></p>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-2793831918351187132020-11-14T12:48:00.001-08:002020-11-14T12:49:06.377-08:00Chapter 3 Borsodi as Consumer Advocate <p> Bill Sharp (c) 11/13/20</p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi considered himself throughout his life first of all an economist.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">He was in fact a professional economist and accountant in New York City.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">He had clients on Wall Street.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">But he was also an economic critic of the first order.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">He published six books critical of the Industrial-commercial system and wrote another at the end of his life that was not published.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The first two of these were what we would call consumer advocacy:</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">National Advertising Versus Prosperity</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">(1923) and</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Distribution Age</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">(1927).</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">This Ugly Civilization</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">, published on the eve of the Great Depression in 1929, was perhaps his keystone book.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">It was critical of our ugly, industrial, civilization.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">It also proposed his approach to creating an alternative economy and culture.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1938 he published his original economic theory in</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Prosperity and Security: A Study in Realistic Economics</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1945 he published</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Inflation is Coming</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1956 came</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Challenge of Asia</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">in which he assessed the negative impact of industrialization and consumerisms on emerging nations.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The manuscript for</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Wealth and Illth</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">, about 1973, was lost by the publisher.</span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi was a pioneer in the field of consumer advocacy. He was not the first in the movement. The National Consumers League was formed in 1899. American sociologist Thorstein Veblen published his <i>The Theory of the Leisure Class</i> in 1899. In it he coined the term “conspicuous consumption.” Interest in what we consume gained prominence. The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed in 1906. Upton Sinclair’s novel <i>The Jungle</i> (1906) was an expose’ on the Chicago meat packing industry. The first phase of this movement ended with World War I. The second phase started afterward and Borsodi took a lead when he published <i>National Advertising Versus Prosperity</i> and <i>The Distribution Age</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">To give some context; Stuart Chase became another leading consumer advocate in the 1920s. He published <i>The Challenge of Wast</i>e in 1925 (two years after Borsodi’s <i>National Advertising</i>) and coauthored, with Frederick Schlink, <i>Your Money’s Worth: A study in the waste of the consumer’s dollar</i>, in 1927. Chase studied Veblen, John Ruskin, Henry George and British Fabian socialism. One of the major differences between Borsodi’s and Chase’s approach is about centralized control of the economy. In <i>National Advertising</i>, Borsodi made it clear he had a liberal, free market, position on the economy – the less government interference the better. Chase had strong socialists, if not communist, leanings and advocated centralized control of the economy. Chase met Stalin during a visit to Russia and came away with a favorable position on Stalin and the Soviet system. In one of his books Chase advocated that leading capitalist in the US should be arrested and even executed. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Chase<a href="applewebdata://F77E70EB-62E1-4E2B-9FB6-95A8C476018A#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> studied engineering and economics at MIT, and business, banking and economics at Harvard, graduating cum laude in 1910. He became a partner in the family accounting form as a CPA and became an expert on cost accounting. He joined the Federal Trade Commission, a trust-busting organization, and was sent to Chicago where he did a study in the meat packing industry. Chase’s greatest fame came from his book <i>A New Deal</i> (1932) from which Roosevelt drew the name for his Great Depression program. Chase continued as a major figure in economics during his long life and published some 35 books on economics and other subjects of interest to him. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I read <i>National Advertising Versus Prosperity</i> and <i>The Distribution Age</i> in order to better understand the evolution of Borsodi’s thinking. I found these two books, written at his homestead in Suffern, represent an important interlude in his work. They are both readable popular books. They put Borsodi in the front ranks of consumer advocacy. They are worth the effort to read. Following I will provide a very brief review of these books<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I should note that by 1929 Borsodi had made a dramatic shift in philosophy, if not basic attitude about American industrial economy. <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> is a far more radical work and establishes a program which defined the remainder of Borsodi’s long life. <o:p></o:p></p><h1>National Advertising Versus Prosperity<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi was an expert on advertising. He grew up in the business working for his father. Borsodi earned his living as a consulting economist. But he was also a Georgist and a critic of the American industrial system. Borsodi began his critique of industrialism with <i>National Advertising Versus Prosperity</i>, published by The Arcadia Press, NYC. The book is available for reading online at this <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpw2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=borsodi+national+advertising&source=bl&ots=P-ZhUCKBBT&sig=ACfU3U3YYiN4KI63KEkfF9tSc3WceSc67A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7_P8ovTjAhVjg-AKHdPiADwQ6AEwDXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=borsodi%20national%20advertising&f=false">link</a><a href="applewebdata://F77E70EB-62E1-4E2B-9FB6-95A8C476018A#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The book, Borsodi noted in the forward, came largely from a series of 66 articles he had previously published. He expressed his avowed purpose was to transform advertising into marketing engineering – “to make the marketing of all products more and more efficient and less and less costly.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The issue was that the cost of distribution of goods had become greater than the cost of the goods themselves. He estimated the cost of national advertising, mostly in magazines with national distribution, was $500,000,000. He expected it to double in five years. The GDP in 1923 was $800 billion. Following the recession after World War I, the US economy begin to grow rapidly; 42% during the 1920s.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi provided insightful illustrations of popular advertising. He gave a detailed list of the amount spent for advertising on principle products in three dozen national magazines. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">National advertising grew with the expansion of the US market. Borsodi was skeptical whether it was the cause of that expansion or merely a by-product. The country was prospering. But the market is limited by what the consumer has in cash and credit. One effect of consumerism was that the savings instinct was being wiped out. Too, the cost of advertising raises price of goods. Farmers and low-wage earners are particularly affected by rising prices. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi wrote about the competitive environment of the time. He noted that the market is not truly free. He wrote: “Being myself a pronounced individualist, I am an advocate of the removal of every trade restriction which cannot be justified by important public policies.” Competition should lower cost. But there are ways of avoiding competition. These include patents, trademarks and brands -- virtual monopolies on certain commodities. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The question Borsodi asked was whether the competitive advantage went to the company that give the better value or to the one that had the better advertising, who had the resources to dominate the media. And advertisers can play loose with the truth, appeal to fad and fashion, suggest advantages or special merit, or offer “improved” products that are unprovable or otherwise “distorts reality.” Quality is often sacrificed to price. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">For factories to be successful, they must produce products that sell in the market. The consumer must be convinced that these products come at a lower cost than they could produce it themselves or have a local craftsman do it. The factory began to replace cottage industry by mass producing things at lower cost. But once in place, costs rose.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Science and ingenuity have been applied to reduce production cost but not to distribution, which is a steadily rising percentage of cost over 50 years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Advertising is mostly the work of national advertising chains. Individual newspapers had a far smaller role. They didn’t have the reach. Advertisers also used popular journals, and then radio, and other means to sell products. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Profits depend on selling what is produced by factories. Advertising psychology has made the consumer “like so much clay in the hands of those who have mastered the art of molding their desires.” Borsodi’s father William was a master at this. A number of William Borsodi’s books on advertising can be found as reprints. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Does the profit come from production or from marketing, Borsodi asked? A bottle of ink, for example, cost 19 cents to make but cost $2.25 to bring to market. Jobbers got $3.10. Larger manufacturers often cut out the jobber and have their own sales force. Retailers ended up paying $3.75 and the product sold for $5.00. A 96.2% margin. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Before 1890, Borsodi wrote, distribution channels were well-established and well-understood by the public. Given that most retail outlets were small, wholesalers occupied a niche between their customers and the factories in many cases. Salesmen often traveled a relatively small circuit and were well known. By the 1920s, the distribution network was far more complex (and has continued to do so with supply chain specialist now being produced in great numbers by business graduate schools). Wholesalers became the brand of many products. (Today there are numerous chain store branded products.). And again, the consumer bears the added cost of advertising<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The process is driven by advertising and to make advertising pay requires an efficient distribution system. Rather than organized, however, Borsodi found this system highly disorganized; he called it a “distribution chaos.”. Retail outlets have as a result grown larger. Many became chain stores, department stores, or mail order distributors. Retailers have little choice over source or quality of goods. They have to choose from what wholesalers offer them. This becomes a problem for consumers who must sort through numerous brands. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi saw the two main players “causing the present-day complexities of distribution,” the larger retailer and national advertising, to be working against each other’s interest. National advertising drives the process. Standardized products limit retailers’ competitive advantage. They do not have free choice in the quality of products. The retailer becomes a mere agent of the lines they carry. Manufacturers also become agents in the process, producing what national advertising sells and trying to cut cost to increase margin. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi listed a number of economic consequences of this system:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Creating a wasteful conflict between retailers, wholesalers and manufactures.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Demoralized distribution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Reduce the usefulness of the jobber who becomes no more than a distribution conduit.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Changed the basis of profits; increasing profits for advertisers, reducing them for wholesalers and retailers.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Raised distribution costs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Raised consumer prices.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ignored value – giving – “by pricing nationally advertised merchandise upon the basis of values subjectively [impressed] in the consumer’s mind by emphasizing factitious and fictitious superiorities and by ignoring the objective value of the actual merchandise.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Attacked competition “as an inadequate regulator of price, quality and value.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Profiteering<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Injured business by driving the cost of staple goods to that of luxuries.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi devoted Part II of the book to the issue of “The Retailer and the National Advertiser.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The role of the consumer has changed considerably over the last half-century, said Borsodi. Now we buy packaged commodities with little understanding of quality. A commodity is more a thing than a knowledge of the materials and how it is produced. It is more about the advertising than the product. We have to choose between a dozen brands of soap with no real way of telling of any difference between them. Advertising, rather than informing us of product contents or quality, molds our attitudes. We buy not only what we need but the things that make up a lifestyle. The story of advertising, the story behind it, is what sells the product. That can be seen in the recent television series “Mad Men.” Advertising is overhead. It is an added cost of doing business. And the prices continue to rise. Borsodi wrote: “Under the assault of the national advertisers all the old standards and grades of merchandise have been undermined or destroyed.” He saw the situation as absurd. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Standards do not apply to advertising. Borsodi cited pharmaceuticals as an example. The government controls the standards. The product is theoretically the same regardless of who brands it. A lot of brands appear on the shelves. The willingness of the customer to pay higher cost depends on advertising. If you know your retailer, he or she will tell you there is no difference in the product. I recently experience this from my doctor who in recommending an across-the-counter dietary supplement told me to buy the cheapest because there was no difference in them. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">National advertising has destroyed the consumers knowledge of products. In effect, the consumer movement has achieved that over the years. Borsodi recommended providing public information about standards for products. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi gave the figures to support his thesis that advertising adds considerably to the cost of a product verses an unadvertised product, such as soap. It in fact doubles the cost to the consumer. Indeed, the advertiser earns twice as much per bar of soap as the manufacturer, who earns the smallest amount in the supply chain. But if the manufacturer is big enough to do its own advertising, they can thereby double or more their own profits.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">National advertisers “push” rather than handle products. They never touch the products they sell. They create “consumer demand.” One soap manufacturer employed 600 daily newspapers, 25 magazines and many farm and country weeklies in the US alone to make sure their product came to broad public attention. What the consumer wants is predetermined” by the advertiser. And the game, thought Borsodi, is exploitation of the customer, not service to them. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Large advertisers place a lot of pressure on retailers. The retailer becomes the “delivery boy.” The retailer compiles because mass-advertised products more readily sell and thus they believe they will sell more. Or so the theory goes. Borsodi pointed out that sales are limited by consumer earnings. You can sell only so much. And since the margin on the advertised product is less, the retailer actually earns less than they could. This is a good way to put the smaller competition out of business. We found that out more recently with the dot comm bust; the result of massive digital advertising. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Success of national advertising “more or less involves the atrophy of the selling ability of the retailers who handle their products.” The retailer became merely a consignee, not a merchant. They became “vending machines.” They were no longer tradesmen who know their products. The retailer sells six brands of this commodity, eight brands of that one, etc. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Retailers could, Borsodi said, sell as much of an unadvertised product. He cited one retailer who decided to choose just one brand of each product. They became exclusive agent for some brands. They took responsibility for their products. Merchandise sold on its merits. The retailer thus becomes the brand. They represent the true value of the product. This turns into buying merchandise, utility, rather than labels. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">National advertising has destroyed the consumers sense of values. A product does not have to be of superior quality to be successfully advertised. The advertising agency knows little about the products they seek to sell. The customer has been mis-educated. The public must be re-educated. That may fall to the retailer. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Markets that are preempted, noted Borsodi, reduce the chances of young people just getting started in life. They can only become employees, vendors of anonymous products. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Part III: Manufacturing and National Advertising.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi explained in several chapters what it takes to make a product advertisable. It takes a product that turns over, not one that lasts. Once products were designed to last a long time. Not so advertisable products. They are not durable. They become rather styles or fads to be outmoded tomorrow. Again, it depends on making retailers compliant. Consumer demand must be created. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">About the alternative to national advertising Borsodi wrote: “If the manufacturer tries to sell the retailer on the merits of his proposition, he will start talking about his merchandise. He will have to sell the retailer on quality, price and value.” This is good competition. The retailer or manufacturing bears the cost of selling. They thus compete against national advertising. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Advertising is not a method of giving information. It is about boasting. Its major purpose is persuasion; to create desire. Consumer demands drive retail, not factory production. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi described what he called Normal Marketing. “The safest and most efficient method of doing business is to supply the merchandise for which there is a natural demand in such qualities, at such prices and in such ways as to bring buyers back for more. Borsodi appealed to manufacturers to assess the utility of national advertising. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Let me list a number of “one-liners” I drew from Borsodi’s text: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Markets, like food, are commanded by a small number of companies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Merchandise rather than advertising should determine success or failure. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Human desire is boundless. In good times it is easy to stimulate. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Efficiency in advertising becomes a substitute for value given. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Create and control demand verses serve and supply demand. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Ford, for example, met this demand. He knew people wanted cars and set out to fill that desire. He profited from natural demand (and sold at a proper price.). No selling expense. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi advocated using the retailer as the intermediary through trade advertising. Trade advertising is about merchandise. Manufacturers must educate retailers to accept their merchandise. Both would profit. The retailer has the power of direct contact with the customer. The retailer then advertises to his customer. It is about the merit and about the knowledge of the product. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">National advertising will grow, but, “Two economic powers may ultimately transform national advertising. One is the ultimate consumer. The other is the new merchant – the merchant of the future rather than the present.” The first is about consumer revolt. Borsodi saw this as remote. A prolonged “hard times,” however, could impact national advertising. <o:p></o:p></p><h1><i>The Distribution Age</i>, D. Appleton and Company, 1927<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi summarized the course of the US economy between 1870 and 1920. He focused on the distribution industry which he suggested would become larger than the production industry including mining, farming and manufacturing. The book addressed not only transportation of goods but what Borsodi called “high power” marketing. The book can be found online at this <a href="https://soilandhealth.org/book/the-distribution-age/">link</a><a href="applewebdata://F77E70EB-62E1-4E2B-9FB6-95A8C476018A#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><i><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></b></span></i></b></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1870, ten percent of the workforce was engaged in transportation and distribution. By 1880 it was 14% and to 16% by 1900. With the twentieth century, the rate jumped to 20% in 1910 to 25% in 1920. Over this period the percentage of the workforce engaged in production dropped from 69% to 60%. While the number of people engaged in production increased almost three-fold; in distribution it was nine-fold. The income of people engaged in distribution rose considerably faster than those in manufacturing.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">More of the nation’s energy went into distribution than production. Horsepower rating in those 50 years went from 2.3 to 29.5 million; over a thousand percent. But the quantity of goods produced for each horsepower has also increased “almost beyond measure.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In those 50 years population increased from 38.6 to 105.7 million. Population grew by 174%, horsepower by 1158%. Capital investment increased over this period by 26 times. And this progression would, Borsodi concluded, likely continue. Borsodi, however, as did many, assumed that US population would stabilize. It didn’t.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are four cost the consumer pays: Raw material, fabrication, physical distribution and marketing. Borsodi illustrated this with the cost of where the consumer dollar went for cornflakes – 33.384 for production, twice that for distribution. In total, the cost is “colossal.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“The golden age of production is past. The age of distribution is upon us,” he wrote. With World War I, industry found that it could produce endless supplies of goods. The problem becomes how to sell this abundance. Warehousing was (and is even more so today with digital retail) an increasingly important part of the distribution system. Distribution, he reiterated, includes not only transportation and storage but also marketing. As distribution grows, there are fewer factories. Where once things were regional, these plants are shutting down. Fewer and fewer factories dominate each commodity. Fewer companies dominate the markets.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">With the dramatic increase in production, one should see significant drops in cost, but we do not. Production cost less than 50 years ago, distribution more. Again, two-thirds of each retail dollar go to distribution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Most of our “staples,” once produced locally and sold in bulk, are now marketing as specialties. National advertising means that Oregon apples are shipped across the US to New York. A lot of stuff is processed and packaged.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>High Pressure Marketing.<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Marketing is the system for finding more buyers for increasing production. The emphasis is on sales volume.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">High pressure marketing seeks to overcome the sales resistance of independent wholesalers. The message is aimed at the consumer, to create the demand. Wholesalers are also targeted to stock the product. Manufactures often displace the wholesaler. High pressure selling is not about merchandise. It is about psychology. With mass marketing came installment and credit selling.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The independent retailer was the bottleneck. Manufacturers and modern advertising could either change retail into a vending machine, of find another distribution channel, such as mail order or canvassers. Census data shows that in 1870 there were 7,262 commercial travelers. In 1920 that number had increased to 179,320. There were, for example,15,000 Fuller Brush men working out of over 100 branch offices. Canvassing, however, cost more than retail outlet sellers. They could also open their own retail chains (and factory outlets). US department stores were first started in the middle of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. Montgomery Ward & Co was formed in 1872. Sears, Roebuck and Co. was officially formed in 1893.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1915 advertisers spent $38.7 million in 76 monthly and weekly magazines, publications and journals. In 1920 the total was $132.4 million. Borsodi’s father was very successful in this business. <i>Printer’s Ink</i>, by the way, was the leading trade paper in the advertising field<o:p></o:p></p><h2>So, what can consumers do?<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This is the question Borsodi devoted the last third of the book to.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The five propositions of the book, wrote Borsodi, were:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Distribution cost in this country, both for physical distribution and for marketing, have risen out of proportion to production costs.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->High freight rates and cross hauling and unnecessary transportation are principally responsible for the rise in the cost of physical distribution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->One of the most important factors in causing the rise in cost of marketing, as distinguished from the rise in the cost of physical distribution, is “high pressure” selling, “high pressure” advertising, “high pressure” marketing generally.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Manufactures engaged in mass production and mass selling have been the active factors in the development of extravagant marketing and unnecessary transportation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->They are responsible for the breaking down of that skillful and skeptical buying by retailers and consumers which tends to raise standards and to lower cost.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi wrote: “I propose now to show that the fifth proposition furnishes a practical and economic technique for eliminating high pressure marketing – that the wastes of high pressure marketing can be eliminated and the cost of distribution lowered if the retailers and wholesalers of the country would, first , accept full responsibility for the task of furnishing to the consumers of the nation the products of our farms and factories; second, by buying according to established grades and standards in order to make production subservient to consumption; and third, promote consumer education as to merchandise.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Retailers must force manufactures to recognize that they are better interpreters of consumer needs than manufacturers or advertisers. Retailers would select the best products, thus reduce the numerous brands, speed turnover, reduce adulteration and maximize the buyer’s dollar. Retailers and wholesalers can re-educate the public to buy by grade instead of by brands. They will use US Bureau of Standards data – over 173,000 test and 27,000 specifications. Borsodi cited at great length an article by Chase and Schlink published in <i>The New Republic</i>, December 30, 1935, in support of his thesis. <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Caveat Emptor<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Caveat Emptor is an ancient Roman principle that the buyer is solely responsible for knowing the quality of goods before they purchase them. More often it is quoted as “Let the buyer beware.” Borsodi quoted Oscar Wilde (1890): “Nowadays, people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A market economy presumes the buyer makes rational choices. Borsodi responded: “Buying is a neglected art.” Buying, he stressed, is an integral part of the supply chain from raw material to the consumer. Once the consumer was well informed about all stages of the economy. Prior to the industrial revolution, most produced what they needed, or purchased from town trades workers. We need to return to that.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi offered three principles of buying:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The consumers are entitled to secure the goods needed and desired by them at the lowest possible cost.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->It is in the general interest of the community as a whole – the interest of the consumers and producers taken together – that distribution and production be economically conducted.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->That whenever any factor in the process of distribution, i.e., any retailer, wholesaler, or manufacturer, aggrandizes himself by methods which tend to increase the cost of distribution, such methods are not justified by sole virtue of the fact that the man who employs them finds them profitable.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“No business exists entirely to itself,” he added. “No businessman has the economic right to profit by sacrificing the general welfare to his individual profit.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>The Ultimate Problem<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Buying power determines the market but advertising drives demand. Human desire seems to be bottomless. Primitive peoples have no wants. They live with what they have. Then comes the trader with trinkets, cloth, mirrors, etc. Buying power is increased by reducing savings – high pressure sales destroys the instinct to save. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Only 20% of families have an “average” income. There are those who have excess income but many insufficient incomes. Higher prices impact them the most. But there is a limit and that is the capacity of the market to absorb production.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi closed the book with some thoughts abought how to manage income inequality. There was in fact a buyers’ strike in 1920 … which continues, he added – a reaction against the mass market. That started during a recession and pandemic. As noted, by the time of the first of Borsodi’s two consumer books, the markets were soaring. But not for long.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Relevancy of Borsodi Today<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What does Borsodi tell us that is still relevant? Actually, a very great deal. While it is true that marketing has evolved dynamically over a century, reading these books makes it clear that there are some underlying principles to marketing that have not changed. I believe Borsodi did a good job of identifying these. I would recommend these two books for any student of economics and especially marketing and advertising. I’ve only given a very brief sketch of them. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi wrote of a major transformation in the market over the course of some 50 years. That was nearly a century ago. Already, however, the retail environment we are familiar with was moving into place. Borsodi wrote of a <u>kind</u> of transformation. We are looking at a <u>degree</u> of transformation today. But then, there are trends in today’s digital market that are having a profound impact on the retail environment.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi would go into these issues in much greater detail, and indeed make an original economic statement in his own right, with his <i>Prosperity and Security</i> in 1938. That chapter follows.<o:p></o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://F77E70EB-62E1-4E2B-9FB6-95A8C476018A#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""></a>A critical review of Chase and can be found in my chapter “Korzybski and Stuart Chase,” in Corey Anton and Lance Strate. <i>Korzybski and …</i> (2012)<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="Bill"><a href="applewebdata://F77E70EB-62E1-4E2B-9FB6-95A8C476018A#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> National Advertising: <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpw2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=borsodi+national+advertising&source=bl&ots=P-ZhUCKBBT&sig=ACfU3U3YYiN4KI63KEkfF9tSc3WceSc67A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7_P8ovTjAhVjg-AKHdPiADwQ6AEwDXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=borsodi%20national%20advertising&f=false"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">https://books.google.com/books?id=lpw2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=borsodi+national+advertising&source=bl&ots=P-ZhUCKBBT&sig=ACfU3U3YYiN4KI63KEkfF9tSc3WceSc67A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwix7_P8ovTjAhVjg-AKHdPiADwQ6AEwDXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=borsodi%20national%20advertising&f=false</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">. </span></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://F77E70EB-62E1-4E2B-9FB6-95A8C476018A#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> A downloadable copy of The Distribution Age can be found at: <a href="https://soilandhealth.org/book/the-distribution-age/">https://soilandhealth.org/book/the-distribution-age/</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-59913205333876509752020-11-01T08:22:00.005-08:002020-11-01T08:31:57.935-08:00Chapter 19, Seventeen Problems<p> Bill Sharp (c) 2020</p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The book</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">was Borsodi’s last published text on his educational system.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">It was published in 1968.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">Let me start this review by briefly summarize the development of Borsodi’s educational system.</span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> Borsodi argued for the education of quality mindedness and proposed addressing ten barriers to achieving that state of being. Five years later, in 1934, Borsodi established his School of Living which produced a considerable volume of educational material, including periodicals, until the US entered World War II. In 1940 he began a seminar series on the major problems of living, beginning at Oberlin University, and continued those during the war years at Suffern, drawing a large number of participants. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1948 Borsodi published his two volume <i>Education and Living</i>. In that work he formalized his problem-centered system. He wrote critically of the state of education. He also described, in some detailed, the objective of his School of Living: Normal Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In 1945 Mildred Loomis became Director of Education of the School of Living and the headquarters was moved to her homestead near Dayton, Ohio. She took over daily operations of the School while Borsodi concentrated on research and writing. In 1950, Borsodi moved to Florida and shortly begin the establishing the University of Melbourne. At Melbourne, Borsodi and friends brought the problem-integrated framework to a higher level of development. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Then came a highly productive stay in India working with a group of enthusiastic supporters. There he produced the <i>Pan-Humanist (Decentralist) Manifesto</i> and completed the manuscript for <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>(published in 1963). In 1960, as he finished the manuscript, Borsodi became seriously ill and was hospitalized. After a second hospitalization, his health clearly failing, he returned to the US, to a new home in Exeter, New Hampshire where he convalesced for a couple of years. We will pick up on that story below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s energy returned. He became intensely involved in a variety of projects and returned to writing. In 1968 he published <i>The Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>. He had, as noted in the chapter on <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>, intended to write sixteen volumes. He wrote <i>Seventeen Problems</i> as an introduction to this series; now with more volumes for the three new problem statements. He continued to work on the volume series to the end of his life but none of these was published. <o:p></o:p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJczgqFFie8F5QDKBjPXaleWIjSPpwN5oZ-ZqGjiNkxfkz1E2Oa0Qq7Kv8fnydanpvDmyMrCFiX9ClqefFtJ5kusmQYlYLIkvuI99IAZUKzPBc0rX_t5jIswJeJPgB6Qb0mDKuaGAoiYiB/s921/Seventeen+Problems+Cover.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="921" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJczgqFFie8F5QDKBjPXaleWIjSPpwN5oZ-ZqGjiNkxfkz1E2Oa0Qq7Kv8fnydanpvDmyMrCFiX9ClqefFtJ5kusmQYlYLIkvuI99IAZUKzPBc0rX_t5jIswJeJPgB6Qb0mDKuaGAoiYiB/s320/Seventeen+Problems+Cover.jpg" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><i>Seventeen Problems</i> is a challenging book. It is encyclopedic; it is literally a detailed, narrative outline of his system. Borsodi’s approach, being an economist and accountant by profession, was detailed and analytic. He created a taxonomy of concepts that itself is astonishing. There is just a lot of material. However, as I will demonstrate below, taken one chapter at a time, this book is indeed very manageable.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><i>Seventeen Problems</i> is a seminal book. Borsodi’s system is an original contribution to the art and science of true human progress: the progress not of the material pursuits but of our humanity. It is the work of a brilliant and dedicated mind and the product of decades of not only research and writing but experimentation and organizations. That Borsodi was 80 when he finished it is itself astonishing. But even then, he was far from done. His mind retained an intensity, an acuity and a high level of creativity until his death.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi understood that the human mind was a problem-solving organism. It is not just a storage container for school subjects, but an awareness that comes alive when confronted by difficulty and mobilizes its unique capacities for memory and imagination, for a sense of past and future, for language and reason, to find solutions, to make life better. He was a pioneer in this understanding and in the pursuit of systems of problem solving that could resolve the increasing complexity of modern life. The times, as he and others clearly understood and worked to develop, require new tools, advances in our capacity to think, to plan and to achieve objectives. Borsodi should be granted the honor of being recognized as in the front ranks of this movement.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi was devoted to the ideas of individual liberty, of self-reliance, of economic independence. He was a humanist in the old sense that we have a duty to make society and history better. He believed that there were norms in life just as there are laws in science that must be observed. He drew from ancient wisdom and believed we could learn from the accumulated experience of the human race; he read voraciously and he remembered what he read. He sincerely believed that modern, urban-industrial society had gone off track and was degrading us. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The twenty-first century has brought tremendous advances in science and technology, in communication and access to information, but we have to ask if we have retained the capacity to solve the problems that confront us today? We see pockets of innovative problem solving that demonstrate the power of these tools when employed; but these examples are the exception rather than the rule. It does not suffice that there is a movement to “save the planet.” It only matters that leaders arise and organizations are formed that can affect change, that can remediate issues, and, we might hope, can envision and pursue a better future. It is going to take a lot of work. Borsodi gave us some important material to work with. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi knew how incomplete his system was and asked that it be developed by those who followed him. For nearly a half-century since his death, few have made any attempt to carry the work to the next level. My purpose is to continue that work and to encourage others to take up his standard for the humanization of humanity. I will end this chapter with a modest proposal in that direction.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>The Seventeen Problems<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">When Borsodi returned to the US in 1961, he brought home a massive amount of research material he hoped to use to complete a multi-volume work on the problems of living. Mildred Loomis solicited funds to bring a young Indian student to the US to assist Borsodi in 1963. Shyam S. Chawla, who I believe was the son of the man by that name who was instrumental in bringing Borsodi to India in 1958, arrived in late July to begin editorial work on Borsodi’s papers. Since Borsodi wasn’t up to the task, Mildred and Chawla carted three 2’x3’x4’ metal trunks of Borsodi’s manuscripts and notes to Lane’s End. Mildred and Shyam spent the summer summarizing 6 – 8,000 pages of material into 700 pages of typescript. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The year 1963 was a turning point for both Borsodi and Mildred. That year she started the <i>Green Revolution</i>newsletter, a significant change in format and content. That year Borsodi’s <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> was published. And, that year, work was started on what became <i>The Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i> with Mildred taking the lead in organizing the first manuscript.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In May 1964 Mildred published a 40-page summary of the new seventeen-problem framework. It appears she circulated it for comment. It was available for 50 cents from the School of Living. In short, it appears she developed and published the first comprehensive introduction to the new seventeen problems framework. We learn that she also prepared typescript for at least several of the proposed volumes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi, once his health recovered, completed the book in 1967. <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i> was published in 1968. It was published by Borsodi’s friends in India and sold by the School of Living in the US. It is nearly 600 pages long; the publisher had required Borsodi to cut it to that length. It was intended to be the first in the series of books, a volume for each chapter. It is available free for downloading at this <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVWG1xT2xoZlhRRFU/edit">link</a><a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Structure<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The bulk of <i>Seventeen Problems</i> consists of seventeen chapters, one for each of the universal problems. There is a short preface, a short introduction that discusses “the most important problem,” a Readers Guide, and, at the end of the book a short “Summa Summarum and two short indexes of Concepts and Names.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Index of Concepts and Names<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Let’s start at the end of the book with the Index of Concepts and the Index of Names. My feeling is that these list should be the first studied. I should add that the terms used in these lists may sound strange to the modern mind; they were back then familiar. That doesn’t make them any less applicable today.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Given the incredible array of ideas explored in <i>Seventeen Problems</i>, the brevity of the three-page “Index of Concepts” is instructive. It provides a different, more subject-oriented, perspective on classification. More strikingly, given the extensive bibliography, the Index of Names is less than a page. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">These lists prove a point: today we are relatively poorly informed and lack an understanding in common with a larger community. This, I would add, is precisely the failure of modern culture: There is far too little that we understand in common; that we can talk about. These lists give us those topics.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Introductory Statement<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">On the first page of <i>Seventeen Problems</i> Borsodi stated his objective clearly:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The most important problem in the world today is the problem of the philosophy by which men live and the philosophy by which society is animated. This, however, is just another way of saying that the most important problem in the world is the educational problem. For this in practice is the problem with which education deals; it deals with the whole process by which not only the rising generation but also older generations are imbued with the philosophy all are supposed to practice and which the whole social life of the community is supposed to reflect …. The essential character, sentiment and disposition of a people, of a community or country, a society or culture; the spirit which animates its manners and customs, its practices and institutions, and which is reflected in its ideals, and especially in its values – in its ethical and esthetic, its economic and teleological [purposes] attitude and practices.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In <i>Seventeen Problems</i>, Borsodi provided his core methodology, described in far greater detail in <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>, in a single paragraph:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“’The methodology used in making this study slowly evolved over the years and finally boiled down to a combination of four methods: (1) the case method, (2) the classificatory method, (3) analysis of the concepts and generalizations which emerged from the classifications, and (4) the synthesis of what the analysis revealed in terms of its applicability to each problem.’ Unfortunately, I have found it necessary to make three and not just one synthesis of each problem because of the nature of the mechanism for knowing with which man finds himself burdened, one based upon Supernal evidence, one upon Objective, and one upon Intellectual. I wish I were a Monist; it would all be so much simpler! The Pluralist unfortunately has to accept complexity as inescapable.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Finally, he cautioned the reader that he has biases: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“I am a convinced humanist, an agnostic on many questions), a philosophical anarchist, a pluralist, a positivist (not a relativist); a radical (in the sense of going to the root of things). , a rationalist (I believe in the ultimate criterion of reason); a decentralist, an agrarian, a distributist, a single-taxer, a money-reformer, a cooperator, a homesteader, a conservative (about many things), a reformer (about many other things), and finally an enthusiast.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“But there are several things I am not: I am not an apologist for things as they are – not even as they are here in prosperous America. And I am not a proponent of salvation by revolution. I am not a reactionary (I am much too tender-minded for the thunder on the right), I am not a liberal (I am much to tough-minded for the thunder on the left). I am much too hard-headed to believe in a golden age, either in the past or in the future. I don’t believe there is any virtue in anything either because it is old or because it is new. Virtue, it seems to me, has to do with truth, with goodness, with beauty, and not with what is old or new. I’m neither a perjorist nor an optimist; I’m a meliorist. Things can be made better, but they can be, and to me seem to being made, worse. Whether they will be made better by affluence as everybody seems to believe, or whether they will be made worse (as only Thoreau and I seem to believe), only God knows, and He hasn’t confided His views about the matter to me. Come to think of it, He doesn’t seem to have confided them to anybody recently. The race of prophets seems to have become extinct.” <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Summa Summarium <o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">At the end of the book we find Summa Summarium (which translates: “In total”), written in July 2, 1966, more than a year before <i>Seventeen Problems</i> was finished. Borsodi wrote (and I will quote at length):<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The holiest temple is not a church but a school. The holiest man is not a priest but a teacher. The holiest book is not a bible but a dictionary. The holiest study is not science, not art, not philosophy, not religion, but the study of the truth about how to live, how to treat your fellow men, and how to use what has been entrusted to us like decent and honest, sensitive and concerned, cultivated and considerate human beings.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“What the study of the truth teaches us – the study of the holiest of all holies – is that Man is holy, the Earth is holy, the Sunshine is holy, the Rain is holy; that all Matter, all Energy, all Nature is holy; that the Procession of the Sun above us and the Seasons here on Earth is holy; that Evolution – beginning with the Evolution of the Rocks and ending with the Evolution of Man – is holy; that the painful History in the course of which Man has lifted himself from primitive bestiality and savagery to civilized life, and from the crude craft and artistry of Aurignacian Man to the artistry and science of Confucius and Aristotle, of Gautama and Plato, of Shakespeare and Newton, of Goethe and Galileo, of Darwin, Freud and Einstein; from the painting of Altamiras to the painting of Mona Lisa’s, from the carving of Lingans to the carving of Pietas; from the music of the tom tom to the music of Eroicas; from the architecture of Stonehenges to the Architecture of Taj Mahals, is the holiest of all Historiography.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“What the study of the truth about how to live teaches us is that the Rights of Man are only earned by observing the Obligations of Man; that the four great duties which constitute the Obligations of Man are (1) the obligation of conservation and economy, (2) the obligation of creation and beauty, (3) the obligation of harmony and morality; (4) the obligation to realize Man’s highest potentialities. Without unreserved commitment to behavior on the basis of these values, Man can be a human animal but cannot become human in fact.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Without the practice of conservation and economy; without the practice of art and craft, of poetry and beauty; without the practice of what Plato called ‘the science of good and evil’ and Confucius the ‘moral law,’ Man seems to be but is not in fact a human being.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Finally, without making the supreme purpose for which we live our lives the enduring satisfactions which are existentially possible for mankind – and not the sensate gratifications of the moment nor the future salvation of our souls in some sort of paradisiac immortality – we shall fail to make ourselves into normal human beings.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Only by rightly educating ourselves can we equip ourselves to honor those who have, in the long history of mankind, bequeathed to us all their art and science and all their painful labors and heroic sacrifices. What has been entrusted to us, we must multiply, and with it endow those who follow after us.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Upon what the thoughtful and concerned men and women of the world do to help those teachers and those institutions dedicated to right-education are dependent not only the young but also the mature for right-direction, right-guidance, right-discipline, right-instruction and right-values.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“And this is the beginning and end of right-education.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Wisdom, not novelty; courage, not cupidity; right-feeling, right-reasoning, right-speech, right-action, right purposes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Of all these products of right-education, neither courage alone nor wisdom alone are quintessential. For without courage, wisdom becomes a sharp tool in hands afraid to use it, and without wisdom, courage an equally sharp tool in hands which do not know the use to which it should be put.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">Wisdom cherishes only that which makes for the development of the highest potentialities of Man.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“And courage, if it cherishes wisdom, shrinks (sic) neither from defeat nor from victory.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Only with courage and wisdom can mankind deal with ignorance, with folly, with greed, with violence.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Only with wisdom and courage can mankind be saved.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Bibliography<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">One of Borsodi’s objectives was to access knowledge relevant to understanding and solving each problem. In each chapter, within the commentary, Borsodi provided extensive bibliographic references. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">From the beginning, a library has always been associated with the School of Living. Since about 1940, the library had been organized around the universal problems. This structure of classification was a response to the limitations Borsodi (and others) found in the subject classification of curricula and libraries. At Melbourne the library contained over 4,000 volumes. Mildred Loomis left a Borsodi Memorial Library of 2,500. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A question in the minds of many interested in the universal problems is: What books were in that library? Unfortunately, following Mildred’s death the library was dispersed. We have no list of the books in these collections. The corollary is: What would we include in a library today? That, it appears, is the more important question. I think we should also understand that the books often address more than one problem and perhaps a card (or digital equivalent) index would be a more useful way to access these books. At the present time we have the technology to form a single digital and Boolean searchable database. This was proposed as a Cove Institute project in 2000. It was named Polymath and a tablet device was proposed designed to assist users organize their own material much as Bush had proposed with Memex a half century before. The internet and search engines provide a comparable but relatively limited capacity to access and organize knowledge. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It took a bit of work, but it made good sense to compile a single bibliography of books listed in <i>Seventeen Problems</i>. That was done on a spreadsheet with the books listed according the their appearance in each chapter. (<span style="background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Link</span>)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are 1,123 books cited in <i>Seventeen Problems</i>. There are 941 unique titles. Borsodi used 182 titles more than once, in different problems. The latest publication date for these books is 1966 but the publication dates proved insightful. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; color: black; margin-left: 76.25pt;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Before 1900<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">85<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">1900 – 1929<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">260<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">1930s<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">211<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">1940s<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">183<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">66%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">1950s<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">214<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">85%<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">1960s<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">118<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">Undated<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">51<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">1123<o:p></o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><p align="right" class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;">In short, 85% of these books were publi</span>shed prior to 1960 and two-thirds prior to 1950. However, not a few of the books listed were republications of text that go back to ancient times. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;">Two things about this list: First it is seriously out of date; many of the titles are obscure; most forgotten. Second, it lacks reference to an incredible literature that was produced in the 1960s and 1970s and since then. There was a strong surge in books published related to the Human Potential Movement beginning in the mid-1960s. That number steadily increased, year-by-year, until about the time of the end of Borsodi’s life (1977). Advances in cosmology, natural sciences and social sciences have been considerable over the last half-century. Our understanding of the world, of life and of human life has advanced to an incredible degree. These new insights must be incorporated. Digital media, of course, has given us techniques of access to information that were just barely dreamed of then.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In short, while it would be of historical value to have the original library, there is little point in trying to replicate it. We must build a new one and we can readily do so online. Saying that, I would also caution that the number of such text be limited. A small community library, and I am proposing a collection of printed books, could be very satisfactorily assembled with fewer than 10,000 titles (not including popular fiction) with a searchable index. I personally continue to find organizing a library by topic aids in browsing.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>The Problems<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Seventeen Problems are divided into three groups. How these are organized was more fully addressed in the chapters about <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> and Melbourne. The definitions of the original fourteen problems was updated by Borsodi. There are also now three more of them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In short, Noetic problems are addressed by reason – what we know. Axiological problems –values involving emotions – by what we feel. The third, a set of nine problems, Praxiological, are about practical, daily living. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I find it useful to use a computer/digital analogy to understand beliefs and values. Values are akin to the operating system of a computer- how it works; beliefs are more like application software which we use to organize information into meaningful statement. Values are deeply embedded in the operation of the mind and they define how beliefs are formed and used. Values are like the nodes in a computer chip that switch between right and wrong, goodness and evil, beauty and ugly. The human brain uses neurons, vastly more complex than computer circuits, to do the switching. The process is essentially unconscious.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s objective was action. The Praxiological problems are all about achieving the good life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;">Part I, Noetics: Four Basic Intellectual Problems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem I: Anthropic: The riddle of human nature, the problem of the nature of man’s own nature</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">. In short: Who am I?</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem II: Ontoic: The riddle of the universe, the problem of the nature of the world in which man finds himself. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">In short: What is life all about?</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem III: Etiologic: The riddle of historiography, the causes of the events which constitute the history of the world and the individual experiences constituting every biography. In short: </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">What can I learn from the way people have lived down through time? </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem IV: Epistemic: The riddle of communication, the problem of distinguishing between truth and error and of verifying and validating and communicating what is true. In short, how do I know what is real and true? In the previous fourteen problem list, this was an axiological problem. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;">Part II, Axiology: Four Basic Problems in Values.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem V: Telic values: Convictions and prejudices about ends and means, about the really important purposes of mankind. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">In short: What are the important things I should do? </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem VI: Ethical values: The problem of good and evil. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">In short: What actions are right and wrong?</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem VII: Esthetic values: The problem of beauty and ugliness. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">In short: Art: What makes me see things as beautiful or ugly?</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem VIII: Economic or Utilitarian values: The problem of distinguishing between wealth (and well-being) and Illth (the opposite of wealth and well-being). </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">In short: How do I establish a sound way of living?</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;">Part III, Praxiology: Nine Basic Practical Problems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem IX: Psycho-Physiological Problem: Mental and physical health; realizing highest potentialities.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem X: Occupational Problem: How we spend our time.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem XI: Possessional Problem: Owning and holding things.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem XII: Organizational Problem: The science (principles) of organizing all sorts of enterprises needed to live rationally and humanely.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem XIII: Production Problem: The science (principles) of organizing all sorts of production of goods and services needed to support a rational and humane life.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem XIV: Distribution Problem: The science (principles) of organizing all sorts of distribution of goods and services needed to support a rational and humane life.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem XV: Political Problem: Elimination not of differences of opinion but of force.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem XVI: Institutional Problem: Conservation and Reformation. To retain or change institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Problem XVII: Educational Problem: Man cannot rely upon his instincts. We need a new educational model to develop that which is truly human in us.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Each chapter follows the same format. They consist of three parts. First is an introductory statement about the problem; something like a brief encyclopedia article. In it Borsodi outlines an extensive taxonomy of concepts about that problem area. His intent was to tell us pretty much every way of approaching each problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The second part consists of a Commentary in which he reviews finer details of definition and comparison of key terms. These comments are something on the order of long footnotes. I believe many of them reflect Borsodi’s personal values.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The third part is the list of suggested readings, summarized above.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Borsodi’s Statement of Problem 1<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This book is challenging to most people. I don’t think it was meant to be studied in solitude. It is not, however, so difficult for those motivated to learn it; those Borsodi called the determining minority. Mildred Loomis, a stalwart supporter of this system, did try to simplify the presentation of the system. As noted, she published her own brief summary of the 17 problems in 1964 and promoted and taught this system for some two decades until near the end of her life. This abbreviated program was printed in a series of <i>Green Revolution</i> issues in 1974. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I believe Borsodi’s system can be taught (or learned) in short, clear and effective segments. Following is an example I’ve used for the first problem. I’m going to start by restating this problem, by translating it into plain English. I’m going to change the tense from third person (mankind) to first person: what does this mean to me?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The first problem asks: What does it mean to be a human being? Why am I in this world? This is a question that has probably been asked since the first of our kind became self-conscious hundreds of thousands of years ago.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi used the term “Anthropic.” It is the study of how human beings live on the Earth. Borsodi may not have heard the term Anthropocene, a term that means the era of the history of the Earth dominated by human beings. It was first used in the 1960s but didn’t become popular until the 2000s. It points to a new class of problems: human impact on the biosphere. Our understanding of the nature of humankind and our effect on the Earth has made a dramatic shift since <i>Seventeen Problems</i> was written. With it we see more of how the problems are interrelated. Our impact on the world leads us to the second problem, the nature of the world we live in. It brings to the forefront the problems of beliefs and values. Indeed, it “lights up” the entire system. All seventeen problems can be brought to bear on addressing this first problem as an integral component of the whole system.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Problem One, in brief: Each of us is a conscious being. We are aware that we are alive. We wonder about what life is all about. It is in our nature that we want to know who and what we are, what is the meaning of life; We have to ask “why?”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">While each of us is a unique consciousness, it is inescapable that we are each a member of the human race. We know that there are certain qualities that define us as part of our species.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">One of the fundamental questions about what we are is whether we are merely a body and brain or have a mind and soul? Are we a mere accident of nature or something more? In short, is there any purpose in life?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Taken to another level, are our lives determined, subject to dogmatic conditioning, or do we have free will? Even science is divided on this question.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We must also ask how human beings differ from other animal life. Animals rely on instinct; something humans have relatively little of. Humans have a mind, consciousness, and a variety of faculties other animals, as far as we know, do not have. We have the capacity to pass on what one generation learns to the next. We also have the capacity of self-deception. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This leads to the questions of which qualities are inherited and which are acquired?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi described three qualities of energy humans share with other animals: Physical energy (which comes out of your physical form), survival energy (the instinct for self-preservation) and genetic energy (the urge to reproduce). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">He identified two additional forms of energy that only human express: cultural energy, as displayed in man’s efforts at self-realization and self-expression; and necrotic energy, something Freud discussed which is a tendency for self-destruction – it can be expressed in the human sense of alienation. It also applies to harmful acts committed to other humans, other life and the planet. The Anthropocene has this quality. Borsodi referred to the Freudian concept of the unconscious mind from which spring deep-seated impulses.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The conscious mind by and large defines our species. It gives us the power to overcome impulse and animal responses and, in these actions, we become more fully human. The quality of self-consciousness can be used to integrate the mind and personality.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Whether or not we can extend the qualities of human existence to the supra-conscious level is a matter of debate. Do we have extrasensory abilities? Does conscious life continue beyond the death of the body?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">From birth, through the cycle of life, we each develop in our own way. I should note that the ego of each of us is an essentially random, accidental formation. It is conditioned by parents and by one’s immediate social environment. As we mature, education and social experience constantly mold and modify who we are. It is this persona, for better or worse, that defines us.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi made the point that the key to a person’s nature is what he or she values. Values are the second set of problems and must be considered within the context of reason. The bottom line is that we are not inherently good or bad. We have the capacity to determine which values we will allow to guide our life and to what degree we allow impulse to define our behavior.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">That we are the most complex and highly evolved of all organisms is a given. The human brain is the product of four billion years of evolution of life on earth. It is designed to solve problems. It gives us qualities other animals do not have. Our consciousness means that we don’t simply exist; life must have meaning. We are also creative, capable of writing poems, music, books, discovering the laws of nature, creating art and architecture.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We are not all the same. We represent an incredible range of differences and capacities. There is a tremendous plasticity in human nature. Borsodi thought egalitarianism made little sense. We must, therefore, embrace a pluralistic view of human nature. It is the diversity in nature that makes it strong. All the parts have an integral role in making the ecosystem resilient. That principle applies equally to the human species. A human community is an ecosystem just as a forest or lake is an ecosystem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We are each what we are taught. Schools and other institutions have been created for the purpose of developing personality. All cultures have rules for guiding human behavior, standards of right and wrong (values). But man, ideally, is not just a machine that can be programed (conditioned). We each must choose to embrace or oppose the norms of our society. We must each chose how to act. The normal, healthy, person will choose in the best of interest of their family and community. This is praxiology.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi lamented the low priority given to the problem of the nature of human nature. We expend “thousands of times” as much thought, and a vast amount of money, to landing men on the moon than we do to what is more essential. He wrote: “Yet there is not the slightest doubt in my mind that if all the knowledge we already have that is significant for our problem were properly analyzed and synthesized, it would be possible for us to deal with the riddle of human nature rationally and humanely instead of as we are dealing with it now – with indescribable and inexcusable confusion, stupidity and brutality.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The major part of Borsodi’s work is his exhaustive investigation of the forms, the doctrines, the ideologies which have been developed over time. There is an enormous variety to choose from. These are the many different ways we define what is true. He listed several dozen ways in which we describe human nature and groups them into several major categories. Each has a short description to help each person to decide if it is a topic that appeals to them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I should add, that I believe a study of <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> and <i>Education and Living</i> is prerequisite to the problem’s seminars. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In his commentary, we get glimpses of Borsodi’s background material. He tells us that this chapter (23 pages) was condensed from 300 pages of manuscript and these included graphic material which is was not possible to include in the introductory volume.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Always careful of the definition of terms, much of the commentary is devoted to why a particular term was used, where it came from, and why it is important. By putting these more technical items in their own section, Borsodi sought to reduce the difficulty of the chapter text.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Many of the books Borsodi listed in his reading list are classics and still readily available. They include Freud, Jung, William James, Reinhold Niebuhr, Vinoba Bhave, Aldous Huxley, Nietzsche, Emerson, Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Plato, Sartre, Darwin, Korzybski, Krutch, Orwell and many other names that were in vogue at the time (1968). <o:p></o:p></p><h1>Development of the Problems List<o:p></o:p></h1><table align="right" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; color: black; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.75pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>13 Problems<o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b>Barriers<o:p></o:p></b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.75pt;" valign="top" width="132"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Purpose: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Validation: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nature: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Association: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Gregational: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Operational: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Political: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Education: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ethics: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Esthetics: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Occupation: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Possessions: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Health: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Individual -- 3<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Social—4, 5<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Political-- 7<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Educational -- 8<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Religious – 9, Moral -- 9<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Economic – 11, 12<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Physiological -- 13<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Biological – 3, 13 <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Psychological – 3, 13<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I think it worthwhile to review the process behind the development of Borsodi’s system. The problem-integrated framework evolved over the course of a third of a century or so. I’ve covered each stage of this process in other chapters, so this is a highly condensed summary. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The process started with Borsodi’s list of barriers to achieving a quality of life in 1929 with <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>. He offered a wide range of training and educational material during his homesteading day. He proposed an educational program at Dayton. He established his School of Living in 1934. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The problem classification began with Borsodi’s habit of writing down a brief summary of the problems people brought to him or he found in literature. We know that he had both the initial list of problems and the idea of their integration by 1940. There were 13 problems presented in his seminars towards the end of World War II. The first formal public presentation of the system came with <i>Education and Living</i> in 1948 with those 13 problems. The system matured at Melbourne and in India to a list of 14 problems by 1960 and that framework was presented with the publication of <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> in 1963. Mildred and Chawla, organizing Borsodi’s notes from India, organized a new list of 17 problems which she published as brief document in 1964. <i>Seventeen Problems</i> was published in 1968. Borsodi and Mildred offered seminars on this framework for the rest of their respective lives<a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I believe it is instructive to following this development. I have done so not only to understand the system but to further develop it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">To start with was the evolution from Barriers to Problems. This change came largely due to Borsodi’s struggle to find something better than a subject-centered approach to solving problems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; text-indent: 0in;">I have made a very rough attempt to link the barriers (<i>The Ugly Civilization</i>, 1929) to the original 13 problems (<i>Education and Living</i>, 1948) but would not suggest this as definitive.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I think a good way to clearly state the problems is turn them into questions. The first 13 gives us this list:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Purpose/(Teleological): What is the purpose, my vision, in life?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Validation/(Epistemological): How do I know what is true?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Nature/(Ontological): What is the nature of nature and of human nature?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Association/(Association): How do I associate with other human beings? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Gregational/(Gregational): How do I associate with groups and how do groups associate with each other?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Operational/(Operational): How do we organize collective enterprises?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Political/(Civic): When and how should legal coercion (law) be used in a good society?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Education/(Education): How do we organize educational activities to improve human wellbeing?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ethics/(Ethical): What makes an act right or wrong?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Esthetics/(Esthetics): What makes an object beautiful or ugly?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Occupation/(Occupation): How should a person spend the whole of his/her time?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Possessions/(Possessions): How should land, money, and goods be owned or possessed in order that each person can achieve optimum living?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 27pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -22.5pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Health/(Psycho-Physiological): How can I achieve maximum energy (health), both physically and mental, through a long lifetime?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Beginning at Melbourne, there was a shift in terms from what I might call ordinary language into a more, I suppose you could say, academic jargon. I’ve added the term used in 1957 in parenthesis. As Borsodi shifted into the 14-problem framework, increasingly under academic influence at Melbourne and in India, his presentation became more “formal.” I should add that he intended to find terms that more fully described each of the problem statements. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This following table shows the shift from 13 to 14 to 17 problems.</p><table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; color: black; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 627px;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Thirteen Problems<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Original List from 1948 Education and Living<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">(Compared to Seventeen Problems list)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">1, 2. Nature, covered human and natural (3<sup>rd</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> “ “ “<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">4. Validation (2<sup>nd</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">5. Purpose (1<sup>st</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">6. Ethics (9<sup>th</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">7. Esthetics (10<sup>th</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">9. Health (13<sup>th</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">10. Occupation (11<sup>th</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">11. Possession (12<sup>th</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">15. Political (7<sup>th</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">17. Education (8<sup>th</sup> of 13)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Fourteen Problems<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The fourteen universal problems of 1963<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Part I: Noetic Problems: </span></b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Three Basic Problems of Thought<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem I: The Ontologic Problem: The Riddle of the Universe<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem II: The Anthropic Problem: The Riddle of Human Nature<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem III: The Etiologic Problem: The riddle of Historiography<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Part II: Axiology: The Four Problems in Values*<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem IV: The Epistemic Problem: The Problem of Truth and Error (Note, this became Noetic Problem IV)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem V: The Esthetic Problem: The Problem of Beauty and Ugliness<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem VI: The Ethical Problem: The Problem of Good and Evil<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem VII: The Telic Problem: The Problem of Ends and Means<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Part III: Praxiology: Seven Problems of Implementation*<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem VIII: The Occupational Problem: The Problem of Labour and Leisure<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem XI: The Possessional Problem: The Problem of Property and of Trusterty<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem X: The Production Problem: The Problem of Enterprise and of Efficiency<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem XI: The Political Problem: The Problem of Harmony and of Violence<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem XII: The Psycho-Physiological Problem: The Problem of Mental and of Physical Health<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem XIII: The Educational Problem: The Problem of Educating the Individual and the Culture<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Problem XIV: The Institutional Problem: The Problem of Social Reformation and of Social Conservation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 173.55pt;" valign="top" width="231"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Seventeen Problems:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">By 1968 three problems were added, in italics<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Part I, Noetics: Four Basic Intellectual</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problems.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem I: Anthropic: The riddle of human nature, the problem of the nature of man’s own nature.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem II: Ontoic: The riddle of the universe, the problem of the nature of the world in which man finds himself.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem III: Etiologic: The riddle of historiography, the causes of the events which constitute the history of the world and the individual experiences constituting every biography.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem IV: Epistemic: The riddle of communication, the problem of distinguishing between truth and error and of verifying and validating and communicating what is true. Formerly an axiological problem.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Part II, Axiology: Four Basic Problems in Values.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem V: Telic values: Convictions and prejudices about ends and means, about the really important purposes of mankind.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem VI: Ethical values: The problem of good and evil.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem VII: Esthetic values: The problem of beauty and ugliness.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem VIII: Economic or Utilitarian values: The problem of distinguishing between wealth (and well-being) and Illth (the opposite of wealth and well-being). This was moved from the Praxiology group.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Part III, Praxiology: Nine Basic Practical Problems.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem IX: Psycho-Physiological Problem: Mental and physical health, realize highest potentialities.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem X: Occupational Problem: How we spend our time.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem XI: Possessional Problem: Owning and holding things.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem XII: Organizational Problem: The science (principles) or organizing all sorts of enterprises needed to live rationally and humanely.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem XIII: Production Problem: The science (principles) or organizing all sorts of production of goods and services needed to support a rational and humane life.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem XIV: Distribution Problem: The science (principles) or organizing all sorts of distribution of goods and services needed to support a rational and humane life.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem XV: Political Problem: Elimination not of differences of opinion but violence.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem XVI: Institutional Problem: Conservation and Reformation. To retain or change institutions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-weight: normal;">Problem XVII: Educational Problem: Man cannot rely upon his instincts. We need a new educational model to develop that which is truly human in us.</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;">From </span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">From the table you will see how the problem framework evolved.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">In this table I have attempted to link the original 13 problems with the 14-problem list that followed it.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">That is because the shift to 14 was not simply an addition but a new structure in its own right.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The 17 problems have some new classifications, and these are in italics.</span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The following table shows the evolution of the problem framework at the University of Melbourne. The second column came from the catalog which was printed at the time the University was opened. The first column is what was listed in <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>that came out at the time Borsodi left the University. This was the final list for that period.</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; color: black;"><tbody><tr><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 346.7pt;" valign="top" width="462"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>The Challenge of Asia<o:p></o:p></b></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 346.75pt;" valign="top" width="462"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Melbourne Catalog<o:p></o:p></b></p></td></tr><tr><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 346.7pt;" valign="top" width="462"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Three Basic Problems of Belief<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Problem of the Nature of Nature<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Problem of the Nature of Human Nature<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Problem of Events and Their Causation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>The Four Problems of Evaluation<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Ethical Problem<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Problem of Beauty versus Ugliness<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Problem of Truth versus Error<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Problem of Purpose and Motivation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>The Seven Basic Problems of Implementation<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Problem of Physical and Mental Health<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Occupational Problem<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Problem of Possessions<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Organizational Problem: Enterprise and Efficiency<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Civic Problem<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Institutional Problem: Social Conservation versus Social Reform<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Educational Problem: Humanization vs. Provincialization<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: 0in;"><o:p> </o:p></p></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-width: 1pt; border-style: none solid solid none; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 346.75pt;" valign="top" width="462"><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Three Groups of Problems having to do with Outlook.<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ontological – About the nature of nature<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Anthropic – About the nature of human nature<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Etiologic – About the nature and causes of events.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Six Groups of Problems in Evaluation</b>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Theological – Problems of purpose and motivation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Epistemological – Problems of truth.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Esthetic – Sensitivity, good taste, technique and skill<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Gregational Ethics – Problems in the relationship of individuals to groups and of groups to groups.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ethics of Association – Problems in relationships of individual to individual<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Preter-social – The relationship of the individual to himself, to nature and natural forces, and to the divine.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Seven Groups of Problem concerned with the translation of basic postulates in philosophies/practices of living<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Educational – Cultural adjustment and humanization.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Psycho-Physiological – Problems of mental and physical health and therapy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Occupational – Problems not merely of vocation but of productive work, recreation and recuperation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Possessional – Problems of access to and of acquisition of “things” of all kinds<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Organizational – Problems of efficiency in the formation and conduct of enterprises of all kinds.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Civic or Political – Problems regarding the role of coercion in control of human action<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Institutional – Organization of social systems </span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;">As can be seen from this list, the number of problems rose briefly to sixteen before settling to 14.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;">Following publication of <i>Seventeen Problems</i>, Borsodi continued to work on the collected volumes. In the archives at the University of New Hampshire I found a considerable volume of typescript related to these volumes. Pages from <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> were found under Problem XVII, the educational problem. A typescript for <i>Education and Illth</i> was found, Problem VIII. A manuscript for this book was submitted for publication but has been lost. We know that Mildred assisted him on this manuscript at least five years following publication of <i>Seventeen Problems</i>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-top: 6pt;">I also know that there were more extensive manuscripts probably for all sixteen chapters proposed by Borsodi in India. He mentioned that the first chapter in <i>Seventeen Problems</i> was drawn from a much larger manuscript. I’ve seen two manuscripts, both apparently prepared by Mildred Loomis in 1964 when she was reviewing Borsodi’s files from India with S.S. Chawla. The manuscript for the possession problem is available online from the Henry George School of Social Science, at this <a href="https://hgarchives.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/borsodi-property-and-trsterty-1964.pdf">link</a><a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a>. This manuscript was condensed from a larger 250 page file. In short, there was once considerable development of the extended manuscript. However, it is clear these volumes, should they have been published, would need to be updated; and for that matter, new course material should be developed.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Concluding Assessment<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">My first impression is that the presentation of <i>Seventeen Problems</i> is more what and how; little why? The case for the problem-centered system is actually more clearly stated in the first book, <i>Education and Living.</i> There was also considerable discussion of these ideals in <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>. Many of those ideals were found in <i>The Pan-Humanist Manifesto</i>. At root, however, is the pursuit of an optimum life; a life of economic independence, of freedom from the constraints of industrial civilization – a life Emerson defined as self-reliance and Maslow as self-actualization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The range and scope of Borsodi’s work is astonishing. Taken collectively, the five volumes I include in his education series<a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> alone represent 2,221 pages of text (plus 8 - 12,000 pages of unpublished manuscript). Borsodi was prodigious. He was clearly a man of genius. He was highly analytic. He used a lot of detail; facts and figures and exhaustive classifications. His style is challenge but manageable by those motivated to learn. I have attempted to provide a more readable summary of this material.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">While Mildred made a good effort to translate the material into something more understandable, the system was never offered in a form that could be widely and readily adopted. So, where do we go with this? First of all, is a major update of the system to reflect further accumulated knowledge and methodology. I also see two principle issues: 1) a concise statement of his philosophy and theory, and 2) an effective program for presentation of the system. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The first of these is the problem of a coherent statement of the philosophy behind this system, the reason why it should be studied at all. The question is, what were Borsodi and Mildred trying to achieve? We have a lot of fragments but no systematic statement. It has taken roughly 250 pages to present a summary of Borsodi’s ideas on education. What is suggested is a short “primer” that lists and defines Borsodi’s principles.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The second issue is translating this system into something readily applicable today. The seminar approach is valid. We could use a workbook. We also have digital presentation media that was lacking a half century ago. I believe attractive and effective presentations could be made and made available over the internet. Tutoring and webinars could also be made available to guide students.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Could we improve the organization of the list of problems? I’ve traced how the system evolved over the years. Borsodi was well aware that it would need continued development. I will have a bit more about this below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In writing this chapter I found it interesting that Borsodi moved the economics problem from the practical group to axiology – values; threating economics as a problem of values, a problem of what is right or wrong. There are of course two closely related practical problems: production and distribution; indeed, as he said elsewhere, all the problems are essentially economic. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">From the beginning of his work Borsodi clearly considered the modern economy problematic. One of his last efforts was to clarify this with his unpublished book <i>Wealth and Illth</i>. There are a large number of folders of notes and typescript for that book, which I estimated to be on the order of a thousand pages, in the archives at the university of New Hampshire. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s objective was clearly an alternative way of a life, an alternative economy. It was also about an alternative philosophy of life. He not only had the ideas; he had a program for achieving results in life. Mildred made her own practical contributions to this subject in her books, articles and editing the newsletters. I think it is a given that we need a more sustainable and humanitarian economy. The real question is how do we do that? It has been an elusive quest for several hundred years by a small army of thoughtful men and women. The 2020 crisis has, I believe, made the question of the type of economy we should have a high priority. Transition Centre has sought to address that need. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are also two problems missing from the final list of seventeen, that were addressed in some detail in <i>Education and Living</i>, then numbers 4 and 5 of the first 13, Association and Gregational: How do I associate with groups and how do groups associate with each other? I personally believe these need another look. Part of my rationale is that social dynamics in the US have evolved considerably over the last half century at least. The new culture that has developed since at least the beginning of the Boomer generation, something I have studied, has some important qualities and consequences. In short, however, there are a number of social styles – ways people employ to achieve the way they live, the values they cherish – that I find have a dramatic and as yet unstated influence on the way modern society is actually working; or not. At this writing, that research is underway. Current political dynamics in the United States I believe mandate further and immediate work in this area. <o:p></o:p></p><h1>Where do we go from here?<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">How do we go about updating Borsodi’s system? I would point out that with some attention to presentation, it can be used as we find. But we could, should, and I propose to, create a new “version” if you will.; an upgrade. Saying that, what the universal problem structure itself addresses has not change. The very idea of universality tells us that they remain the same for all people in all times and places and will not change as we move into the future.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">To start with, as noted, Borsodi’s bibliography ended in the mid-sixties, just as a flood of new literature on the human potential begin to appear. An informative and highly relevant literature has continued to reach the bookshelves (and now online). There have also been dramatic advances in technology, in the way we access and present information and in the way we communicate. There is an awful lot of this and it needs to be organized in some fashion – much of it as proposed by the Cove Institute project.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The global economy has also evolved, as has the impact of continued population growth and economic development on the environment. The mass of humanity, as Borsodi cautioned, is conditioned to progress. Their demand for resources steadily rises. One seventh of the world’s population consumes nearly two-thirds of its resources. Several billion more (perhaps 10 billion total by 2050) are trying to catch up. There are economic and environmental issues today that Borsodi had not addressed at the time of the <i>Seventeen Problems</i> book. He was beginning to look at them a few years later in his <i>Wealth and Illth</i> manuscript. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The 2020 COVID pandemic will likely produce a lot of changes in the way we organize our lives. For example, with social distancing, and the need we have for this may last a considerable time, we are seeing structural changes in society and the economy, in the way we associate, do business and provide educational services. Necessity, they say, is the mother of invention. In fact, there were already a number of trends that this crisis simply accelerated. We must adapt. The term getting wider use today is resiliency – not only adapting but increasing our capacity to do so and to guide the direction of inevitable change.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi was the pioneering in not only educational philosophy but particularly the concept of the integration of human knowledge. I believe it is clear that we need better knowledge management. We need new methodologies for resolving problems in an increasingly complex, nay chaotic, social environment. We need to not only clearly define our problems but have ready access to relevant information. And we need to break out of the specialist straight-jacket and develop a holistic, systems methodology. At base, as Borsodi so clearly saw, achieving the necessary cultural change for a post-industrial world requires education. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi made it very clear that his system was far from perfect and far from complete. He solicited those of what he hoped would be the humanistic educators to come, to further develop the system.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">While we have some data that suggest the scale of the problems, we lack a systematic plan for achieving mandated transformation. We may have some idea what needs to be done but really don’t know how to do it. This requires a new style of leadership with the requisite knowledge and skills.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">At the grassroots level we need far more people seeking positive change. But it is leadership that shapes change, or thwarts it. Historian Arnold Toynbee called them the “creative minority” who guide the rise of new civilizations, new cultures. And when they are gone, civilizations soon follow. The Borsodi School of Living objective was to raise a determining minority of people who have the capacity to shape the dialog, teach and take leadership roles. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">That has been my objective over much of my career. It is a stated objective of the Cove Institute model, of the School of Living, of Transition Centre and other related initiatives. Problems persist and become more challenging. Resolving them starts with individuals and it involves them forming communities where they can put the ideals of a post-industrial society into practice. And at the center of these communities are educational establishments; community universities Borsodi called them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It is perhaps ironic that I began my own attempt to synthesize the field of knowledge associated with the Human Potential Movement the year Mildred Loomis died. From about that time I had the good fortune to begin to work with a series of mentors who were advocates of alternative living achieved through alternative education. Two of them were pioneers in digital education. One mentor was an expert in general systems theory. One was a leader in building alternative communities; through education and leadership. Yet another was a founder of the Human Potential Movement. I had been a student of Korzybski’s work and was familiar with his idea of integral learning. There were others. I knew nothing about Borsodi or the School of Living until 2010. When I got to Borsodi, and began a comprehensive study of his system, one which I frankly found astonishing in scope and depth, I was able to begin to bring several decades of work into a single, more coherent framework. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I set out to study and create a synthesis of the Human Potential Movement. Maslow’s idea of self-actualization stood out as a good foundation for this development. In that model he proposed a short list of characteristics of the health person. It became clear that a lot of people had worked on that idea. Most had distinctive models in their own right. I begin to make notes on these various characteristics and, like Borsodi’s card deck, mine begin to grow (albeit not as extensively as his was – only some 350). Eventually I reduced this list to 27 unique statements. I found that these seem to have an innate structure and I was able to develop a framework I named the Well-Formed Personality<sup>TM</sup>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The WFP model readily organized itself into a structure of three bands of three groups of three characteristics each. The first band is about individual development. The second is social. The third is about agency, or leadership. This is coincidentally very much the pattern of the seventeen-problem framework. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The product of my integral synthesis, incorporating Borsodi’s system, is the first of a series of books, published in 2018: <i>Self-Reliance: Achieving Personal Resiliency and Independence</i> (<a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07J1Q84RZ/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1538681689&sr=1-6&keywords=sharp+self-reliance">link</a>)<a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">As I compared Borsodi’s system with mine, grouping the problems as I had done the characteristics of the WFP, I came up with a new list of 9 universal problems; a structure more aligned with my WFP model and covering everything Borsodi did. Here is a summary of my revised framework of Borsodi’s system:<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Transition Centre Revised Problem-Centered Framework<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Foundation<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Reason Why:</b> A coherent statement of the philosophy behind this system, the <b>reason why</b> it should be studied at all.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; text-indent: 0in;"><b>Educational Model:</b> How does it work? <b>Presentation</b>: Translating this system into something readily applicable today.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Problems of Knowledge<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What is the nature of human nature? Who am I? What is my purpose in life? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What is the nature of the world? How am I a part of the natural order of things?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What is the meaning of history? The accumulated record of human experience. (Integral History).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Problems of Values<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What is the nature of truth? How do I learn effectively? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What acts are right or wrong? What is goodness? Ethics and Morality.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">What objects are beautiful or ugly? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Problems of Practice<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Health: How to live a long life with maximum well-being?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Occupation: How do I spend my time? How should a human being work and play? How do I earn my living? How do I achieve self-reliance? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Organizational/Gregational: How do we organize enterprises, communities and collaborative effort? <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">All of Borsodi is included in this list of 9 problems. I have simply grouped some of them into more common categories. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In my <i>Self-Reliance: Achieving Personal Resiliency and Independence</i> I have touched on the first six of Borsodi’s problems as listed here. In that book I provided an introduction to the Well-Formed Personality™. This is the model of the WFP:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;"><b>SELF <i>(Band 1)</i></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Self-Awareness <i>(Group 1)</i> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in;">1. First Injunction: Know Thyself <i>(Characteristics 1)</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in;">2. Physical Awareness, The Traveler <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in;">3. Mental Quietude, Emotions <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">2. Self-Identity <i>(Group 2)</i> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in;">4. Triple Nature: Self, Others and Nature<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in;">5. Values, Beliefs, Philosophy<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in;">6. Self-Remembering, Aim, Right Mindedness<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">3. Integrated Personality (<i>Group 3)</i> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in;">7. Non-duality <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in;">8. Harmonious development of centers/intelligences<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in;">9. Mobilization of Energy<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;"><b>SOCIETY <i>(Band 2)</i></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">4. Awareness (Clarity of Mind, Philosophy) <i>(Group 4)</i> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;"> 10. Openness to Experience<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;"> 11. Here and Now<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">12. Objective observation<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">5. Reason <i>(Group 5)</i> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">13. Personal Level of Experience<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">14. Realistic<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">15. Frame of Reference (Values, Morals) Critical thinking<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">6. Relatedness, Non-duality, Integrated (Well-formed) <i>(Group 6)</i> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">16. Open and Accepting of others<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">17. Relatedness/Belonging<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">18. Love, Community, Compassion<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in;"><b>AGENCY <i>(Band 3)</i></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">7. Responsibility, Social awareness <i>(Group 7)</i> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">19. Responsibility<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">20. Ethical<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">21. Commitment, Will<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">8. Agency/Will <i>(Group 8)</i> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">22. Freedom/Autonomy<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">23. Courage<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">24. Creativity<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in;">9. Quality of Life, Eudemonia <i>(Group 9)</i> <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">25. Self-Realization<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">26. Joy<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;">27. Transcendence<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In my <i>Self-Reliance</i> I briefly addressed Band One, Group One of the WFP, The Self. That is highly congruent with Borsodi’s first problem. I should note that my book is a workbook. It includes, in addition to key chapters, narrative and exercises related to working through the characteristics. Each person works through the list time and time again at their own pace. The process takes the form an expanding spiral. Each pass deepens knowledge, skill and psychological preparation. It is a lifetime program. It is fully integral. The foundation is the self; but healthy personality is the foundation for the well-formed community. Achieving this requires individuals capable of agency; of purposeful, transformational, change.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi proposed a Community University. The curriculum provides a general course of instruction covering the entire scope of the accumulated wisdom of the human race. Content, literature, is introduced with each characteristics of the WFP. Again, each pass deepens knowledge and understanding.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The program develops the capacity to learn, critical reasoning, a broad and general understanding of the human condition, a sense of the major trends of the modern world, an ability to express one’s thought, to plan, organize and to lead, and the psychological preparation to achieve resiliency in all aspects of life. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I have to say that it is a bookish enterprise. Books have been and will remain a vital part of learning. I would point out that the best-read class of individuals are CEOs. They not uncommonly read a book a week; not a novel or travel guide but serious non-fiction. They read purposefully. <o:p></o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Seventeen Problems of Man and Society free download: <a href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVWG1xT2xoZlhRRFU/edit">https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVWG1xT2xoZlhRRFU/edit</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Following Mildred’s death, the seventeen problems program languished. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Property and Trusterty: <a href="https://hgarchives.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/borsodi-property-and-trsterty-1964.pdf">https://hgarchives.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/borsodi-property-and-trsterty-1964.pdf</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> These books can be found at https:// <a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVdUI3LTZyMEt5TEk">https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/folders/0B1wQ6T5I3eBVdUI3LTZyMEt5TEk</a> and downloaded at no cost.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://994FA5C6-A22D-405E-BB46-5B6354B44243#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> <i>Self-Reliance: Achieving Personal Resiliency and Independence</i>: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07J1Q84RZ/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1538681689&sr=1-6&keywords=sharp+self-reliance">https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07J1Q84RZ/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1538681689&sr=1-6&keywords=sharp+self-reliance</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-51734083583319339462020-10-28T07:44:00.000-07:002020-10-28T07:44:09.559-07:00The Education of the Whole Man Book II <p>Bill Sharp Copyright (c) 2020</p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The second section of <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> is a book into itself.<span> </span>In the first section Borsodi provided his conceptual foundation for his universal problem framework and how it should be taught to university students.<span> </span>The second section, some 250 pages in its own right, addresses thirty topics. <span> </span>In these chapters, which can be described as essays, Borsodi clarifies the basic principles and overall philosophy of Right Education.<span> </span>In this chapter I will present a summary of each of these chapters in order to provide the key points.<span> </span>Those so interested can read all or parts of this book which can be found online.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter 1:<span> </span>The Problem of Education<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a general uneasiness about higher education around the world both before and following World War II.<span> </span>Colleges and universities had become in essence vocational schools preparing students for success in life.<span> </span>Professors were specialists who knew a lot about a very small part of life.<span> </span>Students were also trained as specialists.<span> </span>They were not prepared for either citizenship or a balanced life.<span> </span>In 1959, Vinoba Bhave, “the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi,” sharply criticism Indian education which he called “absolutely wrong” and asked for the educational institutions to be shut down for six months to develop a system to meet the needs of the country.<span> </span>I believe that was no small part of Borsodi’s mission in India.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKh3JVPWy77ElEMFLENrplqErAKpXIzP9HM0IzEfdPF9K_bHL5YMyKqE0USnXiSdyrmfkZ_UPm60BH1hKcdLi4gVlLQkhTUZNkmV0MpKl1QJQoIHwLLUTXCRJ38PjkP56ysVeiHlfyfe3w/s470/gandhi-bhave-marathipizza.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKh3JVPWy77ElEMFLENrplqErAKpXIzP9HM0IzEfdPF9K_bHL5YMyKqE0USnXiSdyrmfkZ_UPm60BH1hKcdLi4gVlLQkhTUZNkmV0MpKl1QJQoIHwLLUTXCRJ38PjkP56ysVeiHlfyfe3w/s320/gandhi-bhave-marathipizza.png" width="320" /></a></div>Borsodi noted that in 1944, Robert M. Hutchins, then Chancellor of the University of Chicago made an equally strong statement in a speech to the faculty.<span> </span>Hutchins, who Borsodi called a friend, had published his highly critical <i>The Higher Learning in America</i> several years before.<span> </span>He called for a reversal of “the whole scale of values by which our society lives.”<o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The problem of education, Borsodi understood, is complex.<span> </span>He characteristically set out to clarify the problem.<span> </span>It starts with the fact that human beings are the only animal that can be educated.<span> </span>Rather than fixed and inflexible as are the instincts of animals, humans have plastic instincts.<span> </span>We are thus the product of what we learn; for better or worse.<span> </span>Consequently, education is our most fundamental problem.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The record of history is not a pretty story.<span> </span>When animals strive for the basic necessities of life, some may kill for food or territorial control.<span> </span>“Man,” wrote Borsodi, “kills … for glory, for religion, for power, for wealth, for patriotism, for ideology.”<span> </span>The more we “progress,” the more bitter and lethal the conflict.<span> </span>“The gospel of Progress, the belief in Materialism, the devotion to Hedonism, the cult of Nationalism, the doctrine of Centralization – these are some of the ideological germs with which modern man has been infected by<br /> those who teach and lead him,” he wrote.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Such is not the characteristics of a normal human being.<span> </span>So how do we make education work?<span> </span>Borsodi divided the problem of education into two parts, each complex in its own right:<span> </span>The problem of function and the problem of organization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The first part is mostly dedicated to defining the functions of education.<span> </span>It includes the definition of mis-education, right education and re-education.<span> </span>The second part, organization, consists first of the three-fold curriculum of physical education, intellectual education and emotional education.<span> </span>It also includes consideration of the roles of the school, the home and the function.<span> </span>The school is not the only mans of education.<span> </span>Also, we must take the problem as a whole and embrace other ways of learning and teaching.<span> </span>Finally, is the question of teaching methods:<span> </span>logical teaching methods, illogical teaching methods and alogical teaching methods.<span> </span>He develops these ideas below.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter II:<span> </span>The Nature of Education<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The plasticity of our nature is a fact of biology.<span> </span>Our personalities begin to form very early in our lives. Schooling is but a part of the process.<span> </span>Our education is more spontaneous than self-consciously guided.<span> </span>It is informal and unplanned.<span> </span>The outcome is one of chance.<span> </span>It is not transformative.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Our educational system, whether a part of a school or not, was invented.<span> </span>It is planned, organized, systematized and influential – for better or worse.<span> </span>Organized education is however mandatory for purposeful development of human behavior.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote:<span> </span>“In shaping each individual life, in shaping the totality of behavior in every society, and in effect shaping the destiny of mankind, it is these acquired characteristics which determine both the physical and the psychological behavior of man.”<span> </span>In formal education the teacher does, and should, play the leading part.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter III:<span> </span>The Nature of Education’s Function<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Education has been used for many purposes.<span> </span>It teaches basic skills.<span> </span>In enculturates.<span> </span>It provides vocational training.<span> </span>It teaches them the nature of God and the practice of religion.<span> </span>It shapes the citizen.<span> </span>The way education is organized often depends on its function.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">For Borsodi “the nature of the educational problem indicates this function to be the humanization of mankind.”<span> </span>Form again follows function.<span> </span>It is about the education of the whole man: “man is normally a whole, and that his education must therefore be whole and not partial.”<span> </span>We need a better understanding of how that function is achieved.<span> </span>This clearly cannot be done by existing practices. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Further, Borsodi stated that the needs of each individual vary, that education provides for both leaders and followers – and while both must be educated to be humanized, leaders and followers have different needs.<span> </span>Yes, this suggest an “elite.”<span> </span>He wrote:<span> </span>“the humanization of a determining minority of thoughtful, concerned, courageous and dedicated men and women; and the humanization of the masses who are less educable because they are less thoughtful, by such a properly educated elite.”<span> </span>If the educational problem is to be solved, we must clearly understand this dual process.<span> </span>The humanized elite should be morally, esthetically and intellectually qualified for leadership.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Humanization is the process by which people are taught to live and act like normal human beings.<span> </span>The term “normal” must (and will be) clearly defined.<span> </span>To start with, the practice of enculturation normally found in schools and colleges is not humanization.<span> </span>Enculturation provides basic skills but essentially it is indoctrination.<span> </span>It is shaped by parochial ideologies.<span> </span>Enculturation makes distinction by race, nationality, religious dogma, etc.<span> </span>Humanization “aims not at adjusting the individual to his own particular nationality but adjusting him to the problems involved in living as a member of the whole human race.”<span> </span>It is not only intellectual education but emotional education as well.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Man is not born “human.”<span> </span>It is a long road from the infant at its mother’s breast to a mature man or woman.<span> </span>Borsodi will again go into the stages of life later in this book.<span> </span>How well this process is guided determines our humanity.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter IV:<span> </span>The Organization of Education<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two terms, function and organization, need further definition.<span> </span>They will be recurring themes.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi further defined purpose:<span> </span>“Every activity and every undertaking, every project and every enterprise, can be analyzed in terms of its purposes and of the methods used in trying to realize them.”<span> </span>And purpose “in the sense in which it is here used is <i>that condition which an individual set before himself, or a group of individuals set before themselves, to be realized as a result of the execution of a project or the operation of an enterprise</i>.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Purposes may be functional or non-function.<span> </span>Functional purposes achieve the end result sought in the statement of purpose.<span> </span>If the function is the humanization of humanity, “it follows that the proper purpose to which an educational system should devote itself is to prepare those who are taught in it to live like normal human beings; to teach them to deal with both their personal and their social problems like rational and humane beings.”<span> </span>To the extent that schools fail to fulfill this objective, they are non-functional.<span> </span>A functional education, further, addresses the whole person.<span> </span>“Failure to educate wholly, is failure to educate properly.” To be fully functional, every part of the school’s program must contribute to this end.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We must, therefore pay attention to the methods used.<span> </span>Borsodi defined methods: “like all purposes, may be divided into two categories, organized and unorganized; into processes which reflect prior thought and prior planning, and so can be said to be organized; and into activities which are impulsive, thoughtless, disorderly, planless, and so unorganized.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Organization requires detailed planning.<span> </span>“Organization is a cause of which efficiency in the fulfillment of purpose is the effect.”<span> </span>We organize to ensure the intended purpose is realized.<span> </span>That must be achieve with efficiency – a minimum of wastefulness.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What we call administration in schools can hardly be defined as organization.<span> </span>With administration the focus of the school is the head office, not the teachers and students.<span> </span>It is how the school is run; not what it produces (as long as students pass the mandated standardized exams).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Another term for lack of organization is Institutionalism.<span> </span>One feature of Institutionalism is that “the student body exist for the benefit of the institution, and not the institution for the benefit of the student body.”<span> </span>In short, it is not functional.<span> </span>And yet a great deal of money goes into administration, centralization and standardization.<span> </span>It is a factory system.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter V: The Organization of the Curriculum<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What is the task of education?<span> </span>Borsodi wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The first and most important task of education, I hope I have made clear, is not enculturation; it is not the task of adjusting and preparing the young for life in the culture in which they happen to be born; it is not instructing them today in techniques and equipping them with knowledge which will enable them to "earn a living" in the industrialized civilization which has spread from England all over the world. _ <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The first and the most important task of education, is to humanize humanity – to ‘educate’ the population.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The curriculum for the education of the whole person consists of two major components: Physical Education and Mental Education – a healthy mind and a healthy body.<span> </span>Mental Education is further divided into two parts:<span> </span>Intellectual Education and Emotional Education.<span> </span>Borsodi briefly outlined these topics before going into further detail in the following two chapters, which I have summarized as follows.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The curriculum for physical education includes topics such as:<span> </span>Gymnastics, sports (teams), Athletics (individual), posture, nutrition, recreation, rest and sexual education.<span> </span>Physical education must also include useful and productive work, for example arts and crafts.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mental education cultivates the intellectual powers and includes:<span> </span>Instruction, Cultivation and Humanization.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Emotional Education is new ground in curriculum building.<span> </span>It addresses the things we feel and includes:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Perceptual education:<span> </span>We are more than mere intellect: “the validity with which it plays its part is wholly dependent upon the validity of man’s perception.<span> </span>These perceptions can and must be educated if the whole man is to be made a genuinely rational, rather than a merely rationalizing, animal.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Introspection education:<span> </span>However, the intellect is about more than perception (sensation) alone.<span> </span>There are concepts that cannot be traced to the five sense and these are susceptible to cultivation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Axiological education:<span> </span>The cultivation of values.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Volitational education:<span> </span>“The fact is that all human action above the level of unthinking impulse and unthinking habit involves the making of choices, and when choices are acted upon contrary to habit and contrary to impulse, what is exercised is the faculty traditionally called the will.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">These topics are not courses to be taught but practices to be embodied in the students activities.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Emotional education is not so much what the teacher says, but the way they say things; in the teachers bearing, his relationship is with them, how he disciplines them, what he demands of them.<span> </span>Tradition rites and religions have developed along these lines:<span> </span>“Everything which takes place in a school, from the lowest to the highest level, must be in effect ritualized for the purpose of the right kind of emotional education.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter VI:<span> </span>Physical Education<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Physical education is not merely exercise, not only calisthenics and gymnastics and competitive sports.<span> </span>It is also about posture, how to walk, sit down and rise, stand; how to hold one’s head when speaking.<span> </span>It includes yoga.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Physical education includes proper nutrition – about eating whole foods.<span> </span>It includes sex education, which must be normative as well as descriptive.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter VII:<span> </span>Intellectual Education:<span> </span>Instruction Versus Cultivation.<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The idea of the education of the whole mind is ignored today.<span> </span>Borsodi preferred the term cultivation to “education” or “instruction.”<span> </span>He distinguishes between cultivation, or humanization, and instruction.<span> </span>In schools today instruction has become a science.<span> </span>Emphasis is on the method rather than the content of learning.<span> </span>It is utilitarian:<span> </span>“The student is taught to read and write not because this opens the door to knowledge and wisdom, to the enjoyment and the riches to be found in books, but because reading and writing are essential if he is to earn a living.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Instruction is primarily intellectual – it is about facts and figures.<span> </span>It is specialized.<span> </span>Specialization may have its role, but it does not address the whole person.<span> </span>It is designed to serve the factory, the assembly line.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Cultivation is in a large sense going beyond the basics.<span> </span>The basics must be provided to all, but education must provide for those who wish to rise to a higher level of understand and ability.<span> </span>Borsodi rejected the leveling of educational egalitarianism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi found no essential difference between cultivation and what was once called liberal education.<span> </span>He wrote:<span> </span>“From my standpoint, when American education began to abandon liberal education for scientific education, what was in fact being abandoned was the cultivation of the highly educable minority for the fulfillment of the role which they ought to play in any genuinely humanized society.”<span> </span>Citing the Carnegie report on education issued in 1956, Borsodi added that: “A liberal education … should seek to instill in man knowledge of himself, of others, of mankind’s achievements and heritage; it should promote in him the capacity for clear and rational thought, and encourage in him a sense of curiosity, criticism, judgement, and tolerance.”<span> </span>Liberal education was disappearing from the curriculum.<span> </span>Borsodi again referenced Hutchins, who had called for a revival of liberal education twenty years earlier.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi was not uncritical of liberal education.<span> </span>He believed it “produced appreciative, rather than creative, men.”<span> </span>It lacked music and the arts.<span> </span>He added that a liberal learning should produce at least a minority “which is able to write in the language of the past ‘clearly, forcibly, and elegantly,’ at least the kind of letters and journal which most educated men wrote before the Industrial Revolution.”<span> </span>It must also “produce a minority of amateurs with a mastery of many arts, including many individuals who have a professional mastery of particular ones.”<span> </span>He used Leonardo da Vince and Thomas Jefferson as examples.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Philosophy is another topic of cultivation needed to produce whole men.<span> </span>But it is not standard philosophy.<span> </span>It must first of all “become an integration of all knowledge and wisdom, an essential prerequisite for rational and humane resolution of the problems with which everyman is confronted by life.<span> </span>It must not only make him familiar with the history of philosophers and their philosophies, it must equip every student with a philosophy by which he will live.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The study of philosophy must evoke the emotions – it is not only the study of values, “it must make him feel them.”<span> </span>Borsodi added: “It must cultivate a love of truth and hatred of error, a love of beauty and hatred of ugliness, a love of goodness and hatred of evil, a love of devotion to the humane life, and a hatred of purposes which are bestial in nature.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“This part of the curriculum for intellectual education must include sensitizing his epistemic, telic, esthetic, and ethical potentialities; it must include equipping him with criterions for the evaluation of these values; it must include the cultivation of a conscience which makes him react to all his experiences in life as a thoughtful, considerate, courageous and dedicated human being. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The cultivation of ethics is required:<span> </span>“The wholly educated man must be a moral and not amoral person.”<span> </span>Borsodi, as have others, noted that many highly educated people are amoral and some “decidedly unwholesome persons.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The study of the basic problems of living is about the integration of knowledge and wisdom.<span> </span>That means not only the acquisition of knowledge but “an adequate philosophy by which to guide his own life.”<span> </span>Subject-centered education completely ignores the integration of knowledge necessary to produce a whole person.<span> </span>There are too many “subjects” to make integration possible.<span> </span>Integration can be achieved through the universal problems framework.<span> </span>It provides a method for a critical, objective and logical examination of beliefs, values and activities related to the problem.<span> </span>It is a process of self-examination:<span> </span>what is my problem and how do I solve it.<span> </span>And it is a realization that these problems are shared by humankind and that a great deal of understanding has been accumulated about them over time.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The integration of human knowledge is not just another subject listed in college catalogs.<span> </span>“It has an entirely different purpose to fulfill.”<span> </span>The distinctive nature of this method must be understood and set apart.<span> </span>It must underlie the planning of curriculum at every level.<span> </span>And it must provide principles of action:<span> </span>“To provide principles, the course must be normative and not merely descriptive; it must aim not at the cultivation of philosophic scholarship and erudition; it must aim at resolving the problems with which living confronts every human being, and with imbuing the student with the determination to live in accordance with the principles for which this calls.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The philosophical attitude sought is a philosophy by which to live.<span> </span>If there is a priority in teaching the problems of living, Borsodi suggested starting with the educational and occupational problems.<span> </span>The educational problem makes the student aware of the nature of right education and the importance of adopting a philosophy by which to live and how to study the problems to help him or her form such a philosophy.<span> </span>But ultimately, particularly in adult education, all fourteen must be studied.<span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi related that the first course on the problems of living was given at the Graduate School of Theology at Oberlin University in 1940.<span> </span>He stated that all of his courses have been with adult and graduate groups.<span> </span>Undergraduate teaching in the major problems, Borsodi cautioned, requires experimentation.<span> </span>For the college level student, Borsodi suggested that when they start “the student should be given a kind of philosophic chart and philosophic compass with which to guide himself in his studies; and … in his last year of college work, he should make an intensive study of both the personal and social problems which will confront him after he graduates and comes with life in society at large.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That introduction, Borsodi clarified, should be one or two weeks “devoted to a sort of introduction to real scholarship and higher education.”<span> </span>The student would be introduced to the basic problems at that time.<span> </span>The suggested chart, a friend of Borsodi’s at Ohio State University said, would consist of “’a series of fourteen boxes in which to file anything and everything he learns for the rest of his life.’”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The last year of college would involve “an introduction to wisdom;” more time to study the basic problems and the wisdom of mankind “embodied in its arts and sciences, religions and philosophies; it should persuade him to try to deal wisely, and not merely impulsively or conventionally, with the problems which will confront him outside the ivory-tower world of the college classroom and college campus.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I think Borsodi is bowing to the realities of the stages of life in regard to the undergraduate.<span> </span>It is a matter of maturity.<span> </span>They are (then and now), due to a lack of life experience, less capable of making clear moral evaluations.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As a final note to this chapter, Borsodi reaffirmed that “intellectual cultivation and emotional education become virtually indistinguishable.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter VIII:<span> </span>General Education<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi opened this chapter with a quote from K. M. Munshi who had been an Indian Independence activist, served in the new Indian government as, among other things, Member of Parliament and Minister for Agriculture and Food, an educator and prolific writer:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“In India we have turned the University graduate into a waste-paper basket of odd bits of information …. Education in these days is not the ‘leading forth’ of the inmost personality of man, but the imposition of cast-iron alien thoughts upon him.<span> </span>… We are walking frauds.<span> </span>We have intellect divorced from will, belief in ideals which are not beliefs in life … modern man does not feel humiliated by the fact that his mind is divorced from speech, his speech from action.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To the question of what has most changed our way of life over the last century, Borsodi answer that it is modern science.<span> </span>He is not charitable about that:<span> </span>“Modern science dethroned religion and destroyed tradition.<span> </span>It secularized government; … obliterated the distinction between nobility and commonality.<span> </span>It destroyed cottage and custom production and made the factory system supreme; it provided mankind with its present all-embracing machine technology. … Above all, so far as molding and shaping the generation to which we belong is concerned, it substituted the study of science for that of the liberal arts. … Specialization has replaced humanization.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Science has turned education into vocational training.<span> </span>It has largely erased morals and ethics from our vocabular.<span> </span>And yet we have too little understanding of science to use it to more effectively solve our problems.<span> </span>The scientific method needs to be applied more widely.<span> </span>Of sciences such as axiology and praxiology, social scientists know nothing.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is not technology, wrote Borsodi, but our behavior.<span> </span>“The sickness form which modern man is suffering, is neither economic nor political; it is philosophical.”<span> </span>We need not more scientific knowledge but more wisdom.<span> </span>Scientific knowledge must be seen as a means and not an end.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi quoted Leo Tolstoy at length concerning his attitude toward sciences.<span> </span>In essence, Tolstoy found the advancement of science in inverse proportion to its application to the questions of life.<span> </span>Even in physiology, psychology, biology and sociology “you come across an appalling scantiness of ideas, the greatest obscurity and unjustified pretense at solving irrelevant questions.”<span> </span>Most scientific enquiry, Tolstoy, opined, ignores the questions of life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Sorokin, Borsodi added, considered that the more economists, self-proclaimed scientists, tampered with economics, the worst things have become.<span> </span>He found that equally true in his own subject of sociology.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a lot of educational reform in Borsodi’s time before World War II.<span> </span>After the war there was a “veritable downpour of books and articles dealing with education.”<span> </span>His own response came with <i>Education and Living</i> in which he went to considerable pains to describe mis-education.<span> </span>He reiterated a number of his criticism of modern education in this chapter.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter IX:<span> </span>Integrated Education<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The fragmentation of specialization creates a world of chaos.<span> </span>It provides us no sense of direction.<span> </span>While it provides a lot of knowledge about how things work it does not tell us what we need to do or why.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote:<span> </span>“… to contribute to a better way of living and to the development of a better social order, integration of all this knowledge is essential.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Pantology, the scientific classification of all knowledge, had produced only one contribution to modern life, the Dewey decimal system for the classification of books.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi cited Henry Thomas Buckle:<span> </span>“’no science is really scientific in its own center, but only at its periphery where it impinges upon other sciences.’”<span> </span>The implication is, as Einstein sought and quantum mechanics demonstrated, was a “unified field” of interacting components; a systems view.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The flood of new knowledge is overwhelming.<span> </span>Borsodi noted that there were seven large sub-divisions of biology with 50,000 original contributions being made annually (1948?).<span> </span>In 1948 MIT offered 1,008 courses for the training of engineers.<span> </span>There were 45 courses in chemistry alone.<span> </span>[1970s, I found 28 separate schools of sociology – all in competition for scarce resources and for students].<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This represents a terrific volume of undigested knowledge.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">But there is far more knowledge than science and that is what has been accumulated by the high civilizations of the world, “mankind’s accumulation of belles lettres, poetry, biography, fiction and in fact arts of all kinds.<span> </span>Philosophy and theory.<span> </span>History, sociology, political science, psychology, physiology.<span> </span>This list is long.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter X:<span> </span>The Basic Problems of Man and of Society<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4PinwU3z1ruNLC60FRaBOr0G3B4nciRf0xW52rOgZhGkjbtqS-oZ_v2Jy_7hP-GmB93vp4SzWHd-NrDN6Us_N9fhMdH56bv27fQxZRDkNG8_lG0DZEhFq_Jj5ErnAioJLhTXskfKEbb2E/s1576/EWM+Chart+II+-+II.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1576" data-original-width="1008" height="529" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4PinwU3z1ruNLC60FRaBOr0G3B4nciRf0xW52rOgZhGkjbtqS-oZ_v2Jy_7hP-GmB93vp4SzWHd-NrDN6Us_N9fhMdH56bv27fQxZRDkNG8_lG0DZEhFq_Jj5ErnAioJLhTXskfKEbb2E/w337-h529/EWM+Chart+II+-+II.png" width="337" /></a></div>The solution of a basic problem requires not the consulting of a subject but many subjects.<span> </span>It draws on the knowledge accumulated about solving the problems of living from the time of the first conscious human beings.<span> </span>These problems have been part of the entire human experience.<span> </span>Chart II summarizes them according to his scheme of classification.<span> </span>This was Chart I in the first section of <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>.<br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XI:<span> </span>Basic Ideologies and Basic Problems<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The solution to the problems is found “in the ideas, ideals, and ideologies it has developed.<span> </span>These were presented in Section I, where they were discussed “fully.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XII:<span> </span>Emotional Education:<span> </span>The Cultivation of the Conscience<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In this chapter, Borsodi considerably elaborated his belief in the emotional aspect of education.<span> </span>The lack of emotional education in the American school system, he wrote, is the source of a range of social pathology, “the rising tide of dependence, delinquency, degeneracy and decadence” as he reported in <i>Education and Living</i>.<span> </span>That was also true in Europe and included communist Russia.<span> </span>In India it was “Mildly called ‘student indiscipline.’”<span> </span>Borsodi attribute this situation to three factors:<span> </span>“[Education’s] acceptance of the role of adjusting the student to an industrialized society which is essentially destructive of emotion health; its failure to organize the curriculum to provide for right emotional education; and its failure to include in the educational system as a whole an adequate system of adult education.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The first of these situations he discussed at length in his <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>, published in 1929.<span> </span>In this chapter he said he would discuss the failure of the organization of the curriculum.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Emotional action is the result of felt and conscious responses to emotion-provoking stimulus.<span> </span>In short, such experiences, all experiences, flow through the nervous system and into the base of the brain<a href="applewebdata://B992293E-E57E-4F22-87DD-10E997A0784B#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>We experience pain or pleasure.<span> </span>In case of perceived threat, we respond by flight or fight.<span> </span>In short, the emotional reaction awakens instinctual response.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Consciousness can play a guiding role in our response; or not.<span> </span>It is a question of whether we attempt to control and guide our response or not.<span> </span>Our nervous system is well equipped for a motor response to emotion.<span> </span>But we are also able, with practice, to pause in our response – say count to ten – and think about what is happening and the outcome we desire. <span> </span>We can acquire a level of discipline; of self-restraint.<span> </span>I think this is often called character or even virtue.<span> </span>Desirable traits are pursued by religions and certain ancient philosophies.<span> </span>There is often a sense of shame or guilt involved to add motivation.<span> </span>It is also instilled by military discipline.<span> </span>Our legal system prescribes and proscribes a variety of behaviors.<span> </span>In short, such response come from education.<span> </span>Moral education is a major part of emotional education – an education in values and a commitment to them in daily living.<span> </span>We call this conscience.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“To appreciate the full importance of this one must bear in mind that one can feel not only pain and pleasure but learn how to feel and to react emotionally with approval and inclination to the spectacle of beauty, to the discovery of truth and to actions<span style="font-family: HiddenHorzOCR, serif; font-size: 8pt;"></span>which are good, and with aversion and repulsion to ugliness, to the triumph of error, to actions which are evil. <span> </span>It <span>is because of</span> this that right-education of the emotions develops sensitivity to scruples of conscience, imbues the individual with the feeling of duty and obligation, and in sum, cultivates the conscience. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Emotional education begins in the home.<span> </span>At birth the infant has two feelings:<span> </span>hunger and the need to be love.<span> </span>Those needs are first fulfilled at the mother’s breast.<span> </span>Our emotional response to life is developed in the family and in the community and in the church.<span> </span>Why should schools discard this vital need?<span> </span>The need for emotional development only increases as the child grows and especially with puberty.<span> </span>The young will continue to need guidance as they mature into adulthood.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi advocated: “Implanting of the right kind of emotional habits and attitudes … providing it on the basis of rational planning.”<span> </span>He added:”The plasticity of man’s instincts makes it inevitable that he will fill this ‘vacuum’ by acquiring such emotional attitudes as are necessary if he is to live at all.”<span> </span>Better forethought than mere chance development.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A psychologist was cited:<span> </span>“Attitudes are not faculties, but neither are they fiction… There must be something to account for the consistency of conduct.<span> </span>It is the meaningful resemblance between activities and their congruence with one another that leads the psychologist inescapably to postulate some such generalized forms of readiness (to see and to act).”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">From American psychologist Gordon Allport:<span> </span>“Without guiding attitudes, the individual is confused and baffled.<span> </span>Some kind of preparation is essential before he can make a satisfactory observation, pass a suitable judgement, or make any but the most primitive reflex type of response.<span> </span>Attitudes determine for each individual what he will see and hear, what he will think and what he will do.<span> </span>To borrow a phrase from Will James, they ‘engender meaning upon the world; they draw lines about and segregate an otherwise chaotic environment; they are our methods for finding our way about in an ambiguous universe.’”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“There are three student attitudes so obviously essential to effective schooling that their validity can be taken for granted.<span> </span>… The first of these is an attitude of genuine willingness toward the observance and the acceptance of discipline in the classroom, in the school, and on the campus.<span> </span>… The second of these attitudes is willingness to study and recognition of the importance of learning.<span> </span>…. Finally, there is the attitude of respect for the teacher and toward the institution in which they are privileged to study.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Students who do not accept these principles, he added, should not be permitted in any properly organized school.<span> </span>The students who wish to learn have the right to do so and it is the obligation of the educator to “protecting them from being emotionally infected by students who have been emotionally mis-educated. … Schools exist to teach.<span> </span>…. They are not reformatories.”<span> </span>There should be no compulsory attendance.<span> </span>The egalitarian right of every child to attend school “is a degradation of the democratic dogma.”<span> </span>“The moment a student ceases to learn, Borsodi concluded, his rights to schooling cease to exist.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A corollary is “that the institution and the teachers must deserve to be respect.”<span> </span>The process of right education begins with the teacher – “his own character must inspire the right emotional attitude in all those who come in contact with him.<span> </span>He must not only be a master of the subjects he teaches – any lack of knowledge in this respect will obviously engender a disrespectful attitude in those he is pretending to teach – but if his character in other respects is bad, … he will not only fail to command a respectful attitude, he will tend to create an attitude of general contempt for teachers.”<span> </span>Like a priest or minister “he cannot avoid making a profession of his character and personality.”<span> </span>“The teacher’s profession is truth and spreading the truth, and character-building is essential if he is to create truth-seekers.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi described two levels of emotional experiences:<span> </span>mild and strong. <span> </span>Mild emotional experiences, like the way people greet each other, can have an accumulative effect.<span> </span>It instills an attitude of habitual courtesy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Strong emotional experiences can have an immediate and lasting effect.<span> </span>They can come as surprises or they can be planned, as in festivals, rituals and ceremonies.<span> </span>These are particularly powerful as rites of passage.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi described three emotional climacterics, three periods in the life of every individual, which produce enduring emotional attitudes – either hygienic or traumatic.<span> </span>These stages involve both profound physiological and psychological transformations.<span> </span>They involve both physical and emotional education.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Infantile Climacteric:<span> </span>This starts with the shock of birth, of awakening in a world outside the womb.<span> </span>The care the newborn receives is defining.<span> </span>That depends on the preparation of the parents and especially the mother.<span> </span>Parents can respond by instinct and custom or they can become more fully informed of this universal experience.<span> </span>There are others involved include kin, siblings and professional caregivers.<span> </span>Since World War II especially there have been any number of books about childcare.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Adolescent Climacteric:<span> </span>This stage begins with the onset of puberty.<span> </span>This occurs during school years and the schools must be part of the process.<span> </span>It was on this period of life, Borsodi noted, that Nicholas Grundtvig and the Danish Folk School movement focused.<span> </span>Many cultures have rites of passage for this time of life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Adult Male and Female Climacterics:<span> </span>This occurs during the age between forty and fifty.<span> </span>Menstruation ceases for women and both men and women begin to feel a decline in vitality.<span> </span>This is a period when adult education is of utmost value.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The demand for education is not only coursework but, Borsodi wrote, there are four activities that need to be a part of the educational experience.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Inaugural Emotive Events.<span> </span>There are a number of these beginning with enrollment in school.<span> </span>That itself is an emotive event.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote:<span> </span>“When learning is robbed of this almost sacramental character by a failure to ritualize each step in it, education as a process is not only cheapened, it is negatively-valued.”<span> </span>Borsodi extended this to the beginning of the study of any subject – each has a tradition, a service it provides.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Terminal Emotive Events:<span> </span>As with matriculation, so with graduation, with promotion from class to class, with examines and even at the end of the school day.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Weekly Dedicatory and Inspirational Services:<span> </span>The Christian world calls it chapel, but it includes any event with the purpose of inspiring, affirming, and renewing pledges.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Celebrations and Festivals: <span> </span>Borsodi summed it up:<span> </span>“Every traditional festival and national holy day, and every significant anniversary, should be used to stage a dramatic pageant, and with oratory, music and singing, and procession, transform it into a deeply moving and deeply impressive emotional experience of the right kind.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Emotive values can be built into the campus, into architecture, monuments, gardens, art; in beauty.<span> </span>It may also be incorporated into dress, perhaps uniforms.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi advocated counseling services for students who are experiencing emotional difficulties.<span> </span>And it need not be limited to students.<span> </span>The teacher, of course, is responsible for their student’s emotion experiences and that includes coming to their aid as needed.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To close this chapter, Borsodi recommended the position of a Director of Emotional Education to formalize the program in the school.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XIII:<span> </span>Perceptual Education:<span> </span>The Cultivation of Sensitivity<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We are largely defined by sense perception but not entirely.<span> </span>An overemphasis on sensation leads to mechanistic psychology such as behaviorism which denounces the role of mind in human affairs.<span> </span>We are thus considered to be the effect of external stimuli or biological instinct.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Education is about planned experience in contrasted to chance experiences.<span> </span>Borsodi observed:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The distinction between experiences which are perceptual and those which are introspective in nature, between experiences which have their ground in sensation and those which have their basis in recollections, imaginations, intuitions and revelations, whatever this ‘inactions’ be called, is, from the standpoint of curriculum building, enormously important.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In contrast, intellectual education, which represents the bulk of the curriculum, has little if any education of the perceptions.<span> </span>He wrote of the student:<span> </span>“Their senses have not been sensitized.<span> </span>They are blind to the beauties of nature and of art; they are deaf to the beauties of song and music; they are insensible to the beauties of poetry.”<span> </span>Borsodi referenced Maria Montessori as a vivid example of sensitizing the perceptual faculty; albeit only for the very young.<span> </span>This is a process that must be continued throughout life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is a profound difference between animal and human perception.<span> </span>Animals react to sensation.<span> </span>It is instinctual.<span> </span>Humans do react but reflect on what they experience.<span> </span>We do learn directly but we also have a deeper, appreciative, understanding.<span> </span>It is deliberate and self-conscious, involving “discrimination, interpretation, recognition, recollection and classification of perceptions.”<span> </span>Such appreciation (understanding) is reflected in art, particularly painting.<span> </span>It is also cultivated in the scientist who explores, interprets and tests perception.<span> </span>Science and art come together in works such as those by Audubon and Faber.<span> </span>There is a difference between looking and seeing.<span> </span>Biologist Louis Agassiz had his students repeatedly draw specimens until he was satisfied that they really saw what was before them.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote:<span> </span>“in educating the whole man so far as his perceptions are concerned, the goal ought to be:<span> </span>every individual not only a music lover but a vocalists or instrumentalist; and every student not only an art-lover but participant in the creative and interpretive arts.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XIV:<span> </span>Inrospectional Education:<span> </span>The Cultivation of the Self<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Seeking education of the faculties other than those of an intellectual nature is breaking new ground.<span> </span>This includes introspection.<span> </span>Introspection includes “acts of intuition, recollection, imagination and conception.”<span> </span>Introspection is a form of thinking:<span> </span>“it is thinking subjectively and not objectively; it is thinking not for the purpose of comprehending noetic problems nor for the purpose of controlling and directing action, but purely for the sake of self-comprehension; for the purpose of understanding, of integrating, and of realizing the Self.”<span> </span>It is being thoughtful.<span> </span>It carries the admonition from the Bhagavad Gita:<span> </span>“Do not be impelled by the fruits the task might bring to thee.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Introspection is about the inner life.<span> </span>It can be called spiritual.<span> </span>It often begins later in life.<span> </span>It is essential to the education of the whole man.<span> </span>Scientific psychologies, however, tend to consider the inner experience taboo.<span> </span>It cannot be weighted and measured and thus discarded as unscientific.<span> </span>Introspection can be cultivated.<span> </span>It includes arts, music, painting, poetry; the cultivation of good taste.<span> </span>It is essential to humanization.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">For too many there is little sense of the self, of true self-consciousness.<span> </span>There is thus little difference between the state of sleep and what is called “awake.”<span> </span>Borsodi cited Gurdjieff and Ouspensky’s “elaborate Esoteric philosophic system based upon this undeniable empiric fact:<span> </span>that the whole person of most individuals is without any real unity other than of their physical body; that most persons have no integrated personality that serves to be called a Self; that for all but a very few introspective individuals, the inner life is but a flux of conflicting impulses, sensations, thoughts, tendencies, beliefs, desires, memories; and that there is no single “I”, but a plurality of “I’s” of which the one which spoke or acted at any given time was a mere matter of chance.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In conclusion, Borsodi wrote:<span> </span>“The cultivation of the Self, the integration of the Self, and the realization of the Self is impossible without the cultivation of introspection.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XV:<span> </span>Axiologic Education:<span> </span>The Cultivation of Values<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Scientific progress has had a severe impact on values.<span> </span>Nietzsche wrote extensively about that.<span> </span>Liberal educators tried to preserve them.<span> </span>Axiologist tried to better understand values.<span> </span>Axiology is, or should be, according to Borsodi, the science of values.<span> </span>He did a lot of this work at the University of Melbourne.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Values are emotional rather than intellectual.<span> </span>They are what we base our judgments on – not as much reason as feeling, or a sense of right and wrong, good and bad.<span> </span>We take their importance too lightly.<span> </span>We give lip service to values, often saying one thing, doing another.<span> </span>It is a rare person today who lives by a set of core values.<span> </span>It is a failure of modern education to teach them particularly higher education.<span> </span>“Nothing represents a greater challenge to education than the task of making the individual aware of the real nature of his values – the convictions which actually shape his life – than equipping every individual with a rational method for testing his values and of inspiring him with the determination to live, both at home and in his work, both personally and politically, in accordance with them. … Emotional education must therefore not only be perceptual and introspectional, it must also be axiological.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XVI:<span> </span>Volitional Education:<span> </span>The Cultivation of the Will<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi observed:<span> </span>“The term will, the idea of will-power, and the act of willing, are today considered psychologically old-fashion.”<span> </span>It is a recent loss.<span> </span>Throughout history, until relatively recently, willpower has been a virtue.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Will is exercised in contravention of intuitive impulse.<span> </span>The will becomes distinctive when choices are made that are “difficult, laborious, unpleasant.”<span> </span>Wishing is not will.<span> </span>Will is acting.<span> </span>It is the final phase that begins with “reflecting, imagining, wishing, choosing; followed by deciding; but it will not culminate in action in accordance with the decision taken without the act of willing.”<span> </span>It results in motor action.<span> </span>Driving himself to obey duty is an exercise of the will.<span> </span>“To exercise will is to direct one’s mind and one’s body to do that which, without such action, the individual would not do.”<span> </span>It is a deeply emotional action.<span> </span>It evokes counter-emotions.<span> </span>It requires courage, persistence, determination.<span> </span>It takes will to move from plan to accomplishment.<span> </span>Willing is a planned and premeditated action.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“I know of no better concrete illustration of willing than that represented by the action which I am myself performing at this time, roughly between three and four o'clock on the afternoon of January 30, 1960, in writing these lines in my study in Ahmedabad, India. This <span>is </span>the anniversary of the day when Gandhi was killed. For all of India it is a holy day. I was invited by friends to attend services to commemorate the day which began at six o'clock in the morning. To attend the services, I had to get up at four-thirty, nearly two hours before daylight. As a result, I was unable to do the stint of writing which I try to finish every morning; I was unable to get back to my typewriter until the afternoon. The afternoon is hot; I am tired and sleepy; every impulse in<span style="font-family: Helvetica;"> </span>mind and body clamours for relaxation and for rest. Yet I am forcing myself to finish the particular work which I started yesterday, and forcing myself to do it by what has been from time immemorial called an act of will. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">He wanted to write, and he wanted to rest.<span> </span>He chose to write and forced himself to do so.<span> </span>That took willpower.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Can the will be educated?<span> </span>Should it be included as part of the curriculum?<span> </span>And what methods are required?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That the will can be educated was once universally accept.<span> </span>There is a large literature about this.<span> </span>The treatment of mental illness is an exercise of the will:<span> </span>the patient must learn to take responsibility for his or her actions.<span> </span>The therapeutic method is a form of education in willpower.<span> </span>That is true in the pursuit of physical health.<span> </span>Fad and fashion point to a weak will.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Willing is a conscious process.<span> </span>It is a faculty of the conscious mind.<span> </span>And the conscious mind can be educated.<span> </span>By definition, consciousness is something we have the ability to control.<span> </span>Will is a habit:<span> </span>the more we do something the easier it becomes to do.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A strong will must be cultivated.<span> </span>That cultivation must be made part of the curriculum.<span> </span>Good students exhibit strong will.<span> </span>Weak-willed students are usually poor students.<span> </span>Merely memorizing text does not cultivate the will.<span> </span>Will is action.<span> </span>It is practice, or in Borsodi’s system praxiology.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In terms of method, Borsodi distinguishes between behavioral conditioning, which dates from Pavlov and his dogs and Watson’s behavioral psychology, and the cultivation of deliberate willpower.<span> </span>It is also a matter of initiative.<span> </span>The pursuit of higher learning can be arduous; it was never, across the generations, from ancient times and around the world, intended to be easy.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XVII:<span> </span>The Organization of the Educational System<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The educational system cannot be thought about in terms of classrooms only.”<span> </span>Education begins before schooling and continues throughout life.<span> </span>It includes the influence of others, of newspapers, of cinema, radio and television, the church or temple, political parties and social movements.<span> </span>All of these are in need of reform.<span> <br /></span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Right education involves “the task of family revivification and social renaissance.”<span> </span>It is about the whole culture.<span> </span>We must therefore organize education not only in the schools but outside of them.<span> </span>Right education seeks to humanize at least the determining minority of society who lead the reorganize of society along humane lines.<span> </span>The teacher, of course is a leader and the teacher must work both within the school and outside of it in the community.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi provided his idea of the structure of the education enterprise in his Chart V:<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XVIII:<span> </span>Education in the School<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgajwenE4s3cVhpX5NXeD1oQK0NnOT5A-Pi4qiCxGLb4EWN5NsfXy6Z1CygJQB655543SOQa3XFthVQdR-mpJ9ZQ4sEuFDBC5hvNGK9EYjgIBZKnvypIKXav7DCK1g_Gx1BuR8iFb1qQzaJ/s1042/EWM+II+-+V.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1042" data-original-width="930" height="421" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgajwenE4s3cVhpX5NXeD1oQK0NnOT5A-Pi4qiCxGLb4EWN5NsfXy6Z1CygJQB655543SOQa3XFthVQdR-mpJ9ZQ4sEuFDBC5hvNGK9EYjgIBZKnvypIKXav7DCK1g_Gx1BuR8iFb1qQzaJ/w376-h421/EWM+II+-+V.png" width="376" /></a></div>Education is a planned and organized activity.<span> </span>It should be done locally, not under national programs.<span> </span>Saying that, the education of the home and in the community at large is largely spontaneous and unplanned.<span> </span>That too is important and should not be diminished by government programs as has happened in many developed countries and was being pursed in India.<span> </span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We should not make the schools a tool for social programs.<span> </span>The functions of the public school involve mastery of essential and that should take relatively few years.<span> </span>According to Grundtvig, once basic education is completed, the young should do meaningful work:<span> </span>“During these formative years,” Borsodi summarized: “they should grapple with the realities of life, and experience the most important of all means for disciplining themselves intellectually and emotionally – the discipline of useful and productive work.”<span> </span>And then comes one or two years guided by philosophy and inspiration – the Folk Schools.<span> </span>Borsodi concurs.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi described four “Ways and Means” for support of schools:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Private means by payment by the family for all cost of educating their children.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Autonomous educational foundations.<span> </span>Many colleges and universities are supported by endowments.<span> </span>Such foundations may be private or public or a mix of both.<span> </span>Autonomy, freedom from control by special interests, is the key term.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Schools may also be supported by special interest such as churches, professions of industries.<span> </span>These outside interests define the school or college program.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->State funding and control of education with all the implications such control suggests.<span> </span>Borsodi did not believe governments should be in charge of education.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In short:<span> </span>“Humanization, general education, and the education of the whole man is a family, not a state responsibility.”<span> </span>Ditto compulsory religion and special interests.<span> </span>Students should be free to choose their school. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The absence of outside influence also applies to academic freedom.<span> </span>To achieve their mission as defined by Borsodi, and this is a keystone of his personal philosophy, schools should be autonomous, free and independent; they belong to the communities that host them.<span> </span>Borsodi never intended they be large institutions; rather the opposite.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Note Regarding the Following Chapters:</span></b><span> </span>The following five chapters address the pre-adult ages.<span> </span>Borsodi covered these stages in greater detail in <i>Education and Living</i> (<a href="https://research.library.kutztown.edu/solbooks/1/" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a>)<a href="applewebdata://B992293E-E57E-4F22-87DD-10E997A0784B#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Given that our focus is on adult education I will skip the review of these chapters.<span> </span>They can be found by those interested in on-line version of <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> (<a href="https://research.library.kutztown.edu/solbooks/2/" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a>)<a href="applewebdata://B992293E-E57E-4F22-87DD-10E997A0784B#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> and in my chapter on “Education and Living.”<span> </span>I gave a good deal of thought to including these chapters, but the summarization would be extensive and in the interest of shortening an already lengthy chapter, will skip them.<span> </span>In short, as would be expected, Borsodi had a lot of suggestions about improving schools and schooling. <span> </span>I would note, they are worth reading on your own.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XIX:<span> </span>Education in the First Six Years <o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Educational Function of the Home:<span> </span>Character Building<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XX:<span> </span>Education from Six to Twelve<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Function of the University:<span> </span>Mastery and Leadership<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXI:<span> </span>Education from Twelve to Sixteen<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Foundation of Secondary Education:<span> </span>Preparation for work.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXII:<span> </span>Education from Sixteen to Eighteen<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Function of the School and College:<span> </span>Vision<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXIII:<span> </span>From Eighteen to the End of Schooling<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The function of the University:<span> </span>Mastery and Leadership<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXIV:<span> </span>Adult Education<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Education to the end of formal schooling takes students through professional schools; in short what we would consider university-level courses.<span> </span>At that time, age 21 was considered the age of maturity.<span> </span>Today it is eighteen.<span> </span>Borsodi uses the term adult to mean lifetime learning.<span> </span>Education does not end with a professional degree or PhD.<span> </span>It begins following formal schooling.<span> </span>Indeed, the education following formal studies is of a very different nature than that found in the classroom.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is little prospect of changing the existing educational system.<span> </span>Something new is needed, something revolutionary.<span> </span>That will happen through grassroots initiatives.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi places high value on tradition.<span> </span>The problem is the effect of modern scientific education.<span> </span>He wrote: “The problem cannot arise in a culture where tradition, rather than science, is the determining factor in education.<span> </span>It is also a product of the French and American Revolutions but accelerated with the industrial revolution.<span> </span>Modernism has now swept or is sweeping away traditional culture around the world.<span> </span>The change in culture has been rapid and is accelerating.<span> </span>A vast variety of new institutions have been established; particular mass culture.<span> </span>There are too many individuals and groups that have “an axe to grind.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are remnants of the past:<span> </span>“Libraries and museums; parks, botanical and zoological gardens; sports and playgrounds; concerts and lecture; camping and traveling [that] provide educational experiences for adults which are wholesome, which develop and cultivate their personalities.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote:<span> </span>“The essence of right-education is truth-seeking – the search for and the presentation of the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.”<span> </span>This is not the province of modern public schools.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is not so much a return to tradition and culture as it is a return to humanization rather than condition; to re-education of society itself.<span> </span>It only takes a handful to lead the way.<span> </span>They may be students as well as teachers.<span> </span>“But if they are to be helped to escape from being spoiled by the prevailing atmosphere of selfishness and cynicism, they must be equipped with a philosophy of living in which the role they are to play in society is explicitly outlined, and in which the function of membership in a determining elite is not subordinated to self-seeking vocationalism pure and simple.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It also calls for organization; for some addition to the existing school system in every community.<span> </span>The program is more than just classes.<span> </span>The school should be a community planning center.<span> </span>It should be a cultural center.<span> </span>It should be an arts and crafts center.<span> </span>It should sponsor drives to provide for libraries, museums and other cultural features; for lectures, concerts, dances, theatre, festivals.<span> </span>And it should not be forgotten that it is a school; its function is education.<span> </span>It should stand apart from particular movements yet “bringing to bear upon them all the resources of unbiased knowledge and wisdom.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Re-education is adult education directed at correcting the errors which abound in both tradition and custom.<span> </span>Re-education is not superfluous extra-curricular activities and meaningless courses.<span> </span>Borsodi noted that he spelled this out in detail in <i>Education and Living</i>, Volume II, pp. 683-702.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The job of creating these schools and of drawing students is not easy.<span> </span>It starts with the formation of a self-conscious minority and grows on its own merit.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXV:<span> </span>Education in the Home<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The proper education of children, Borsodi reiterated, starts in the home.<span> </span>The cultivation of “the personality – characteristics of a normal human being” start with the mother and father.<span> </span>Blackstone noted three requirements of parents under common law:<span> </span>protection, education and maintenance; and the most important he thought was education.<span> </span>Having both parents employed, by turning the fostering of children over to impersonal agencies, we should not be surprised at the growing ranks of juvenile delinquents.<span> </span>This is particularly true in large urban environments.<span> </span>The village provides a better environment, a more secure environment.<span> </span>There is nothing that provides the emotional security of the family.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXVI:<span> </span>Education by the Culture<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Modern culture is “crassly materialistic.”<span> </span>“It ridicules traditional spiritual and moral values, … ignores the Amorlism and Moral Relativism which are implicit in this devotion to higher and higher material scales of living.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Our materialistic culture wastefully plunders nature and resources.<span> </span>It is “engaged in a veritable war upon the soil, the forest, the water, the flora and fauna, and even the atmosphere essential to organic life.”<span> </span>The cost of human life is high.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Finally, it is destroying itself emotionally.<span> </span>Speed, more speed, and still more speed – with utter disregard to the rhythms of nature – is being used to destroy man’s mind and soul.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The schools “gloss over and minimize” these social pathologies.<span> </span>Mass advertising is engaged in condition “the whole population to accept modern culture, and to ignore anybody and everybody who in the slightest degree questions what it calls Progress and who may be pleading for some balance essential to the maintenance of mental and physical health.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Properly lead and responsible adult education could provide the necessary re-education.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXVII:<span> </span>The Organization of Teaching<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We need a new approach to education.<span> </span>We need to re-examine existing methods and consider new methods and old methods now neglected.<span> </span>There is no one perfect method of teaching – we need a plurality of methods.<span> </span>It is more than classroom instruction and lecturing, textbooks and examinations.<span> </span>The progressive educational system is not that method.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There seems a universal push to abolish literacy.<span> </span>There is a steady decline in the number of people who read a book of any kind.<span> </span>Too much of our media and popular literature is degrading.<span> </span>We need a freshness and originality.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Educational methods must meet the needs of all – from manual education to the mentally gifted.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Education begins not with self-instruction but with the teaching by others”.<span> </span>It starts at birth.<span> </span>Learning skills develop “until he becomes physically and mentally able to study on his own initiative – until self-instruction in contrast to teach by others, can take place.<span> </span>Real instruction “begins probably during adolescence or when he begins to be self-conscious in the full meaning of the term.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Nonetheless, we always learn from others.<span> </span>We must continue to cultivate learning from others.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXVIII:<span> </span>Logical Methods of Teaching<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Every method of teaching for the conscious mind is characterized by a logical process.<span> </span>Borsodi proposed “Two Canons of Logical Teaching:<span> </span>(1) Logical teaching should produce comprehension of the subject-matter taught, and (2) Logical teaching should produce mastery in the doing – in the practice and application – of what has been taught.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are six methods of logical teaching that conform to these canons:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Teaching by rational compulsion.<span> </span>The crudest and least effective means, it is, however, required for early childhood education.<span> </span>There are certain disciplines that must be required through the schooling experience.<span> </span>Students gradually learn to imposed discipline on themselves.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Didactic teaching, which takes place in the classroom, involves the teacher “furnishing the students facts, and trains him in procedures and practices.”<span> </span>Borsodi proposed a “reader” of essential material that must be learned and which will “lead [the student] to discover not only the truths it contains but the poetry of language – the revelation of the enrichment which comes from mastering new words and ideas and from reading the great geniuses who have created the best of their nations’ cultural heritage.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Discursive teaching is learning by dialog; the seminar and tutorial methods.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Heuristic teaching: “of which the essence is leading the student to discover the truth about a matter for himself.”<span> </span>This does not necessarily mean that the experience is unguided and unplanned.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Activity Teaching is “as old as mankind.”<span> </span>This is learning through motor activity.<span> </span>It is not activity for activities sake; not recreational but designed as a learning experience.<span> </span>The results are practical.<span> </span>It is a form of apprenticeship, but it is the learning of many crafts rather than merely a vocation.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Teaching by example – the teacher teaches not only what he/she knows but what he/she is.<span> </span>This is walking the talk.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXIX:<span> </span>Illogical Methods of Teaching<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Illogical methods are directed at both the conscious and the unconscious mind.<span> </span>There are at least three illogical teaching methods:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Magical methods.<span> </span>This is the way of the shaman.<span> </span>It is something of a “primitive science.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Arbitrary compulsion is the use of corporal punishment in teaching.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Teaching by permissive spontaneity such as found in the Montessori method but often perverted in the public-school classroom.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In short, Borsodi advises against the use of illogical methods in teaching.<span> </span>There are better ways.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter XXX:<span> </span>Alogical Methods of Teaching<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Alogical teaching is directed to the subconscious mind.<span> </span>It may include hypnotism but usually the student is conscious of the process.<span> </span>There are important aspects of education that cannot be dealt with by mere logic and this includes the education in values.<span> </span>It is not learning about values but cultivating the feeling for values.<span> </span>Borsodi proposed four canons of alogical teaching:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Law of Impression:<span> </span>Everything we experience leaves some impression on our minds and particular at the subconscious level.<span> </span>There are weak impressions and strong impression.<span> </span>Weak impressions often repeated can leave enduring behavior.<span> </span>Strong impression can be traumatic.<span> </span>It also includes mystical and religious experiences; the wonders of nature such as the Grand Canyon or Himalayas; great works of art and architecture; the reading of great works of literature (and Borsodi noted Thoreau’s <i>Walden</i>); sunrises and sunsets, the starry night sky, flowers and trees, etc.<span> </span>As a method of education, the aim is healthy impression and the guiding of experiences.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Law of Repetition:<span> </span>Repetition is an indispensable method for learning.<span> </span>That includes manners and good reading.<span> </span>Repetition of bad experiences also reinforces behavior which may produce neurosis or criminal behavior.<span> </span>Repetition is used in psychical education to teach health.<span> </span>It is used in yoga and the martial arts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Law of Association:<span> </span>Our minds are associational “machines.”<span> </span>The process is automatic, but it can be cultivated and guided.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Law of Stimulation:<span> </span>Stimulus may attract or repel us. <span> </span>There are rewards and penalties.<span> </span>Some impulses need to be repressed; others encouraged.<span> </span>Conditioning is a widely recognized psychological idea.<span> </span>Some conditioning is need for humanization, but it is also widely employed to dehumanize.<span> </span>It is used in advertising, propaganda, brainwashing.<span> </span>Certain psychologies hold that it is the only way to form human behavior; not reason.<span> </span>That raises the question of who decides what is right.<span> </span>It can be self-imposed as a tool for discipling learning.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote further of alogical exercise in yoga.<span> </span>It has six purposes:<span> </span>attentiveness, concentration, meditation or introspection, imagination, endurance and “dislinking” – or non-attachment.<span> </span>All of the methods of yoga have a place in the classroom.<span> </span>It is in part physical education.<span> </span>And there are three approaches to yoga:<span> </span>Devotion, understanding and action.<span> </span>Borsodi provided further description of the six yoga practices.<span> </span>India has, over the centuries, he noted, developed yoga into a very high art.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi further discussed non-attachment.<span> </span>It is a key principle in the Gita – acting without thinking of the fruits of action.<span> </span>He stated that as a Humanist, he does not ascribe to the extreme of the doctrine of absolute non-attachment.<span> </span>But it is important to distinguish between pride and vanity.<span> </span>There is also merit in the idea that work is its own reward.<span> </span>“Learning, above all, ought to be its own reward.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School, the teacher, is hard-pressed by the realities of the world around.<span> </span>Involuntary conditioning is too prevalent of our culture.<span> </span>Pavlov and Watson popularized it.<span> </span>The world was seeing political conditioning in recent history, such as in Germany, and ongoing with the Cold War.<span> </span>It is seen in advertising and Borsodi was a strident critic of (and expert in) advertising.<span> </span>I have written about his books and position on advertising in other chapters.<span> </span>It is also found in manipulative techniques in interpersonal relations and there are books readily found about suggestion and persuasion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The School must create a safe environment.<span> </span>It must make students aware of what is going on around them.<span> </span>In adult education, re-education, the effects of conditioning must be addressed and nullified.<span> </span>Right education must teach a certain skepticism; a continual re-examination of ideas and assumptions.<span> </span>The problem-centered framework is designed to do that.<span> </span>This imposes a very high moral responsibility on teachers.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Strengthening the imagination is also part of alogical education.<span> </span>Imagination is a natural endowment unique to humans.<span> </span>Through imagination we develop enthusiasm and conviction.<span> </span>We put things together in a meaningful way.<span> </span>It is not itself a logical process but can be shaped rationally – for better or worse.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3yQ78ta2b5TjpXkM_b3PVC2tqllZ0eHQr7mDmEyuMeam4SAjaimoVEeywpLQANk7tIhZOMUjvkSoSpib_D_vqTtWDFvVVkMNC2f7JWEOqXXZxQhFK1VsIKNZmm2mLwSqPuzhV8SZqUUZg/s1010/EWM+II+Chart+for+Chapter+XXX.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="940" data-original-width="1010" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3yQ78ta2b5TjpXkM_b3PVC2tqllZ0eHQr7mDmEyuMeam4SAjaimoVEeywpLQANk7tIhZOMUjvkSoSpib_D_vqTtWDFvVVkMNC2f7JWEOqXXZxQhFK1VsIKNZmm2mLwSqPuzhV8SZqUUZg/w401-h373/EWM+II+Chart+for+Chapter+XXX.png" width="401" /></a></div>It is through imagination that we achieve creativity.<span> </span>It is through imagination that we create ideas and ideals and ideologies.<span> </span>It is also through imagination that we employ suggestion.<span> </span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a popular literature at that time on self-hypnosis.<span> </span>There was also a growing literature on self-help using suggestion.<span> </span>It is clear that the teacher makes liberal use of suggestion.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi provided this chart of methods of stimulation:<br /><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi goes further into the theme of inspirational teaching. <span> </span>A teacher needs the gift of inspiration.<span> </span>That may take a logical or non-logical form.<span> </span>Inspiration may come through speech or writing.<span> </span>Inspiration can take the form of music or drama, through weekly services which typically combine verbal as well as musical forms of inspiration.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi emphasizes two things:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“First, that if this proposal for a system of education which educates the whole man and so makes possible the humanization of mankind is to be realized, we must not only solve the practical problems with which education is confronted today, we must also have faith and vision.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“And the second is this, that in all the years I have devoted to the study of higher education in America, the most terrible thing which our colleges and universities do to the young men and women who go to them, is to turn them into an army of disillusioned cynics; into men and women who know all about the seamy-side of those whom they thought great heroes; who think enthusiasm, childish; heroism, silly; sacrifice, stupid; faith, folly; vision, delusion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; 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-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“But it can be done.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“And it must be done if educators are to find full compensation in their work, …<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi continued to list others who must find satisfaction in the services they render such as doctors who seek healing, lawyers who seek justice, engineers who seek to build a better world, architects who pursue the beautiful, and <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“social scientist and philosophically minded leaders [who] devote themselves to creating a more wholesome life both for man and for society. … To inspire the necessary idealism; to maintain the necessary enthusiasm; to instill a life-long dedication to the work to which the educable elite should devote themselves; and to keep them devoted to the task of ennobling the work which the rank of manually gifted must perforce do, it is of <span> </span>the utmost importance that education should rise above specialization and mere technology … creating a better life and building a better social order can be done in only one way, by teaching individuals to incorporate in what they do and in what they build and what they produce from day to day, beauty and harmony, reason and truth, concern and consideration, tolerance and humanism.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In every nation, said Borsodi, there are men and women who rise to higher standards of living:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The lives of all these men, and of the countless men and women whose contributions have received no such worldwide recognition, furnish proof positive that it is possible for a man to get full satisfaction out of a life devoted to the realization of an ideal.<span> </span>They furnish proof positive that it is possible to retain the initial idealism of youth throughout the whole of one’s life, and to maintain through all the inevitable discouragements and defeats, the enthusiasm which is essential if ideals are to be realized and translated into action.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; 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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://B992293E-E57E-4F22-87DD-10E997A0784B#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> I think Korzybski got into this process more rigorously. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://B992293E-E57E-4F22-87DD-10E997A0784B#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Download <i>Education and Living</i>: <a href="https://research.library.kutztown.edu/solbooks/1/">https://research.library.kutztown.edu/solbooks/1/</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://B992293E-E57E-4F22-87DD-10E997A0784B#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Download <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>: <a href="https://research.library.kutztown.edu/solbooks/2/">https://research.library.kutztown.edu/solbooks/2/</a><o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-22392122463929516562020-10-26T08:09:00.008-07:002020-10-26T10:39:10.231-07:00The Education of the Whole Man Book I <p>Chapter 18</p><p>Bill Sharp Copyright (c) 2020<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">As related elsewhere, Borsodi was invited to India in 1958.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">He had been laying the groundwork for that visit since at least when the University of Melbourne published his book</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><i style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Challenge of Asia</i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">in 1956.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">About then he began planning what he hoped would be a University of Melbourne sponsored conference on education in Asia.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">He had a network of friends he had made during his visit in 1952 with whom he had remained in close touch.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">He also wrote letters to a number of Indian educational leaders and many responded favorably to the idea of the conference.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">His return, and this would not be his last visit to India, was inevitable.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">He arrived in August 1958.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi was invited to India by B. D. Patel, Vice-Chancellor of Sardar Vallabhabhai Vidyapeeth, a rural university set up on Gandhian principles, some 75 km (47 miles) southeast of Gandhi’s ashram located in the Sabarmati suburb of Ahmedabad. Borsodi was invited for a six-weeks lecture and study tour. Soon after he arrived, he was asked to describe decentralism, a subject dear to his Gandhian friends, and produced his “Pan-Humanist (Decentralist) Manifesto” in October 1958. I have described that document in my chapter on India but the full text can be found at this <a href="https://hgarchives.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/borsodi-a-decentralist-manifesto-1978.pdf">link</a><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>. In it he called for a cultural renaissance led by teachers. He started the pamphlet with these lines: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">A new world is being born. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">If this new world is to be a better world than the one now dying and to make possible a fuller fruition of the human spirit, then it will be very different from the Capitalist world of today, and different from the world which the dictators of Russia and China are providing, and different from the Socialist world into which most of the world is now drifting. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">Concerned and thoughtful men and women are challenged to arrest the present drift and drive into a mechanized barbarism, and to contribute to the birth of a world in which persons will be free to realize their potentialities as creative beings. Such leaders must have the courage to assert themselves, and must discipline themselves to think about all the institutions essential to such a world. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This document begins and ends with a call for leadership, a leadership not of warriors, kings, priest, politicians, businessmen and financiers but of “concerned and thoughtful teachers,” of writers, artist, poets and even men in women in professions who “consecrate themselves to the search and realization of what is true, what is good, what is beautiful.” In short, the quality minded individual he described in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>. Above all else, these gifted people, whatever their profession, must teach.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">How we achieve decentralization is through education, learning, and moral re-education. It is also about how to revive the small community. It is about how the small community is nested within the larger human social system; an ethos Borsodi called “pan-humanism.” All human beings, all around the world, he asserted, have the same right to a quality life, to a just and secure form of life that is denied them by the predatory practices of established and dysfunctional urban-industrial social institutions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtL1JAKP041_LK7O1b-Itcovd5NVxT7zKS1CJL9c72iKDlyy22Y4OMsv6jiA6l4XtfT7hWpZMEINoSrx5CtQzyDp4j76pwE2GrvUaRWepj286BT9-YXTxl5MX0ZiLJSUf_DKGDQc6H10ed/s800/070510a+copy.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtL1JAKP041_LK7O1b-Itcovd5NVxT7zKS1CJL9c72iKDlyy22Y4OMsv6jiA6l4XtfT7hWpZMEINoSrx5CtQzyDp4j76pwE2GrvUaRWepj286BT9-YXTxl5MX0ZiLJSUf_DKGDQc6H10ed/s320/070510a+copy.jpg" /></a></div>Chancellor Patel invited Borsodi for an extended stay at the university to develop a curriculum to train these teachers. By the fall of 1960 Borsodi completed the manuscript. After two years of strenuous work, Borsodi, age 72, became seriously ill and was hospitalized. Released from the hospital he tried to return to work in India but was soon back in the hospital. He then returned to the US, to Exeter, New Hampshire where his wife Clare had found them a new home, for convalescence. <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> was published in India by Sardar Vallabhabhai Vidyapeeth in 1963. The book can be download at no cost at this <a href="https://research.library.kutztown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=solbooks">link</a><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]<br /></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> is an astonishing work for any scholar, let alone a man in his seventies. It displayed an incredible range of knowledge. Borsodi was clearly well read. He seems to have had a virtual photographic memory. As one might expect of an economist and accountant, he worked easily with numbers. He was a systematic note taker. He had the capacity to organize ideas. He had the rare talent for managing a huge mass of detailed information, extract the key ideas, defining each and carefully classifying all of them into appropriate categories. He would then go on to explain each idea. The scope is broad because it is about the whole (wo)man. The book is daunting perhaps because it is a doorway into an incredible mind; a vast landscape of ideas; and it is an original work. It is, I believe, his masterwork on education. In it he provides the theory of his model of an integral, problem-centered approach to learning that develops our optimum capacity to not only live fully as a human being should but to lead others to this type of life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s objective was to stimulate thought. Before you can get an answer to your problem you have to ask the right question. Our major failure, then and now, is that we too often ask the wrong questions. It doesn’t matter what answer you get, how logical your reasoning, how thorough your research, the answer, even if it might be absolutely true, to the wrong question, won’t solve the problem that you really have. He formalized that method at the University of Melbourne and with this book gives it full articulation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Once you have the question, you also have to have the facts and figures. They need to be accurate and true, empirical and concrete. The problems are about life, not about abstractions. Being universal, those problems have been addressed everywhere in the world since our species first appear. We have a vast accumulation of knowledge to draw from. But it must be made accessible.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi provided a structure for his system and it was elaborate and detailed. There are two books in this one volume, 39 dense chapters. The first, the subject of the first part of this chapter, is a general treatise on his educational model. It contains nine of those chapters.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A major feature of the system is that it is integral. The West, Borsodi observed, has lost the idea that all subjects are each simply different aspects of human nature. We have lost it over the course of modernizing education. We fail to solve problems in large part because we take them out of context. Specialized, narrow, knowledge, while a powerful tool for analysis, simply cannot resolve the problems of life. We need an integral system and that requires an integral education. That is even truer today, as digital technology has made our lives far more complex. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Regardless of how you cut the deck, there is always a senior problem. The senior problem is how to guide human action. The key to that is the problem of education: how to shape and inform the character of the actor. The first part of the book provides the key principles. The second section addressed particular aspects of education: 30 chapters worth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Drawing in no small part from the inspiration of Gandhi, Borsodi proposed his curriculum for the elevation of men and women most receptive to uplifting the human race who in turn would become the teachers in their own communities. This was, as noted, Borsodi’s model of leadership: the teacher.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi came to be honored with the title Acharya by his Indian friends. The term means a learned person who teaches by example. Such a person is considered to be a spiritual leader. It was the same title bestowed upon Gandhi’s spiritual successor, Vinoba Bhave. As seen below, he was highly respected by Indian leaders. It suggests a leader in one of the three paths of yoga; the contemplated path, the path of study to seek enlightenment. That was essentially the role Borsodi followed in India. I say he was honored with this title, but it might be more correct to say that it was a term that described his behavior throughout his life. But we should not forget that Borsodi, like Gandhi and Bhave, was principally a practitioner of karma yoga. They were men of action who, nonetheless, like King was doing as leader of the Civil Rights Movement, drew on a deep well of knowledge and understanding of the human condition.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Forward<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Forward to <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> was written by S. Radhakrishnan. This was an extraordinary endorsement. Radhakrishnan was not only a renowned scholar but also a statesman; the first Indian Vice-President (1952 – 1962) and had recently been elected as India’s second President. This is a brief summary of his endorsement of the book: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Science and technology, literature and art, philosophy and religion are varied manifestations of the spirit of man. They do not contradict one another but complement one another.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“In the name of science and rationalism many of our societies have broken off their connection with the past tradition. Their lives have become rootless. We have to grow our roots again. We have to combine ancient tradition with modern knowledge.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The development of the human individual makes for the uniqueness of the individual. This uniqueness contributes to the fellowship of human beings. It leads one to the creative realization of the unity of mankind.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It was about this time that C.P. Snow wrote his highly popular book, <i>The Two Cultures</i>. In that book Snow described the chasm that had grown between the sciences and humanities. It was also about this time that general systems theory, which treats knowledge holistically, was becoming known. Borsodi was clearly in the front ranks of this dialog.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Preface<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Preface was written by Babubhai J. Patel, Vice-Chancellor of Sardar Vallabhbhai Vidyapeeth. This was the first book published on the subject of education by the university. It represented an engagement of Borsodi with an effort to design an appropriate system of education. Patel said that he did not need to dwell at length on the merits of the book. There was a general consensus on that. He thanked Borsodi for allowing the university to publish the book for no royalties in India.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Borsodi’s Preface<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This book, Borsodi wrote, actually begin in 1944 when he started to write <i>Education and Living</i>. This introduction to the whole undertaking, he added, is being finished seventeen years later in my two "hermitages" in India, “my Summer hermitage in Simla and my Winter hermitage in Ahmedabad.” <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">He began with a challenge to his Indian friends. They must choose a national destiny: Gandhi’s or Western industrialization. Borsodi believed that India might be Earth’s last real chance to create an agrarian national culture.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi noted that the book is addressed to “educators.” By that he does not mean professional educators only; it does not mean professional teachers, scholar or intellectuals, but rather all those who seek to positively influence the growth and well-being of those around them, and who have four qualities which distinguish them from those to whom this work will be meaningless. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->They are thoughtful about what they learn.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->They are concerned. They realize that this is an age of crisis.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->They have the courage to pioneer opening up new territory.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->They are dedicated to make a difference; to be heard.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi made it clear that he was seeking a revolution to humanize humanity. It will not be accomplished by political means but through a slow process of reeducation. It will be achieved by a minority of true leaders, teachers. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">He offered five suggestions related to his work, which he believed would come to sixteen volumes:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Each volume would be complete unto itself.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->This is the introductory volume and it should be read first. In it he made clear “both my purpose in making the study, and the method which I pursed in making it.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The meaning and significance of the series cannot be learned in just one volume but by studying several.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Each chapter begins with a quotation which was carefully selected and should be “not merely read; they should be articulated.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The charts need to be studied carefully. They were compiled from the observation of about 8,000 “specific human actions.” The charts represent a systematic analysis of these actions. He hoped that when detailed studies of each of the major subdivisions of the problems has been made that “the social sciences will begin to approach the physical sciences in their utility.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">He concluded his preface with this statement: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">Only by making such decisions rationally and wisely, can we live a genuinely good life, contribute to good living on the part of our families, our neighbours, and the whole society of which we are a part, and so contribute to the create of a better life for everybody.<span style="font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1>The Education of the Whole Man, Section I: The humanization of Humanity – An Introduction to the Study of the Fourteen Basic Problems of Man and Society. <o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are nine chapters and six charts in this “section.” I think a better word would be “book.” It runs just short of 200 pages.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi prefaced this section with several quotes of which I believe these are particularly pertinent:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Plato: Seven years of silent inquiry are needed for a man to learn the truth but fourteen in order to learn how to make it known to his fellowmen.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Nietzsche: Shame, Shame, Shame – that is the history of man.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Sir Richard Livingstone: <i>the history of mankind might be described by a cynic as a series of splendid expeditions towards no goal at all, led by men who have all the gifts of leadership except a sense of direction, and every endowment </i><i>for achieving their ends except the knowledge of ends worth achieving. </i><o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter I: The Challenge in India<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The opening quotes suggest that this “is the hour of fate.” I believe Borsodi made that idea very clear in his <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>. He believed that Asia, and especially India, was the last hope for retaining a traditional, agrarian culture; one that had been lost in the West due to industrialization and urbanization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi related that when he was invited to India in 1958 for a speaking tour organized by a retired industrialist, active in the Indian reform movement, R. B. Lotvala of Bombay, who had made speaking engagements for him including at various universities. These university included Sardar Vallabhbhai Vidyapeeth, a school, Lotvala said, that was dedicated not to the usual program of training students for city careers but rather for “a social renaissance through rural revival.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: medium;">An entire community had been built in a rural area by Bhailalbhai D. Patel, a close associate of Gandhi’s, with the university at its center. It was established in 1955. Its motto is: Character and Conduct are the Fruits of Learning. This was very much as Borsodi had envisioned his agrarian community at which the School of Living was the center. It is what he had proposed for St. John’s College in 1942.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi spent three days at the university. He made a strong statement about what was lacking in higher education in the US and the western world. He wrote: “I feel strongly about the matter. … I believe the free world is succumbing to the onslaughts of a modernized barbarism, …” in short, massive industrialism.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">As noted above, in his “Pan-Humanist Manifesto,” published in October 1958, Borsodi had made a strong case for both a cultural renaissance, the role of education and the importance of an influential group of teachers. Borsodi was invited to return to Sardar Vallabhbhai Vidyapeeth to develop what he considered a curriculum for mobilizing this renaissance. He wrote: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Only a really adequate method of educating the whole man which is free from national, ideological and religious presuppositions, prejudgments and prejudice can make possible a rational and human evaluation of conflicting alternative schools of thought about human problems; it alone can end the present drift into ever more confusing darkness; it alone can create a new elite among the engulfing barbarians and provide the inspiration to make its members resist every group and every movement which tries either to persuade people to accept or to forcibly impose upon them false and mistaken doctrines like those of limitless wealth and centralized power.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi credited Robert M. Hutchins, who “I know personally and have long admired,” former Chancellor of the University of Chicago, who with the help of Mortimer Adler, “introduced a general education programme based upon the study of the hundred greatest books of the Western world.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Referring, I believe, to Hutchins’ <i>The Higher Learning in America</i>, Borsodi wrote “that he called for a crusade to procure nothing less than ‘a moral, intellectual and spiritual revolution throughout the world. The whole scale of values by which our society lives must be reversed.’” Borsodi clearly agreed. He added that the problem was that higher education in America was turning out specialist preoccupied with personal success, “but lacking in a philosophy of life and often contemptuous of moral and spiritual values.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">However, Borsodi did not think Hutchins had gone far enough. The study of the great ideas was a good start but, he wrote: “I once told him that if he would make the study of the greatest books of the <i>whole</i> world – of East and not only the West – a part of his curriculum, I would like his prescription better.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi wrote that his own work took a different direction. He had developed “a method of integrating all knowledge so that it could be effectively directed toward the solution of actual problems with which every individual has to deal throughout … life.” This method he named “problem-integrated education.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi reiterated that knowledge had become highly specialized and that you cannot integrate specialized knowledge. You can, however, integrate knowledge around the universal problems and through the study of these, produce a whole person:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“For in the final analysis every science and every field of knowledge can be used as a basis for the resolution of one of these basic problems. If the problem is clearly defined, the student is equipped with a method of fitting everything he learns – and every special field of knowledge – into its proper place in his philosophy of life.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Problem-integration starts with the study and understanding of the fourteen universal problems of living. Borsodi suggested that beginning college students should first take an introductory “survey of the whole field of human knowledge and wisdom” before entering their regular course of study. It should, he wrote: “lead them to discover that learning – not politics, nor religion, and certainly not business and money making – is the answer to the problems with which they will have to deal in the new world which is now being born.” And when they finish their final examines, he proposed that they attend a series of seminars on the fourteen basic problems. This is in essence the graduate-level curriculum he had developed at the University of Melbourne. It required but a single term to complete. Of great importance, they should come away from their education with “a sense of dedication to the task of building a better world and a better life.” He emphasized that the universities of India could “humanize and cultivate men and women who will be able to measure up to the challenge of our times.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I should add that in a speech Borsodi gave in India in 1958, “Destiny’s Challenge to India,” he was reported by a local journal to have said: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Specialization is essential in science. lt is essential in the operation of an industrial civilization built upon science. But specialization ignores the necessity for educating the whole man. To produce a whole man, and not mere lop-sided specialists, some method must be used which gives him knowledge of that which he actually needs to know in order to deal rationally and humanely with the problems he has to face. There is a special reason why I believe the best kind of general education is needed in Indian colleges at this time. That India should produce such philosophically equipped leaders is not merely an Indian but a world necessity. In this world it seems to me, India may be challenged in the same way that America was challenged after the II World War. History seems to be setting the stage for a drama in which the leading role may be played by India. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi said that he did not think China or the Middle East, because of their militancy, could achieve what India could. He continued:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">The question which has an overwhelming interest for me is: “What is India doing to prepare its leaders for the role which destiny seems to be calling upon them to play? What I am anxious to learn is what the educators of India are doing to produce leaders who will not prove as inadequate as have the present leaders of America?”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">That journal suggested this speech was one of the reasons Borsodi was invited to an extended stay in India. As we will see, he was far from alone in this vision about India’s future and the role of education in achieving its destiny.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In short, Borsodi thought that India could be a last chance for right education. He noted that the universities in America paid no attention to Hutchins or to his own plea expressed in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>. He saw then that the world’s center of gravity was shifting to the East. The domination of Europe will come to an end. So too, inevitably, that of America.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">He had more to say about the lost legacy of America. In short, at the end of World War II there was a global expectation that America would provide moral leadership for the world. “But its leaders were not morally, intellectually and ideologically prepared for the role which they were called upon to play.” The intentions might have been good but good intentions are not enough. They had nothing of substance to offer. Into that vacuum stepped the Soviet Union – a revolutionary alternative – and the Cold War began. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">To support his claim of the rise of Asia, Borsodi commented that during the European Dark Ages there were three great civilization in the Orient: Saracenic civilization spread from India to Spain, in China and Japan, and also in India. Then Europe came to power again (drawing heavily on the knowledge of the East) and colonized the world.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There is still a vacuum to be filled and it will not be filled by America or Russia. It cannot be filled by science and technology. Borsodi wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The situation calls for emphasis upon ethics and high ideals; it calls for equipment with the liberal arts and a deep love of the humanities; it calls for philosophy and not only technology; it calls for inspiring the rising generation with a vision above the consideration of purely personal gain; it calls for cultivating in them such devotion to humanity as a whole that they rise not only above the customary preoccupations of the day but all merely local, provincial and national interests.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Is this just the boy crying Wolf! Borsodi asked? No, this was a subject studied by a number of leading contemporary minds. There was at that time a large popular literature addressing the rising state of crisis in the world from many disciplines and beginning even before the beginning of the twentieth century. Borsodi listed many of these writers from Nietzsche to Gandhi and other Indian leaders. He wrote of Gandhi: “to whom not only Communism and Capitalism but Industrialism itself was anathema.” Borsodi was brought up on the work of Henry George, one of the leaders in American and then global social and economic transformation. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi cited “my friend” Pitirim A. Sorokin’s <i>The Crisis of Our Age</i> (1941). Sorokin was a Soviet exile and founder of Harvard’s department of sociology. He was not only a leading sociologist but had led an adventurous and perilous early life in Russia. I’ve written about him elsewhere. He completed an acclaimed study of human history. It was a cyclical theory of history based on a close study of the values of all societies through history resulting in four large volumes of historical data and analysis. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The basic tenants of Sorokin’s theory of history were used to write <i>The Crisis of Our Age</i>. <i>The Crisis of Our Age</i>was written for a popular audience and was widely read. In it, Sorokin described the process of how civilizations break down with particular emphasis on the status of our current civilization. This book, I should stress, remains highly relevant in our twenty-first century. Civilization are founded on moral ideals. The decline of civilizations occurs with the inevitable rise of a materialistic, sensate, culture. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The crisis is one of modern times; since the rise of science in Europe. For millennia human beings turned to religion as an ultimate source of authority. The founders of science were themselves profoundly religious men. The Church diligently resisted the progress of scientific authority, but the turning point came, according to Borsodi, not with the dawn of science in Europe in the sixteenth century but in 1859 with Darwin’s <i>The Origin of Species</i> and later <i>The Descent of Man</i>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Darwin was not just about the end of religious authority, what Nietzsche called “the death of God,” but also with the death of tradition; with “a form of ultimate knowledge which had in one form or another reigned supreme over the minds and in the lives of mankind for fifty thousand years which was then done to death.” A new god arose, Science. With science came technology and industry and a fundamental transformation of the way we live. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I would note also the scientific models developed by Marx and Freud. I would put the philosopher Nietzsche in this group that radically redefined our understanding of the nature of the world and of the human condition. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Science is a vengeful god. It abhors all that is not material, not quantity; not numbers. Its more pervasive doctrine is “scientism” – the application of the scientific method to fields that do not readily admit to experimental verification, like sociology (or for that matter economics). Science has done a lot of good, but it has also produced horrific weapons of mass destruction. Today we know more of how it has transformed the biosphere itself at great threat to civilization and life in general. And it has raised our lives to a level of complexity that is simply incomprehensible; a state that has further destabilized society at all levels.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A serious problem is that science sees itself as utterly detached. Science has an “antipathy to values” – there is no right and wrong, good and bad; no truth, beauty and goodness. Borsodi believed we must have a “science of axiology,” a science of values, a position he had defended at Melbourne. He wrote: “I venture to make the positive assertion that the science of axiology is infinitely more important to the welfare of mankind than the sciences of physics, chemistry, mechanics and electronics combined.” To this he added: “Into this axiological and educational vacuum, a new venal and completely amoral priesthood – the devotees and votaries of the Advertising World – have marched.” About which he wrote: “It is the advertising men who tell us what to desire from day to day, and therefore to what we should devote our lives. They tell us what sort of food and fashions we should want; what sort of electrical appliances; what sort of automobiles; what sort of air-conditioned homes. They tell us what to read, what sort of music to like, what sort of drama to consider worth seeing.” Advertising drives technological innovation. Advertising developed its own science of motivational research. With it they have supplanted traditional moral values “which the Chinese called <i>li</i> or fraternity, and the Japanese <i>bushido</i> or loyalty, and the Hindus <i>dharma</i> or duty,” with self-interested, acquisitive, material values. He described this process in considerable detail in several of his earlier books.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I would remind the reader that Borsodi was an expert on advertising and commercial economics; as well as a pioneering consumer advocate and then critic of the commercial/industrial system about which he had a profound understanding and working expertise. In other chapters I have describe the long series of his works included an unpublished manuscript on economics written at the end of his life. The digital era, of course, has added new dimensions to the problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“What it calls for,” our response to this chaotic age, Borsodi wrote, “is an educational revolution. It calls upon the scientific world to stop its insensate preoccupation with the physical and to replace that with the study of what is human. It calls upon the Scientific World for the development of the neglected normative sciences, and upon the Education World for an integrated curriculum based upon them.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This revolution is not a new idea. Borsodi observed that Nietzsche, in his <i>Genealogy of Morals</i> (1887), “was the first to foresee the full meaning of the discovery of the theory of evolution. Nietzsche recognized that it was the biology of Darwin and not the astronomy of Copernicus, the mechanics of Galileo or the physics of Newton that signalized the final triumph of Science; he was the first to call attention to the fact that it was Darwin’s linking of man with nature and his divorce of man from a mythical Creator, which had completely deserted the foundation of the values by which man had lived from time immemorial.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The revolution is one in education; and education has failed in this mission. Borsodi reiterated: “What the situation calls for is not an economic nor a political nor a social revolution, but an educational revolution. A new program of education is what the crisis of the times calls for.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Education is about the ideas we have. Borsodi wrote: “Ideas, like minds and bodies, can be either healthy or diseased.” Many ideas related to industrialism and urbanism “have all the appearance of health and rationality, but which if carefully examined, prove to be exactly the opposite.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“For ideas are subjective, not objective in nature. They are in the souls, or if you prefer the minds of men, not outside them. They move men, even when they refer to things which are objective and outside men. Men tend to think that it is they who possess ideas. But the fact is the other way about.” For example: “That men should believe that mere wealth, unlimited means for material and sensate gratification of their desires, can produce a good society and make a good life possible, seems fantastic. … Yet this idea that men should devote themselves to the creation of a way of life which aims simply at the enjoyment of as much wealth as possible, is the idea common to both Capitalism and Communism, the ideologies responsible for the political crisis of our age.” He concluded this line with: “… maximum wealth and complete industrialization … are twin social pathologies.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The options and clear choice: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“There are, however, only four ways of satisfying human wants: first, by making what we want with our own hands; second, by trading what we have in surplus and do not want for what we do want; third, obtaining what we want from someone who has it to bestow as a gift; and fourthly, appropriating or stealing what we want.”<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote">“There is only one way of making clear the truth about false gods of this kind, and that is through right-education. The miscalculation which has exalted the pursuit of wealth and abundance, must be ended; the mis-education which has enabled Panarchists to conceal the iron fist they wield in the velvet glove of demagogic promises, must be exposed. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“So long as education is fragmentized, the whole truth about man and society will never become known.” <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><h1>Chapter II: The Nature of This Study<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi wrote that he had first started working on what became the problem-centered method in 1935. He started by making notes about the problems he and friends encountered at the School of Living. He made notes on 4 x 6 inch cards. At around a thousand of these cards he began to sort and classify them. They were not abstract problems but those of individuals; real problems to be overcome. This distinction between abstract problems and real problems became a keystone of his system. This was a turning point for him. He was accustomed to working with problems in the abstract. His “Eureka!” moment came with the realization that “A problem of living, I found, was always a question of how to act; it was always a question about what an individual should do or feel or believe during some interval, long or short, in his life.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEins4Q1Q0xtXVIAhxzeblWajn4zlRa5YZ3RJtTyP-VSZXfsrJ3RM2P1_UwbIx6Ss8vM_5mlYGi1LfS_AIl_tdqVYYJRDjkKRzist8KFfETmraoTv7fAN2Z2Tflfdoc6eLA2VIjutNwW06v_/s1800/5049580-R1-E016+copy.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1254" data-original-width="1800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEins4Q1Q0xtXVIAhxzeblWajn4zlRa5YZ3RJtTyP-VSZXfsrJ3RM2P1_UwbIx6Ss8vM_5mlYGi1LfS_AIl_tdqVYYJRDjkKRzist8KFfETmraoTv7fAN2Z2Tflfdoc6eLA2VIjutNwW06v_/s320/5049580-R1-E016+copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>The next task for him was to translate abstract knowledge into concrete knowledge and practical solutions. The first step in this process was the problem of the fragmented, compartmentalized and specialized nature of knowledge, especially in modern time. His approach to classification is covered in more detail in chapter eight. In brief, however, he developed a taxonomy of problems. Inspired by biological classification, he grouped problems by common traits. Eventually he developed first five then eight problem statements. In 1940 he presented a seminar on eleven basic problems of living at Oberlin University. By 1957, at the University of Melbourne, there were 14. We can see how they were organized in this photo taken that year, with Borsodi and Mildred Loomis, by Grace Lefever.<br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> addresses how the problem centered system is to be developed: “For while it deals with the immediate problem of the right organization of education, it deals in fact with the problem of how to live a genuinely civilized life so that civilized life of that kind will become possible for the whole of mankind.” And that is a problem of education. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This leads to the question of where to start. Do you work from the top down or from the bottom up? Borsodi is clear that it is not a mass educational effort that he has in mind. It starts with individuals, and particularly a small minority, who have the desire and will to take on this responsibility. But it can start with a common school, such as the Danish folk schools, or a university.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Elitist? That depends upon interpretation. In a free society every person has a right to the opportunity to be all they can be. Some seek to rise to unusual heights in all fields. Yes, there are those with genius but there are a great many with gifts – perhaps a far larger number than we are accustomed to seeing under the current system. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The book is thus addressed to teachers as he defined them above. The teacher has no political or economic power. They lead by example, not by authority. Students choose their teachers. What is needed is a new type of teacher, a new approach to education that is designed to humanize, to bring out the best of everyone. This is what the root of “education,” the Latin word “educare,” which means “to bring out.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter III: The Nature of Humanization<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi defined “humanization,” as “the process by which human beings are taught to live and to act like normal humane beings.” The term “normal,” he reiterated, means “optimal.” It’s what we could be if freed of all the arbitrary restraints and oppressions of life. He goes more into this in Chapter 7, but the complete description of normal living, for the individual, family and community, is found in <i>Education and Living</i>, which can be downloaded at this <a href="https://research.library.kutztown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=solbooks">link</a><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a>. You can also find that description summarized in my chapter about “Education and Living.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We have, Borsodi asserted, “no vocabulary for discussing education worthy of the name.” He cited a then highly popular author, Harry Overstreet’s, <i>The Mature Mind</i>. The mature mind is the mind of a humanized human being wrote Overstreet. He also cited his friend Stringfellow Barr’s (a founder and former president of St. John’s College) essay “Let’s Join the Human Race.” To be human means not parochial enculturation but a sense of the essence of the human race as a species.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We are not born human. We are born, as Bucky Fuller put it, naked, helpless and hungry. Our humanization begins at the mother’s breast. Borsodi described the stages of life in <i>Education and Living</i> and he will again in the second part of <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>. The early education of this potential human being is in the hands of the mother and family. It is primarily emotional. Mistakes made in education at this period, as Freud made clear, are enormously influential throughout life. Turning the child over to the school at a too tender age is also a major mistake. The foundation must be laid in the home before the school does what it does best.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter IV: The Nature of Basic Problems<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Since Borsodi wrote this book we have learned a great deal about the human brain. Nature developed brains to solve problems. The human brain, a product of four billion years of natural evolution, takes this to a whole new level. We are a self-aware species with unique abilities to think. Since brains are individualized, so is problem solving. Korzybski showed us how that works and how to use our nervous systems to best advantage. Individual initiative, I must stress, is a core principle of Borsodi’s system. It’s not that we don’t work together. The point is, that to have a fully functional society, we must each use our own brain and our own heart to resolve problems. As Borsodi made very clear, all problems are essentially personal.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Problems can be defined either as cases – particular problems that affect us, or classes of problems – recurrent cases with similar properties. The latter are generalizations; abstractions. Korzybski, I should point out, made the distinction between “case” and abstraction clear. Learning is in large part the ability to generalize our understand of life and its problems. The more we learn about our more immediate problems the more we understand about resolving others in the same class. And it is, above all, important to solve our problems thoughtfully rather than instinctually. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">By this process we arrive at what Borsodi classified as universal problems of living; the number of which was then fourteen. What is important, he emphasized, is that these are universal in terms that they apply everywhere and in every time. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Again, however, it must be stressed that it is the individual who solves problems, not collectives. True, custom, tradition and dictators and other political “leaders” may define how those problems are addressed but the solution may be worse than inadequate. That applies to science, technology, industry and advertising as well as social and political issues. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi wrote to this point:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Regardless of what the nature of the social problem of which social action is a resolution, every social action is in the final analysis nothing but what the individuals of which society is composed in fact do. Only individuals initiate, only individuals oppose or acquiesce in what society is said to do … Living individuals may accept what individuals in the past have done about a social problem, but if they do, their acceptance, just as would be their opposition, is an individual action of their own. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In these terms, Borsodi considered society as no more than a fiction, albeit a legal fiction. A society is no more or less than what individuals decide it will be and by what they do or don’t do.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi grouped the fourteen distinctive problem categories into two classes: “ problems of thought or of purely mental ‘action,’ and problems of motor-action – problems which involve the practice or implementation of what is felt or believed.” There are seven in each class. He depicted this classification as Chart I.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi begins his elaboration of this framework with the seven problems of motor-action, of implementation; that cannot be disposed of by thought alone. These seven problems are designated as praxiologic. He gave a paragraph description of each of these. They can be, he noted, divided into forms that are predominantly personal and those that are predominately social. These are:</p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-zJwzK6lSdWS53H6w43REdMQboWWE6qHPPDDkeBgJhlXtFK1jFAglTq8kux9wI7OrrKbtWg6A_35BDESyQ3ZSDlKn4Tli2ab9BQysXTNThPAHcOckZM6zdXW1Y6cGSHZdFx7ob8h5p4q4/s1534/EWM+Chart+I.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1534" data-original-width="994" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-zJwzK6lSdWS53H6w43REdMQboWWE6qHPPDDkeBgJhlXtFK1jFAglTq8kux9wI7OrrKbtWg6A_35BDESyQ3ZSDlKn4Tli2ab9BQysXTNThPAHcOckZM6zdXW1Y6cGSHZdFx7ob8h5p4q4/w416-h640/EWM+Chart+I.png" width="416" /></a></div><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>The most personal of these problems is the Psycho-Physiological Problem given that it emphasizes both mental and physical health; and particularly the maintenance or restoration of health.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The second is the Occupational Problem; or how we spend our time. It includes everything that occupies our time and not just work.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Then comes the Possessional Problem, again primarily personal but, as with occupation, with increasing social significance. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Institutional Problem is the first that is primarily social in nature. It includes the maintenance, reform or abolition of existing institution and the establishment of new, normal, institutions to replace those that are abnormal. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Production Problem concerns the organization of enterprises of all types; which are <i>voluntary</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Political Problem concerns the organization of enterprises that are essentially not voluntary in nature. It involves the use of force and compulsion of various kinds.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.25in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Finally, is the Educational Problem which “is personal in application but both personal and social in its consequences.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Seven Basic Problems of Thought, which can be disposed of through study and reflection only, fall into two categories: Problems of Belief (Noetic Problems) and Problems of Values (Axiologic Problems). <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Seven Basic Problems of Thought share in common “the fact that they can be resolved by thinking to a conclusion. “The three problems of belief can only be satisfied by hypothetical conclusions, or “to the best of my knowledge and belief.” The four problems of values, however, “call for conviction, for felt judgments, for conclusion as to the validity of which there is such conviction as to warrant their being considered absolute.” Yet while values may be held absolute by some, they are not held equally by all. That does not mean that values pass the test of falsifiability: You may not be able to prove they are wrong. What is wrong is compulsion in their acceptance.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Curiously, science is also, at its roots, a problem of belief. It had by then become clear that even scientific laws are based on untested assumptions. That became abundantly clear in Kurt Godel’s incompleteness theorem which became more widely known during the late 1940s. Relativity and quantum physics also turned classical science on its head. Newtonian, mechanistic, deterministic science was an interpretation that has been found faulty in many respects. Quantum physics introduced the idea of probability rather than deterministic certainty as proposed by Newton and colleagues. Other limitations in basic scientific assumptions were becoming clear. Russell and Whitehead, for example, worked exhaustively to probe the structure and function of mathematics. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi prefaced his description of the problems of thought with an emphasis on the necessity of integrating knowledge; the objective of Right Education:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“ … the education of the whole man – is impossible if the individual is not taught how to integrate all the knowledge he acquires, all the bodies of knowledge or ideologies embodied in the arts and science, the religions and the philosophies of which he becomes aware, in terms of these seven problems of thought.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The basic problems of belief, noetic problems, defined as ideas gasped by the intellect alone, may be briefly describe as:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ontologic Problems are about what to believe about the nature of nature – the nature of the world we find ourselves in. At base it comes down to the belief that either it operates by natural law or by some supernatural principle.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Anthropic Problem is about beliefs or assumptions about the nature of human nature. That includes both how we relate to other human beings and what we think about an immortal soul.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.25in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Etiologic Problem is about beliefs in the causation of events. What causes things to change? What can we say about social change, the rise and fall of civilizations and the life and death of individuals?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Four Basic Problems of Values, something largely ignored by modern higher education, Borsodi designated as Axiologic problems. The Greek root “axio” means “worthy.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Epistemic Problems are about the nature of knowledge itself. These are preliminary to how we inculcate our values. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Esthetic Problems concern the beauty and ugliness in all the arts. “The ultimate Esthetic Problem is that of inculcating a love for the beautiful and a revulsion for what is ugly.” It is more emotional than intellectual. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Ethical Problem concerns the nature of good and evil. This one Borsodi defined as primarily an intellectual problem – one that requires scientific rationality rather than merely a subjective foundation. In the end, however, is the emotional issue of the love of good and the hatred of evil.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.25in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Telic Problem concerns the purpose of life. What are our ultimate ends, in contrast to the means? “Without formulating the needs to which life should be devoted, there is no rational basis for choosing among means and methods of living.” Without this, the individual and society are adrift.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Modern education concentrates on the occupational problem. It is vocational. It is superficial. Borsodi closes this chapter with this thought:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Without a comprehensive concept of the nature of human action – of all activities and not only those concerned with employment – the curriculum will never make proper provisions for the education of a whole man; the necessity for providing leadership not only in the school but in every area of living in which education takes place will not be recognized; the concentration on methods of teaching which deal with the conscious mind – the intelligence – will continue, and the necessity for methods of teaching which deal with the emotions will continue to be ignored.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter V”. The Nature of Basic Ideologies<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The solution to problems is always found in “ideas, ideals and ideologies.” What distinguishes human beings from animals, whose lives are defined by self-preservation and self-reproduction, by instinct, is that humans alone are capable of self-expression and self-realization. Only we can pursue the good, the beautiful and the true. We are not only capable of ideas, but throughout history the lives of human beings have been profoundly shaped by them. And there are a lot of them; often in conflict.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What are ideas, ideals and ideologies? Borsodi defines and explains each. At root, all three terms come from the Greek work “idein,” meaning “to see.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Ideas<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">For Plato, ideas existed only outside of the actual world. They were perfect forms which were represented imperfectly in the world we live in. Borsodi did not consider such “archetypes” as ideas. For him ideas do exist in the human mind. Further, an idea is about a class of things, not particular things. The room around you is not an idea, it is an experience. But a “room” is an idea, as is a “house” or a “car.” Ideas are abstractions that refer to the quality of things. By these qualities we “classify” ideas. Borsodi further distinguished between “notions” and ideas. Notions are vague. An idea must be very clearly formulated<a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a>. Borsodi further illustrates this with his observance that most people have only a vague notion of freedom. Consequently, they have little of it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Ideas may be tangible, like a house, or intangible, like freedom. They may also be either true or false. Whether true or false, ideas define our behavior. <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Ideals<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">An ideal is not what is but what should be. When we begin to plan a house, we move from the idea of a house to the ideal house we want to live in. Borsodi quoted Kant: “Ideals, though they cannot claim objective reality, are not therefore to be considered as mere chimeras, but supply reason with an indispensable standard, because it requires the concept of that which is perfect of its kind, in order to estimate and measure by it the degree and number of defects in the imperfect.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">So, it is not the idea “that moves men,” as Oliver Wendel Homes suggested, as much as it is the ideal. <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Ideologies<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">An ideology is “a more or less consistent body of ideas, and often ideals, usually developed around an underlying central idea.” We tend to think of ideologies as political programs, but they are much more than mere expressions of political behavior. There are ideologies in politics and religion and other areas by which adherents are identified. Borsodi noted some of the more general ideologies such as Materialism, Theism, Agnosticism, Atheism, Stoicism, Hedonism, Industrialism, Urbanism, etc. There are ideologies in music, the plastic arts and literature. “Modernism” in the arts is such an ideology. </p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbeAeBmTldd1KX7VZh_7eISdndCYZNXMyWD0-zNFjbveffi0wbF5vDvg54B8miI7mNE8-w-KV6mmzUne0POiU8IAWumALKNeupcngDcRU6RduH-ejI_G8CzLshAOMfID0d-tpgKARHPEgI/s2048/EWM+Charts+II+and+III.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1554" data-original-width="2048" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbeAeBmTldd1KX7VZh_7eISdndCYZNXMyWD0-zNFjbveffi0wbF5vDvg54B8miI7mNE8-w-KV6mmzUne0POiU8IAWumALKNeupcngDcRU6RduH-ejI_G8CzLshAOMfID0d-tpgKARHPEgI/w640-h488/EWM+Charts+II+and+III.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The modern world is defined by ideologies. We find them expressed in Smith’s <i>The Wealth of Nations</i>, Marx’s <i>Das Kapital</i>, Hitler’s <i>Mein Kamp</i>,” Mao’s <i>Red Book</i>, etc. We find formative ideologies in Darwin and Freud. We see their expression in Star Wars and Star Trek. These are what Borsodi suggested as “high voltage” ideologies. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Ideas, ideals and ideologies come with a wide range of emotional “voltage.” Ideas, Borsodi wrote, carry relatively little charge. Ideals are highly charged emotionally. But ideologies “are charged emotionally to the nth degree.” Ideas stimulate the brain, but ideologies mobilize entire civilizations.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi considered a keen understanding of ideologies crucial to his work. He devoted a great deal of time over the years to finding, analyzing and classify ideologies. At this point he had between four and five hundred of them. And, I would note, they come together in final form in his encyclopedic <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i> (1968). In <i>The Education of The Whole Man</i> he provided two summary charts that listed and classified ideologies and connected them to the basic problems to which they applied.</p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Societies inculcate ideologies into their members; their cultures. That is true of organizations of all sorts; both sacred and secular. Ideologies are the core of educational activities. Students in colleges and universities, for example, are by and large shaped by the ideology of “higher” education. Borsodi and friends went to great lengths to state their influence on education – and the problems they caused.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi considered himself a pioneer in the task of classifying ideologies. He found classifying ideologies an enormously difficult undertaking. The problem framework allowed him to do this, as seen in Chart III. As can be seen in Chart II, Borsodi further sorted his list of ideologies into three categories. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Supernal Ideologies</b> are both noetic and axiologic in nature, that is, they are products of both human reason and human feeling. They have five things in common:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->They depend on supernatural revelation or metaphysical intuition and not phenomenal knowledge of any kind.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->They assume there is an ultimate noumenal world behind the visible, phenomenal world.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Man is a soul and not a body. The soul, not the body, is the ultimate reality.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The origin and destiny of the world, including man, comes from the will of some ultimate spiritual or divine entity and subject to that entities’ will.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Man’s purpose in life is to transcend the sensate and intellectual limitations of life on the Earth. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Hylistic Ideologies</b> are about the material world. It is the world of science. The significant ideas they have in common include:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Reality is established only through phenomenal knowledge.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The actual visible and chaotic phenomenal world is all there is.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Man is essentially a body, the mind or spirit if you will, is an epiphenomenon of his body, he has no free-will and that choice is an illusion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->There is no reliance on origin and destiny in the world but rather it is simply an inescapable chain of cause and effect.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->There is only one life: we are born, live and die. All we have is the here and now.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Hylistic ideologies are behind the work of Pavlov and Watson in psychology and today the socio-biologist. They do not admit of a “mind.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Cogitive Ideologies</b> are pluralistic in nature rather than monistic as are the first two categories. Cogitive ideologies assume the possibility of both order and disorder in the nature of the universe, that there may be both spirit and matter, and that man has some degree of free will subject to the forces of nature. In Borsodi’s opinion: “primacy must be given neither to the physical nor the metaphysical but to the human mind – to the mind of man – with its unique capacity for reasoning.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The essential assumptions of cogitive ideologies are:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Truth is established through reasoning.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->While there may be an ultimate noumenal and orderly world, our conclusion about it are speculative.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Man is a highly complex mix of mind and body and perhaps soul and has a sufficiency of free-will to make choices about how he shall live.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The universe operates without the interference of any supreme being but rather through the laws of nature.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->And finally, that man’s purpose in life “must thus be devoted neither to transcendence nor to gratification but rather to the actualization to the utmost of the potentialities of normal human life as comprehended by human reason and demonstrated by logical and scientific processes of study.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi assigned the following criteria to these five qualities:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Epistemic criterion<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Onologic<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Anthropic<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Etiologic<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Telic<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">With this basic classification we have Borsodi’s system and the rationale for creating it as he did. With <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> we have his first theoretical and philosophical description of his work. <o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter VI: The Nature of Human Action<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi started this chapter with the idea that educators cannot avoid being social engineers. At root here is that the educator is responsible not only for proper method but cannot avoid the question: “what kind of society to educate for.” Indeed, progressive education is about “adjusting” students to the world in which they live. Under our economic system it is about achieving the standard of living of modern industry. Adjustment is sociological, not praxiological. It is not about humanizing the student and equipping him or her to live as a normal (optimal) human being. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">To make this change will require a revolution in education. Borsodi stated this explicitly:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“This is the contention of this study: that education should be based upon a science of human action, both individual and collective in scope; that adequate analysis of the nature of human action proves conclusively that the preoccupation of social scientist of all kinds – economists, sociologist, political scientists -with the sociological approach, introduces a hopeless bias into education; that it begins by making the educator accept the role of adjuster instead of leader; and ends by conditioning those whom he teaches to accept collective and political solutions for what they are almost gleefully told are social problems, when in reality most of them are problems that can be far better solved family by family, and individual by individual.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The focus of modern education is on the collective. Borsodi calls not for the abandonment of such studies “but for adequate study of the entity here called the individual human action.” It must be emphasized that it is about <i>individual</i>actions. “Society” is a hypothesis. We need measurably fact. You can only get those by looking at individual behavior. Lacking that, “social sciences will remain nescience rather than genuine sciences.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Experience manifest itself only in the individual and in some interval of time. What happens in that interval of time can be observed. Borsodi’s axiom is “How to live is in reality therefore the problem of how to act.” History and biography are the record of human action, not just thought.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Every action is particular. It is what Korzybski called an “event,” or object level of experience. It is the experience an individual has when something gets his or her attention. “Social” actions are the result of the interaction between individual human beings during particular intervals of time and at particular places. Borsodi illustrated this:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“What I am at this present moment doing is writing. A particular person, Ralph Borsodi, is performing this act; in a particular place, in my home in Melbourne, Florida, U.S.A.; at a particular time, on July 3, 1956.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">And, he adds, this act has a duration. He started at 10:43 a.m. and will continue until he does something else. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">At this point he is in India rewriting the draft he spoke of. He was then working on classification of human action. He recalled the work of reducing 8,000 records of human problems into the current fourteen basic aspects of problems. The two charts above represent the end-results of this work over a period of years. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi further clarified the difference between doing and experiencing. Experience is an awareness of current action. Awareness, in turn, can be passive or active. I take from this that active awareness is itself an action.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi noted that his classification system was based on value judgements. And he added two more charts; one classifies human action by ethical aspects. The other in terms of occupations.</p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWY474DWaGT0dQQrO6Rq1kOIUQ2expnH7ko37YdIcB7YUOhMrs4hyphenhyphenOUBqZgRa8mDhWdk2zE-pBKKcnmdvvYCM-riBhpNm-z-2_b9_Qh-UhnPnexjVv2DxUaQnafg4HSqzgezKKlm0yk_m7/s2130/EWM+Charts+IV+and+V.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1032" data-original-width="2130" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWY474DWaGT0dQQrO6Rq1kOIUQ2expnH7ko37YdIcB7YUOhMrs4hyphenhyphenOUBqZgRa8mDhWdk2zE-pBKKcnmdvvYCM-riBhpNm-z-2_b9_Qh-UhnPnexjVv2DxUaQnafg4HSqzgezKKlm0yk_m7/w640-h310/EWM+Charts+IV+and+V.png" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In short, this treatment of ethics, allows the introduction of the teaching of values; now rarely found in education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi took his classification a step further with the distinction between normal (again, optimal) and abnormal human actions. Borsodi gave more complete definitions for each statement in this chart (VI) in detail. I will address them only briefly. There is a lot of insightful material I will of necessity be leaving out. That perhaps speaks to the problem of generalization; which by definition is the reduction of detail. I reiterate that the serious student must study this book and it is available free online.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Each of these two classifications is divided between individual and gregational (group) actions. Borsodi clarified that these are actually two different kinds of individual actions. In the case of the group, each individual may act to accept, modify or reject the collective enterprise. But there is a third condition: Some acts are made by choice, others by habitual actions. The aware and disciplined individual has control in either case. Even when subconsciously or hormonally driven, we have the choice to restrain our behavior. Yes, some things we must do such as eating, breathing, sleeping but even these can to a certain degree be controlled if circumstances warrant. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtZzyXx7ywuCcsrpi3mx7qfmcZRBqaia1vuNn7OByx87CEjExBc2vO7kYhX7fRJaEEfrL5lWwiAFq5YD1SfHbvAce2TsB3zYtGj9wMIwdJjMa4WrMcbGAhENXMenrixiPEJlfSYLayw424/s1436/EWM+Chart+VI.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1436" data-original-width="1010" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtZzyXx7ywuCcsrpi3mx7qfmcZRBqaia1vuNn7OByx87CEjExBc2vO7kYhX7fRJaEEfrL5lWwiAFq5YD1SfHbvAce2TsB3zYtGj9wMIwdJjMa4WrMcbGAhENXMenrixiPEJlfSYLayw424/w450-h640/EWM+Chart+VI.png" width="450" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Abnormal groups limit voluntary action. They assert authority over the actions of their members. As a social species we are subject to conformity. Society requires a degree of cooperation. We are typically conditioned to proper behavior. Some social scientists don’t believe individuals have any ability to act voluntarily at all. Many religions considered humans innately flawed. The abnormal individual actions are restrained by rules. Abnormal conditioning must be controlled or will lead to conflict. The normal individual consciously chooses action. A normal individual will act for the greater good.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s praxiological axiom is that a healthy individual is capable of making his or her own decisions. One of the distinguishing features of democratic society and a free economy is that individuals make informed decisions. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">One of the dangers of democratic societies is conformity – herd behavior. A hazard of a society of abundance is we too readily expect our needs to be taken care of automatically. Advertising conditions us to impulsive buying. In an increasingly complex society, we depend on experts to solve our problems. In short, we acquiesce to external conditioning. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi makes a distinction between action and interaction. To him, interaction is still a process of individual actions. The problem framework, particularly as outlined in <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> and further in this book, makes these various forms of action and interaction crystal clear. He concludes this chapter by again emphasizing that the proper study of human action is the individual, not society, and that:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The proper basis for equipping ourselves, and for teaching those whom we influence to deal with both their personal problems and the great social, economic and political problems of our times in a genuinely rational and humane manner, should focus all the sciences, all philosophy, all knowledge and wisdom [on] how the individual, individual by individual, should act.”<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter VII, Section I: The Nature of Norms of Action<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Why is it important to achieve a normal level of life? Human beings have survived millennia of abnormal societies. The difference, wrote Borsodi, is that under those circumstances it was only necessary to live long enough to produce a new generation. It is more about “animal” survival than about being a human being. Few had the time or literacy to speculate on human possibility. Borsodi wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Finally, I am saying that he will never be able to live as man is potentially capable of living – that he will never cultivate the Earth, utilize its natural resources, profit from his cultural inheritance, and spend the years of his life individually and collectively, healthily, affectionately, rationally, conscientiously, and with good taste – until he develops a system of education based upon some ideal as normal living – or, to use the words of Matthew Arnold, upon the idea of “the humanization of man.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi then offered six clear distinctions of normal living: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->We need precise definitions for the terms norms, normal, normal living and norms of living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The method employed is rational and scientific.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->We need an exact understanding of the term “individual.” We are male and female, there are distinctive stages in life, and we evolve during our lives. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->We need to be clear to distinguish the definition of normal living in terms of its social and individual aspects. We are by nature connected to other individuals through the family. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->And by extension to the community: what is the relationship of the family to the community around it? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->We must formulate the whole complex of basic problems. That will require a volume for each problem.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter VII, Section II: The Law of Human Actions<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The underlying methodology for the universal problems is something modern social scientists have not even tried to formulate. We must start with the difference between man and animal – the human mind. Only we have the power to determine how we should act and to act as we should. There is a moral context and that story can be found in the tragedies of history – the mistakes we have made. We have not used our minds to maximize our potential. This should be the law of human action.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are traits called instincts and drives we all inherit – including those that are distinctively human such as consciousness, language, etc. There are also other traits that are acquired or learned – voluntarily or not. These acquired traits can be improved through re-education to form a more normal personality. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi went into more depth about the instinctual drives:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The drive for self-survival. At base this instinct is found in all living organisms. In man it is shaped by doctrines, particularly economic doctrines. Life is more than economics. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The instinctual drive for race-survival/self-replication – the sexual instinct. Again, a trait shared by all living organisms. Freud is particularly noted for his focus on the sex drive. We can either submit to the drive as animals do or pursue sublimation – turning sexual energy into creative expression.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The instinctual drive for self-expression. Man alone possesses this quality and, in Borsodi’s opinion, it takes precedent over the previous two instincts. It is the development of this endowment that makes us human.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The instinctual drive for self-annihilation – the necrotic “instinct.” If we fail to live like a normal human being, fail to actualize the three drives above, then this drive expresses itself. Even the slightest frustration can result in lethargy or irritability. More serious frustrations and we become neurotic. At the worst the instinct for self-annihilation becomes dominant. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Self-annihilation can take the form of suicide, addictive behavior or violent behavior when directed towards others. Borsodi gives a more complete description below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In short, in order to achieve a normal life, we need to be taught how to do so: “Only by learning how to deal with both his personal and his social problems can modern man end the frustrations to which his present devotion to progress and its implementation through centralization, condemns him.” And this education is in the universal problems.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter VII, Section III: The Definition of “Norm” and “Normal”<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“All of the conditions of man,” begins Borsodi, “both normal and abnormal, are the consequences of human actions.” In short, “norms” are about actions. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A norm is a rule, or “authoritative standard.” As such it is not “what is” but “what should be.” Borsodi rejects the interpretation of normal as “average.” A norm will always be a statement of an ideal –the qualities of an organism at its best. In nature, “normal” is the standard. An animal that becomes abnormal, diseased or disabled, rarely continues to live very long.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A norm may be either descriptive or prescriptive. Description tells us about specific attributes or functions. Prescription may be either prohibitive or obligatory. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The normal individual is: “An individual human being whose physical and mental attributes, and whose actions and patterns of action, fall within the normal range of variation for each such attribute or activity, and who fulfills all the functions of human living during each period of his life, and during his life as a whole is a normal human being.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are few such normal human beings. The evidence of that is the unfortunate condition of physical and mental health in society. I would note that it was about this time that psychologist Abraham Maslow developed his model of the self-actualized personality. Maslow thought that only about one-half of a percent of Americans achieve that state. Since every human being is potentially “normal,” the reason for abnormality, says Borsodi, is mis-education – what we are taught.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi reiterated that “normal” should not be confused with concepts such as “natural, average, conventional and uniform.” It is above all not to be confused with “average.” While we are a product of nature, we choose our actions; or not. We are a product of society and culture but again we may choose to rise above these limitations; or not. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“Fulfills all … the functions of an individual” refers to both biological functions and to social and economic functions. “Economically, it means self-support and contributing to the maintenance of a family. Socially, politically, intellectually, ethically, and esthetically, it means a personal contribution to sustain, and to develop further, the culture of the society to which the individual belongs.” In short, it is about rising above mediocrity. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Normal living is expressed in satisfaction, not frustration.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi again stressed that norms change during the nine phases of life. Actions must be appropriate for each of those stages. <o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter VII, Section IV: Norms of Living: Methods and Criteria<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi wrote that he thought that mankind has “accumulated the knowledge and wisdom needed to distinguish between normal and abnormal behavior.” He added: “I further believe that this total accumulation – ancient and modern, Eastern and Western, philosophic and scientific – includes sufficient methodological knowledge and a sufficient number of methodological techniques so that it can be integrated and made a basis for the humanization of humanity.” Indeed, human behavior, both optimal and pathological, has occupied the finest minds throughout human history. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi wrote: “All the major problems of living have been faced over and over again by the great minds of the past, and all the major solutions of the problems have been prescribed, and often tried over and over again, in the history of mankind. At this moment, evaluation and integration are probably more important than additional accumulation of knowledge.” The key is integration. The methods of science can be used, “the deductive, the inductive, the statistical, the experimental and the comparative,” to help achieve this integration.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was, at that time, a movement to achieve greater integration of human knowledge. In addition to general systems theory, and largely coincidental with it, came the early developers in computer science and cybernetics. The idea that became the hyperlink, for example, was first proposed for a mechanical device designed by Vannevar Bush in 1945 he called “Memex,” – short for “<u>Mem</u>ory <i><u>Ex</u></i>tender.” Bush was a leader in early computer science. I’ve written about this movement in the last chapter of my book about Alfred Korzybski(<a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DP5dqXU6oU2khoXsvwWq-MxCQj9BIcr4/edit">link</a>)<a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">While admitting that his system may not be the best or final, Borsodi proposed four methods for pursuing integration:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Praxiologic Criterion: Criterion comes from a Greek root meaning a method of judgement. He distinguishes “criterion” from the meaning of method which he defined as an orderly procedure or process for arriving at a conclusion. He wrote: “We are seeking methods which will provide us with means for judging the validity of normal of living.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0in;">Again, this takes us into the range of value judgements; into the evaluation of human actions. Borsodi added: “The classifications, from the standpoint of ethics, which I made of the eight thousand cases of human action finally resulted in the emergence of three categories, which I call (1) moral actions, (2) amoral actions, and (3) immoral actions” as represented in Chart I above.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Psycho-Physiologic Criterion: There are four assumptions about psycho-physiologic criterion, and they need to be taken together, not separately – as a whole. As such they dramatically reinforce each other. These are, again, self-preservation, race-continuation (propagation), self-expression and the necrotic drive. Borsodi goes into a more detailed description of each in this section. The first two are more or less self-explanatory. Borsodi provides some important thoughts about the latter two and I will try to summarize these.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0in;">Self-Expression: This is something only humans can do and it “leads him to devote himself to arts and crafts and literary activities; to science and inventions and discoveries of all sorts; to both altruistic and egotistic form of endeavor; the building of social and political institutions which maintain a balance between such altruistic and egotistic urges; to religious worship and the quest of immortality, of paradise, of salvation, of nirvana and moksha; and to the philosophy and concern about the purposes to which life should be devoted.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0in;">It is in the field of self-expression that we rise above the instinct. It is here that we begin to express our humanity. Only human beings can act self-consciously. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0in;">The Necrotic Instinct: Borsodi summarizes it as “Every destructive and aggressive impulse in man, from alcoholism to war, whether directed toward himself or outward toward others, is an expression of the necrotic instinct.” All the great warlords, and those who followed them into war, “were individuals responding to the necrotic instinct.” He includes other forms of withdrawal from life, such as mystical traditions – turning away from the world – which can be a response to the necrotic instinct. It is a response to being overwhelmed by misfortune. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0in;">What then is the alternative? Borsodi wrote: “All actions and activities which do not and cannot satisfy man’s basic instinctual drives harmoniously, are abnormal; only those acts and patterns of action which involve no frustration of the basic survival, sexual and expressic instincts are normal.” These must be learned.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The Pragmatic Criterion: Pragmatic criterion are norms of living; of action. “We may sum up pragmatic criterion,” wrote Borsodi, “by saying that it is a method for distinguishing between activities which are normal and those which are not, by the test of the way in which they work.” To determine what is normal, as in our diet, we draw from the accumulated knowledge of humankind; historical, anthropological and geographic research, and scientific experimentation. Our choices are driven by experience; by choosing those things that work best for us.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Homometric Criterion: This is mathematical and statistical methods applied to the problems of man. An example is the ideal weight by height. Both are concrete numbers. As a practicing economist and accountant, Borsodi was keen on numbers and mathematical reasoning. He was also expert in classification.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: 0in;">Borsodi warned again of specialization and particularly the abstractions found in the social science for which there is a lack of objective facts. He had some advice about how to correct the problem of social research – a method he used in developing the problems of living framework. In essence, it is the scientific method. He concluded this chapter with this further admonition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“It is perfectly obvious that the use of this method requires drawing upon knowledge from every field of art and science, including the humanities, and every religion, ideology and school of philosophy, either for the purpose of furnishing cases, of verifying the principles developed, or of passing judgement upon the solutions which different religions, different philosophies and different ideology now offer with regard to the problem under consideration. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi demonstrated an extraordinary erudition in this discourse. He drew from East and West, ancient and contemporary, sources. He made connections with his Indian audience. <o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter VIII: The Nature of Classification: A Note on Methodology.<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">An individual human action can be described. From that description you get:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The name or identity of the particular person who performed the act being described.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The particular place where it was performed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The particular day, month and year it was performed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The interval of time during which it was performed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The particular process for which it was performed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The sequence of activities performed during the time-interval of the whole action.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->The specific consequence which followed from it so far as society and the individuals involved in it were concerned. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi reiterated that he accumulated nearly 8,000 such observation since he began this study. From the beginning he included these criteria for each observation. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The next problem is classifying these actions by common and distinctive characteristics. As the classes of basic problems were defined, so too were the ideas, ideals and ideologies related to them. This classification is mandatory: “Without classification, we have nothing but impulse, tradition, and dogma to fall back upon.” Without an adequate classification, we have little prospect of integrating what we know.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The social sciences are lacking in this method. Borsodi said he could speak with authority about economics and with almost as much authority about sociology and political science. The social sciences need their own taxonomy, much as found in biology, and will remain pseudo-sciences until this is achieve.<a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> Law, medicine, theory and pedagogy have not made much progress either. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi wrote that the beginning of the science of classification goes back to Peter Mark Roget (1779 – 1869) who developed his famous classification of English words and phrases. Borsodi acknowledged it as a “profoundly philosophic work.” Borsodi considered reducing Roget’s system into a mere dictionary of synonyms and antonyms degraded it. Roget, he wrote, new better. Roget himself wrote that the difference between his system and the dictionary is that the dictionary starts with a word and provides a meaning. His thesaurus starts with a meaning and seeks to find the words “by which the idea may be most fitly and aptly expressed. For this purpose, the words and phrases of the language are here classed, not according to their sound or their orthography, but strictly according to their signification.” Roget acknowledged his debt to natural history with the statement “the filiation of words presents a network analogous to the natural filiation of plants and animals.” Borsodi also noted the importance of the biologist Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) and his seminal classification system. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi borrowed these systems for his classification of human actions. Particularly, he noted Roget’s pattern of six final categories –abstract relations, space, matter, intellect, volition and affections – 24 classifications in the second level, about 1,000 in the third level which brought him, in his fourth level, to “to the particular words and phrases he was classifying, to the level of what I think of as ‘cases’.” Borsodi’s system had not four but fourteen levels of cases (the level of particulars) which then group into only four or five of the highest levels in his ladder of classification.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Every human action is a whole and integrated process. The “action” itself is only part of the totality of the process. It is both mental and physical in character. The act of work, for example is not only an economic activity but also has “individual and social, ethical and esthetic, mental and physical aspects.” Every act does in fact have economic aspects. All actions have in common the process of living. We are typically engaged in more than one process at a time. When we go to work after a meal, our bodies are digesting. We are breathing, our heart Is beating, we may be sitting or standing or moving about, we sometimes speak and sometimes think. They all overlap. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What is being sought is a normative approach, an approach to normal, that is optimal, living; living as a human being should without arbitrary restraints. A science of action informs education. It informs the moralist in that it will provide a rational basis for distinguishing between what is right and wrong; to the political, social and economic reformer a rational basis for their reform; to the legislator a rational basis for evaluation existing statues and enacting new ones; etc.<o:p></o:p></p><h1>Chapter IX: A Programme for the Crisis of Our Times<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Programme, and programming and planning are merely different words which refer to the same thing. The humanization of humanity requires planning. Borsodi clarified this in these terms:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">”It is the study of planning, individual by individual, by the thoughtful, concerned, courageous and dedicated minority of mankind; of planning by this elite minority not of the economic and social and political life of their nation as wholes, but of planning for a better life and a better world by what individual men and women as members of their families, members of their communities, and finally as members of the whole of humanity can do.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Again, it is a distinctively individual and not collective act of planning. It requires each such individual, each member of this creative minority, to do the work required. It requires a clear understanding of the human condition and the process of resolving the crisis of our times.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi repeated that he addressed this study to the educators of mankind. He noted that the word “scholar” in Chinese texts and the yogi described in the Bhagavad Gita, karma yogi especially, “are the kind of men and women he has in mind.” I think Borsodi’s “Pan-Humanist Manifesto,” written just after he arrived in India, is a preamble to this assertion. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Yes, such people are elites, they are, according to the Chinese classics, “superior” individuals. They are deeply thoughtful men and women regardless of their vocation. Without them (as Toynbee demonstrated) societies, civilizations, fail. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It cannot be overemphasized that this work requires planning. This is an age of planning. But the bureaucratic planners are failing to either maintain order or make needed changes. The creative minority must formulate long term plans and provide the leadership needed to achieve them – leadership not by direction but by example and through education. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Again, planning begins with the individual, not the conglomerate. It has to be done “by individuals, one by one, family by family, village by village, and these individuals need to be taught how to plan both personally and socially by humanized educators, instead of being taught to leave all planning to the professional graduates of our schools of planning.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Planners today have lost sight of the end and focused on the means. The great leaders in history, such as Moses, Solon, Plato, Confucius and Manu, for example, were planners. Gandhi and King could be added to this list. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Planning is grassroots. The plan must be founded on the norms of living of individuals, families and communities. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi summarized:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The three most important occupations in my considered view are neither governing nor engineering, as most men believe today, nor business and money-making, as most men believed yesterday. The three most important occupations are educating, homemaking and farming; the first because it is the educators of mankind who either humanize or fail to humanize both man and society; the second, because it creates the environment in which the young are either rightly or wrongly prepared for living like normal human beings; and the third because it makes most directly for collaboration with Mother Nature, for man’s co-operation with the living soil, the living plants and the living animals of the Earth.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi further stressed that:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Planning in the broad sense in which it is dealt with in this study, falls into two areas; planning the manner in which to deal with the personal problems with which life will confront us, in the various ‘ages’ through which we still have to pass; and planning for the public, for the social, economic and political problems with which we have to deal as a citizen and as a member of the whole human race. <u>Planning for man: planning for society</u>.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Again, planning is individual by individual. And where it starts is with the educational system, not the state nor the economy. Borsodi proposed that this process will be addressed “at length in Volume XIV, which deals with the education mainly of the individual; the second part we shall consider in Volume XV which deals mainly with the re-education of the culture.” <o:p></o:p></p><h1>Sixteen Volumes:<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This book does not list the sixteen volumes Borsodi had in mind, but they were listed in a 1960 publication entitled “Ralph Borsodi in India,” by Shyam Sundar Chawla, sub-editor of the Ambala Tribune; one of Borsodi’s leading supporters in India. That document can be found at this <a href="https://hgarchives.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/chawla-borsodi-in-india-1960.pdf">link</a><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a>. It is the story about how his Indian friends enthusiastically rallied to support him. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In November 1959, following the dismissal of Patel and other leaders of their movement from the university, Borsodi’s friends created the International Institute of Social Sciences to sponsor his work. The purpose of the Institute was “to promote the development of neglected normative sciences dealing with human behavior.” Borsodi and Mildred Loomis were listed as members of the Organization Committee; the others were Indian. Membership was $50 USD (or equivalent); which entitled each member to a full set of the sixteen volumes proposed. There was also a request for donations with a number of levels in ranges to Patrons who contribute not less than$10,000 USD or equivalent.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are three parts to “Ralph Borsodi in India.” The first is a short report on Borsodi’s tenure in India. The second part was titled “What Borsodi Means to an Indian.” It outlined the major topics of the as yet not published manuscript of what became <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i>. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The third part was a pamphlet Borsodi wrote for a seminar held in Simla from May 20 to 27, 1960, “The Fourteen Basic Problems of Man and of Society.” That, I believe, was the intended title for the book at that time. This pamphlet gives a detailed outline for all sixteen volumes. In brief, the outline of these titles of these volumes were:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><b>The Fourteen Problems of Man and of Society<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Vol. I. The Humanization of Humanity: An Introduction to the Study of the Fourteen Basic Problems of Man and of Society<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Man’s Three Basic Noetic Riddles:</b> The problem of the cosmic spectacle, of the spectator of the spectacle, and of the cosmic process. An introduction to the study of phenomenology and noumenology:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. II. The Riddle of the Universe: A Study of the Ontologic Problem: A Study of the Ontologic Problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. III. The Riddle of Human Nature: A study of the Anthropic Problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Vol. IV. The Riddle of Historiography: A Study of the Etiologic Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Man’s Four Basic Problems in Values:</b> An Introduction to Praxiology:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. V. Truth and Error. A Study of the Epistemic Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. VI. Beauty and Ugliness: A Study of the Esthetic Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. VII. Good and Evil: A Study of the Ethical Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Vol. VIII. Ends and Means: A Study of the Telic Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Man’s Seven Basic Problems of Individual and Social Implementation:</b> An Introduction to Praxiology<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. IX. Labour and Leisure: A Study of the Occupational Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. X. Property and Trusterty: A Study of the Possessional Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. XI. Enterprise and Efficiency: A Study of the Production Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. XII. Harmony and Violence: A Study of the Political Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 0in;">Vol. XIII. Mental and Physical Health: A Study of the Psycho-Physiological Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Vol. XIV. Education of the Individual and Education of the Culture: A Study of the Educational Problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Vol. XV. Reform and Conservation: A Study of the Institutional Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Appendix, Index, and Bibliography<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Vol. XVI. This volume is an index and bibliography to all the volumes. There are separate indexes and bibliographies in each volume.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><b>Charts</b>: There are over two hundred charts based upon the classification of the individual human actions the actions of gregations, and the other concepts which are the basis of this study.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In a more extended outline, Borsodi listed the chapters of each of these volumes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It is clear that with this outline and the formation of the Institute, that Borsodi intended to continue work in India. However, in 1960 he was hospitalized, and his failing health resulted in his return to the United States. The continued support of his Indian friends is demonstrated in the fact that <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> was published in India in 1963. After he recovered in Exeter, Borsodi begin work on what became The <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>which was a more extensive definition of each problem (see “Seventeen Problems” chapter). This book was also published in India. And I believe it might serve as the sixteenth volume.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In his archives at the University of New Hampshire, there is a considerable body of notes and typescript related to the completion of the sixteen volumes. <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> is designated as the text for Vol. XIV, Education of the Individual and Education of the Culture. Also, in that archive is a large draft of Borsodi’s lost manuscript Education and Illth. I suspect that volume would have addressed at least part of the Praxiological problems. I have also found a couple of drafts of extended treatment of several of the intended volumes.<o:p></o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Pan-Humanist Manifesto: <a href="https://hgarchives.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/borsodi-a-decentralist-manifesto-1978.pdf">https://hgarchives.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/borsodi-a-decentralist-manifesto-1978.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> free pdf download: <a href="https://research.library.kutztown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=solbooks">https://research.library.kutztown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=solbooks</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Education and Living free pdf download: <a href="https://research.library.kutztown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=solbooks">https://research.library.kutztown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=solbooks</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> I would suggest architect Christopher Alexander’s pattern language as a good way to describe such formulations. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Alfred Korzybski: Time Binder: <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DP5dqXU6oU2khoXsvwWq-MxCQj9BIcr4/edit">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DP5dqXU6oU2khoXsvwWq-MxCQj9BIcr4/edit</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> It should be noted that biology, the study of living organisms and not matter, is the leading science in classification. And it should be understood that general systems theory and systems ecology evolved out of biology.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://9D6461DC-02EE-435B-98AC-1BC74ECB646B#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> Ralph Borsodi in India: <a href="https://hgarchives.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/chawla-borsodi-in-india-1960.pdf">https://hgarchives.files.wordpress.com/2017/10/chawla-borsodi-in-india-1960.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-7923205461343457332020-09-11T11:36:00.028-07:002020-09-11T11:49:55.909-07:00Appendix: Journal of Praxiology Notes<p> Copyright (c) September 11, 2020</p><p>Borsodi launched the <i>Journal of Praxiology </i>(from the Greek word praxis which means practice; or the study of purposeful human behavior) in March 1955. The <i>Journal of Praxiology</i> was a professionally printed magazine format, printed by the Melbourne University Press, meaning by Borsodi, 6 x 9 inches with light green covers. The <i>Journal of Praxiology</i> was billed as “A Quarterly Journal Devoted to the Integration of Knowledge on the Basis of the Major Problems Involved in the Humanization of Human Action.” Subscription was $3.00 per year. It ran for ten issues with the last dated March 1957. The Journal was discontinued when Borsodi resigned as Chancellor July 1957. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsahbk0wOspM8gvFdyDWtlBiFYwMyu7hwbuaaYGwCXaAWnJvgmrVS6-MlTB4pkMQda48DD3BvsfuToYXHFMEcUH9WaBBU6pLMN65-CNuiNUNxnhZaw4xmAkgQqFZETn_Mao5hBKNL8PgNH/s850/Future+Site+U+of+M.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="850" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsahbk0wOspM8gvFdyDWtlBiFYwMyu7hwbuaaYGwCXaAWnJvgmrVS6-MlTB4pkMQda48DD3BvsfuToYXHFMEcUH9WaBBU6pLMN65-CNuiNUNxnhZaw4xmAkgQqFZETn_Mao5hBKNL8PgNH/w256-h213/Future+Site+U+of+M.png" width="256" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Of the ten issues, two were University of Melbourne Catalogs. The remaining eight can be divided into two categories. </p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Each of the issues was dedicated to one of the universal problems. The first issue was a symposium on Praxiology. Since that had direct bearing on the University of Melbourne curriculum, I reported briefly on the content in the Melbourne chapter. The remaining issues were standard professional journal collections of articles. The majority of these were reprints, not original contributions. While informative, the content of the reprints was only more or less directly related to the University of Melbourne program. Some were chosen for their opposing views. Many were about what would now be out of date content. As indicated, informative and thoughtful but no more than we might find today.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Those seven issues carried 83 articles. Borsodi contributed seven articles, one for each. Willis Nutting, who became the vice-chancellor of the University of Melbourne, submitted four, and School of Living Director of Education Mildred Loomis two. These three were the leaders of the School of Living and University of Melbourne. There were a few contributions by other University of Melbourne faculty. <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Fall, September 1955, Vol 1, No. 3<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This issue of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i> was devoted to the problem of education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The lead article of the September 1955 issues is by Albert Schweitzer, one of the great and leading humanitarians of his day, or any day. It was an extract, published by permission, from Schweitzer’s <i>The Decay and Restoration of Civilization</i> (1923). The editorial introduction remarked that it was included “because of its approach to the crisis of our age in praxiological terms – in terms of the individual, in contrast to collective and state action. The whole book bears so directly on the ideas that have led to the founding of the University of Melbourne that we hope for the widest reading of it.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Schweitzer wrote: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Again, the renewal of civilization is hindered by the fact that it is so exclusively the individual personality which must be looked to as the agent of the new movement.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The renewal of civilization has nothing to do with movements which bear the character of experiences of the crowd; these are never anything but reactions to external happenings. But civilization can only revive when there shall come into being in a number of individuals a new tone of mind independent of the one prevalent among the crowd and in opposition to it, a tone of mind which will gradually win influence over the collective one, and in the end determine its characters. It is only an ethical movement which can rescue us from the slough of barbarism, and the ethical comes into existence only in individuals.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Where the collective body works more strongly on the individual than the latter does upon it, the result is deterioration, because the noble element on which everything depends – the spiritual and moral worthiness of the individual – is thereby necessarily constricted and hampered. Decay of the spiritual and moral life then sets in…<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The past has, no doubt, seen the struggle of the free-thinking individual against the fettered spirit of a whole society, but the problem has never presented itself on the scale on which it does today…<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“Will the man of today have the strength to carry out what the spirit demands from him, and what the age would like to make impossible?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“There is a tragic alliance between society as a whole and its economic conditions. With grim relentlessness those conditions tend to bring up the man of today as a being without freedom, without self-collectedness, without independence – in short as a human being so full of deficiencies that he lacks the qualities of humanity.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“And how heavy the tasks that the spirit has to take in hand! It has to create the power of understanding the truth that is really true, where at present nothing is current but propagandist truth. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Schweitzer made a list of the struggles that must be undertaken by a willing soul despite “the dull despair” that hangs over us. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">And to the nature of the conviction needed, he wrote: “It must be optimistic and ethical.” This ethical idea requires the perfection of the inner person. It requires “a purposive state of mind necessary to produce action on the world and society and to cause the cooperation of all our achievements in the final end of civilization – the spiritual and moral perfection of the individual.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I think this is one of the most insightful of the reprints and it speaks well to the moral imperative of the University of Melbourne program. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are two articles in that issue that differentiate between the individual and the focus of the problem centered system of education, and society. This is a pivotable argument in Borsodi’s system. Praxiology is about the individual. An important axiom of Borsodi’s systems is that only individuals have the capacity to act. That capacity has to be developed through proper education. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Sociology is the study of human aggregations; about collective behavior including customs, traditions and culture. A society is viewed as an organic whole. But it requires an integrating force. Religion served that role but is a fading influence. Sociologists were seeing community dissolve. Sorokin is again noted as saying that sociology doesn’t work. The implementation of social ideals often causes more harm than good. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Society is an abstraction. It has no objective existence. It’s just an idea. Our understanding of “society” is more myth than reality. On the other hand, individuals do have objective existence, and existence that is verifiable. The relationship between individuals is also substantial. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Getting to the issue of what defines a proper education, speaks to the decline of the humanities, the liberal arts, in American schools and colleges. The loss of the humanities causes illiteracy. We find instead a system that educates a group mind in which the individual doesn’t exist. Members of the group, according to progressive principles, work for each other, not themselves. School curriculums seek adjustment, consensus and conformity. Advertising also drives this herd mentality. The then new suburbs were also conformity generators – a cookie-cutter landscape. We no longer see creative writing but the techniques of mass communications. And this was before the digital era.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Corporations also thrive on conformity. And corporations were becoming the dominant institution of society. Corporations need equilibrium. They need smoothly working teams. Human relations became a major topic of human resource development. It produces “well-rounded” people.” No brilliance, no genius, little imagination. Just do the job. That starts with getting along with each other. It is founded on an easy consensus. From a survey it was reported that about half of corporate leaders preferred their companies to run efficiently. The other half preferred leadership by strong personalities with convictions who made decisions. The overwhelming majority of their human resources managers, however, preferred the team approach. Thus, we find two-edges to groups relations: smoothly working and effective teams verses innovation, creativity and originality. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What is the nature of an education that develops individual potential? First, it is a general rather than specialized education. A general, or liberal, education prepares one for life in the broad sense. It gives people a common understanding of their culture. Most colleges then required a lot of general subjects – humanities, history, arts and literature, social sciences – many were electives – at least during the first two years. A number of colleges offered a year or two of general/liberal/honors studies – Great Books. But what is needed is more than a short course – it is a life-long undertaking. General studies should go hand in hand with vocational training in both undergraduate and graduate schools. And then become a life-long practice.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are several approaches to general education. General, or liberal, education is primarily a study of literature. It is a survey of civilization – a mix of courses but taken as a unit, not as isolated topics. It should include the social sciences, philosophy, religion and the arts and architecture. It covers all times from classical antiquity through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the Enlightenment and Romantic movements and down to modern times. Contrary to many general courses, in which much of the material is presented in cameo, maybe fifteen-minute blocks, liberal education is deep reading, discussion and oral examination. In summary, general education is required to train mature and responsible men and women in a democracy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It is difficult to teach general studies with specialist teachers. These teachers should be generalist – a product of general education. Nonetheless, such courses are usually taught by specialist, not generalist. There is considerable peer pressure in academia for each professor to stay within his/her subject. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There is an article on the integration of the social science. Again, the problem is over-specialization. It is also a problem of scientism – trying to apply the principles of science to the study of human behavior; that is, mechanistic, quantitative, reductionistic and teleological. The social sciences have tried to become hard sciences. Hard science is value free. Human behavior is value driven. Life is fluid and complex. Hard science requires measurement, numbers and calculation. It is descriptive. Much of human behavior defies exacting description and measurement. Science gives no insight into human reality. Indeed, it tends to deny it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was then a growing insistence that the social sciences break down their walls and cross fertilize. The new quantum science was giving a new perspective to the interrelationship of phenomena. General systems theory was just emerging, and ecosystems was on the way. Borsodi had been on the leading edge of integral education for some years<a href="applewebdata://0C76780C-58A3-4688-9A51-5B484AD03541#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>. He had been seeking an integral program for a number of years.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Willis Nutting, on leave of absence from Notre Dame at the time to work with Borsodi to launch the University of Melbourne, who taught the great books at Notre Dame, opened his response with the idea that the separation of the intelligentsia from their community has had disastrous consequences. The separation works both ways. The “eggheads” think the common man ignorant and contemptable. The common people find this attitude arrogant and impracticable. The real question is that of how to turn education, formal or informal, into practical wisdom. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">He too cited specialization as the barrier. The fields are narrow, and the method of each field shapes its interpretation [and jargon]. We need an alternative approach that prepares men and women for leadership in the world as it is – not just fragments of it. Which leads us to Borsodi’s problem-integrated education. Life, he reiterated, is about solving its problems. The problem centered system is an answer to the limitations of subject-centered methods.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The first step in solving any problem is to clearly define what the problem really is. The second is to explore the options and chose the best. This cannot be done through a subject-centered system. The method must be problem centered and the problem must be considered within the context of the whole and not as an isolated and abstract exercise.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">How do you achieve integration? How do you organize a large body of specialized knowledge into a workable system? There are just too many specialties to even begin to organize them. This was illustrated with two list, one the topics of natural history (science), and the other of human history – more than a page, three columns, some 150 subjects. Borsodi was very good at creating syntheses. He had a rare capacity to find, sort, organize and describe thousands of subject topics. He knew how difficult it was to attempt synthesis. He worked diligently to develop a workable foundation for this approach. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">How does problem-integration work? As has been said, the problem is the problem. As Einstein so clearly made the case, if given an hour to solve a vital problem, we would use 59 minutes to define it. The implication is that once we see the problem, the pieces we need fall into place. This is called the ‘A-ha” moment. It’s something the human brain does if given a chance. Borsodi developed exhaustive lists of topics about each problem to help us focus and make choices consistent with the issue at hand. He used this system to organize a library to facilitate access to relevant knowledge. He would eventually produce an encyclopedic taxonomy towards the end of his life; his book <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">At the end of this issue, the editors summarize that the greatest problem of education is produce a whole person.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This issue also announced that the opening of the University of Melbourne had been delayed due to ongoing work establishing the campus.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Winter Issue, December 1955, Vol. 1, No. 4<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This issue is devoted to “Education and Ideology,” and Borsodi provided a lead article about the subject. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">That article is prefaced by a quote by Nicholas Berdyaev and a thought from poet Heinrich Heine. From Berdyaev:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The present state of the world calls for a moral and spiritual revolution – revolution in the name of personality, of man, of every single person.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“This revolution should restore the hierarchy of values, now quite shattered, and place the value of human personality above the idols of production, technics, the state, the race, the nationality, the collective.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">From Heine we get, expressed in rhythmic prose, that we are not the masters of our ideas but the servants of them and he ends with very strong words about what could be called the living dead – men and women who are not alive to ideas. Hard imagery but Heine was born into the age of revolution. He lived to see the rise of industrialism, of militant nationalism, and the sense that an order of things was coming to an end. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">That Borsodi uses these two quotes to introduce his article and this issue, is suggestive. He opened with this line: “The sickness from which modern man is suffering, is neither economic nor political; it is philosophical.” That is an oft-repeated statement in his work. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In short, we suffer from the ideas we adopt; the doctrines, the ideologies. They induce neurosis. Modern industrial society, the ideas we accept that underly it, has the potential of destroying itself.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi goes on to describe the manner in which we solve our problems. There are three elements required to solve them: our education, our ideologies and how we implement our ideas. False ideologies can be fatal to societies. Man, Borsodi wrote, can be taught to believe anything: “What he is, is what his education has made him.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The good news is that we have a choice. Our destiny is not determined. But the right choice is a matter of right education. In his <i>Education and Living</i>, Borsodi went to great lengths to describe what he considered optimal human living and how to achieve it. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Education is not the end of life. And it is not just technique. It is certainly not specialization. It is largely about understanding our values and beliefs. It is about access to the accumulate wisdom of humankind. But of greater importance, it is about how we implement our ideas. Do they solve our problems or not? Does this give us a more optimal life or not? Do we learn to live like genuinely human beings? Or not?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The following article is by Anatol Rapoport. Rapoport was a student of Alfred Korzybski’s general semantics and indeed the article was originally published in the Institute of General Semantics journal <i>ETC</i>,. Rapoport was one of the founders of general systems theory and just at this time engaged in establishing an organization to promote it. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Rapoport wrote that Korzybski defined mankind by our capacity to preserve past experience. While he didn’t name it, that came from Korzybski’s 1921 <i>Manhood of Humanity</i>. Korzybski called this accumulation of experience “time-binding” and it was a key to his system throughout his life. Borsodi had read that book. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“Accumulated wisdom” is not a new idea. The idea goes back to at least Edmund Burke (1729 – 1797). Time-binding is, of course, made possible by our capacity for language. Language allows the record of human experience to survive the death of individual members. No other species has this capacity. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Rapoport went on to explain how language works. He wrote about Korzybski’s ideas such as abstraction (generalization of experiences), logic and grammar. Korzybski went into language behavior in detail in his book <i>Science and Sanity</i>. I personally consider a thorough knowledge of Korzybski’s general semantics an indispensable compliment to Borsodi’s system. You can find chapters related to Korzybski’s system on my Korzybski Institute for the Study of General Semantics blog site<a href="applewebdata://0C76780C-58A3-4688-9A51-5B484AD03541#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Most of the other articles in this issue are scholarly but not directly connected to the University of Melbourne program. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A brochure inserted into a previous issue of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i> had invited participation in the “Man is the Problem? conference. The seminar was scheduled December 27, 1955 to January 1, 1956 at Melbourne, Florida. There were four distinguished panelist, Joseph Wood Krutch, Willis D. Nutting, Paul J. Tillich and Philip G. Wylie. Ralph Borsodi was listed as Lector.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The brochure announced that “This program of the University is based upon the conviction that there is a serious – almost fatal – defect in the manner in which we of the free world are dealing with the crisis created by the Marxist World Revolution, the rise of the great new nations of Asia, and the renaissance of the Islamic World,” and “that this defect cannot be remedied by mere public and political action but must begin with such searching re-examination of our basic beliefs and values as is the purpose of the Seminar.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There were ten session listed for the Seminar and a Convocation:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Tuesday, December 27 starting at 8:45 am: The purpose of the seminar, the nature of human action – the subject matter of Praxiological study, the concept of basic problems of living and “Ideas, Ideals, and ideologies.” That evening the topic was “The Nature of Man Considered as a Psychic Being.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->December 28<sup>th</sup>, morning: “The Nature of Man Considered as a Physical Being.” Evening: “The Nature of Man Considered as a Psychological Being.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->December 29<sup>th</sup>, morning: “The problem of Equality and of Inequality. Are all Men Equal as Christianity, Socialism and Democracy maintains, or are they Unequal as Republicanism, Aristocracy, Feudalism, hierarchy, and Fascism maintains?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Evening: “The Problem of Man’s Moral Nature. Is Man inherently Selfish or Unselfish – inherently Good as Locke and Rousseau maintained; inherently Evil as Hobbes and Calvin maintained; or inherently neither Good nor Evil – in effect, morally born a tabula rasa or clean slate?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->December 31<sup>st</sup>, morning: “The Problem of Man’s Educability. Is man Capable of Behaving Rationally, or of Learning to do so, or is he in fact an Inescapably Impulsive, Instinctual and Irrational Animal Suffering from the Illusion that his Actions are and can be Guided by Reasoning?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Evening: “The Problem of Man’s Responsibility. Is he by Nature a Conditioned Biological Machine whose Activities are Determined by Heredity and Environment or is he Endowed with Free-will and the Capacity for Free Self-direction?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->December 31<sup>st</sup>, morning: “Alternative Solutions of the Problem of the Nature of Human Nature – Psychic, Somatic and Organic Ideas, Ideals and ideologies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Evening: “Integration and Praxiology: Higher Education’s Response to the Challenge of this ‘time of Troubles.’”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Sunday, 3 p.m., “Convocation: Man is the Problem? A Summary and Prognosis by the Leaders of the Seminar.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Sunday Evening: “The Chancellor and Mrs. Borsodi invite all the members of the Seminar to a buffet supper …<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Attendance was limited to 76 persons with preference given to the Friends of the University. The seminar fee was $35.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was a reading list: Each member was requested to read <i>the Journal of Praxiology</i>, and one or more of the following books: <i>The Measure of Man</i> by Joseph Wood Krutch; <i>The Courage to Be</i>, by Paul J. Tillich; <i>The Disappearance</i>, by Philip G. Wylie; <i>Man the Unknown</i>, by Alexis Carrel; <i>Individualism</i>, by Horace M. Kallen; <i>The Conduct of Life</i>, by Lewis Mumford; <i>The Sane Society</i> by Erich Fromm; <i>Man and Technics</i> by Oswald Spengler; <i>The Reach of the Mind</i>, by J. B. Rhine; <i>Male and Female</i>, by Margaret Mead; <i>Twilight of Man</i>, by Ernest A. Hooton; <i>Modern Man and the Liberal Arts</i>, by Francis Neilsen.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The afternoons were free and recreational programs were provided by a Reception Committee; members listed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred Loomis contributed a short article about the seminar in this issue. She noted that 60 people had attended. She wrote that “I came away with the feeling that every cell of my brain and body had been turned over.” She quoted panelist Philip Wylie who said at the Convocation: “We have discussed more ideas this week than most people ever heard of. We not only examined them exhaustively, but in my case exhaustingly.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred wrote that Borsodi presented at each session “some phase of the anthropic problem: i.e., What is the specific essence of human nature?” The panel members then responded. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She described the panelist: “Dr. Joseph Woods Krutch, sandy-haired, witty, slouch-hatted, scientist and naturalist; Dr. Willis Nutting, quiet, friendly, Catholic educator from Notre Dame; Dr. Paul Tillich, sturdy, seventyish, warm, profound theologian from Harvard; Philip Wylie, wiry, tonsorial, correct, skeptical, bantering novelist-psychologist.” She offered the opinion that the panelists were compartmentalized in their thinking as opposed to Borsodi’s integral approach to life: “Each looked at life from their own point of view, and in a sense is a specialist, but each at base is a philosophy.” Mildred added that there did appear to be some friction on this point between them and Borsodi; between Borsodi’s practicality and their academic style. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Coming out of the seminar, Mildred wrote, there was a common understanding in terms of: “They agreed that man does not always think; nor even usually think; but that he can and does sometimes think. They agreed that man is full of prejudices, and much of what he believes is prejudice, but also that much of it is real value judgement. They admitted that we are conditioned by external influence, but that in essence man is not merely a machine reacting to stimulus; that we can and do make choices. They agreed, therefore, that if a better society results, it will be because men create it; they are not satisfied that we must wait for better institutions to create better. Borsodi made it clear that the future depends upon right education.” <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Spring Issue, March 1956, Vol II, No. 1<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This issue was devoted to the concept of human action.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Is this an age of reason or rationalization? The modern age of Europe dawned with an appeal to reason; to the intellect, to learning and thinking. Freud perhaps brought that ideology into doubt – we have the capacity for self-deception. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are a variety of reasons for considering our age one of rationalization rather than reason. “Rationality” is “the human tendency to falsify motives and explain what we do or want to do in terms that will win social approval as well as personal self-esteem.” Reason is impartial. Rationality justifies self-interest and partisanship. There is a modernistic assumption that there is nothing “real” but only what we want. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The idea of “reason” took shape in ancient times. The ancient Greeks considered reason as a middle ground between opinion and enlightenment. For them, human life had to make sense. With the modern era came a mechanistic conception of the universe which deprived the human condition of meaning. It proposed a science of man. However, as Freud made clear, behind the wall of consciousness, of our capacity to reason, lie “fears, anxiety’s and insecurities.” When these things dominate, reason fails, and we turn to superstition. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Modern society has become a battleground between reason and unreason. We don’t need to think. Experts now run our lives. Elaborate bureaucratic organizations seek to “guide” all aspects of our daily lives. We are bombarded with advertising and other propaganda. Our individuality, our humanity, is at stake. To overcome this requires a fundamental, and personal, examination of both self and society. It takes “know thyself” to a new level.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">University of Melbourne faculty member Lillian McDonald framed the context of this issue. Actions, she began, can be voluntary or involuntary. We can be more or less conscious of our sensory perceptions. Our minds are constantly mulling our experience: agreeing, disagreeing, making judgements. Our awareness of these things is a choice, an action. A real question is can we really choose our behavior or is it defined by nature? We must choose between being an individual or submitting to a group. Which is most conducive to our wellbeing? What forms of behavior have pathological consequences? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What is implied, of course, is that we need to have a deeper understanding of what it means to be a human being. We need to understand how our choices, our actions, are shaped by the social and natural world of which we are a part. We need to know what is “normal,” that is optimal. Borsodi, as we saw, went to great lengths of define the “normal” human being. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">What makes an individual? We are individual to the extent that we act purposively to achieve our full potential as a human being. Groups and governments may support that objective but in fact only each of us has the power of choice in the matter. We can strive to develop our potential or not; to accept what is given or test its validity, etc. Personal autonomy, however, is demanding, challenging, and scary. Most people naturally avoid it; or rationalize it; make a pretense of individuality. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">At another level we must ask about the effect of our choices, lack of choice or bad choices, have on our mental and physical health. The sources of anxiety include survival, mating, thinking and expression. We carry a lot of quilt about things. There are conflicts. There are trials and tribulations. Do we address these by turning outward or inward? Many people turn to overindulgence in food, alcohol, sex, drugs, tobacco, to escapist entertainment, and even suicide. Do we take responsibility for our lives and for the lives of those we love, community or larger aggregate, or do we expect them to take care of us? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The purpose of reason is to allow us to distinguish truth from falsehood. It requires us to go beyond reaction to feeling – to go beyond our unquestioned instinct. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Freud explored what he defined as the id and superego; Jung the architypes and the shadow. These represent inner drives. These are things reason deals with. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">McDonald proposed four basic principles drawn from Borsodi’s work:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->No human being has the right to prevent any other human being from living. That means we must each have the opportunity to secure, food, shelter and to protect ourselves.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->No human being has the right to prevent another human being from selecting his [her] desired mate, or to force them to remain together if they chose to separate. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->No human being has the right to prevent another human being from thinking and communicating his [her] individual thoughts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->No human being has the right to prevent another human being from expressing him[her]self in his chosen fashion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A following article, an abstract from a meeting of the University of Melbourne rectors, is about the balance between specialization and general culture. At issue was the “increasing concern at the narrowing of the average student’s outlook response caused by excessive emphasis on specialization.” Who, and at what level, has the responsibility for maintaining a balance? What is the role of education?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A number of universities, as noted in the previous issue, had adopted programs of general or liberal education. With few exceptions, it was said, the approaches are more policy than practice, and token. There was some discussion of topics that included: who would take the lead in developing more general studies, would special training be needed for teachers, and what is the role of the student’s peers?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">‘The obvious answer to these concerns is the University of Melbourne program.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Oliver Reiser, a University of Pittsburgh professor, further addresses the issues of the chaos of specialization. Reiser, I should point out, was another close student of Korzybski’s general semantics. He published a seminal book entitled <i>The Integration of Human Knowledge</i> in 1958 which is a topic in the last chapters in my <i>Alfred Korzybski: Time Binder</i>, which is available in <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PMUKyIwOobunqaTBMOgkODXZm7kec6_8z13Ea72fbX4/edit">pdf format</a><a href="applewebdata://0C76780C-58A3-4688-9A51-5B484AD03541#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">General education, noted Reiser, seeks “understanding of principles, patterns, methods, meanings and implications of acts.” It encourages exploration of values. It teaches critical thinking. Reiser wanted to go beyond general education to integral education and to create departments of integral education in universities (the subject of his upcoming book). Students so trained would be candidates for leadership. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The integration of knowledge requires an understanding of the interrelationship of ideas and social institutions. Ideas are embedded in the background of human experience. You don’t get this from a university education. Reiser noted that university education is over-intellectualized and lacks opportunity for creative expression. He also pointed out that some of our assumptions, including scientific assumptions, are misleading, if not false. He gave as an example Newton’s mechanistic view of the physical universe – an unwarranted fabrication which nonetheless shaped western perception of reality for centuries [and still does]. The new sciences, relativity and quantum physics, give us insights into the underlaying interdependence and harmony of the natural universe. This has reshaped our understanding of the universe and of life. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">False assumptions can of course be even more egregious in non-objective fields. We have a lot of ideologies, perhaps good ideas, that just don’t work and often cause great harm. The point is that by reviewing these assumptions in context, and in comparison, we achieve a better evaluation of what is actually going on. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We find the staff of the University of Melbourne engaged in a project to develop a “standard vocabulary of basic ideas, ideals, and ideologies with which philosophy, the humanities, and the social sciences deal.” The objective was a single meaning for each word. Many scientific subjects have clearly defined terms but not so the “Tower of Babel” of the softer, social sciences. The vocabulary was not produced, however, in 1967 Borsodi published a small book <i>The Definition of Definition</i>, about this issue.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s reflection on the content of this issue included several points. He commented on the progress of definition in the sciences and particularly biology. He contributed a short essay on “Lao-Tze on Action.” Lao Tze was an ancient Chinese philosopher credited with the idea of the Tao. Borsodi explained the Tao in terms of “Nature never makes any ado, and yet Nature does everything.” He then made a curious connection to one of the fundamental principles of western economics, laissez faire. It is generally taken to means “hands off” the economy. Borsodi made the point that the term, expressed in French, means “the world goes of itself.” He went on further to note that Taoism expressed life in in terms of a culture that is “Familial and villagistic, agrarian and handicraft” as opposed to “Industrialism, Urbanism, and Communism. “ <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There is an excerpt from Lewis Mumford’s <i>The Conduct of Life</i> about a type of social event called a “singularity.” These events Mumford defined as points of dramatic social change, moments of crisis and disintegration, often associated with “a single decisive personality, or a small group of informed and purposeful men.” They are typically associated with names like “Confucian, Buddhist, Christian, Mohammedian, Marxian,” etc. (I take it this is a common theme with Margaret Mead’s small groups that change the world.). Mumford wrote: “Only within the compass of the person can a total change be effected within the span of a single generation, sufficient to produce the necessary effect on civilization at large: like the seed-crystal, he passes on to the whole the new order of the part.” William James (<i>The Will to Believe</i>) echoed this idea: ideas come from individuals. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mumford goes on to describe the “historic person”, with his “values, purposes, ideals and ends.” This is true in the progress of many fields and is particularly clear in the progress of modern science and technology. Leaders have names. In any generation there are never more than a few of historic stature and we know history by their names and the effects they produced. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Is a singularity moment at hand today? Is there a new personality who can “embrace life in its unity and wholeness?” Or do we simply have an unresolved crisis, condemned to be “bound in shallows and in miseries?” <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Summer Issue, June 1956, Vol. II, No. 2<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The focus of this issue is “Implementation.” It is about “action, rather than the mere thinking out of an idea, … the most profound necessity for true progress in government, education and the growth of the individual.” It is natural to come up with high ideals, “but principles alone have never advanced civilization.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi opened this issue with an article on “Implementing a New Education.” He wrote that he considered all life is education, every person is an educator and every relationship and event in life educational. It starts in the home.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Every generation stands midway between the past and the future. From the past we receive the accumulated knowledge and wisdom and to the future we transmit it. In the present we apply it to our needs; and perhaps add to it. The role of the teacher is in the present as a conduit of knowledge. The goal of the teacher is not only to provide knowledge but to ensure ideas are implemented to solve the problems of living. Each of us must learn and apply it. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">It is a question of how we apply this knowledge. Does the school furnish right education or mis-education? Does it help the individual live normally: “imbue him with some devotion to what is good, true and beautiful.” Will it “help him in seeking to improve, from the standpoint of normal living, not only his physical and material world but also the cultural institutions by which he is environed. In sum, every good school will help the individual live more like a human being.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Education is not restricted to the cultivation of the intellect. “Education is a process of cultivation which develops, either rightly or wrongly, the perceptions, the emotions, the intelligence, and finally, the actions of human beings.” Right education is organized. It is lifelong: “If he ceases to learn he is intellectually and spiritual dead even though his body continues to function.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi stressed the difference between good and bad education. Mis-education addresses only the intellect. It is using the school to indoctrinate. Such mis-education is a form of intellectual and spiritual suicide. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The quality, or lack thereof, of our educational system can be found in society’s leadership: “In failing to make adult education our primary concern, if no provision is made community by community, <i>and in every community</i>, for the education of adults by the wisest and most disinterested individuals society can produce, the gap in social organization is certain to be filled by a leadership composed of the most aggressive, the most selfish, and the most short-sighted individuals which society has produced.” And, Borsodi concluded, the leadership of America demonstrated this truth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“How,” asked Borsodi, “are we to deal with adult problems educationally? … My answer,” wrote, “is: Furnish people in every community with a new kind of leadership through the agency of a new kind of educational institution. Establish schools of living or community universities, and through them provide such leadership in every community that every individual and group therein will think it natural to turn to the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind for light upon the problems which they have failed to solve or which they have not been able to solve properly.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi continued along this line: “If people are not rightly educated, no amount of constitutional fiat or sumptuary legislation will solve our present problems. All that legislation and coercion will do is to serve to create new social problems without having disposed of the old. The true solution of all political, economic and social questions must begin, as Confucius sublimely expressed in <i>The Great Learning</i>, with the ‘cultivation of the personal life.’ Good habits, good institution and all other good things begin and end as the by-products of the right education of the individual.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi believed many Americans, in religion, politics, commerce and industry, were dissatisfied with how education works. He cited a number of adult educational reforms such as those lead by Grundtvig and Kold in Denmark; Oberlin in Alsatia, Tomkins in Nova Scotia, James Yen in China, Coates in North Carolina and the School of Living founded in Suffern, New York and then at Brookville, Ohio.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi asserted that schools of living and community universities “would complete the circuit of systematic education from birth to death. It would organically relate the professional, university-trained minority to the community on an educational, not a commercial, basis. The more highly educated of the community would thus become the resident extension staff of the university and-or the school of living. As a result, both the social and the cultural life of the community would eventually be transformed.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Could existing universities fill this role? Borsodi thought they could but “it would be necessary to:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Call them to leadership of society thus transforming them into a fellowship of leaders of the people. They would be entrusted the task of communicating the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of mankind to not only their students but the community at large. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Make them completely independent of every interest which may introduce biases into their studies, their teachings and their function of leadership.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Regionalize them to a particular locale.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Eliminate the emphasis on research.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Distinguish more clearly between the functions of the university itself and the professional and technical schools attached to it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Organize them so that the integrating center of all the special fields of art and science is a combined school of education and philosophy. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">These principles are not inconsistent with the underlying mission of higher education. Quoting William G. Sumner, the objective is: “… to form character, make good citizens, keep family more pure, elevate morals, establish individual character, ….” But the direction of education has shifted away from the community, away from development of moral character, to something more on the order of vocational training.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In short, “Right education is fundamental to the inculcation of the knowledge which will develop this ability to reason and decide on behalf of one’s own liberty and wellbeing, as well as that of others.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are eight additional articles in this issue to support Borsodi’s thesis. I will briefly describe some of the points they covered.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Hanford Henderson was an American educator with ideas very much like Borsodi’s. He developed a system of “organic education.” He was an advocate of the Arts and Crafts Movement. He was an opponent of the progressive school of education. He supported Borsodi’s premise that we must address life not by mass action but by “wholesome individual action, necessarily directed from within,’ informed not by the chronic issues of the day but by eternal verities.” Our problems are the same as those of others across the globe and through time. He wrote that he was “ … surrounded by a multitude of men and women pathetically eager to save the world, but strangely unwilling to submit to the austere self-discipline of saving themselves.. They forget that the foundation cannot rise above its source.” He added, following Emerson, that what troubles the world today is that “It has fastened its attention upon the machinery of life, has ignored the one supreme human purpose for which all machinery exists, and now, in the resulting chaos, is amazed to find that the machinery fails to function.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The supreme purpose of life, Henderson asserted, “is the unfolding and perfecting of the human spirit.” This quality cannot be manifest by a group; it is the fruit of individual effort.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The problems of the world are due to mass action. A paternalistic state is worst of all for it “robs the individual of that character and self-development which would have been his as the result of sturdy, manly self-activity. It is a great moral disservice to do for either children or adults the things that they ought self-reliantly to do for themselves.” The more we depend on the state, the weaker the individual, the family and our core institutions. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In closing, Henderson distinguishes between mass action and cooperation: the two have nothing in common. Cooperation is “confederated individual action in which the impulse is voluntary, and the direction is from within.” For society to work, it is not the institutions but rather about individual men and women. When they are sound and forceful and enlightened, the society which they collectively form will inevitably be the right sort.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Willis Nutting contributed “How to Start a Revolution.” The article, first published in 1947, predated his involvement with Melbourne University but clearly demonstrates a commitment to Borsodi’s work. He opened with “The Green Revolution can be carried on without fanfare and without official support, without the bludgeoning power of organized pressure groups and without a direct attack on the present order. … What it needs is simply people, people who believe in it and are willing to work to the utmost to carry it out, people who really want to be free. For the fundamental means of bringing on the revolution is for each person to make himself free.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This “revolution” requires each to take appropriate action. It requires individual initiative. It requires courage. It involves reducing one’s dependencies. It requires commitment: “If for freedom’s sake, he is not willing to sacrifice comfort, fashion and keeping up with the Joneses, then he had better stop talking about freedom. He does not deserve it. He has no part or lot in the American heritage.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Each must work out their own program of action. They must learn to be self-reliant, rather than turning to experts and authorities. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Nutting offered three principles for those wishing to join the Green Revolution:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->“Let every such person make a determined effort in the situation in which he finds himself, to produce for himself and his family as much as possible of what is needed, to do for himself and them as much as he can of those things that have to be done, and, as far as is possible, to do without those things and services which cannot be provided by the activity of the family.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Let him set for himself as a goal the possession of a home on the land equipped for a great amount of self-sufficiency.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Let him combine with like-minded friends and neighbors in cooperative effort to do those necessary thins which cannot be well done within the family.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Breaking old habits is hard work. Our society has had (1947) a century of conditioning. The economy and government had both become highly centralized. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are a number of values we must adopt to win independence and we must adopt them wholeheartedly. The first is self-discipline. Freedom comes only at a price. It requires self-denial – breaking the chains of illusion foisted on us by the media – the gratification of our wants and desires. “The person, therefore, who is seriously trying to set himself free will begin at once to examine those things which he thinks he needs, in order to find out which of them he really does need.” Self-denial is not merely an unpleasant practice but a matter of choice. Self-conquest is an adventure and a source of happiness which former ages knew well. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Nutting continued: “Another comparatively unfamiliar value which must be appreciated if one is to win independence is <i>work</i> – hard, hot, sweaty, dirty physical work.” We are conditioned to consider work disagreeable. We consider toil and affliction as things to be avoided. True work, however, is noble. “True work is the employment of mind and hand on some material with a view of producing something of value. It is the carrying out, by means of physical skill and material instruments, of a plan conceived by the mind.” There is an idea and a plan, tools and skills, and raw materials are transformed into something of worth. And that includes moral worth, pride and dignity. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Before we can begin to reclaim our independence, we must come into possession of a very different mental outlook. We must learn about the things that make freedom possible. And here we find the role of the teacher and a school for living. This teaching is not about dogma. It is not about ideology. “There need be no hatred, no coercion, no worship of power, wealth or comfort, no defrauding of our neighbor.” It is about withdrawing from dependencies and gradually building a new order of life, a new culture. This new order will take place “so silently, so naturally, that the attention of the public will have to be called to it.” As it progresses, the power-holding institutions will lose their capacity to control lives and society. The machinery necessitated by the current industrial economy will become increasingly unnecessary.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Sir Winston Churchill was cited at the end of the article: “A university education ought to be a guide to the reading of a lifetime …. One who has profited from university education has a wide choice. He need never be idle or bored. He is free from the vice of the modern age which requires something new not only every day but every two or three hours of each day…. The first duty of a university is to teach wisdom, not a trade; character, not technicalities.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The next article is an excerpt from the work of American psychologist and philosopher William James, “The Dignity of Man.” James asked: ‘What is an ideal?” It is an idea that “must carry with it that sort of outlook, uplift, and brightness that go with all intellectual facts.” It stirs the emotions. It must have novelty – but novelty alone does not make and ideal. Most ideals are in fact fads. For James it must be more than a whim or sentiment, as most ideals are. It must be consciously perceived. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are a lot of ideals around about all sorts of issues: the way things should be, could be, ought to be. But do they make any real and vital difference? Do they miss the important things? James wrote: “The solid meaning of life is always the same eternal thing -- the marriage, namely, of some unhabitual ideal, however special, with some fidelity, courage and endurance; with some man’s or woman’s pains.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">And closing this article the editors quoted from Plato: “A sound nurture and education creates good natures in the state; sound natures in the state, receiving a good education, develop into better men than their predecessors.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The article “Why Implementation?” was drawn from a variety of writers. The first cited was from G. K. Chesterton’s <i>What’s Wrong with the World?</i> Chesterton was a prolific British writer. He wrote the Father Brown stories. He was also influential in distributism, aka decentralism. In short, he conveyed that our ideals, poorly thought out, can be our worst enemies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The second selection is from I. I. Rabi, a Columbia professor of physics and Nobel laurate and critic of American education. In short, displaced by utopian ideals, science and mathematics were being pushed out of the curriculum and preplaced by scientific popularization. Rabi believed that professors of physics should take courses in the arts humanities, and literature. We need both hard science and humanities for a sound culture and there is no reason they should be mutually exclusive. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The third item was on “The Efficient and Final Cause” from an address by the Duke of Edinburgh (Prince Phillip) who was also a Chancellor for two universities. He spoke of the common problem of education in all countries. He spoke to the importance of Church and universities in forming the culture of Europe. Professors once drew on the same literature, traveled, formed a common continental culture. Now they are cloistered and specialized. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Nonetheless, he said, their responsibility is even great in the modern world (c. 1955). The responsibilities of universities and their professors were clear: While students may specialize, they must also<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“emerge as complete human beings capable of taking their proper place in society as a credit to their Universities both for their professional knowledge and as men. There is no conflict between the disciplines here. Nobody can be termed a complete man who has no knowledge of what science has to teach, and equally, human obligations cannot be escaped on the grounds of being a specialized scientist or technologist.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“By human obligations I mean the ability to behave in a reasonable way, to observe restraint so that restraints do not have to be imposed, to be able to think clearly and objectively so that false doctrines cannot gain ground. I believe that it also means the ability to see through nonsense, political, economic, scientific and so on, and the feeling that it is a duty to resist it. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">And concludes:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“I would like to repeat that the conflict is not between disciplines, between humanism and science. The conflict lies between man and the world he has made for himself. Man has succeeded in changing many things, but he has not changed much himself.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“… we must remember the central character, man and his possibilities, limitations, and the depths he can sink to if he relaxes his self-control.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The implication is clear. In order for higher education to live up to its mission, education must be holistic, draw on the accumulated wisdom of humankind and serve the evolution of a just society.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbx5Rc-YnZKftwQ7PSsXT-pnC1Uu1Zj-YR5MUsqqhCEGG-xBObFkSI2QQ6hsCEwZGfe7Z_hGa2x73DFYrZzYp1QP41bSXk2bRbUkyibQnugLKDPd0YQLygm03DrxfAA3xPtkSDhuwvwse3/s2048/Melbourne+Campus+View+Cropped.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1369" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbx5Rc-YnZKftwQ7PSsXT-pnC1Uu1Zj-YR5MUsqqhCEGG-xBObFkSI2QQ6hsCEwZGfe7Z_hGa2x73DFYrZzYp1QP41bSXk2bRbUkyibQnugLKDPd0YQLygm03DrxfAA3xPtkSDhuwvwse3/s320/Melbourne+Campus+View+Cropped.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><br />Lillian McDonald gave the readers a new vision of the “University of Melbourne.” One building had been completed and it served a triple function as library, instruction hall and administrative office. A photo of that building is in the Melbourne chapter. Proposed structures, in this air view, included a combined auditorium and cafeteria (3), a new press building (2), four dormitories (4) and an open-air chapel (5). The original university building is (1).<o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">McDonald wrote of the series of public seminars that had been held in the new University of Melbourne building. The first was “Man Is The Problem?” This program has been described elsewhere. Over the following three months several other seminars were held: “The Challenge of Islam,” “The Challenge of New Asia,’ and “The Challenge of Socialism, Communism and World Revolution.” Each seminar had a theme. First, theocratic states are always in danger of fanaticism and holy war. Second, western influence has inhibited Asia from fulfilling its potentialities. And third, the world is threatened by ideologies that are detrimental to the freedom and prosperity of the individual.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There are values embedded in each of these issues and in order to have a proper understanding they must be thoughtfully evaluated. The objective of the University of Melbourne mission is to: “to furnish individual men and women with the educational tools which will make freedom possible in their own lives and the lives of those with whom they come in contact.” She reminded the readers that the type of study pursed at the University of Melbourne is Praxiology, defined as “the study of individual human action.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">From Stuart Chase, “Goals for America.” Like Borsodi, Chase was a radical economist and, as described in chapter three, both were pioneering consumer advocates in the 1920s. Unlike Borsodi, Chase was also a committed socialist. I have contributed a chapter, “Korzybski and Stuart Chase” in <i>Korzybski And …</i> edited by Corey Anton and Lance Strate, that outlines Chase’s life and work.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The merit of this article by Chase is that it supports Borsodi’s homesteader’s view of the pioneering productive family that lives by its own wits. Today, wrote Chase, we have an “American national family.” That family had been forged in the crucible of World War II. It is shaped by emerging technology. It’s just one big economy that has shifted from production to consumption. Yes, there is inequality but full production after the war can fix that, he wrote.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">We have to give it to the Journal editors that they are being impartial. This article, and Chase’s philosophy in general, fly in the face of Borsodi’s system. But in their final comments, the Journal editors make it clear that Chases’ views give us pause to consider what we really want for the individual and the family: consumers or free and independent producers. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The last two articles of this issue, Irwin Edman’s “Art and philosophy,” and Winfred Rhoades’ “The Fact of Responsibility,” I would consider literary contributions. Irwin was a Columbia University professor of philosophy. Of Rhoades I find little other than that she was a popular writer about life and religion. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In a final comment by the editors, and again regarding Chase, yes, the Journal will publish opposing views to its core philosophy. They welcome original material including “poetry, essay, article or allegory. They noted that the Borsodi’s were visiting their son William, a member of the diplomatic corps, in Vigo, Spain. Willis Nutting was acting as Chancellor, taking a leave from Notre Dame University.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The editors also suggested “some pretty powerful and serious reading” including C. Wright Mills’ <i>The Power Elite</i>, S. I. Hayakawa’s <i>The Fully Functional Personality</i>, Norman Cousins’ <i>Think of a Man</i>, and Simone Weil’s <i>The Need for Roots</i>. They conclude: “Each of these may suggest something that you, as an individual, can do to bring issues of the day to human resolution.” <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Fall Issue, September 1956, Vol. II, No. 3<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The focus of this issue was “Functional Organization.” It is again a “literary” work with all but two articles reprints. The exceptions being contributions by Willis Nutting and Ralph Borsodi. Let’s start with these for context.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Nutting’s article is “The American School: Is Its Organization Adapted to Its Function?” Nutting started by observing that change is often impeded by existing practices of organization. In short, doing the same thing and expecting different results. He noted that the Medieval University was established in the then prevailing fashion as a guild. The student became an apprentice to the master as in carpentry. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In modern America, the prevailing practice of organizing things to get them done became business and industry. Education was fitted to this form of organization. Schools came to look like factories, run by managers, teachers became employees on a production line and students the product to be “turned out” – a block of resistant material to be shaped and formed in time defined increments. Education became a mechanical process. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">If we want to change education, he suggested, we must change the functional form. To start with, the relationship between teachers and students. That relationship must become personal again. We all have had teachers who were special, who became our mentors – a role not found in the teachers’ job description. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Nutting wrote: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“The best site for education is a community of learning, where several teachers and students together, encouraging, criticizing each other, strike sparks off each other, lead a common life of dealing with their problems. Here there can be an atmosphere of challenge that leads everyone to do his best, and keeps everyone on his toes. In this atmosphere everyone is a teacher and everyone a learner. This is what every school, and especially a college ought to be.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Nutting had already developed such a practice at Notre Dame before going to Melbourne. He was walking his talk.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi contributed “Wanted: A New Economics Text.” He opened with a quote from Harvard sociologist Pitirim Sorokin about economists, political analysts, sociologists and others “tampering” with society. It causes more harm than good. The social sciences need to be reconstructed from the top down and freed of “other values” before they can become a true science.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi focused on economists whose theories, since Adam Smith, have steadily eroded personal freedom by placing us into increasing dependence upon the state. The error was that economic problems came to be treated politically rather than educationally. It is about treating problems as social issues rather than as individual problems to be solved in the course of daily life. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A new economic textbook would be to current economics as chemistry is to alchemy. There are centuries of mistaken thinking to be corrected. Political economics is a “bastard science;” not economics at all, said Borsodi.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">For Borsodi, economics is a moral issue. It was about how two or more people interact. Their transactions could be free, constrained or compulsory. Politics is about rules, regulations; in short compulsion. Modern economic theory is not, he said, about individual choice but increasingly about how the standard of living could be raised. In short, it’s about a growth economy. For Borsodi it is not simply a problem of production and distribution but rather a whole complex of problems that must include the occupational problem, the possessional problem and the organizational problem. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Curiously, Borsodi made no mention of his own economics text, <i>Prosperity and Security,</i> published in 1938.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The remaining eight articles, while supportive of the main theme expressed by Nutting and Borsodi, do not appear to be products of Borsodi’s core philosophy. They are readable and thoughtful, but I consider them tangential. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The Journal editors had their own rather lengthy comment about the selected articles. They were said to each represent some organizational framework. The question must then be, how does the reader, the student of the University of Melbourne respond to this problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">From a personal perspective, I found these articles suggest two things. First, they represent a public dialog that could be found in books and popular media through much of the twentieth century. We seem to have less of that type of literature today – in part due to media but also in part due to a shift in what people prefer to read. The second is that they address conditions of the mid-twentieth century. From a historical perspective this can be instructive: What progress have we made? Or not.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This issue announced the formal opening ceremony of the University of Melbourne. <o:p></o:p></p><h2>Winter Issue, December 1956, Vol. II, No. 4.<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The editors’ comment:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“This issue of Journal of Praxiology begins a series of contributions on the implications of the praxiological method for various academic disciplines. Dr. Nutting begins the series with a study of the implications for history, and Miss McDonald follows with its implications for philosophy. Others are in preparation by various friends of the university. We believe we are initiating a series which will provide major contributions both to the illumination and the justification of the concept.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“In a sense, Mr. Borsodi’s discussion of economics in this issue and his contribution on the same topic in the September 1956 issue may be considered a part of the series. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote">“We are pleased with the fact that Mr. Morgan Harris was challenged to respond with his paper to Mr. Borsodi’s provocative call for a new economics text in the September 1956 issue.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred Loomis contributed “New University. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The editors reported the publication of Melbourne University Press’ first book, Borsodi’s <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>. The description and outline of the curriculum of the University of Melbourne was carried in that book and summarized in the Melbourne chapter.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiERSDpLyrzMt3XgVrou-QzijatFk0mUnZCssW_5npkiFMtOhtXqoQuj-1XiMi6Q4zqnjizCOGIG8yVgEySiScNqjoFDgs0z_f3IkTIZ-KOoN1Ah9e9Ly8ByKokM5mfJFTSzj0B_V1oU-dX/s2048/Challenge+of+Asia+Cover.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1320" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiERSDpLyrzMt3XgVrou-QzijatFk0mUnZCssW_5npkiFMtOhtXqoQuj-1XiMi6Q4zqnjizCOGIG8yVgEySiScNqjoFDgs0z_f3IkTIZ-KOoN1Ah9e9Ly8ByKokM5mfJFTSzj0B_V1oU-dX/w206-h320/Challenge+of+Asia+Cover.jpeg" width="206" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Willis Nutting, in “History as a Praxiological Discipline,” wrote that history falls short as a science for lack of method. It has little if any power to predict the future. Since its founding there is little agreement about the purpose of history, other than a record of things past. Meticulous academic history collects and organizes the facts of history. Many historians, from ancient times, had something they wanted to prove or “an axe to grind.” On the left, for example, history, and the social sciences in general, were strongly biased towards a Marxist point of view. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There is little in the exhaustive lists of names and dates we see in textbooks to inspire the study of history. The history we want to read must tell a story, said Nutting. That requires interpretation, searching for cause and effect and perhaps a presumption of moral judgement. Marx, Gibbon, Spengler, Toynbee and Sorokin had a story to tell. Winston Churchill, a British stateman, wrote his definitive <i>A History of the</i> <i>English Speaking Peoples</i> as a compelling and very readable, story. Churchill wrote his six volume <i>The Second World War</i> from fact and from personal experiencing as a commanding figure in that war. For these writers there is a point to history. There is a story to be told and there is something to be learned about human destiny.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">From a praxiological perspective, it is not as much a matter of predicting the future from past events as it is shaping an alternative future. It is about a Green Revolution. It is about learning about human nature. Above all, it is about learning from those who shaped society – not merely the great names but the men and women who built and lead communities, wrote and made fine art and architecture. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Lillian McDonald contributed “Responsible Philosophy.” Philosophy attempts to define who and what we are as human beings. There are a lot of philosophies and they have a lot of different views of the essence of human nature. Praxiology ask philosophy “what it has to offer by way of instruction as to how to achieve the sane mind and the sound body, and it offers to philosophy a method of advancing its own welfare.” The first two groups of the problems of living are concerned with questions of how we can come to understand our lives in this world and examine what we believe in terms of finding solutions to the third group, the practical problems of living. That is a workable philosophy.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The problems of living are about the brute facts of existence; not some ideal or ideology. Each person must work through the realities of his or her own life. We must make choices about the options available to us. Much of Borsodi’s work was to make exhaustive lists of those option. The problem outline in <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> points in that direction. We need to make clear and accurate observations about what is actually going on around us. What is the problem we wish to solve? And what do we need to accomplish that? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Morgan Harris contributed “The Place of Government in Economic Life.” Harris had been working with Borsodi since at least the founding of the School of Living at Suffern. He was an old hand, so to speak. He was a staunch supporter of Mildred Loomis over the years. In 1956 he was founder and president of Brentwood College in Los Angeles. Harris and Borsodi, it appears, had an ongoing economic dialog.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Harris responded to Borsodi’s article in the previous issue about a new economic text. In short, he wrote, government plays the role of leveling the field, but it exerts its authority through coercion. At best, it protects people from exploitation. Or it may completely dominate a planned economy. Harris said he was in basic agreement with Borsodi but is not clear about the rules of the game Borsodi might propose. Harris listed a number of his own. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s “Politics and Economics,” is a response to Morgan Harris’ article. Here we find more of his method. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi agreed that there is no sharp disagreement between himself and Harris. He is firm that economics is in his opinion a pseudo-science. At issue is that Borsodi considered economics and politics as two distinct things. When government controls commerce, it is not economics but rather politics. “Political economics,” he insisted, is the bastard product of the marriage between politics and economics. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In his classification system, Borsodi defined economics science as four categories: Monetary undertakings, non-monetary undertakings, illicit undertakings and parasitic undertakings. While he did not cite his book, those categories are fully discussed in his <i>Prosperity and Security<a href="applewebdata://0C76780C-58A3-4688-9A51-5B484AD03541#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></b></span></span></a></i>. Borsodi emphasized the fact that economics is free but political science is about controls, about coercive undertakings, be they legitimate or usurpatory. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi further clarified that “economics” deals only with monetary issues which is at best but half of the production of goods and services. And it clearly ignores the criminal and parasitic aspects of the economy. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi proposes three mandates for economics to become a genuine science.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->It must cease being “national.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->It must devote itself to developing natural laws which have perpetual validity, and<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->It must cease postulating itself on the idea of an abstract and mythical “homo economicus.” It should rather focus on what human beings actually do.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Some years later Borsodi did write an expanded book on economics, <i>Wealth and Illth</i>. The manuscript was lost but voluminous notes and the early typescript are in the University of New Hampshire archives. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred Loomis’ “A New University” is a reprint from an article published by her in the Ohio State University <i>Journal of Higher Education</i> also in December 1956. The subtitle of the article was “The Problem-Integrated Education of Melbourne University.” I provided an outline of that article in the Melbourne chapter but will briefly cover it as a part of the Journal dialog. In short, she highlighted the advantages of University of Melbourne over traditional higher education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">This article is particularly insightful about Mildred. Mildred had devoted her early life to education – both as a student and as a teacher. Mildred had excelled as a student in school and university. She was an A student; a class leader. She was a graduate student at Columbia when she met Borsodi in 1932. That encounter began to change her outlook on education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred opened her article with this line: “Two very different university catalogues lie on my desk: A 1,000 page volume from Columbia University and the small booklet from the University of Melbourne.” Since Columbia, she wrote, she had become disillusioned with modern higher education. The reason for that, she offered, was the important contrast she found between those two catalogues.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">To begin with, she called Columbia “a kind of intellectual department store,” with thousands of intellectually customers choosing from 10,000 courses. Knowledge is departmentalized, occupational programs specialized and thinking fragmented. The emphasis is on the material. Students have no clear goal for their education. She wrote: “our vision of a ‘new culture’ is vague, or frankly limited to Western Man.” There is little of genuine wisdom. Those like herself, two decades earlier, inspired by a world-wide revolution, came away disillusioned.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred then summarized the very different offering of the University of Melbourne. It offers courses that “go to the root of everything.” Students do not study subjects. They study sixteen universal and perpetual problems of living. “The real problems of man,” she wrote, “never change – from place to place, or time to time. Their forms change, but their essences do not.” Rather than pedagogy, the University of Melbourne uses the seminar method. They draw on a library organized by the sixteen-problem framework. From this study, she wrote, she was able to personally “substitute much clarity for confusion, integration for fragmentation, satisfaction for frustration.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Mildred raised the question: “How to produce whole men instead of mere specialists? The University of Melbourne method is integrative. It is organic. It is committed to no religious denomination, but an interfaith chapel is planned where people can seek common ties across the races and cultures. It embraces the emotional as well as intellectual. It is practical – it is about solving the problems of life. It is praxiological, directed toward individuals and not towards groups or masses. It recognizes that ultimately all problems – even those which call for some collective action – are dealt with individual by individual.” What society needs is not corporations and governments and institutions but rather a determining majority educated and equipped with “effective means and measures” without whom civilizations disintegrate into barbarism. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">She added: “It equips individuals for rational, human, and effective personal conduct and individual behavior. It makes ethical and aesthetic considerations a part of all individual action. It replaces modern man’s preoccupation with wealth and power; it assists each person to form his philosophy of the Good Life based on the good, the true and the beautiful.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The remaining four articles are, again, literary. One has to do with class difference and the welfare state. Another is an imaginary dialog between Socrates and Sir Francis Bacon about the progress of scientific knowledge. That one addressed the nature of truth. Socrates was not impressed by Bacon. One is an essay on the differences between the approach to science and the arts. There is an article with a Chinese perspective on home, family, garden and nature with quotes from Chinese classical literature. Again, these selections are readable, thought provoking, but tangential.<o:p></o:p></p><h2>Spring Issue, March 1957, Vol. III, No. 1<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The focus of this issue is the gregational problem. The editors comment that <i>Education and Living</i> was reissues in green boards (and boxed) and that the University planned to publish <i>The Crisis in Politics, A Critique of Modern Political Science</i>. That book was not published, and this issue was the last of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The opening article was: “Race, Class, Religious, National and Ideological Conflict: The Educational Versus the Political Approach.” The timing of this issue was important. In January of 1957 Martin Luther King, Jr. and other black pastors had met in Georgia to coordinate civil rights protest. A few months later, in September, President Eisenhower sent federal troops to support integration of Central High School in Arkansas and a few days later signed the Civil Rights Act.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">In February, Borsodi had led a seminar on “The Challenge of Asia.” Fifteen participants drafted a manifesto regarding education in Asia – for universities to take the lead in promoting “inter-cultural, inter-racial, inter-ideological, and inter-religious relations.” It was described as “a declaration of allegiance to that moral and human wisdom which transcends the fear-wrought barriers of nation, race and creed.” There were fourteen responses from Asian educational leaders.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The University of Melbourne proposed a conference in Asia regarding this topic. This issue was devoted to the objectives of the proposed conference.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi’s contribution was “The Problem of Gregational Ethics.” The gregational problem is how groups treat each other. He provided a chart that listed gregational forms. Borsodi observed that the problem was one of parochial values. As a result, we are in a period of ideological conflict that “makes this an age of moral confusion,” or perhaps worse, “Moral Relativism.” This persistent situation suggests something absent. We need not only moral values but “individuals with a passionate determination to act in accordance with them.” We devote vast sums to science and technology but not to the solution of ethical problems. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi listed five distinctive kinds of ethical problems (which are discussed in <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>):<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->“The need of putting substance into the definition of good and evil, and defining both in terms which are universal and perpetual and not merely those of different cultures and different ideological groups. Moral Relativism impedes this effort.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->“The need of defining conscience; of defining what Kant called the moral law within.’ Borsodi thought that the cultivation of conscience is as important as the cultivation of intelligence.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->“The need to distinguish between motive and action; between the motives which inspire individual actions and the consequences of the actions performed by human beings.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->“The need of recognizing the quadruplicate nature of the factors involved in making rational and adequate ethical judgement. No ethical commandant, law or rule is adequality expressed unless it recognizes that there are always two parties involves, and unless it formulates the respective rights and obligations of each of them. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->“Finally, the need of recognizing that what is learned from the study of ethics must produce a body of universal and perpetual principles – a body of natural laws, or laws which are sanctioned by their morality rather than by the mere power of the state.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Borsodi continued with four “crucial” problems of how groups should treat each other. He offered this perspective:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->“How should individuals, acting as members, leaders, or representatives of a group, when engaged in doing or refusing to do, anything for, to or with another group and the individuals who belong to it (a) strive to have their own group and their own members treat other groups and those who belong to them; (b) actually treat other groups and those who belong to them, and how should (c) any other group and its members reciprocally strive to have its own group and its members act; and (d) actually treat the other group and its members. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">“To deal with this problem intelligently, rigorous definition and classification of at least three great classes of groups is essential: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Organized gregations such as empires, nations down to families.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Unorganized gregations such as caste and classes, audiences, crowds and members of movement.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pseudo-gregations “such as races and nationalities, occupations, income and wealth classes; sexual, martial, and age ‘groups.’”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">How these groups are organized he presented in an accompanying chart.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The problem, Borsodi concluded, is that leaders “haven’t the remotest notion that there may be a body of natural moral law which is capable of resolving … group conflicts.” The solution: “The first step toward equipping intelligent and concerned men and women with means for dealing with this problem is obviously clear formulation of the real nature of the gregational problem.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Willis Nutting contributed “The Gregational Problem in History.” Group relations throughout history, Nutting wrote, is typically about how groups maintain their advantage with regard to their groups. The exceptions are there but too rare. History is also replete with stories of minority groups asserting their rights. Revolutions all too frequent; Gandhi’s too rare. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">I would note that much of the best of us, as well as the worst, has come out of times of turmoil and conflict. I see Borsodi and friends seeking such a moment in history; perhaps a turning point for the best. Or not.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There is another article about “The Revolt of Asia” from the works of Josef Washington Hall, nicknamed Upton Close. It was originally dated 1927 – at which time Gandhi had been working for Indian independence for over ten years. It is about white dominance of Asia. Hall traced some of the history and outlined issues related to colonization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">The majority of this issue is a series of articles about gregational relationships. They include:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">White <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Negroes<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">White Race <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span>Colored Race<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Race <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Race<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Capitalist Class <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Working Class<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Caste <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Caste<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Untouchables <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Hindus (By Gandhi)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Capitalist <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Laborer’s<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Master <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Slaves, Aristotle<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Master <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Slaves, Plato<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Conquering State <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Conquered State<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Higher Civilization <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Lower Civilization<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">Religion <span style="font-family: Wingdings;"></span> Religion<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">There was finally a short glossary of terms. One of the main objectives of the University of Melbourne, the editor’s noted, is the formulation of a standard vocabulary. <o:p></o:p></p><h1>Conclusion<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">A few months after this last issue of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i> Borsodi resigned as Chancellor of the University of Melbourne and his departure was noted as “sudden.” He sold his printing equipment. He and Clare apparently moved out of Melbourne Village. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="font-size: medium;">But he wasn’t done. He fulfilled his promise to support education in India. At the time of his departure from the University of Melbourne, Borsodi was in fact in correspondence with leaders in India. He was invited to India in 1958 and that visit turned into an extended stay. <o:p></o:p></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://0C76780C-58A3-4688-9A51-5B484AD03541#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> We have, however, made little progress in this direction over the years.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://0C76780C-58A3-4688-9A51-5B484AD03541#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Korzybski Institute for the Study of General Semantics: <a href="https://korzybskiinstitute.blogspot.com/?view=magazine">https://korzybskiinstitute.blogspot.com/?view=magazine</a>. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://0C76780C-58A3-4688-9A51-5B484AD03541#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Korzybski Time-Binder: <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PMUKyIwOobunqaTBMOgkODXZm7kec6_8z13Ea72fbX4/edit">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PMUKyIwOobunqaTBMOgkODXZm7kec6_8z13Ea72fbX4/edit</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://0C76780C-58A3-4688-9A51-5B484AD03541#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> I have described <i>Prosperity and Security</i> in Chapter 9. <o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-44455764796755646092020-08-31T07:00:00.001-07:002020-08-31T07:13:12.251-07:00University of Melbourne<p> Bill Sharp (c) 2020</p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi Turning Point<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The years during and immediately following World War II were a major turning point for Borsodi.<span> </span>The war had brought the New Agrarian movement to a standstill.<span> </span>It had brought an end to the Bayard Lane community and the School headquarters building was sold.<span> </span>Operations of the School of Living had been transferred to Lane’s End in Ohio.<span> </span>Mildred Loomis had taken the burden of daily management of the School of Living from his shoulders.<span> </span>Borsodi kept busy with his seminars and writing.<span> </span>He published his magnum opus, <i>Education and Living</i> in 1948.<span> </span>His beloved wife, Myrtle Mae died after a long battle with cancer in December 1949.<span> </span>And, there was a lot going on in Borsodi’s life that was drawing him south to Florida.<span> </span>This move launched him on a new and dynamic mission.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">India would also play a defining role in the development of Borsodi’s work at this time.<span> </span>Shortly after moving to Florida, Borsodi and his new wife took a cruise to Asia.<span> </span>On returning he jumped into the University of Melbourne experiment.<span> </span>Borsodi published <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> in 1956 as a University of Melbourne publication.<span> </span>It gave perhaps the most comprehensive expression of the educational program he had been working to develop.<span> </span>Two years later he went back to India for an extended stay.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">My two chapters on Melbourne and the university experiment, and India are complimentary.<span> </span>The program he developed at Melbourne was intended to serve both the East and the West.<span> </span>In this chapter, “Melbourne,” I have extracted the last of four parts of <i>The Challenge of Asia</i><span> which describe the University of Melbourne program</span>.<span> </span>In “India,” I will outline the other part; his experience of the conditions of Asia.<span> </span>With his return to India, Borsodi brought the two streams back together and shaped his work until the end of his life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Melbourne Village<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Melbourne Village was formed by three women who had been associates of Borsodi’s at Dayton, Virginia Wood, Elizabeth Nutting, and Margaret Hutchison. <span> </span>All three women acknowledged that they had been strongly influenced by Borsodi.<span> </span>Here are brief profiles of these three women.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Virginia Pierce Wood was born in 1888 on farmland near Dayton.<span> </span>She attended private school until her final three years.<span> </span>She said this education help her to learn to think for herself.<span> </span>She graduated from Smith College.<span> </span>She studied sociology and became interested in the problem of poverty.<span> </span>She worked a variety of volunteer post<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two weeks after finishing college she married General George Wood, a man 20 years older.<span> </span>Wood was born in Dayton and practiced law there.<span> </span>He enlisted in the army in 1898 for service in the Spanish-American war and rose from the ranks to a commission.<span> </span>He also served in the Philippines.<span> </span>He served as a colonel in Europe during World War I.<span> </span>Following the war, he served as Adjutant General of the Ohio National Guard.<span> </span>He also worked in veterans’ affairs.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">During World War I, Virginia served as a Red Cross volunteer and after the war became an increasingly influential leader in the community working with a variety of organizations and serving on the school board.<span> </span>During the Great Depression she was a member of the Community Chest and Council of Social Agencies; becoming involved in the city’s welfare and philanthropic agencies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Elizabeth Nutting’s father was a professor at the University of Iowa.<span> </span>She was educated in the public-school system in Iowa City.<span> </span>She majored in English and natural history at the University of Iowa. <span> </span>She had an early passion for social reform and at church one morning decided that she "was going to fix up" the world. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Inspired by a lecture given by theologian and social reformer Graham Taylor at her high school, Elizabeth went to Chicago to work in Taylor's School of Civics and Philanthropy, specifically in his Chicago Commons Social Settlement where she saw urban poverty at its worse.<span> </span>She then went to Boston University's School of Religious Education and was the first woman to receive a doctorate in religious education there.<span> </span>She was then hired to teach religion in public schools in Dayton.<span> </span>Elizabeth joined the Council of Social Agencies in Dayton and became director of the Character Building Division, where she had her first contact with Virginia Wood <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Margaret Hutchison was at Boston University with Elizabeth and joined her in Dayton.<span> </span>She was born in Cambridge; a small town in eastern Ohio.<span> </span>He father was in the wholesale grocery business and a deacon of the local Presbyterian Church.<span> </span>She attended Muskingum College in Ohio, majoring in economics and business administration with a minor in religious education.<span> </span>Along with Elizabeth Nutting, she received a master's degree in religious education at Boston University. <span> </span>In 1929 she attended Union Theological Seminary to study with Reinhold Niebuhr whose writings on urban ministry had inspired her.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dayton was an eye-opener for Margaret.<span> </span>She had not experienced poverty on the scale she saw it in Dayton caused by the closure of a number of factories.<span> </span>The resulting squalor lead her to question the factory system.<span> </span>She was also unsettled by the lack of a sense of community; of the sense of “estrangement.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the summer of 1932 Elizabeth Nutting organize "production units,<span> </span>…<span> </span>where the unemployed would produce food, clothing, and other essentials for their own use and for barter.”<span> </span>There was a dozen of these units in Dayton involving between 350 and 500 families.<span> </span>According to this version of the story, the Council of Social Agencies asked Margaret to find someone who could offer expertise for developing the production units.<span> </span>A friend at Union Theological Seminary suggested Ralph Borsodi, and she contacted him.<span> </span>That story is told in the chapter “Dayton.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">After World War II, Elizabeth Nutting began spending considerable time at Suffern attending Borsodi’s seminars.<span> </span>She became committed to setting up a homesteading program along Borsodi’s lines.<span> </span>She agreed that seeking government aid for Dayton was a mistake – that a private land trust was needed.<span> </span>At Suffern she met Norman Linington who was on the School of Living board.<span> </span>He sold real estate in Florida and convinced her to look at property there.<span> </span>She did and on returning to Dayton in 1946 she, Virginia Wood and Margaret Hutchinson founded the American Homesteading Foundation (AHF) to develop Melbourne Village.<span> </span>It was incorporated in Ohio in May 1946.<span> </span>An organizational meeting was held in July 1946 at Virginia Wood’s home in Dayton.<span> </span>About a dozen other people attended.<span> </span>Pierce Wood, a Dayton attorney was name legal adviser and Borsodi as a consultant.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi suggested they consult his friend Arthur Morgan at Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio.<span> </span>Morgan was a recognized leader in community development.<span> </span>Virginia and Elizabeth met with Morgan.<span> </span>He gave them advice on creating small communities.<span> </span>He suggested landscape architect Louise Odiorne.<span> </span>Odiorne was very interested in the project and agreed to undertake the planning of the first 80 acres in return for a membership and a lot.<span> </span>She drove to Melbourne in September 1946 to start the plan.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At the first AHF meeting bylaws were presented.<span> </span>The purpose of the project was:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“To establish homesteading groups and provide therewith opportunities for these and other groups to study the principles, practices and further possibilities of modern homesteading.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“In furtherance thereof; it is proposed to buy, sell, mortgage, lease and otherwise deal in real and personal property; to establish and maintain schools; to publish relevant literature; and to do all other things necessary and convenient to the encompassments of the foregoing purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The bylaws made it clear that members of the community must support its mission.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Virginia Wood was clearly the driving force. <span> </span>She was a major financier of the original land purchase and of a number of projects and subsequent community needs. Nutting's idealism, Hutchison's organizational and business skills, Norman Lund's knowledge of the community, Odiorne’s community planning skills and the countless hours of dedicated work by many others turned vision into reality.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi and his School of Living were on the AHF agenda.<span> </span>In late 1949 Margaret Hutchison described the Melbourne Village program “as a plan of action that would enable the villagers to help others as well as themselves in times of economic crisis, when growing food and bartering skills would serve as cushions."<span> </span>She added that Borsodi saw homesteading as a return to the "early American ideal of individual initiative and democracy" without any lowering of the standard of living." <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Elizabeth’s brother, Notre Dame professor Dr. Willis Nutting (see below) added his perspective on "Why We Homestead" at the first annual meeting of the AHF.<span> </span>From the minutes of that meeting we read that:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“He emphasized the values in this way of life for individual development, real and satisfying family life, and a richer and more stable community setup.<span> </span>He stressed the greater security families may enjoy when they live in their own homes where they can raise most of their own food the year round and where in case of depression, members of the community can barter their various skills, thus maintaining a high standard of living regardless of the value of the dollar.<span> </span>He also stressed the importance to our natural life, of a leavening of people who are independent and secure because, as he put it, ‘Each would become increasingly his own boss.’”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In Borsodi’s own terms (from an interview September 3, 1956 – the 22<sup>nd</sup> anniversary of the founding of the School of Living in Suffern):<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“The founders of Melbourne Village hoped to fulfill this ideal by having modern family homesteading in a small community with as much local government and jurisdiction as possible.<span> </span>Modern family homesteading implies several things:<span> </span>(1) The home and land is owned by the family and is of itself a basis of security. (2) The economic life is centered around the family as much as possible with commodities produced by the home for use of the home. (3) Modern machines, equipment and methods are used for production.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In another prospectus Borsodi laid out four principles for the new community:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Real democracy, not just votes but “constructive group thinking and voluntary cooperation.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Productive homes where families can produce much of their needs themselves.<span> </span>This was “early American independence.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Development of people which places normal living above material means.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->An education-centered community “dedicated to the development of well-balanced effective human beings.”<span> </span>It was intended to serve the needs of the villagers.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A brochure made it clear “that the purpose of Melbourne Village was not to subsist but to attain a higher standard of living, not to return to primitive living but, in the philosophy of Ralph Borsodi, to use modern technology with its time and labor-saving devices for more creative living.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The brochure also highlighted Florida’s climate.<span> </span>It described Melbourne Homestead Village as "A beautiful Florida Shangri-la—Where There's Magic in the Good Earth." Its homesteading school offered "the thrill of independence and fuller self-expression in this unusual set up, where neighbors will be neighbors indeed, and where a community and family program of production for use can supplement even a small cash income to provide abundant living in good times—or bad.<span> </span>… where "members will have a share in the planning," a "democratic community where each Member has one vote." <span> </span>It would be just a great place to live.<span> </span>And as we see, that “great place” would be the undoing of the community vision.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The brochure went on to say that The American Homesteading Foundation was non-political and non-sectarian; “realists, with practical common sense, there must be; but not the disillusioned, not the fear-ridden nor the cynical." <span> </span>It would have all the amenities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi and Arthur Morgan were clearly having a considerable impact on the development of Melbourne Village.<span> </span>The founders were motivated by an experience of the failure of modern industrial society.<span> </span>Elizabeth and Margaret were also strong motivated by the urban social ministry exemplified by Reinhold Niebuhr and Graham Taylor (Virginia Wood was not religious).<span> </span>There were also a number of Georgists and decentralist; many friends of Borsodi.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">During the winter of 1947 – 48, the first of the homes were completed and occupied at Melbourne Village.<span> </span>Virginia Wood’s home was the first completed.<span> </span>Within the first year, 32 memberships had been accepted and lots secured.<span> </span>Another 40 acres of land was acquired.<span> </span>In 1949 yet another 80 acres were acquired and in 1951 another 80, bringing the total to 280 acres with 375 house lots.<span> </span>In 1950 a Village Credit Union and Village Coop were established.<span> </span>By 1950 35 houses had been built and membership was up to 106.<span> </span>That year Borsodi personally contracted for 40 acres, the “Borsodi Forty.”<span> </span>In 1952 there was a library.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are several stories about how Borsodi met Clare Kittredge.<span> </span>In this version, rather than at Dayton, they met while both were visiting Virginia Wood at her new home at Melbourne village in 1949.<span> </span>Apparently, Clare and her husband had already purchased land at Melbourne Village, but her husband had died.<span> </span>The story is that Clare enjoyed dinner conversations with Borsodi.<span> </span>She considered herself something of a “heretic” and found Borsodi’s ideas fascinating.<span> </span>They took long walks on the beach and over the months the relationship deepened.<span> </span>They were married September 1950.<span> </span>Borsodi designed their house and they settled in.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A New School of Living<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1948 Melbourne Village formally applied to Borsodi’s School of Living (incorporated in the state of New York) and received a charter to establish a School of Living in Melbourne Village.<span> </span>Borsodi offered a series of seminars there on the “Philosophy of Normal Living” in December 1949 and the following January.<span> </span>In 1950 Borsodi sold his home (Dogwoods) in Suffern.<span> </span>He transferred his printing machinery and set up a print shop in a small building in Melbourne Village.<span> </span>The printing shop would serve the School of Living there and at Lane’s End and the village at large.<span> </span>Priority was given to republishing his book <i>Education and Ideology.</i><span> </span>In essence, Borsodi had moved the headquarters of his School of Living to Melbourne.<span> </span>In 1952 he incorporated the School of Living of America, Inc. in Florida. <span> </span>There was continued collaboration with Lane’s End, but Mildred had dynamic programs of her own and this dynamic would largely define the development of the School of Living to the end of her life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Melbourne was seemingly an ideal setting for Borsodi.<span> </span>The war was over.<span> </span>Inflation, as Borsodi had predicted, was high.<span> </span>The national debt was staggering.<span> </span>The economy was in deep recession (exceeded only in 2020) and unemployment high.<span> </span>People were drawn to the School of Living model by a sense of need.<span> </span>Borsodi was surrounded by friends – many who had been friends for years – and new supporters at Melbourne.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">However, the tide was turning, and it wasn’t in Borsodi’s favor.<span> </span>To start with, the US economy began to take off to unprecedented levels of growth.<span> </span>The second was that Melbourne Village was turning into an upper middle-class, retirement lifestyle, community.<span> </span>Most people moving there after 1950 considered gardening merely a hobby.<span> </span>Few had the passion and commitment for the new order of things that Borsodi and his friends did.<span> </span>And the size of the village had grown beyond reasonable boundaries for communal management.<span> </span>Conflict, as expected, arose.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi and the Village founders were committed to the School of Living idea – to creating a homesteader’s community and an innovative educational program to support it.<span> </span>It was they, it appears, the School of Living, as the Executive Council, who defined the policies of the community – Elizabeth Nutting in particular – and administered the entire community.<span> </span>Borsodi was teaching out of his <i>Education and Living</i>.<span> </span>He was teaching “normal living.”<span> </span>The expectations for personal development were high and I believe demanding.<span> </span>That became a minority position.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A split formed in the village.<span> </span>For those interested in the details, there are two publications available:<span> </span>Richard Crepeau’s <i>book Melbourne Village – The First Twenty-five Years</i> (1946 – 1961), and. Georgiana Greene Kjerulff’s <i>Troubled Paradise</i>.<span> </span>Both were critics of Borsodi and friends but they both provided details about the life of the village during Borsodi’s stay there that I’ve employed in this chapter.<span> </span>Kjerulff I think particularly disliked Borsodi.<span> </span>Some of her facts, however, appear questionable.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Nutting, seeking to keep the villagers focused on the original mission, posed three critical questions:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What can the individual contribute to the community? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What does the individual owe the group? <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What does the group owe the individual?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The AHF position on these questions had been written into the original bylaws.<span> </span>Membership more than implied support for the mission statement.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1951 a panel was formed on “Should the Direction of the Community Be Shifted from the original Idea of Homesteading to a Suburban Community.”<span> </span>Most of the newcomers just wanted a nice place to live and the village was a very nice place.<span> </span>It had amenities, social activities, open spaces, close to the beach.<span> </span>Clare Borsodi herself summarized the results of a survey about life in the community:<span> </span>“Melbourne Village represents a way of life that is sane, satisfying , uncomplicated, giving one ample and necessary opportunity for physical, mental and creative self-expression in a community that is healthy, beautiful and extraordinarily friendly.”<span> </span>What better advertisement could you have for the life of ease?<span> </span>Florida was becoming the nations’ retirement heaven – a place to live the life of ease.<span> </span>But not for starting a revolution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I think the real question was who was in control of Melbourne Village?<span> </span>And that comes down to the purpose of the Village.<span> </span>For Virginia Wood, Elizabeth Nutting and Borsodi, it was about a dream.<span> </span>Borsodi was brilliant, informed and articulate.<span> </span>He was passionate and had a commanding presence.<span> </span>He was also a man of integrity and principled – he believed in what he offered.<span> </span>In short, he was formidable.<span> </span>No doubt many resented that.<span> </span>And undoubtably he felt frustration, if not betrayal, with another dream being trounced by people who could think only of the next dance or bridge game.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1952, the controversy came to a head.<span> </span>Only about a tenth of the community were then Borsodi followers.<span> </span>There was a meeting to “reorganize” the School of Living in February 1952.<span> </span>Relationships between the School of Living and the Board of Trustees continued to deteriorate.<span> </span>When it came down to who controlled what, Borsodi insisted that the School of Living be independent and not under the control of the community.<span> </span>This was, however, only the first round of conflict between the core group and the more recent settlers.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The way out for Borsodi and Clare was a cruise around the world.<span> </span>But he would be back!<span> </span>With a will and a new mission.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">India<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In May 1952, Clare and Borsodi sailed for Spain to visit one of his sons and then continued on an extensive tour of Asia; a total of eleven countries.<span> </span>They then sailed east, circumnavigating the globe.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred Loomis wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“In many countries Borsodi talked to leaders of thought – in the Philippines, Japan, Nationalist China, Thailand, Cambodia, India, Pakistan, Lebanon, Syria and Palestine.<span> </span>A friend in India, Shyam Chawia of <u>The Ambala Tribune,</u> made contacts for Borsodi in Gandhian schools and universities.<span> </span>In many places the Borsodi’s lived with common people.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“He went to discover, if possible, what Asia could contribute to solve the modern crisis.<span> </span>In the great struggle between Liberty and Authority, which would Asia choose – agrarianism or industrialism, decentralization or centralization?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi begin to compile his notes and write what would become <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>, while still on the boat returning home. <span> </span>The book is a major, and powerful, critique of political, and economic centralization and a defense of decentralism.<span> </span>In it Borsodi pulled no punches.<span> </span>It is one of the most vivid representations of the humanistic passion that compelled his life’s mission.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I have reported on the contents of Borsodi’s reflections from <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> in a following chapter on “India.”<span> </span>In this chapter I will focus on the conclusion of that book which was a concise statement of Borsodi’s educational mission.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Re-education<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the fourth part of <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>, published in 1956 by the University of Melbourne Press, Borsodi summarized his educational system.<span> </span>In those three chapters, Borsodi wrote a manifesto for Right Education, for the humanization of mankind, for problem-integrated-education and for a theme he called “University – Not Westernity.”<span> </span>In the last chapter he described the University of Melbourne and its curriculum. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Right Education:<span> </span>The Humanization of Man<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">About mis-education Borsodi wrote:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“If it is education which determines the manner in which human beings live, then any process of education which produces human beings who behave in an abnormal animal-like manner may well be called mis-education.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Modern man behaves abnormally, and the conditions of life which he has created for himself are abnormal …<span> </span>he has either deliberately chosen or has permitted himself to be persuaded to devote his life to a mistaken life-purpose. … along with them the conviction that he, as a modern man, is properly educated.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote about, “… the great social, political and economic problems which constitute ‘the crisis of our age,” and that: “Events in the adult world which are shaking civilization to pieces cannot be disregarded.<span> </span>The social environment, including education, obstruct the development of character and life-conception.<span> </span>You can’t change character by reforming institutions (social environment). <span> </span>It has to come from within.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">On the other hand, “Right education is that education which results in the acquisition by human beings of characteristics which lead them to act, individually and as members of groups, like normal human beings.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote: <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“… what is the part in life which those whom I have been calling teachers should play? … who must individually bear some share of the responsibility for the state of mankind, and who cannot avoid wielding some of the influence exerted by teaching upon mankind, I address this challenge.<span> </span>….<span> </span>The time has come when the teacher must cease to be a mere hireling.<span> </span>The time has come for the teacher to lead.<span> </span>… A new world must be built.<span> </span>… a school and university-centered society.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“… the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind must be made supreme in the hearts and minds and over the behavior of mankind.<span> </span>To us the building of this new world, individual by individual, family by family, and community by community, calls us to a crusade.<span> </span>It calls not only for a moral, intellectual and spiritual revolution in the hearts of those whom I am calling teachers; it calls upon them for triumphant creative action.<span> </span>… <span> </span>It cannot come by compulsion through the use of arms and police forces, nor by playing on man’s fear of hell and hope of heaven, and certainly not through material plenty, material security and boundless material progress.<span> </span>It must come only through persuasion and only as a result of influence and leadership.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi concludes this argument with:<span> </span>“Who shall lead? … teachers who have equipped themselves to lead…”<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Problem-Integrated Education:<span> </span>A Syllabus.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the second chapter of the last part of <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>, Borsodi provided a comprehensive outline of his system drawing on his <i>Education and Living</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi made a very clear statement of the aims and purpose of his system:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Man, in sum, is first and foremost a problem-solving animal.<span> </span>His every action, in so far as it is genuinely human, is always the resolution of a problem.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The significant difference between man and all other animals is that he alone has the capacity for formulating his problems verbally and symbolically, and for dealing with them, if he will, rationally, reflectively and imaginatively.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Higher education ceases to justify being called higher unless it equips the individual with an adequate method of determining what to value and what to believe.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The basic problems of mankind with which every individual everywhere in the world is confronted – the problems which are universal and perpetual and not local or momentary in nature – should be the basis for equipping the individual to meet the challenge of these challenging days.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The first step is clear and comprehensive formulation of the problems.<span> </span>Until the individual has learned what these basic problems are, he is unequipped for choosing among the many alternative solutions of each one of them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The most difficult problem is the “integration, in some form, of the enormous bodies of specialized knowledge scattered about in its schools and courses.<span> </span>Integration is essential because without it there is no assurance that the education it furnishes will deserve to be called higher.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Integration of knowledge from every special field is impossible; but integration based upon the basic problems with some part of which every special field deals, is not.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Problem-integrated education, then, would be a course of study in which, the basic problems have been formulated, the individual would be equipped adequately to evaluate the knowledge which every art and science; every theology, philosophy and ideology; every theory and doctrine, has to offer mankind<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Seven Basic Problems of Mankind<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were at this point fourteen problems of living which were divided into two groups.<span> </span>The first are:<span> </span>“Problems which call primarily for study and reflection, problems which can be dealt with while sitting still perhaps surrounded by books in a library or while studying in a classroom – are all problems of thought (or mentation).<span> </span>There are seven of these.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The second set of seven problems are problems of action “which call for motor rather than mental action.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Three Basic Problems of Belief<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Among the first group, problems of thought, are three that deal with what we believe to be true.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I.<span> </span>The Problem of the Nature of Nature (Ontological)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The problem of the nature of the universe as a whole and of everything of which it is composed, to refer literally to anything and everything, material and immaterial, which exists in fact, or in the mind as an alleged fact.<span> </span>That which is, that which exists, that which has being.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are five ontological problems:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two of them are problems in definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of the physical universe.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of the metaphysical universe.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Three problems in the complex grow out of the answers to the problems of definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of essence – is the universe material or spiritual in nature?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of destiny – is it a designed cosmos or a meaningless chaos?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of origin – was nature created, has it always existed, or is it emergent?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">II.<span> </span>The Problem of the Nature of Human Nature (Anthropic)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In this group there are three problems of definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of man considered from his physical aspect.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of man considered from his mental aspect.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of man considered from his spiritual aspect.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Five problems are examinations of alternative conceptions of human nature in its customary signification.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of equality and inequality.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of man’s moral nature:<span> </span>innately good, bad or neutral.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of man’s educable – is man capable of behaving rationally or is he inescapably instinctual, impulsive and irrational?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of man’s responsibility – is he by hereditary and environment a conditioned biological machine or is he to any extent endowed with free-will and the capacity for free self-direction?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of man’s psycho-somatic nature – is he, in the final analysis a soul capable of existing apart from his body?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">III.<span> </span>The Problem of Events and Their Causation (Etiologic)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two problems of Definition<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Objective and subjective experience of events.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of causation – natural, human, divine.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And two problems of interpretation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The origin and destiny of the sequence of changes called history.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of nature’s changes – natural history.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Four Problems of Evaluation (Values)<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The remaining four problems are about the evaluation of the good, the true, and the beautiful.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">IV.<span> </span>The Ethical Problem<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">We live in an age of moral confusion, of moral relativism (amoralism).<span> </span>College-trained leaders often have knowledge without character; little or no concern about moral implication.<span> </span>Material progress is not producing a golden age.<span> </span>The problem is not only of determining moral values but also of imbuing individuals with a passionate determination to act in accordance with them.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are five preliminary problems:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span> </span>“The need of putting substance into the definition of good and evil, and defining them both in terms which are universal and perpetual and not those merely of the mores and folkways of different cultures.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The need of defining conscience; of defining what Kant called the “moral law within.”<span> </span>Freud’s superego “has robbed the concept of virtually all of its original moral signification.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“The need to distinguish between motive and act; between the motives which inspire individual actions and the consequences of the acts performed by human beings.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->“The need to recognize the quadruplicate nature of the elements involved making adequate ethical judgments.”<span> </span>There are always at least two parties involved and “we must formulate the respective rights and obligations of each of them.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We need to recognize “that what is learned from the study of ethics must produce a body of universal and perpetual principles – of natural law, of laws which are sanctioned by their morality rather than by the power of the state.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are four distinct kinds of moral problems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Problems of Pretersocial Ethics.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Note:<span> </span>The term “preter” means “more than.”<span> </span>I believe what Borsodi means by that “more” is the individual.<span> </span>This is at the root of praxiology; as we will see below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There are at least six Pretersocial problems:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the relationship of the individual to himself – to his own conscience.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The relationship of the individual as a human being to the animal kingdom as a whole.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of his relationship to the plant kingdom.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of his relationship to the soil and to other natural resource of the earth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of his relationship to the greater universe as a whole.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of his relationship – assuming that divinity exists – to the divine.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Problem of Correlational Ethics<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How should two individuals, in some specific way associating with or related to one another, each act in doing (or failing to do) something with, for or to one another?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->And there are two “very important incidental problems:”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 126.7pt; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -126.7pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of equality and inequality.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of defining and distinguishing between interactions and relationships,<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Problem of Associational Ethics.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->What rights and obligations has an individual member relative to a group to which he belongs, and what rights and obligations has the group as a whole relative to its individual members?<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The relationship of an individual who belongs to one group, with another group.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Problem of Gregational Ethics.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This group deals with “the interactions and relationships of groups rather than the interactions and relationships of individuals.”<span> </span>How should groups of various kinds treat one another?<span> </span>We need to clearly formulate the nature of the basic gregational problem.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How should individuals, acting as members, leaders, or representatives of a group, when engaged in doing – or refusing to do – anything for, to or with another group and the individuals who belong to it:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.75in; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Strive to have their own group and members treat other groups and their members;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.75in; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>ii.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->actually treat other groups and those who belong to them;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.75in; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iii.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->how should the other group be involved and its members reciprocally strive to have their own group and its members act;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.75in; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo7; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.75in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>iv.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->and actually treat the other group and its members?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Organized gregations – empires, nations, counties, municipalities; churches, schools, colleges, universities, business corporations, labor unions, etc., including of course, families, perhaps the most neglected of all organized groups by modern thought.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Unorganized gregations – castes and classes; audience, crowds and mobs; social, religious, political and other “movements.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pseudo – gregations – races and nationalities; occupational, income and wealth classes, sexual, marital and age groups, etc.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">V.<span> </span>The Problem of Beauty versus Ugliness (Esthetics)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the validation of esthetic values, of making esthetic judgments, of formulating esthetic standards.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Six Problems of definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of beauty and ugliness.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of human sensibility.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of, and the distinction between, taste and skill.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of nature as object-of-art and artistic performer.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of man-made objects-of-art – paintings, statuary, buildings, clothing, furniture, pottery, textiles, etc.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of man’s artistic performances – singing, dancing, acting, oratory, conversation, manners, etc.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of science – the possible essential identity of science and arts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two problems of classification and definition<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature, and the classification, of various arts as wholes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature and classification, of artistic qualities.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two problems in esthetic education<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of creative artistic production versus that of art appreciation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the creation and cultivation of an esthetic conscience.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Beauty is important.<span> </span>The esthetic problem is not resolved by mere philosophic consideration.<span> </span>The individual sensitivity must be cultivated.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">VI.<span> </span>The Problem of Truth versus Error (Epistemological)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This is a threefold problem:<span> </span>of method, of motivation, of cultivation:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of method is that of distinguishing between truth and error.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of motivation is that of developing convictions strong enough so that the individual feels that what seems to him true can be, and should be, implemented in the manner in which he lives.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of cultivation is that of developing his epistemological conscience.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Its solution calls for nothing less than an emotional conversion – a passionate conviction that truth is important.<span> </span>“’A still, small voice’ within imbues the individual with a feeling of obligation (conscience) to seek the truth and to live the truth; and a feeling of deep unease and even remorse for any failure to live up to the truth and act the truth in every area of living.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The problem has a uniquely important relationship to all the other basic problems here outlined, since none of them becomes genuinely meaningful unless it is possible to distinguish and to develop conviction…<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the nature of revelation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the nature of sensation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the nature of reason.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">VII.<span> </span>The Problem of Purpose and Motivation (Epistemological).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of purpose generally.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of ultimate or transcendental goals – of ends in life in contrast to means.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of immediate and intermediate goals – of purposes which logically and consistently should be means toward the realization of the individual’s ultimate objectives in life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of dynamization – of the dynamic which moves the individual to actually exert himself, and perhaps even to sacrifice himself, in order to achieve his chosen goal.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of motivation – of inner, internal and personal dynamization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of stimulation – of the dynamization of others in order to persuade them to realize the goal which that individual considers they should adopt.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What is really involved in the development of telic conscience?<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Seven Basic Problems of Implementation<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">These are the problem which cannot be resolved by thought alone.<span> </span>“Problems which call for motor rather than mental action, as in dealing with the problem of occupations – the use of time in working, playing and resting – are essential problems of action.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">VIII.<span> </span>The Problem of Mental and Physical Health (Psycho-physiological)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The maintenance of physical and mental health, and, if either has been impaired, the problem of the restoration of either or both.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Five are problems in definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of mental health.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of physical health.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of hereditary endowment.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of the environmental and education factors.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of the health regimen; Two have to do with the maintenance of health itself:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of regimen for the male life-cycle.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of regimen for the female life-cycle.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Three problems having to do with disease or the restoration of health, one a problem of definition and two are what are ordinarily thought of as medical problems:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of therapies.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of restoration of mental health.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the restoration of physical health.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">IX.<span> </span>The Occupational Problem <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The use of time. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->How should he organize his life so far as the use of his time is concerned?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The planning of our time must and should be different for men and women.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The planning of our time must be different for both men and women for each age period.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Production and creation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Recreation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Recuperation – work, play, and rest.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">X.<span> </span>The Problem of Possessions<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the distinction between property and trusterty.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Seven problems of definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of human beings as possessions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of the natural resources of the earth.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of consumption goods.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of capital goods.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of relational assets.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of claims or token assets.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of inherences or inheriting assets.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two problems of implementation:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of title – who may or may not own what?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of tenure – how should property and trusterty be held and by whom?<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">XI.<span> </span>The Organizational Problem:<span> </span>Enterprise and Efficiency<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two problems of definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of enterprise.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of efficiency.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Six are formulations of operational problems:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of stimulation.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of decision.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of transaction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of mensuration – of cost, price, utility and value.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of public relations.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of management.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">One crucial problem:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of control.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">XII.<span> </span>The Civic Problem:<span> </span>Harmony versus Violence<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The crisis of our time is not economic; it is civic and political.<span> </span>It has to be approached in terms of principles, not expedients.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Five problems of definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the nature of government.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the nature of harmony.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the nature of violence.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the nature of coercion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the nature of crime, both individual and gregrational; of the nature, therefor, of both personal and national aggression.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Five problems to deal with the control of government:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of control by functional jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of control by electoral jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of control by territorial jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of control by gregational jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of control by structural jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">XIII.<span> </span>The Institutional Problem:<span> </span>Social Conservation versus Social Reform<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“There are at least sixty clearly identifiable institutions [listed elsewhere], … and these fall into at least three main categories:<span> </span>a. psycho-physiological institutions, b. vocational institutions, and c. intellectual and spiritual institutions.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Four problems of definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of social systems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of psycho-physiological institutions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of vocational intuitions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of intellectual and spiritual institutions.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two all-important final problems:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of evaluating existing institutions.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of developing methods of maintaining existing institutions (if they are valid), and of devising methods of changing them, (if they are invalid).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">XIV.<span> </span>The Educational Problem:<span> </span>Humanization versus Provincialization<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Man is a human being by virtue of his existence as a member of the human race.<span> </span>It’s not nation but global in scope.<span> </span>No man’s education is complete until he has been humanized – until he has been de-provincialized and de-parochialized and equipped intellectually and emotional for membership in the whole human race.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Eight problems of definition:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of enculturation and juvenile education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of humanization and adult education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of mis-education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of centralization and decentralization.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of right-education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of progress.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of normal living and the concept of the normal.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The nature of re-education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Three distinct problems related to a praxiological solution:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of individual versus group action.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of the basic problems of which individual action is always a resolution.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The problem of choosing among alternative ideas, ideas and ideologies about the process of humanization.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">On Method<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Seminar presentation are to be made to small and not to large groups of students.<span> </span>There should be two or three seminar leaders to add diversity of viewpoint and process. <span> </span>The topics of the seminars are the universal problems.<span> </span>They should be at least five or six sessions.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Problem-integrative education has four noteworthy virtues:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It is integrative.<span> </span>Its about how to produce whole men instead of mere specialists.<span> </span>It is about overcoming intellectualizing and accumulation of factual and technical knowledge.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Equips the student with a tool with which to evaluate not only special fields of knowledge but the experiences of life itself:<span> </span>A clear definition of the problem at hand.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It forces those who take part in it to examine their basic beliefs, basic values, and basic notions about living, and to consider whether those which they had unconsciously accepted might not be false to the realities and eternal verities of life.<span> </span>It inspires us to apply ourselves.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It is directed towards individuals, not groups or masses.<span> </span>It is about the problems each of us deals with.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote:<span> </span>“What we need to do is to equip the individual with the means for basing his thinking and his action upon valid postulates, human values, and effective means and measures.”<span> </span>When we can deal with our personal problems, we can solve social and political problems.<span> </span>He added: “In the absence at least of a determining minority of such individuals, civilization begins to disintegrate, and barbarism begins to replace it.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The method is praxiological:<span> </span>“Problem-integrated education is praxiological in nature.<span> </span>It equips the individual for rational, humane, and effective personal conduct and individual behavior.<span> </span>It makes ethical and esthetic consideration a part of all individual action.<span> </span>It replaces modern man’s preoccupation with his predominately economic philosophy by a philosophy in which the good, the true, and the beautiful are considered at least of equal importance to wealth and power.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I think it is extremely important to understand that Borsodi’s approach is about individuals.<span> </span>Each of us must accept the responsibility for solving problems be they personal, community, at work, etc.<span> </span>Each of us must be prepared to define and solve problems.<span> </span>Each of us must be equipped with the necessary tool to solve these problems and that means doing the work to get them fixed.<span> </span>Doing that collectively, social issues will resolve themselves.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Chapter III:<span> </span>University – Not “Westernity”<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is, of course, a stage setting for the problems we face.<span> </span>In a word, the world seems to be falling apart.<span> </span>Instead of a wonderful scientific progress we have “instead world-wide disillusionment, world-wide bewilderment, world-wide revolution.<span> </span>There were two terrible world wars and the Great Depression.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In response:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The University of Melbourne has been organized by a group who recognize that, in dealing with the problem of creating a sane and peaceful society, neither religion, nor science, nor patriotism, nor revolution has saved us.<span> </span>They believe that the time has come to consider whether the failure of the institutions upon which mankind has pinned its hopes may be due not so much to the political, economic and social errors of its organization, but fundamentally to the mis-education of the leaders and the rank and file of mankind.<span> </span>They believe that the time has come to consider whether the challenge of our times does not call for a crusade aimed at re-education and right-education.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The crisis in education was highlighted by Robert Maynard Hutchins who was also a pioneer in educational reform (see below).<span> </span>He was quoted as saying:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The crusade to which we are called is noting less than to procure a moral, intellectual, and spiritual revolution throughout the world.<span> </span>The whole scale of values by which our society lives must be reverse.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The conviction which led to the establishment of the University of Melbourne is fivefold:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->That there is a serious – almost fatal – defect in modern education;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->That this defect evidences itself in a lack of faith in liberty, an unwillingness to trust in the implementation of truth, a desperate reliance upon power and might, and sometimes a cynical preoccupation with material wealth;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->‘That this defect in education of the leadership of the West explains the confused manner in which the free world is dealing with its critics and trying to defend itself from its attackers;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->That this defect is philosophic in nature and no amount of specialized vocational education, no matter how efficiently it is provided, will correct it;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->That there is a chance that this defect might be remedied, and, by a kind of intellectual catalysis, a new idea introduced not only into American higher education but into higher education in the rest of the world as well, through a course of study such as that planned for the University of Melbourne.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi added:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“What the University of Melbourne is doing is to concentrate on the study of the missing factors in education.<span> </span>It furnishes its students with a means for forming a philosophy by which they can live genuinely serviceable and satisfying lives; a method of choosing among the conflicting philosophies of life from which modern man must make a choice.<span> </span>It initiates them into a method of education which can be introduced in some form into any school, and which may become the basis of a curricular revolution which will build a real sense of moral responsibility and inspire students with ethical and esthetic values which are genuinely civilized; which are both cosmopolitan and indigenous; which are, in the final analysis, the values of normal human beings.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the “Objectives of the University,” Borsodi wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The University of Melbourne is a university – not a “westernity” or “nationality.”<span> </span>Its concept of culture is neither American nor Western; its orientation is deliberately cosmopolitan.<span> </span>The real aim of higher education should be Man – not Western Man, not National Man but Civilized, Humane, Universal Man.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It is not an intellectual department store.<span> </span>It is universal because its one objective, the study of Praxiology, is universal in nature; its approach to study (surveying and integrating the knowledge and wisdom in all the arts, all the science, and all the philosophies and religions of mankind), is universal in scope; its course of training in how to write and speak is of universal utility.<span> </span>It believes not only that knowledge can be integrated, but that it must be, and that such integration is an essential prerequisite to graduate study – that without such integration, the graduate runs the danger of becoming a highly trained and specialized barbarian instead of a genuinely civilized human being.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Its curriculum is organized not in terms of subjects but<span> </span>…<span> </span>in terms of problems – of the basic problems of living – [which] leads to integration:<span> </span>to the examination of all the arts, all the science, all the religions and philosophy of mankind for the purpose of evaluating what each has to offer, in the way of answers to the basic problems with which living like a civilized human being confronts every man and woman, everywhere.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><span> </span>“It considers that learning how to earn a living without consideration of how to live is not higher – but the lowest kind of – education.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It carefully restricts its student body to a small number of men and women who are representatives of different cultures, different nationalities, different religions; who are sufficiently mature, intellectually and emotionally, to seek the root-cause of everything; with whom sheer association will itself constitute a liberal education.<span> </span>Since intimate fellowship in such a small group is unavoidable, right selection of membership is itself a contribution to the education of the entire student body.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It is not about the accumulation of facts.<span> </span>It does not rely exclusively upon professional pedagogy, no matter how skillful.<span> </span>It relies mainly upon the inspiration of intimate sharing in the search for truth with leaders of all fields of thought and action.<span> </span>What is presented to the student body is therefore examined and subjected to challenge in every seminar by a visiting faculty of great distinction, representative of important, and particularly, of opposing schools of thought.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">University of Melbourne<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I think we are only beginning to understand Borsodi’s motivation for a chartered institute of higher education.<span> </span>Hopefully more documentation will be recovered.<span> </span>He brought a very different perspective to education.<span> </span>He apparently never attended a day of college.<span> </span>Other than his few years at Gerlach Academy he appears to have been self-taught.<span> </span>He was a voracious reader and had a mind retentive.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s early audience was popular, not academic.<span> </span>He did have extensive academic connections, however.<span> </span>He sought out people he wanted to know and there are a large number of distinguished professors on that list.<span> </span>We know he placed adult education at the highest priority.<span> </span>We know that he considered the School of Living as a Community University in <i>Education and Living</i> (1948).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is one association between Borsodi and higher education that I think is highly instructive and that was with St. John’s College.<span> </span>We know that Stringfellow Barr, President and a founder of St. John’s College, was engaged with Borsodi from at least 1940.<span> </span>We know that Robert Maynard Hutchins, who had much to do with the formation of the curriculum that St. John’s adopted, admire Borsodi and I think the admiration was mutual.<span> </span>And of great importance, Borsodi earned St. John’s master’s degree for a thesis, actually a plan, to make it an economically independent institution.<span> </span>Borsodi retained an affection for Barr and St. Johns to the end of his life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I’ve made a personal study of that college and its program over the years and I think it of value to know more about it and how it may have shaped the development of Borsodi’s work.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">St. John’s<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">St. John’s College, at Annapolis, Maryland, is one of the oldest in the US, founded in 1696.<span> </span>A new curriculum was established at St. Johns in 1937; three years after the founding of the School of Living and the year after its headquarters opened at Bayard Lane.<span> </span>Stringfellow Barr, as President, and Scott Buchanan, took over the college and set up a new curriculum based on the Great Books of the Western World.<span> </span>This curriculum was derived from the Great Books project at the University of Chicago under Robert Maynard Hutchins and Mortimer Adler.<span> </span>It was modeled after John Erskine’s two-year liberal arts, or Honors, program at Columbia, which Adler had attended<a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Encyclopedia Britannica mass marketed tens of thousands of 54 volume sets of the Great Books to homeowners.<span> </span>Most libraries had a complete set.<span> </span>There were discussion groups organized across the country.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The St. John’s curriculum consists solely of the study of the great books.<span> </span>There are no lectures, only seminars.<span> </span>The program introduces students to the entire scope of western culture.<span> </span>The approach is Socratic:<span> </span>Questions are asked, answers probed.<span> </span>It teaches critical thinking.<span> </span>It nurtures quality mindedness.<span> </span>It includes arts, music and lab work, often repeating landmark original experiments in science.<span> </span>I believe Borsodi envisioned the University of Melbourne modeled on St. Johns only with a focus on the problems rather than literature.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As far as I know, St John’s is currently the only “liberal arts” college in the country. <span> </span>That is, seminars on the great books are its full program.<span> </span>It does not have majors.<span> </span>Other schools do have great book programs as part of their program, but I don’t know of any that do not have majors and degrees in this or that subject.<span> </span>There is a second campus at Santa Fe, New Mexico.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I became interested in St. John’s in the mid-1970s as a young college professor and program administrator.<span> </span>Metropolitan State College (now University), Denver, Colorado, was working to developing human resources.<span> </span>It was also a program to develop community.<span> </span>Advisors to my program, which was professionally oriented, strongly encouraged a more liberal curriculum.<span> </span>I read Mark Van Doren’s <i>Liberal Education</i> and Jacques Barzun’s <i>The House of Intellect</i> and scheduled a visit to the St. John’s campus in Santa Fe.<span> </span>I came away deeply impressed with its unique program.<span> </span>That experience gives me a better understanding of Borsodi’s vision.<span> </span>Latter I visited the main campus in Maryland.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Liberal arts had been the foundation for learning for centuries in the West (and comparable programs in the East).<span> </span>It is general, wholistic and comprehensive.<span> </span>It is intended to uplift the mind and spirit, develop critical thinking, form character and hone leadership qualities.<span> </span>Until relatively recently, professional education came after a solid course in liberal studies.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s St. John’s Thesis<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1942, Borsodi submitted an 80-page thesis to St. John’s for which he was awarded a master’s degree, the highest degree it confers.<span> </span>It carried the title of “A Study of the Potentialities of the Intermural Economic Activities of Colleges and College Communities<a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At the time, during World War II, students were few.<span> </span>The young men had gone off to war and women had not yet been admitted to St. John’s.<span> </span>The college was suffering financially.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">While the war was a factor, Borsodi criticized the boom and bust nature of capitalistic economy as an ongoing threat to institutional stability.<span> </span>Colleges and universities were (and are) dependent on economic conditions.<span> </span>Borsodi was an economist by profession.<span> </span>He gave his alternative economic theory full scope in his <i>Prosperity and Security</i> (1938).<span> </span>His approach was not classical capitalism but definitely not of the centralist communist or socialist style.<span> </span>It was more of a localized free market.<span> </span>The thesis solution was for the college, any college for that matter, to become economically self-sufficient; no longer dependent on the government, markets or massive cash contributions.<span> </span>This is, of course, the model Borsodi had developed for the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi began the plan with an argument for “community,” rather than “institution” – an association of people with a common purpose.<span> </span>He was focusing on the dynamics of community in general and recommended reorganization along community lines.<span> </span>He proposed a Charter Community.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi made a table of members of the St. John’s community at the time which included faculty and their families, employees and their families, students and their families.<span> </span>There was a total of 430 people of which less than half were students.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi also compiled a list of projects and enterprises associated with the college.<span> </span>Some were social and cultural, some primarily economic and several administrative and fiscal projects.<span> </span>And, of course, there was the educational program.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A community shares a high degree of common economic life. <span> </span>Hi plan included a bank and script of its own, and other financial functions.<span> </span>He addressed housing, power plant and farms.<span> </span>He constructed a detailed budget which ended, and I think this proves the focus, with a detailed assessment of the food requirements of the community – loaves of bread, dozens of eggs, quarts of milk – the entire food needs for each person and the entire community (with the dollar value of each item).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In short, he completely reorganized the economic and social structure of the college and the people associated with it.<span> </span>However, the war came to an end and St. John’s returned to prosperity.<span> </span>The plan was forgotten.<o:p></o:p></p><h1 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s University<o:p></o:p></h1><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As noted, the story about the new university at Melbourne began when Borsodi started evening seminars at Melbourne Village in 1949.<span> </span>Friends gathered there every evening to “define and ponder major problems of living.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was a fair-sized audience for Borsodi’s work but only a fraction of what he and close friends thought it could be.<span> </span>The School of Living at Lane’s End in Ohio, under the capable direction of Mildred Loomis, was doing well.<span> </span>A headquarters building had recently been completed there with a meeting room and library.<span> </span>Mildred conducted workshops there.<span> </span>She organized conferences there and elsewhere.<span> </span>There were nearly 20 study groups across the country.<span> </span>Borsodi also traveled to lecture and conduct seminars.<span> </span>Mildred published the School journal, <i>The Interpreter</i>.<span> </span>Of the roughly 700 subscribers, about half were homesteaders scattered from New England to California.<span> </span>But that was still considered a far smaller audience for the School of Living than it could be.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Melbourne community, it seems, attracted people who were rather affluent and well educated.<span> </span>The prestige of a local university, one dealing with the innovative Universal Problems of Living was apparently appealing, at least to the early members.<span> </span>Borsodi and friends decided to create a new, problem-centered, university curriculum to develop community leaders – leaders of decentralism; men and women with a new and compelling vision and the ability to realize it.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1952, after Borsodi and Clare returned from their cruise around the world, it appears that serious work got underway.<span> </span>An organization was formed, and a board assembled.<span> </span>Those were challenging and tumultuous years for all involved. <span> </span>We pick the story up in 1954.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Troubled Paradise<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1954, Melbourne village had about 100 homes, a village hall, a credit union, a small store, swimming pool and other amenities. <span> </span>But it wasn’t a happy place.<span> </span>With Borsodi back, conflicting interest about the future of University of Melbourne again erupted.<span> </span>The community split into two blocks with Wood, Nutting and Borsodi on one side; called the Wood bloc; and the village board represented the other bloc.<span> </span>Margaret Hutchinson, one of the Village founders and early supporter of Borsodi, joined the board bloc.<span> </span>Clare Borsodi tried to bring the two blocs back together but without success.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Wood bloc, founders of the Village and other staunch supporters of Borsodi and his School of Living, were in fact still more or less an executive committee.<span> </span>The board bloc responded that they wanted to put an end to the impractical and visionary activities of the Wood bloc.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At the annual meeting that year, Borsodi reminded them that the founding ideal for Melbourne Village was for a small community that would be more self-determining and freer of the influences and effects of the greater world with all of its problems.<span> </span>It was intended to provide greater security for families.<span> </span>It was an intentional community founded on rather traditional ideals.<span> </span>In short, these were the ideals he had advocated at Dayton, Bayard Lane and West Nyack.<span> </span>Borsodi asserted that if they abandoned those ideals, they would become just another suburb.<span> </span>He also reminded them of their original agreement for “building a more wholesome, neighborly, cooperative, democratic, education-centered community than the average community in America today.”<span> </span>But there was more.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Georgiana Greene Kjerulff, in her <i>Troubled Paradise</i>, published the full text of Borsodi’s comments at the annual meeting.<span> </span>She reported that it was in fact Borsodi who identified the two blocs.<span> </span>He pointed out the pressure being but on Nutting and Wood.<span> </span>He made a detailed statement of what one could call persecution of them by some community members.<span> </span>His indictment was, indeed, detailed, explicit, and documented.<span> </span>Kjerulff reported that the effect on the board and community was stunning.<span> </span>Some of them wept.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Nonetheless, the board bloc prevailed and Wood, Nutting and Borsodi were relegated to a committee with no policy authority.<span> </span>The village would no longer be organized as an educational community as had been originally planned and agreed upon by the founding members.<span> </span>Melbourne Village and the University of Melbourne had a parting of ways.<span> </span>The Village did in fact become a trendy retirement suburb.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Creating the University<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At that 1954 annual meeting, Borsodi announced that he would establish a graduate school and stated his case.<span> </span>Following the meeting he and friends set out to do just that.<span> </span>Nine people were named regents including himself, Clare, Virginia Wood, Elizabeth Nutting, Margaret Hutchison, Jane Button, Shirley O’Donnell, Tom Sweeting and T. J. Wood.<span> </span>Nutting was Dean and Borsodi Chancellor.<span> </span>(One version had Mildred’s close associate in Ohio, Rose Smart, as a regent.)<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It appears that Borsodi amended the 1952 charter for the Melbourne School of Living (School of Living of America, Inc.) and changed the name to the University of Melbourne in 1954.<span> </span>He proposed three resident faculty and some 50 visiting faculty representing North America, Europe and the Orient.<span> </span>The project gained considerable support from leading educators and writers across the country including Robert Hutchins, Lewis Mumford and Louis Bromfield<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The university committee proposed buying a 20 acres lot on the edge of the village.<span> </span>In part due to the tension, the Melbourne Village board balked at having the university on its property.<span> </span>They also objected to having a racially mixed faculty and students.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The regents begin to look elsewhere.<span> </span>There was some negotiated with the City of Melbourne.<span> </span>A new board of regents was formed with eight of the city’s residents invited to join.<span> </span>V.C. Brownlie, a Melbourne resident, leased 40 acres of land to the university located just outside Melbourne’s city limits in April 1955. <span> </span>The condition was that University of Melbourne would be established and courses taught.<span> </span>His contract was amended by the regents to allow students of color.<span> </span>The Friends of the University was established, and fundraising started.<span> </span>Clare and Virginia Wood each donated $25,000.<span> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQXDUpNbZeUfi6dRknrxc3Wa85jyqLDYjDhsDlorVJdwI1xaN2uQjXA8eb6n4hBQv1l-uOBjCpMd2TdUaXU9HPLi_gtfv97vhtdj91cfwlEQN4pfAC0x522j9H7vm9DAmIU_EYa5BJjZ4/s624/U+of+M+Cornerstone.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="610" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnQXDUpNbZeUfi6dRknrxc3Wa85jyqLDYjDhsDlorVJdwI1xaN2uQjXA8eb6n4hBQv1l-uOBjCpMd2TdUaXU9HPLi_gtfv97vhtdj91cfwlEQN4pfAC0x522j9H7vm9DAmIU_EYa5BJjZ4/w312-h319/U+of+M+Cornerstone.png" width="312" /></a></span></div><span><br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">It should be noted that it was at this time that Borsodi choose to define his practical, problem-integrated, approach to education was “praxiology.”<span> </span>He defined it, citing an impressive list of scholars who had worked on the subject, as a “General Theory of Action.”<span> </span>To distinguish it from mere “theory,” Borsodi clarified that it was about behavior, about human action in response to the problems of living.<span> </span>One pundit defined it as “coming to grips with reality.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">On October 6, 1955, the cornerstone of the of University of Melbourne building was laid. <o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dedication<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A dedication seminar for the university was planned for December 27, 1955 just prior to the university’s (postponed) formal opening.<span> </span>The topic was “Man is the Problem?”<span> </span>It was a full week event to “probe the significant issue, what is the nature of man?”<span> </span>There were four panelist, Joseph Wood Krutch, Willis D. Nutting, Paul J. Tillich and Philip G. Wylie.<span> </span>Ralph Borsodi was listed as Lector. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi and Professor Willis Nutting chaired the panel. Twenty-five seminarians attended.<span> </span>Attendees noted that this conference was unusually intense and productive. <span> </span>The panel of the seminar was considered outstanding.<span> </span>While it was judged a success by many, some considered it too long and too intense; complaining that it was grueling and exhausting.<span> </span>Borsodi was exhausted by the end of it.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred Loomis was there.<span> </span>She noted in an article some years later (April 1978 <i>Green Revolution</i>, p 7 plus) that the four panelists explored “The Nature of Man.”<span> </span>Of the panelist she wrote that Krutch upheld the naturalist position, Tillich the theological, Dr. Philip Wylie the humanistic and Nutting the Catholic.<span> </span>She wrote that Borsodi asked the questions.<span> </span>More on this below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The official opening of the first year of the University of Melbourne took place on September 23, 1956.<span> </span>Dr Willis Nutting presided as acting chancellor.<span> </span>He emphasized the minority nature of University of Melbourne with its focus on “a time of stress and change.”<span> </span>Two more seminars were held in September with the formal opening.<span> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVuZj-w9-PlIlCcmtaQL1_Krj9DuzcdzpjimhitcqR0x4RFghDB1S9lkmJRo9zD-UBPQQmZGFBG5WaMiX84cTFvFqWPHMne2BuK9EZQGVvBh06Ez0Vt5hi9URXtvYSVp2t53mWxVrpjb_T/s2778/UM+Building+copy.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1132" data-original-width="2778" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVuZj-w9-PlIlCcmtaQL1_Krj9DuzcdzpjimhitcqR0x4RFghDB1S9lkmJRo9zD-UBPQQmZGFBG5WaMiX84cTFvFqWPHMne2BuK9EZQGVvBh06Ez0Vt5hi9URXtvYSVp2t53mWxVrpjb_T/s640/UM+Building+copy.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span><br /></span><o:p></o:p><p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Prof. Willis D. Nutting of Notre Dame took a sabbatical to work with Borsodi on the university project. <span> </span>Dr. Nutting, Elizabeth’s brother, was a dynamic character.<span> </span>He became an Anglican priest but in 1930 converted to Roman Catholicism.<span> </span>He was a Rhodes scholar at Oxford, after which he completed his Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of Iowa in 1931 where his father had been a professor.<span> </span>He accepted a position at the University of Notre Dame in 1936.<span> </span>He and his wife bought two acres and made it a homestead.<span> </span>Faith, family, agriculture and education were his primary interest.<span> </span>He had a deep concern about the increasing institutionalization of education and particularly the separation of education from family and community and secularization.<span> </span>He taught a great books program modeled after St. John’s.<span> </span>He is professional credited with have developed a successful adult education program at University of Melbourne.<span> </span>Returning to Notre Dame he began a program of adult education called “Seminar on the Great Human Problems.”<span> </span>At the time of his retirement, Notre Dame set up the Willis D. Nutting Award for contributions in education.<span> </span>He appears to have been a leader for Catholic agrarianism.<span> </span>A chapter by Nutting was included in <i>The Rural Solution:<span> </span>Modern Catholic Voices on Going Back to the Land</i> (Published in 2004).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The university opened with one full-time (Don Gospil) and 30 to 40 part-time students.<span> </span>The program of study was a formal seminar format devoted to the major problems of living.<span> </span>Nutting gave a morning seminar during the weekdays.<span> </span>He and Borsodi conducted workshops for study groups of up to a dozen people on the major universal problems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">According to a brochure, the University of Melbourne was a graduate school.<span> </span>The program was opened to a maximum of thirty [full time] students per term<a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Tuition was $500 (equivalent to about $4,400 today) for one mandatory semester in residence.<span> </span>Students would work through the then 14 (briefly 15 and then 16 before settling again on 14) problems in twelve weeks and then spend three weeks writing and developing their own unique personal expression of the program.<span> </span>For a Masters’ degree students were required to perform research in their field and write a thesis.<span> </span>For the Ph.D. they would do more extensive work and write a book.<span> </span>These works were intended to be published by the University of Melbourne press (students paying the cost of printing but would receive a royalty).<span> </span>They would be used to develop the library.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The term “university,” rather than “westernity” was about two points.<span> </span>First, the curriculum was based on eastern as well as western works (St. John’s was only western).<span> </span>Second the program was universal rather than specialized.<span> </span>Students were expected to become familiar with the whole scope of human knowledge – a point Borsodi had emphasized from the beginning, at Suffern, starting with homeschool his own children and more fully outlined in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The program, as noted, was based on “a praxiological philosophy” – the study of individual action.<span> </span>Rather than produce innumerable specialists, it represented a problem integrated educational approach that contrasts strongly with what higher education had to offer.<span> </span>It was at this time that the spoked wheel model of the major problems was produced (apparently by Mildred) to show the integration<a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> of the problems radiating from a common hub.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred gave but a brief outline of the University of Melbourne experiments in <i>Reshaping Modern Culture</i>.<span> </span>She had more to say in a published article, “The New University,” in the <i>Journal of Higher Education</i>, December 1956.<span> </span>In this article, Mildred made a point of contrasting the program of study at the University of Melbourne compared to other colleges and university, such as Columbia, where she had obtained her master’s degree.<span> </span>She used a term Borsodi possibly originated:<span> </span>“intellectual department stores.”<span> </span>She said that she, as did most other students, came away with a sense that they would take their place at the peak of civilization, only to find “world-wide disillusionment and world-wide revolution.”<span> </span>She had much more to say in critique of higher education such as:<span> </span>It suffer from superficiality, specialization, is unrepresentative of the world at large; it “fails to touch the emotions, to fire and inspire with purpose, and to quicken the consciences of students.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The University of Melbourne, she wrote, represented a very different approach:<span> </span>What we know is aligned to how we live, the problems cover all of living, the program is based on a modern and scientific understanding of reality and each problem is related integrally with all the others.<span> </span>Finally, “it is directed toward individuals and not toward groups or masses.<span> </span>It recognizes that ultimately all problems – even those which call for some collective action – are dealt with individual by individual.”<span> </span>Praxiological education “equips individuals for rational, humane, and effective personal conduct and individual behavior.<span> </span>It makes ethical and aesthetic considerations a part of all individual action.<span> </span>It replaces modern man’s preoccupation with wealth and power; it assists each person to form his philosophy of the Good Life based on the good, the true, and the beautiful.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The stated challenges the University of Melbourne addressed, were both the assault on liberty of recent history and the inability of “free” institutions to secure, let alone advance, the cause of freedom.<span> </span>The response:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The University of Melbourne has been organized to furnish mature and qualified persons, who show promise of being able to teach others, an opportunity to frame for themselves a philosophy within which human liberty stands as rationally justified and to be desired.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The focus is on the effectuality of individual human actions.<span> </span>The program addresses the “Unexamined, mistaken or irrational answers to the universal problems of living,” which, once accomplished, allows the discovery of solutions.<span> </span>To do this requires the “whole of human knowledge.”<span> </span>The outcome is a science of human action.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred noted that a library had been collected at Melbourne classified under the universal problem topics.<span> </span>It held some 4,500 carefully selected volumes.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Journal of Praxiology <o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi launched and edited the <i>Journal of Praxiology </i>(from the Greek word praxis which means practice; or the study of purposeful human behavior) in March 1955.<span> </span>The <i>Journal of Praxiology</i> was a professionally printed magazine format, printed by the University of Melbourne Press, meaning by Borsodi, 6 x 9 inches with light green covers.<span> </span>The <i>Journal of Praxiology</i> was billed as “A Quarterly Journal Devoted to the Integration of Knowledge on the Basis of the Major Problems Involved in the Humanization of Human Action.”<span> </span>Subscription was $3.00 per year. It ran quarterly for ten issues with the last dated March 1957.<span> </span>The Journal was discontinued when Borsodi resigned as Chancellor July 1957.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That first issue introduced the University of Melbourne. <span> </span>The back of the front cover states that the University of Melbourne is: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“A Self-Governing Association for Study<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">An Institution for the Guidance of People<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">An Agency for Resolving the Problems of Civilization<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were six officers and Borsodi was listed as Chancellor.<span> </span>It listed 18 board members and 64 faculty members (all but six were visiting faculty) and briefly described the program.<span> </span>The board of editors include Ralph Borsodi, Mildred Loomis, Willis Nutting, Lillian McDonald, Peston Henry Miles and Peter Van Dresser.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That first issue consisted of a symposium of 21 distinguished persons responding to Borsodi’s idea of praxiology.<span> </span>Each contributor made a statement about the topic and to each Borsodi responded.<span> </span>This dialogue is outlined below.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was an announcement that following the dedication scheduled for October 30<sup>th</sup> was a five-day seminar on “The Role of the Military, Naval and Air Forces of the Nations of the World During the Next Hundred Years.”<span> </span>The seminar was open to the public and the fee was $35.00<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The second issue, June 1955, was the catalogue.<span> </span>The catalogue also appeared as the fourth issue, December 1955.<span> </span>With these two issues we get Borsodi’s vision of the university.<span> </span>The basic content for the two catalogues is essentially same except for the list of problem topics and faculty.<span> </span>The Summer issue was for the 1955 – 56 university term.<span> </span>The curriculum for the Spring 1956 semester, starting in February was to begin with a week-long “Seminar on the Major Problems of Living, each morning at 9 a. m., Monday through Saturday.<span> </span>Following that were 13 seminar topics, one for each of the then 13 universal problems (from <i>Education and Living)</i>.<span> </span>This opening was, however, postponed.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Winter Issue, December 1955 was for the 1956 – 7 school year.<span> </span>I should note that between the two issues, the list of problem topics increased from 13 to 16.<span> </span>The number of universal problems settled to 14 problems in <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> and this list was much used by Mildred during Borsodi’s India years.<span> </span>There would be 17 in 1957 and this would be the final list.<span> </span>I gave the list of problem topics and subtopics in <i>The Challenge of Asia</i> at the beginning of this chapter and will leave their description to that<a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the second catalog, the Fall Semester starts with an “Orientation in the Praxiological approach to Philosophy.”<span> </span>The semester continues, with breaks for Thanksgiving and a Winter Recess, until February 1957 with the granting of degrees.<span> </span>The week before the end of the semester was a “Writer Period.”<span> </span>The Spring Semester, from February to July 8<sup>th</sup>, followed the same program.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I want to start with the catalogue content first.<span> </span>In it I think we find Borsodi’s vision for the University of Melbourne.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The catalogues start with an inside cover “Challenge and Response.”<span> </span>I think this might be considered a mission statement and is worth considering in full:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>I.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span> </span>Challenge:<span> </span>The University of Melbourne believes that the crisis of our times constitutes a challenge to which the world of education must make an adequate response.<span> </span>It believes that no response will be adequate which is not universal – which does not include the contributions and contributors of both East and West.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>II.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Response:<span> </span>The University has been organized to furnish to graduate students who plan to devote themselves to careers in education, in the humanities, or in the social sciences, an opportunity to frame a philosophy by which to organize their work and plan their lives.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>III.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Plan:<span> </span>The plan through which it proposes to provide such an opportunity is a problem-integrated survey of the bodies of knowledge in various cultures of the world which comprise man’s accumulation of answers to the problems with which living has confronted him.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>IV.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Faculty:<span> </span>The faculty will consist of distinguished exponents, from many countries and cultures, of alternative answers to the major problems of living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>V.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Method:<span> </span>The method upon which it proposes to rely is the seminar, led by panels of resource-leaders.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>VI.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Hope:<span> </span>The University believes that any institution of higher learning anywhere may use this plan.<span> </span>It hopes that its own experience will lead many schools to adopt it.<span> </span>Above all, it hopes that its students will find in it the basis for a response adequate to the challenge with which the times confront them.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The university is a “university” in that it addresses universal issues.<span> </span>It is also not an intellectual department store but embraces all departments of knowledge.<span> </span>It is not about the accumulation of facts but in their application.<span> </span>It is universal because of its praxiological objective – solving our problems is a practical concern for all people in all times.<span> </span>It believes that knowledge can be integrated and must be.<span> </span>The problem-centered, rather than subject-centered, approach gives it this universality.<span> </span>All fields must be included.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It carefully restricts its student body to a small number of men and women who are representatives of different cultures, different nationalities, different religions; who are sufficiently mature, intellectually and emotionally, to see the root-causes of everything; with whom sheer association will itself constitute a liberal education.<span> </span>Since intimacy and fellowship in such a small group is unavoidable, right selection of the membership is itself a contribution of the education of the entire student body.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The next topic is about “The Crisis in Education.”<span> </span>It opens with a quote by Robert Maynard Hutchins, another lamentably forgotten figure.<span> </span>He once wrote that the lack of support for Borsodi was regrettable.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Hutchins was a Yale law school graduate and then professor.<span> </span>He was made President of the University of Chicago in 1929, at age 30 and the youngest university president in the country, where he radically transformed its curriculum.<span> </span>He introduced the Great Books program there during the 1930s.<span> </span>He then went on to head the Ford Foundation and then the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara, California, which he started, where he served for 1959 until his death in 1977.<span> </span>Hutchins inspired the Encyclopedia Britannica Great Books program and St. John’s College.<span> </span>His book, <i>The Higher Learning in America</i> (1936) is a classic.<span> </span>It was the first of a long list of seminal books he wrote.<span> </span>I had the good fortune to briefly correspond with him.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi wrote that the “main defect” of education “seems to lie in the failure to develop a sense of personal moral responsibility.”<span> </span>To that, regarding institutions of higher education in particular, he added, that they “are manifestly failing to inspire their graduates with a philosophy of living – with goals to which to devote themselves – remotely comparable in ethical and esthetic values with the quantities of technical knowledge with which they are now equipping them.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The “almost fatal defect,” is “in a lack of faith in liberty, and unwillingness to trust in the implementation of truth, a desperate reliance upon power and might and sometimes a cynical preoccupation with material wealth.” <span> </span>The University of Melbourne seeks to remedy these defects.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">For all of our material progress, there is a widespread sense of crisis, “world-wide disillusionment, world-wide bewilderment, world-wide revolution.<span> </span>It has been a violent and troubling century.”<span> </span>To correct these trends requires leadership in right education.<span> </span>Right education is a study of praxiological philosophy, the study of human action, “the study of how to act wisely and how to live like a normal, civilized human being.”<span> </span>It is about effectively overcoming the problems of living.<span> </span>It is a matter of learning to rigorously define the problem, then bringing the accumulated knowledge of humankind to bear on its solution and then to apply what has been learned to achieve the good life.<span> </span>There is no single solution to the world’s problems.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The University of Melbourne was chartered as “an institution for higher learning devoted to the Arts and Science of Living.”<span> </span>Its roots were stated as going back to the founding of the School of Living in 1934 which was created as an experimental program in the practices and the principles of living in the machine age.<span> </span>That experiment was brought to a close with World War II.<span> </span>Following the war Borsodi produced <i>Education and Living</i> as a text for right-education and normal living.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi conducted a number of seminars beginning at Oberlin College June- July 1944.<span> </span>There were eight of these.<span> </span>The final seminar was held over two weeks at Melbourne in February 1954.<span> </span>He called these “anti-lectures” (a term borrowed from Henry James) whose task is to challenge but not to demand acceptance of what he or she says.<span> </span>The logical next step was a program to continue this series with “a framework for searching inquiry and study.”<span> </span>That being the University of Melbourne curriculum.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">All formal instruction at the University of Melbourne was to be held by the seminar method lead by a lector and a panel of resource leaders.<span> </span>The sessions would begin at 9 am daily for an indefinite period followed by individual “reading, research writing, discussion, consultation and recreation.”<span> </span>Only attendance at the first seminar was obligatory.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Each seminar was devoted to one of the (then 16) problems.<span> </span>The seminar allowed probing of student’s assumptions and “the illumination of the problem being considered.”<span> </span>The program starts with the nine problems concerned with the “formulation of basic postulates of action – of conduct and behavior.”<span> </span>Three of these problems are about outlook:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>I.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ontologic – problems about the nature of nature;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>II.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Antrhopic – problems about the nature of human nature;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>III.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Etiologic – problems, both physical and human, about the nature and causes of events.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">These are followed by six problems of evaluation.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>IV.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Teleological – problems of purpose and motivation;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>V.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Epistemological – problems of truth;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>VI.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Esthetic – problems of sensitivity and good taste, and of technique and skill;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>VII.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Gregational ethics – problems in the relationship of the individual to groups, and of groups to groups;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>VIII.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ethics of association – problems in relationship of individual to individual; and<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>IX.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Preter-social ethics – problems of the relationship of the individual to himself, to nature and natural forces, and (if he accepts its existence) to the divine.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This leaves seven problem “primarily concerned with the translation of basic postulates into philosophies of living – in the concrete programs by which individuals live:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>X.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Educational – problems of cultural adjustment and humanization;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>XI.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Psycho-Physiological – problems of mental and physical health, and problems of therapy;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>XII.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Occupational – problems not merely of vocation, but of productive work, of recreation and of recuperation;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>XIII.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Possessional – problems of access to, and of acquisition of “things” of all kinds;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>XIV.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Organizational – problems of efficiency in the formation and conduct of enterprises of all kinds;<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 45.35pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.35pt; text-indent: -45.35pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>XV.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Civic or political – problems having to do with the role of coercion in the control of human action; and<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="margin-left: 45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -45pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>XVI.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Institutional – problems having to do with the organization of social systems.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">These problems, it was noted, are not to be treated in isolation but as they relate to each other.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi quoted Confucius: “Men of superior minds busy themselves first in getting at the root of things, and when they have succeeded in this, the right course of action opens to them.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Each week, on Sunday afternoon, was a Convocation of the entire student body and open to the public; “occasions upon which they give formal and symbolic expression to their common ties, beliefs and aspirations.”<span> </span>The program was non-sectarian.<span> </span>It consisted of music and an inspirational, rather than informative, lecture, followed by discussion.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As noted, each semester ended with a writing period in which students chose a topic of interest.<span> </span>For the master’s degree, a student could work independently and produce a paper or, and this was encouraged, a group exercise of three to six students could work together and produce a book to be published by the University Press.<span> </span>For the doctorate, each student would produce a book.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The student’s thesis was intended to demonstrate their ability to work systematically.<span> </span>The doctoral dissertation was to be an original contribution.<span> </span>There was also a comprehensive oral examination.<span> </span>The examination board sought to evaluative how each student expressed themselves in writing and speaking.<span> </span>The emphasis was on character and capability.<span> </span>Emerson was quoted in this regarded:<span> </span>“The force of character is cumulative … Character teaches above our wills.<span> </span>Men image that they communicate their virtue or vice only by overt action, and do not see that virtue and vice emit a breath every moment.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Know thyself.<span> </span>Each student was required to submit a personal life-history and life-plan.<span> </span>They would consult with faculty about this work and continually revised it during their program of study.<span> </span>And then continue to develop it throughout their lives.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Conversation and group discussion were a regular part of the program.<span> </span>This was intended to help students make the issued studied their own.<span> </span>These conversations would include faculty and particularly visiting faculty.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A lot of emphasis was put on both speaking and writing and illustration to help the students clarify and express their understanding.<span> </span>They were being trained as teachers and leaders.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The catalog made a point that the climate at Melbourne was one of the best in the world – comparable to the French Riviera.<span> </span>Students were encouraged to enjoy the out of doors; including golf, yachting, hunting, tennis, riding and swimming.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">While there was no formal language requirement, students were encouraged to master at least one language other than their own.<span> </span>The university was an international and intercultural enterprise.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The University of Melbourne had both a library and a press.<span> </span>The library consisted of 4,500 books classified not by subject but rather by the problems they addressed.<span> </span>The press was Borsodi’s and he was a trained and experience printer.<span> </span><i>The Challenge of Asia</i> and the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i> were printed by the University press.<span> </span>So too was a new edition of <i>Education and Living</i>; a boxed set of two paper-bound volumes.<span> </span>The press was also printing School of Living publications edited at Lane’s End.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Admission was limited to 50 “carefully selected mature men and women. …. Only those who are committed to teaching as a serious life vocation, whether they intend to teach in formal intuitions of learning or through writing, the arts, the ministry, civic leadership or other professions which influence a substantial number of people.”<span> </span>And, “It is, therefore, very important to avoid admitting students who are not seriously committed to a vocation of leadership, or who are not properly equipped for the contribution which they themselves must make to the University program.”<span> </span>Priority was given to having as many students from the Orient as from the Americas and Europe.<span> </span>A formal academic education was a preferable prerequisite.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Each candidate for admission must submit, as the major document in his [her] application, his [her] personal life-history and life-plan.<span> </span>This should state his [her] religious, philosophic, economic, and political beliefs; should list some of the books which inspired and instructed him [her] most; and name the relations, friends, mentors and teachers who, in his [her] opinion, exerted the greatest influence upon him [her].<span> </span>This document will indicate the level of self-understanding and the degree of maturity and seriousness of his [her] vocational and life objectives.<span> </span>It should also be prepared so as to show his [her] command of the English language, the quality of his [her] writing style, his [her] work experience, avocational and recreational interests, and any other ability and interest.”<span> </span>This plan was to be supported by three personal reference letters.<span> </span>And each applicant must have a physical checkup.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The fee was $250 per semester for the first two semesters only.<span> </span>A $400 -600 publication fee for each student, submitted at time of publication, was also required for group publications and $1,200 for sole publishers (doctorate level).<span> </span>There was a $10 application fee.<span> </span>Scholarships and loans were available.<span> </span>Estimates of living cost were given.<span> </span>There was also a placement service for graduates with world-wide contacts.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Organizationally, it was noted in the catalogue that the University was incorporated under the laws of the State of Florida as a private institution for higher learning.<span> </span>It was supported by four organization:<span> </span>The Board of Regents of the University, the Senate of the University, the Fellows of the University and the Friends of the University.<span> </span>The Fellowship was composed of all students and they participated in the self-governance of the University.<span> </span>The Fellows would also provide peer review of each other.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The University was planned to be self-financing and accept no funds from either state or federal sources.<span> </span>The Friends of the University were those who donated privately to its operation.<span> </span>It had subscription rates running from $10 per year, supporters with donations of $50 per year and benefactors who donated $100 or more per year.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The faculty consisted of residential and visiting faculty.<span> </span>There were six resident faculty members:<span> </span>Bart Berrie, Ralph Borsodi, Jane Button, Lillian McDonald, Elizabeth Nutting and John Turner.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">To the extent possible, half of the Visiting Faculty were to be leaders of though from Asia and the middle East.<span> </span>Two list were provided of Visiting Faculty, first those from abroad which contained eighteen names.<span> </span>The second from the US, which contained 53 names.<span> </span>All but two of these faculty listings had biographical data.<span> </span>This was a distinguished listing and indicated the range of support for the University of Melbourne.<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">What is Praxiology?<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There were ten issues of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i>.<span> </span>Two, as reported above, were University of Melbourne Catalogs.<span> </span>The remaining eight can be divided into two categories.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The first issue was a symposium on Praxiology.<span> </span>The remaining seven issues were standard professional journals with collections of articles.<span> </span>Each of the issues was dedicated to one of the universal problems.<span> </span>Those seven issues carried 83 articles and there were distinguished names on the list of authors.<span> </span>However, very few were original contributions; mostly Borsodi, Nutting and other University faculty (see below). <span> </span>The bulk of the articles were reprints.<span> </span>While these issues are informative reading, they generally do not speak directly to the University of Melbourne program.<span> </span>Because of the rarity of issues of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i>, I have made a summary report on the contents of those seven issues published as an appendix.<span> </span>In time, we hope to have the complete series availably digitally.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The first issue does speak directly to the University of Melbourne program.<span> </span>It is entitled “The Concept of Praxiology.”<span> </span>There were 21 contributors.<span> </span>Overall, the respondents supported Borsodi’s basic thesis but there was also some criticism of the concept.<span> </span>Each made a statement and Borsodi responded to each in turn.<span> </span>I will summarize his comments.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi opened with a definition of praxiology:<span> </span>Actions; practices; conduct; behavior.<span> </span>He noted that the dictionary called it a “proposed science.”<span> </span>He intended to have “proposed” dropped from the definition: “For if anything deserves to be made into a science,” he wrote, “it is the study of individual behavior, both as it appears in the personal activities and in the social relations of individuals.”<span> </span>He proposed that “the study of human action is the study of studies.”<span> </span>He added:<span> </span>“For one reason, because in the study of human action all the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind can be focused and integrated; for another because just as nothing is more important than human behavior, so no science can be more important that the science which deals with it.”<span> </span>It’s not that we lack the information needed to define this science of praxiology but rather that it is scattered around among various disciplines.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In a letter that was sent to each symposium participant, Borsodi cited a number of recent books about human action.<span> </span>He noted that his interest in this idea dated to the formation of the School of Living in 1934.<span> </span>And then he wrote that the approach of praxiology is “from the behavioral in contrast to the societal standpoint; from the standpoint of human relations in contrast to that social and group relations; and from the individual and familial standpoint in contrast to that of the social.<span> </span>As we see it, it calls for a re-appraisal of present methods of education in philosophy, in the humanities, and in the social science.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi started with those who were most skeptical.<span> </span>He started with Harvard professor Pitirim Sorokin.<span> </span>Sorokin, as noted elsewhere, was influential in the Country Life movement.<span> </span>His 1941 book <i>The Crisis of Our Age</i>, also supported Borsodi’s statement above about the mission of the University of Melbourne.<span> </span>Borsodi cited that book often.<span> </span>I’ve studied Sorokin closely.<span> </span>He did a formidable analysis of human behavior over the course of history.<span> </span>He is in the top three on my list for understanding the dynamics of human society over time.<span> </span>The other two are Spengler and Toynbee.<span> </span>He also lived a fascinating and adventurous life which I have reported elsewhere.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Sorokin responded, in brief, that “At the present time it is a fairly well-established fact that the social, the cultural and the personal aspects of any sociocultural phenomenon are inseparable, and that you cannot study human behavior isolated from the total personality of a respective individual and from the social and cultural conditions in which the individual lives, thinks and acts.”<span> </span>But little progress had been made in this regard, he added.<span> </span>He was overall skeptical of Borsodi’s thesis.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi took a firm hand in responding.<span> </span>To start with, he acknowledged Sorokin for “forthrightly and eloquently call[ing] attention to the failure of the social sciences.”<span> </span>Borsodi, and this is a core theme for his work, said that failure was due to treating issues as “societal” in the first place.<span> </span>It is due in large part for the social sciences restricting themselves to description.<span> </span>This is an abstraction of individual behavior.<span> </span>Of course, individual and group behavior are interrelated; everything is interrelated.<span> </span>“Distinguishing between related things does not assume that they are separate and isolate; merely makes it possible to understand them and to deal with the more intelligently.”<span> </span>What we need is not more and more descriptions but prescriptions – individual action or behavior.<span> </span>It is what the individual understands and does that determines the course of events.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">One contributor was a noted behavioral psychologist who discounted the individual entirely.<span> </span>There is a lot of contrary opinion about the nature of the individual in the social sciences.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There was also some resistance to the use of an unfamiliar word such as praxiology.<span> </span>It’s ambiguous, strange.<span> </span>Maybe “men in action” would be better.<span> </span>Again, abstract description vs. individual behavior to which Borsodi responded that such “objectivity” can be a fetish.<span> </span>If “praxiology” sounds strange, what about one suggestion to translate it into “Humanization of Human Action.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Homesteading icon Scott Nearing wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 0.0001pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I welcome any comprehensive study of human behavior.<span> </span>It lays the foundation for the arts of good living.<span> </span>As the field of action or praxis is developed, it will necessarily include:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0in 1in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The relation of the individual to the personality<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0in 1in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The relation of the person to the community, and<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The relation of the individual to nature, to the cosmos or natural environment.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The field is wide and opportunities for important contributions beyond number.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Nearing, it should be noted, was another outstanding homesteader.<span> </span>He was inspired to homestead by Borsodi. <span> </span>They appear to have known each other.<span> </span>Nearing was also a published author.<span> </span>He was an activist socialist and pacifist.<span> </span>He and his wife Helen left a noteworthy legacy.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Praxiology is less concerned with the study of human behavior than how one should act.<span> </span>Does that mean it is confined to purposive action?<span> </span>Is it based on moral principles?<span> </span>Or does it apply to action not determined by conscious decisions?<span> </span>Or is there some invisible hand?<span> </span>Borsodi responded that it is not limited to purposeful action.<span> </span>We need a science that allows us to better understand all forms of behavior.<span> </span>Or, as one responded put it, “praxiology is the generalization, inclusive discipline of all the concrete practical sciences.”<span> </span>As such it would have a different structure than the pure sciences.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In response to the question of how to make men better, Borsodi wrote:<span> </span>“Individuals are the source and the dynamic of social forces,” and cited a long list from “Jesus and Buddha, Mohammed and Gandhi, Rousseau and Marx, Adam Smith and Jefferson, Napoleon and Hitler, Lenin and Mussolini … such as these have over and over again altered [the course of history] for the better or for the worse.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi added:<span> </span>“Education is a means and living an end.<span> </span>Education must then be tested by its effect on the quality of living.” <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">One contributor wrote that “if we teach people to think without acting, we must not be surprised if later they act without thinking.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Others noted the term “Knowledge is power.”<span> </span>They affirmed the problem that knowledge could be used for good or evil.<span> </span>Borsodi’s response suggest that we need right education to know the difference.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Willis D. Nutting had something to say along this line.<span> </span>As noted above, he was a devout Catholic and a man of high moral principle.<span> </span>He also became the head of the University of Melbourne following Borsodi.<span> </span>He addressed “the fetish miscalled ‘objectivity.’”<span> </span>It is more an equation of “how to act” than descriptions of “how human beings act.”<span> </span>We need to understand the difference between, in Borsodi’s terms, normal and abnormal actions.<span> </span>The choice between the normal and abnormal is a question of virtue vs. vice, Nutting wrote.<span> </span>This is what Aristotelians, both ancient and Medieval, he added, “were concerned with when they talked about the virtue of prudence which they defined as the habit of mind by which we, in our practical life, make decisions which are wise in the light of the goal that we have set for ourselves.”<span> </span>He affirmed that the individual and the family “are prior to the larger society in importance,” and that “strong persons are more important than a strong society, that they can exist without such a society, and in fact may be weakened by such a society.”<span> </span>If this is what praxiology is about, he said he was for it.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Another contributor, speaking of the emerging field of ecology, and about man’s role in the order of things, said “We welcome the arrival of a university magazine dedicated to developing these facts into a workable whole.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Another echoed Borsodi’s reflection on being puzzled about theoretician’s insistence on “the mutual exclusiveness of disciplines like anthropology, sociology and psychology.”<span> </span>There is too much abstract speculation.<span> </span>To Borsodi he wrote:<span> </span>“… it is an extremely promising sign therefore that … you are attempting to synthesize these various approaches and so contribute towards a science of social men.<span> </span>This, I believe is the most promising approach to the study of human action in all its manifestations and the true understanding of human society.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I might add that the last statement is good description of general systems theory; and should note that the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory, a subject then known only to a handful of enthusiasts, was founded in 1954.<span> </span>This is an approach that Borsodi had advocated for many years. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A successful businessman wrote that “Modern specialization has tended to reduce life to small and superficial fragments that do not fit into any complete, wholesome pattern.”<span> </span>He added:<span> </span>“The human community has been disintegrating as the centralizing process continues.”<span> </span>This results in “spiritual impoverishment.”<span> </span>Something in us dies.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi concluded this issue with an article “On the Education of Educators.”<span> </span>He opened it with the idea that it’s not the knowledge the teacher has but rather the character of the teacher which really educates.<span> </span>The character of a person is not the philosophy he or she professes but the philosophy they practice.<span> </span>It is, and he again quoted Emerson, “that virtue or vice emit a breath every moment.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi cited Henry Adams’ <i>The Education of Henry Adams</i>, as perhaps the “most important critique of modern education written during the past half century.”<span> </span>Borsodi described the book as:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“A comparison of modern man with thirteenth-century man; of machine-age man with medieval man; of the philosophy of the twentieth-century man with that of pre-renaissance man; of the education of the man whose preoccupation, in the language of Adams, is the dynamo and not the Virgin – of the man, to bring the symbol up-to-date, who has produced the atom bomb and developed nuclear power with the man who created and built Mont-San Michel and Chartres.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi quoted Adams about modern education on several topics:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">On the purpose of education:<span> </span>“From cradle to the grave, this problem of running order through chaos, direction through space, discipline through freedom, unity through multiplicity, has always been and must always be, the task of education, as it is the moral of religion, philosophy, science, art, politics and economy.” <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">On elementary and secondary schooling, Adams wrote that: “The education he had received bore little relation to the education he needed.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">On college, mostly that few were really interested in it to start with.<span> </span>“The chief wonder of (college) education is that it does not ruin everybody concerned in it, teachers and taught.” And that “The entire work of four years could have been easily put into the work of any four months in after life.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Education had been largely based on Thomas Aquinas and Adams wrote that Aquinas was “rather more scientific than Haeckel or Ernest Mach.”<span> </span>These were two founders of modern science.<span> </span>“Modern science offered not a vestige of proof, or a theory of connection between forces, or any scheme of reconciliation between thought and mechanics; while St. Thomas at least linked together the joints of his machine.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This is what we have lost, said Borsodi and continued:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“What modern man desperately needs, and what above all those who presume to educate him need, is an adequate philosophy of life.<span> </span>In its absence modern man will either be satisfied with what is – automobiles, television, atomic bombs and all the other gadgets of the times; or he will look back longingly and try to recapture the faith of former times; or in desperation embrace, not the utopian socialism of Robert Owens and William Morris, not the utopian decentralism and agrarianism of Mahatma Gandhi, not the gradualism of Roosevelt and Nehru, but the ruthless philosophy of Marx and Engels, or Lenin and Mao.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“For the teacher this is nothing to be lightly dismissed.<span> </span>As Henry Adams eloquently put it: ‘A parent gives life, but as a parent gives no more.<span> </span>A murderer takes life, but his deed stops there.<span> </span>A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi then described the University of Melbourne and described its program of study as the seminar on the major problems of living and basically tutorial.<span> </span>In summary:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“It will involve rigorous concentration upon certain techniques, certain bodies of thought and knowledge and certain ideals.<span> </span>It will aim to equip the student to marshal his thoughts, to speak effectively in public, and to write clearly; these are the techniques; they are educational in nature.<span> </span>It will also aim to furnish the student with insight into the major problems all men confront and knowledge of the most important prescriptions of different arts, sciences, philosophies and religions with regard to them.<span> </span>These are the bodies of thought and knowledge, they are praxiological in nature.<span> </span>Finally, the course will seek to imbue each student with the ideals appropriate to free and responsible men.”<o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The Journal Conversation<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">While, as I said, the articles in the seven issues are more or less relevant, some bear comment.<span> </span>That includes the first of them, by Albert Schweitzer (Vol 1, No. 3).<span> </span>It was an excerpt from his <i>The Decay and Restoration of Civilization</i>, published in 1923. <span> </span>Borsodi must have closely read it.<span> </span>Schweitzer too saw the pursuit of civil order as an individual endeavor; men and women with a mind trained for the task.<span> </span>The collective, he wrote, is a “fettering sprite.”<span> </span>Schweitzer added that the economy as robbing individuals of their freedom, their independence, without which they cannot be fully human.<span> </span>Like Toynbee, like Borsodi, Schweitzer believed that the course of civilization could be guided by a creative minority.<span> </span>Or not. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As noted, an important axiom of Borsodi’s systems is that only individuals have the capacity to act.<span> </span>Borsodi emphasized that it takes an effective education to form such individuals.<span> </span>Our educational system no longer even tries to produce a well-rounded human being.<span> </span>Nutting supported this thesis.<span> </span>He cited specialization as a major barrier.<span> </span>He affirmed that before you can solve a problem you have to clearly define it.<span> </span>And that cannot be achieved in a subject-centered system.<span> </span>It takes an integrated approach.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Vol. 1, No 4, was devoted to “Education and Ideology.”<span> </span>Borsodi provided the lead article.<span> </span>He began on a theme of revolution; if not defiance of things as they are.<span> </span>He opened with this line:<span> </span>“The sickness from which modern man is suffering, is neither economic nor political; it is philosophical.”<span> </span>We are what our education has made us.<span> </span>In short, we suffer from the ideas we adopt; the doctrines, the ideologies.<span> </span>They induce neurosis.<span> </span>But we have an option; we can learn to live like a genuine human being.<span> </span>That, of course, is the University of Melbourne program.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This issue listed the topics of the “Man is the Problem” conference held December 27, 1955 to January 1, 1956 at Melbourne; and an impressive reading list.<span> </span>Mildred contributed an article that described her experience of the conference.<span> </span>She also offered a statement on consensus about the conference; in short: They agreed that if a better society results, it will be because men create it; they are not satisfied that we must wait for better institutions to create a better world.<span> </span>Borsodi made it clear that the future depends upon education focused on transformational change.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Vol II., No. 1 was devoted to the concept of human action.<span> </span>It asked if this is an age of reason or rationality [rationalization] and by the latter “the human tendency to falsify motives and explain what we do or want to do in terms that will win social approval as well as personal self-esteem.”<span> </span>Modern society has become a battleground between reason and unreason.<span> </span>Many have submitted to experts to run our lives.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">University of Melbourne faculty member Lillian McDonald framed the context of this issue.<span> </span>Actions, she wrote, can be voluntary or involuntary.<span> </span>A real question is can we really choose our behavior or is it defined by nature or by social pressure?<span> </span>What we need is a deeper understanding of what it means to be a human being.<span> </span>We need to understand how our choices, our actions, are shaped by the social and natural world of which we are a part.<span> </span>We need to know what is “normal,” as defined by Borsodi.<span> </span>We achieve this through the study of the universal problems of living.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Oliver Reiser, a University of Pittsburgh professor, further addresses the issues of the chaos of specialization.<span> </span>Reiser was a close student of Korzybski’s general semantics.<span> </span>He published a seminal book entitled <i>The Integration of Human Knowledge</i> in 1958.<span> </span>The movement to developed integral knowledge, of which Reiser was a leader, is a topic in the last chapters in my <i>Alfred Korzybski:<span> </span>Time Binder<a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">That issue also notes a project of the University of Melbourne to develop a “standard vocabulary of basic ideas, ideals, and ideologies with which philosophy, the humanities, and the social sciences deal.”<span> </span>Borsodi would complete this project with his small book, <i>The Definition of Definition:<span> </span>A New Linguistic Approach to the Integration of Knowledge</i>, in 1967.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi offered a reflection on Lao Tzu, an ancient Chinese philosopher credited with the idea of the Tao: “Nature never makes any ado, and yet Nature does everything.”<span> </span>Taoism, he wrote, expressed “Familial and villagistic, agrarian and handicraft” culture; that is, the independent life of the School of Living homesteader.<span> </span><span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">There is an excerpt from Lewis Mumford’s <i>The Conduct of Life</i> in which Borsodi noted points of dramatic social change that are typically associated with names like “Confucian, Buddhist, Christian, Mohammedian, Marxian,” etc.<span> </span>They come out of moments of crisis and disintegration.<span> </span>They are often associated with “a single decisive personality, or a small group of informed and purposeful men.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Vol. II, No. 2 focused on the issue of Implementation.<span> </span>It is about “action, rather than the mere thinking out of an idea.” <span> </span>Borsodi opened this issue with an article on “Implementing a New Education.”<span> </span>He wrote that he considered all life is education, every person is an educator and every relationship and event in life educational.<span> </span>Right education is organized.<span> </span>It is life-long.<span> </span>It starts in the home.<span> </span>The teacher is the steward of trusts.<span> </span>About these stewards, Borsodi added the requirement:<span> </span>“the education of adults by the wisest and most disinterested individuals society can produce.”<span> </span>He wrote that every generation stands midway between the past and the future.<span> </span>From the past we received the accumulated knowledge and wisdom and to the future we transmit it.<span> </span>In the present we apply it to our needs; and perhaps add to it.<span> </span>It is a question of how we apply this knowledge.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi stated the University of Melbourne program as being to: <o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“Furnish people in every community with a new kind of leadership through the agency of a new kind of educational institution.<span> </span>Establish schools of living or community universities, and through them provide such leadership in every community that every individual and group therein will think it natural to turn to the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind for light upon the problems which they have failed to solve or which they have not been able to solve properly.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">And he had more to say on the topic.<span> </span>That included a list of six criteria for transforming existing universities into effective learning institutions.<span> </span>In short, he wrote: “Right education is fundamental to the inculcation of the knowledge which will develop this ability to reason and decide on behalf of one’s own liberty and wellbeing, as well as that of others.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">University of Melbourne faculty member Lillian McDonald submitted an article with plans for the development of the university campus.<span> </span>It included a photo of the existing administrative and library building (pictured above) and renderings for proposed structures included a combined auditorium and cafeteria, a new press building, four dormitories and an open-air chapel.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The eight additional articles in this issue can be considered literary contributions but in general supported Borsodi’s thesis.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Vol. II, No. 3 was about “Functional Organization.”<span> </span>It is again a “literary” work with all but two articles reprints.<span> </span>The exceptions being by Willis Nutting and Ralph Borsodi.<span> </span>Nutting wrote of his long-standing criticism of modern education.<span> </span>He proposed:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The best site for education is a community of learning, where several teachers and students together, encouraging, criticizing each other, strike sparks off each other, leading a common life of dealing with their problems.<span> </span>Here there can be an atmosphere of challenge that leads everyone to do his best and keeps everyone on his toes.<span> </span>In this atmosphere everyone is a teacher and everyone a learner.<span> </span>This is what every school, and especially a college, ought to be.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi contributed “Wanted:<span> </span>A New Economics Text.”<span> </span>He made no mention of his own economics text, <i>Prosperity and Security</i>, published in 1938.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Vol. II, No. 4. Did not state a theme.<span> </span>In the editors’ comment, however, we read:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“This issue of the Journal of Praxiology begins a series of contributions on the implications of the praxiological method for various academic disciplines.<span> </span>Dr. Nutting begins the series with a study of the implications for history, and Miss McDonald follows with its implications for philosophy.<span> </span>Others are in preparation by various friends of the university.<span> </span>We believe we are initiating a series which will provide major contributions both to the illumination and the justification of the concept.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">They also note the publication of the Melbourne University Press first book, Borsodi’s <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>.<span> </span>As noted, the more or less final description and outline of the curriculum of the University of Melbourne was carried in that book and has been summarized above.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Nutting wrote:<span> </span>History falls short as a science for lack of method.<span> </span>It has little if any power to predict the future.<span> </span>He added:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“The history we want to read must tell a story.<span> </span>That requires interpretation, searching for cause and effect and perhaps a presumption of moral judgement.<span> </span>Like Marx, Gibbon, Spengler, Toynbee and Sorokin had a story to tell.<span> </span>Winston Churchill, a British stateman, wrote his definitive <u>History of the English-Speaking Peoples</u>.<span> </span>Churchill wrote his six volume <u>The Second World War</u> from fact and from personal experiencing as a commanding figure.<span> </span>For these writers there is a point to history.<span> </span>There is a story to be told and there is something to be learned about human destiny.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">“From a praxiological perspective, it is not as much a matter of predicting the future from past events as it is shaping an alternative future.<span> </span>It is about a Green Revolution.<span> </span>It is about learning about human nature.<span> </span>Above all, it is about learning from those who shaped society – not the great names but the men and women who built communities.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">McDonald added that the problems of living are about the brute facts of existence; not some ideal or ideology.<span> </span>Each must work through the realities of his or her life. <span> </span>We must make choices about the options available to us.<span> </span>We need to make clear and accurate observations about what is actually going on around us.<span> </span>Much of Borsodi’s work was in fact to make exhaustive lists of those options – a compilation intended to address the questions:<span> </span>What is the problem we wish to solve? <span> </span>And what do we need to solve it?<a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred shared her thoughts about her own education, particularly at Colombia, and the curriculum of the University of Melbourne.<span> </span>I’ve covered some of this above, but she provided more context in this article.<span> </span>I think she said it best in these terms:<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoQuote" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0.5in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The … University of Melbourne … offers courses that “go to the root of everything.”<span> </span>Students do not study subjects.<span> </span>They study sixteen universal and perpetual problems of living.<span> </span>“The real problems of man,” she wrote, “never change – from place to place, or time to time.<span> </span>Their forms change, but their essences do not.”<span> </span>From this study, she wrote, she was able to personally “substitute much clarity for confusion, integration for fragmentation, satisfaction for frustration.”<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Mildred raised the question:<span> </span>“How to produce whole men instead of mere specialists?<span> </span>The University of Melbourne method is integrative.<span> </span>It is organic.<span> </span>It embraces the emotional as well as intellectual.<span> </span>It is practical – it is about solving the problems of life.<span> </span>It is praxiological, “directed toward individuals and not towards groups or masses.<span> </span>It recognizes that ultimately all problems – even those which call for some collective action – are dealt with individual by individual.”<span> </span>What society needs is not corporations and governments and institutions but rather a determining majority educated and equipped with “effective means and measures” without whom civilizations disintegrate into barbarism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Vol. III, No. 1 focused on the gregational problem.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The timing of this issue was important.<span> </span>In January of 1957 Martin Luther King, Jr. and other black pastors met in Georgia to coordinate civil rights protest.<span> </span>This issue particularly addressed education in Asia and particularly India.<span> </span>A conference was proposed on that topic.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi’s contribution was “The Problem of Gregational Ethics.”<span> </span>The gregational problem is how groups treat each other.<span> </span>He provided a chart that listed gregational forms.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi opened by noting that the problem was one of parochial values.<span> </span>As a result, we are in a period of ideological conflict that “makes this an age of moral confusion,” or perhaps worse, “Moral Relativism.”<span> </span>This persistent situation suggests something absent.<span> </span>We need not only moral values but “individuals with a passionate determination to act in accordance with them”. We devote vast sums to science and technology but not to the solution of ethical problems.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi listed five distinctive kinds of ethical problems (which are discussed in <i>The Challenge of Asia</i>).<span> </span>He continued with four “crucial” problems of how groups should treat each other and offered four approaches (listed in the “Appendix: Praxiology Notes.”).<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi proposed that the achievement of a more adequate understanding of moral laws comes out of a study of the gregational problem.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">This issue was the last of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i>.<span> </span>Of what happened at this point we have little documentation, but it is clear that racial issues were always an undercurrent since at least Dayton some twenty years earlier.<span> </span>The University of Melbourne was dedicated, as noted above, to education and diversity.<span> </span>Borsodi wanted it to be a place open to all people; people of all colors, traditions and </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1h9mxV8gxT4gWdoHM7YDaM4Zr4WVp8ud1RRjTRX-x3HGZb7nz7jmZEinEUUoXiXFEG8PVocZs_HhNVv_TxYzew-1eNCGJsQ67hkglYlFqOFF_CQwwSe1NbFDW3yAPcKuy9SAZtyfjgpK9/s1642/Education+and+Diversity.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1086" data-original-width="1642" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1h9mxV8gxT4gWdoHM7YDaM4Zr4WVp8ud1RRjTRX-x3HGZb7nz7jmZEinEUUoXiXFEG8PVocZs_HhNVv_TxYzew-1eNCGJsQ67hkglYlFqOFF_CQwwSe1NbFDW3yAPcKuy9SAZtyfjgpK9/w328-h216/Education+and+Diversity.png" width="328" /></a></div><br /><p></p><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">beliefs.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">I can’t help but feel that his up</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">coming flight to India was perhaps an expatriate’s quest.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">There, with friends of Gandhi’s, he found a far more inclusive environment.</span><br /><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In this image we see a representation of human diversity, the bird of peace, a book, a scroll and the scales of justice.</p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I would highly recommend you read the synopsis in the “Appendix: Praxiology Notes.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><h2 style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; break-after: avoid; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Closing of MU<o:p></o:p></h2><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Borsodi submitted his resignation as Chancellor of the University of Melbourne on July 19, 1957.<span> </span>It appears that the stress of developing and administrating the university were telling on him and others, including his friend Virginia Wood.<span> </span>Apparently, Clare Borsodi was also feeling stressed.<span> </span>Allegations about mismanagement were made but not substantiate. <span> </span>Clare refuted that claim.<span> </span>It is clear that there was a lot of tension in those last days.<span> </span>We have no such reported instance, but it is clear that when backed to the wall, Borsodi could be intimidating.<span> </span>He was highly principled.<span> </span>There were things about which he was morally unwilling to compromise.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">After the last issue of the <i>Journal of Praxiology</i> came out in March 1957, it is reported that Borsodi shut down the press and put the equipment up for sale.<span> </span>He was moving on.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Dr. Nutting carried on through 1957 and 1958 with seminars, lectures and study groups.<span> </span>In 1958, Brevard Engineering College approached the MU regents about acquiring the facilities.<span> </span>The regents decided to continue the lease through the 1959-1960 school year.<span> </span>It was then turned over to Brevard and subsequently became the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT).<span> </span>The University of Melbourne building is still on the FIT campus.<span> </span>The University of Melbourne corporate charter was not formally dissolved until 1969.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Thus ended the University of Melbourne and Ralph Borsodi's connections with Melbourne Village. <span> </span>Regardless of the outcome, Borsodi had been a driving force in the founding and early history of Melbourne Village. <span> </span>The University of Melbourne was a manifestation of Borsodi’s ideas and methods.<span> </span>The university brought new people and new ideas into the community through its seminars, and it transported ideas as far afield through the <i>Journal of Praxiology. </i>It offered something new and unique to American higher education. <o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The University of Melbourne experiment was short-lived, but it gave Borsodi and friends, including Mildred, an opportunity to bring the School of Living program to a high degree of organization.<span> </span>And there was more to come.<span> </span>In 1958 Borsodi and his wife Clare returned to India.<span> </span>Borsodi had become strongly engaged with Gandhian educators in India prior to Melbourne and they invited his back.<span> </span>He was treated with distinction and his Indian friends helped him produce some of his most important works and continued to support him to the end of his life.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In 1960 Borsodi sent a letter to the AHF trustees resigning his membership.<span> </span>He was still in India.<span> </span>Clare had a found a new home for them in Exeter and he joined her there after leaving India in 1961.<o:p></o:p></p><p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style></p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div id="ftn1"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> The program ended three years before Mildred Loomis attended Columbia.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn2"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> It was submitted for digitalization. <span style="background-color: cyan; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Link to digital copy)</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn3"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> It was intended that at least half the students would be from the non-western world.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn4"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> This approach was employed by leading writer Ken Wilber nearly half a century later with the creation of the Integral Institute.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn5"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> In my update of the list in 2018 there are nine universal problems. More on this in the last chapter.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn6"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> “The Integration of Human Knowledge” can be found starting on page 203 at this link: <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WJe2g-05327ho3EhbDTZ2hN58zN-fwM9vAD-LYIqMOo/edit">https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WJe2g-05327ho3EhbDTZ2hN58zN-fwM9vAD-LYIqMOo/edit</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="ftn7"><p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="applewebdata://7E48834E-1301-4206-A4C0-F1F23E3221D1#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> That objective was achieved in Borsodi’s <i>Seventeen Problems of Man and Society</i>, 1968.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div>Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-65144049571548940172020-07-28T08:29:00.006-07:002020-08-06T08:28:06.544-07:00Education and LivingBill Sharp (c) 2020<br />
<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ralph Borsodi<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="Bill" style="clear: right; float: right; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>Education and Living</i> was the first of three volumes Borsodi said he was working on at the time.<span> </span>Over the next nearly twenty years, he completed the other two:<span> </span><i>The</i><i style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Education of the Whole Man</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> published in 1963</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">and </span><i style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Sev</i><i style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">enteen Problems </i><i style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">of Man and Society</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> in 1967.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Between </span><i style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Education and Living</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> and </span><i style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">The Education of the Whole Man</i><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">, Borsodi also developed a problem-centered university curriculum.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">I have presented chapters for each of these phases of Borsodi’s career.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div><div class="Bill" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i>Education and Living</i> (1948) was, in my opinion, Borsodi’s master work, into which he poured a lot of experience and research.<span> </span>It came at an important juncture of his career.<span> </span>Over the course of nearly 30 years he had established a homestead, taken leadership in community and economic development, incorporated the School of Living, created a land trust corporation, established two homesteading communities and inspired others to form, developed his original and authoritative problem-centered framework, established a comprehensive curriculum and research library, developed a number of practical homesteading “divisions,” prepared a plan for St. John’s College to become a self-sufficient community, proposed a peace plan that anticipated the (albeit more decentralized) United Nations, edited <i>Free America</i>and served as a leader of the American decentralist movement, collabo<span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">rated with Aldous Huxley drafting a book (unpublished) a</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">bout</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">decentralism,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">wro</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">te seven books and coauthored an eighth, and produced numerous other small publications.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqnPC6KkWm5l1vMOrERyPVxpSf5V0mbHy9I890tUnWpmID4GIXppVgR5Dp0JloM3DnCBeVrE__1Xr5dOtNcAXOKyT-iQFWG7OmPJsrveZir-srVTO2DPgGGLgd7stURBDsS0eslrLnq1Mp/s490/Borsodi+Photo.jpeg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="427" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqnPC6KkWm5l1vMOrERyPVxpSf5V0mbHy9I890tUnWpmID4GIXppVgR5Dp0JloM3DnCBeVrE__1Xr5dOtNcAXOKyT-iQFWG7OmPJsrveZir-srVTO2DPgGGLgd7stURBDsS0eslrLnq1Mp/w274-h314/Borsodi+Photo.jpeg" width="274" /></a></div></span></div><div class="Bill" style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Borsodi considered education the key problem, that is, unless and until we have a program for the proper education of humankind, there will likely be little change in the “progress” of history; or should I say, in the saga of the rise and decline of societies through history.<span> </span>It was clear to Borsodi, Toynbee and a number of historians and social scientists that this is indeed a period of decline.<span> </span>We either ignore the realities of history, deny them, and accept the consequences, or make the effort to create the foundation for a new culture.<span> </span>That was Borsodi’s mission.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi was keen on documentation.<span> </span>Over the course of the years spent developing his system, he produced a huge volume of work.<span> </span>Between these three books alone there are nearly 1,800 pages and much of it is in fine print.<span> </span>In respective chapters I have attempted to extract the key principles and rationale for the School of Living and provide a workable summary of Borsodi’s system.<span> </span>This summary provides a blueprint for further development of the system.<o:p></o:p></div>
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For some reason, <i>Seventeen Problems</i> became the text of Borsodi’s system, and I believe that was a mistake.<span> </span>That book is an encyclopedic dictionary, not a textbook, and Borsodi intended it to define the many ways human beings have attempted to solve their problems.<span> </span>He wrote another small book, <i>The Definition of Definition</i>, to explain his rationale for <i>Seventeen Problems</i>.<span> </span><i>Education and Living</i> provides the foundation framework for the system.<span> </span><i>The Education of the Whole Man</i> provides the theoretical framework.<span> </span><i>Seventeen Problem</i>, the reference source, is an index to the accumulated wisdom of humankind.<o:p></o:p></div>
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These books, I must stress, are not just about education but also about living – about solving the problems of living.<span> </span>The objective is found in what Borsodi defined as “normal” living--individual development, the family and community.<span> </span><i>Education and Living</i> describes each of these in detail.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Post-War School of Living<o:p></o:p></h2>
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World War II brought an end to the first phase of Borsodi’s work building homesteading communities.<span> </span>It was, of course, a major change for everyone.<span> </span>Despite its policy of isolationism, with the start of war in Europe, the US began to build a vast armaments industry, and there were a lot of good jobs opening in factories.<span> </span>People began to have wage security, and the Depression finally came to an end.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Many men and women joined the armed services.<span> </span>In 1939 there were just over 334,000 American military personnel.<span> </span>The following year that number increased by about a third and in 1941, with the US formally entering the war after December 7<sup>th</sup>, the number jumped to 1.8 million and by the end of the war was over 12 million.<span> </span>There was a serious labor shortage requiring millions of “Rosie the Riveters” to go to work on assembly lines and clerks in offices.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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In addition to building a massive industrial complex, priority was given to mechanizing farm production.<span> </span>The number of farm tractors went from 1.6 million in 1940 to 2.4 million in 1945.<span> </span>Nearly as much priority was given to building these tractors as to military vehicles.<span> </span>Farm production increased dramatically.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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It is perhaps not surprising that the residents of Bayard Lane and Van Houten Fields elected to dissolve their land trusts and assume their homes fee simple.<span> </span>They got their comfort and security and turned their backs on the dream of a new agrarian culture.<span> </span>The New Agrarian movement, of which Borsodi was a key player, came to an end with the war.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Problem-Centered System<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Borsodi and the School of Living remained in operation during the war focusing on education.<span> </span>As listed in Chapter 7, he had a formidable list of seminars organized around the major problems of living.<span> </span>I believe those seminars provided much of the content of <i>Education and Living</i>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The “problems of living” came out of a practice Borsodi started in the ‘20s.<span> </span>As a recognized leader of the back-to-the-land movement, many people consulted him about their problems.<span> </span>He took notes on 4 x 6 cards that he habitually carried with him, and made notes of other problems he found in the newspapers, magazines, and books he read.<span> </span>Each bears a date and time.<span> </span>These are certainly real, not abstract problems.<span> </span>He added extensively to this deck of cards during the 1930s.<span> </span>After about a thousand cards<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> he sorted them into categories.<span> </span>Borsodi was clearly a taxonomist:<span> </span>he was good at analyzing masses of information into a workable classification of key ideas.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi found the subject-centered approach to education inadequate and sought a more effective system.<span> </span>What he developed was a workable list of problems shared by all people in all times and places.<span> </span>“What,” he asked, “are the really important problems of living which all men and women cannot avoid facing, and without proper answers, they cannot live like a human being?”<span> </span>The evolution of this classification took years of trial and error.<span> </span>It finally came down to a definition of objective human action – the “problems of living.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi stated his case in a presentation he made at a conference in 1940 in New York City: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">“Believing that the full development of each human being is the supreme value, the School of Living has as its primary purpose to assist adults in their study and use of the accumulated wisdom of mankind.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">“Believing that such study and use of wisdom is best facilitated by being related to the universal and perpetual living experience of human beings, the School of Living aims to assist adults in becoming aware of and defining <u>the major problems of living</u> common to all people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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In short, education must be person-centered and holistic.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In <i>Education and Living</i> Borsodi published his first full definition to the problems of living framework.<span> </span>There were first eight, then eleven, and then thirteen (and finally seventeen) universal problems.<span> </span>The thirteen problems of living in <i>Education and Living</i> were:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Purpose:<span> </span>What is the purpose, my vision, in life?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Validation:<span> </span>How do I know what is true?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Nature:<span> </span>What is the nature of nature and of human nature?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Association:<span> </span>How do I associate with other human beings?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Gregational:<span> </span>How do I associate with groups and how do groups associate with each other?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Operational:<span> </span>How do we organize collective enterprises?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Political:<span> </span>When and how should legal coercion (law) be used in a good society?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Education:<span> </span>How do we organize educational activities to improve human wellbeing?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Ethics:<span> </span>What makes an act right or wrong?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Esthetics:<span> </span>What makes an object beautiful or ugly?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Occupation: <span> </span>How should a person spend the whole of his/her time?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Possessions:<span> </span>How should land, money, and goods be owned or possessed in order that each person can achieve optimum living?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Health:<span> </span>How can I achieve maximum energy (health), both physically and mental, through a long lifetime?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Of great importance, it should be understood that the problems of living are not separate, isolated issues.<span> </span>They belong to a whole, universal, system.<span> </span>They are like, and were soon represented as, the spokes of a wheel joined at the center.<span> </span>We may address each problem in turn, but at the same time we must also ask how they relate to each other.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The system is not merely a method for solving problems.<span> </span>It is a teaching tool that develops the capacity for living a good life.<span> </span>Underlying this method is not only dealing with issues but also developing that quality mindedness Borsodi wrote about in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i>.<span> </span>It is a program for seeking the essence of what it means to live as a human being.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I should emphasize that Borsodi’s approach is strictly educational; there is no psychotherapy involved.<span> </span>Borsodi lived in an age of psychoanalysis, of Freud and Jung.<span> </span>Like them, Borsodi knew society made us “crazy,” or in his terms, abnormal<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>But unlike the head doctors he believed that detachment from the cause of mental distress was arguably better than trying to cure the effects.<span> </span>Homesteading and decentralization are means for detaching ourselves from abnormal society.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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We cannot, however, achieve normal living by instinct or intuition because we are thoroughly conditioned, and it is an arduous task of correcting ourselves.<span> </span>It requires reeducation, and that means a school of normal living, a school at the center of small independent communities of self-reliant, economically independent, homesteaders.<span> </span>By reeducation, by learning to solve the problems of living, we can be made whole.<span> </span>If we live a normal life we will be normal.<span> </span>A normal life, however, is a state of mind as well as a detached, simple, lifestyle on the land.<span> </span>Right education elevates our character and gives us a sense of nobility in life. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The objective of right education is the solution of people’s problems, not social issues.<span> </span>“Modern problems proliferate and remain unsolved, because we spend so much time trying to deal with society and world problems without first dealing with family and community problems.”<span> </span>If we focus on normal families and normal communities, wrote Mildred Loomis (in <i>Go Ahead and Live</i>), “world problems would diminish and fade out in two or three generations.”<span> </span>Borsodi noted that this would eliminate once and for all the need for “society,” for nations, the institution that has spawned endless wars in the modern era.<o:p></o:p></div>
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We needed to take definitive actions to change the way we live.<span> </span>How?<span> </span>Borsodi advised:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We need to rigorously test our assumptions, our norms of living<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We need to prioritize individual growth and fulfillment<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We need to learn to make right decisions to advance our humanity<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->We need community, but, as Borsodi emphasized, the purpose of the group is the individual and not the reverse.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Education and Living<o:p></o:p></h1>
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<i>Education and Living</i> was written as four parts in two volumes.<span> </span>Borsodi personally set the type and had the volumes printed.<span> </span>The binding is made of paper but the pages are sewn.<span> </span>My first edition has lasted well.<span> </span>Original copies are rare and expensive but a free and downloadable digital copy can be found at this <a href="https://www.schoolofliving.org/borsodi" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;">link</a>.<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Volume I of <i>Education and Living</i> consists of two parts.<span> </span>The first part is a treatise on education.<span> </span>A large part of it was devoted to the developmental stages of early life.<span> </span>The second part was a radical critique of modern education, or mis-education.<span> </span>These first two parts are a statement of the problem.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The second volume is also in two parts.<span> </span>The first of these is Borsodi’s definition of “right-Education.”<span> </span>The bulk of Part III consists of his description of “normal” living.<span> </span>Part IV is about re-education where Borsodi described his adult oriented program of learning.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">I should point out that at this period of Borsodi’s life he was the leader of a movement that opposed the centralization of industry, government, education and other social institutions. <i>Education and Living</i> is a decentralist manifesto. The book can be considered prescriptive as well as descriptive. Borsodi drew on a new agrarian movement with roots in the late nineteenth century. His views may thus appear in some cases archaic. Some of these views may be considered political unfitting by current standards. However a full expression of those views is of historical interest.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Forward<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Borsodi wrote that <i>Education and Living</i> “is nothing less than an effort to explain not only modern man’s failure to achieve the good life … but also to outline the manner in which he might learn how to live like a normal human being.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi related the history of the development of the School of Living.<span> </span>The School was started in his home, Dogwoods.<span> </span>Generous support came from Seward Collins, Richard Crane, Graham Carey and Chauncey D. Stillman.<span> </span>Nearly $300,000 (equivalent of $5.6 million in 2020) was spent under Borsodi’s direction before 1939 and the outbreak of World War II.<span> </span>A major part of this was evidently spent on land and construction.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Warren Wilson of the Town and Country department of the Presbyterian Church and Mrs. William Sargent Ladd helped launch the School.<span> </span>Others who served on the original Board and were Clarence E. Pickett of the American Friends Service Committee, Mgr. Luigi Ligutti of the National Catholic Rural Life Conference, Van Alan Clark, B. C. Dunlop, Samuel D. Doge, W. C. McKinney, and Mrs. Elizabeth MacDonald.<span> </span>The first staff were Doris Pelton Webster and Earl and Eleanora Gordon.<span> </span>Borsodi also thanked his wife and family and Mildred Loomis for their assistance.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The central idea of the School was not “instruction in country living and in folk arts and handicrafts; nor the development of a better method of dealing with unemployment; nor the solution of the housing problem,” wrote Borsodi.<span> </span>“<i>It was the scientific validity of decentralization</i> –of the truth of the conviction slowly burned into my consciousness … that the progress and centralization for which modern industrial man has been taught he should live, was based upon a tragic error – a tragic misunderstanding of the true meaning of science – and that a whole new program of education has to be developed which would substitute for the prevailing mistaken objective in living, an end or aim which was right, proper and, as I have come to think of it, normal.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi began to summarize his work in 1941.<span> </span>As stated above, he intended three works:<span> </span><i>Education and Living, Education and Ideology </i>and<i> Education and Implementation</i>.<span> </span>He made the following comments about those works.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Man, noted Borsodi, can be taught to believe anything, to adopt any ideology.<span> </span>That has been seen in the recent global war and ideological standoff with communism.<span> </span>Education is not the end to life; it is largely a means.<span> </span>“<i>The ends and purposes of life are embodied in the ideologies which human beings accept or in which they believe</i>.<span> </span>The whole of the study I am calling <i>Education and Ideology</i> constitute an exploration of these bodies of idea and the development of a method for choosing among the thousands of ideologies which exist or may be formulated, those which can be used to teach men, individually and in groups, how to behave, and how to deal with the crisis facing them, like normal human beings.”<span> </span>This objective was realized with <i>Seventeen Problems</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Regarding <i>Education and Implementation</i>: “<i>Man’s life individually and socially depends upon the implementation of his ideas.” </i><span> </span>If he fails to live the good life, to solve the problems of living “it may be due to his mis-education; it may be due to the invalidity of his ideologies; it may be due to errors in implementation.”<span> </span>And, “[M]en must not only be rightly education; not only must the ideas which they adopt be in accord with the norms of living, but so must be the methods and instruments which they use in practicing or implementing them.”<span> </span>The scope of this work includes “the entire accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind … integrated.”<span> </span>The structure of this work was to be constantly enlarged.<span> </span>This was further developed as praxeology during the 1950s and came out with <i>The Education of the Whole Man</i><span>in 1963</span><i>.</i><span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Part I:<span> </span>Education<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Chapter I.<span> </span>Education and Ideology<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Industrialization came about from the application of science to the control of nature, to “vast manufacturing centers,” to markets, to rapid communication, to “population hurriedly gathered into cities from the ends of the earth.”<span> </span>Habits of living had thus been “abruptly” changed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Before the factory came the “household and neighborhood system.”<span> </span>The household was the center of life; of the family’s economy.<span> </span>Raw materials were produced, and finished articles were made and used locally.<span> </span>Every member of the household did their part.<span> </span>Children were gradually initiated into this way of life.<span> </span>John Dewey, rather too progressive for Borsodi, did write: “We cannot overlook the factors of discipline and character-building involved in this:<span> </span>training in habits of order and industry, and in the idea of responsibility, of obligation to do something, to produce something in the world.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi continued: “In all this there was continual training of observation, of ingenuity, of constructive imagination, of logical thought, and of the sense of reality acquired through first-hand contact with actualities.”<span> </span>There was “modesty, reverence and implicit obedience.”<span> </span>There was a ready acquaintance with nature, with plants and animals.<span> </span>It was a process of continuous education.<span> </span>These lessons have been lost to city-breed children and no formal schooling can supplant them.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Agrarian life shaped what people learned.<span> </span>Industrial education, on the other hand, seeks to adjust children to conform to social expectations.<span> </span>The teacher is also trained and conditioned by these expectations.<span> </span>Conditioning runs very deep in some societies.<span> </span>The greater the centralization of authority the greater the conditioning.<span> </span>We have been appalled by the Nazi, Communist and Maoist nationalist ideologies; and today by Islamic fundamentalism.<span> </span>And they by ours.<span> </span>We live today in a society that is ideologically polarized.<span> </span>Should we not be sensitive to Borsodi’s basic premises?<span> </span>Can we not ask if there is some more fundamental basis of life founded, as the Greeks proposed, on truth, goodness and beauty?<o:p></o:p></div>
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It is not just about the steady accumulation and propagation of new knowledge.<span> </span>There are eternal verities.<span> </span>Truth is eternal.<span> </span>This does not mean that the ancients were the final word on truth. <span> </span>They rather sought to embrace it.<span> </span>And they created the classical literature of their respective societies – a literature Borsodi thought should be shared and studied thoughtfully.<span> </span>The essence does not change.<span> </span>We are seeking the essence of being human. <o:p></o:p></div>
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For Borsodi, the central institution in society is education.<span> </span>It shapes all other institutions.<span> </span>The leader is not the politician, priest, plutocrat, king or soldier – at whose hands humanity has suffered:<span> </span>“The time has come, it seems to me, when our schools should reflect the educational ideals of all the really great teachers of mankind, and of nobody else.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi wrote: “I believe that in a very real sense all life is education; that every person is an educator, and every relationship and every single event is life education.”<span> </span>And again, education begins in the home. <span> </span>We expect parents to teach their children to live up to minimal standards of being a good person.<span> </span>Are the same levels of love and trust found in schools?<span> </span>To what standard do teachers conform?<span> </span>Do they live up to Borsodi’s standard: “<i>the stewardship of the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind</i>” (italics his)?<span> </span>The operative term is “stewardship.”<span> </span>Borsodi added: “To the teacher [steward], truth is a holy trust to be professed unconditionally.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi places a heavy burden on the teacher: <o:p></o:p></div>
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“The true doctrine is made of sterner stuff.<span> </span>It demands much more of the teacher.<span> </span>It requires him to sacrifice comfort and position, and to face poverty, and if necessary, embrace exile, rather than to buttress the ideology of the moment if he believes that ideology false.<span> </span>In the final analysis it may require him to drink hemlock with Socrates, or risk torture and martyrdom with Hypatia, rather than abandon the stewardship entrusted to him.<span> </span>For the true doctrine requires the teacher not to follow, but to lead.<span> </span>The true role of the teacher and the school in society is to instruct everybody, both old and young, in the art of living intelligently, decently and tastefully, and in the art of organizing all social, political and economic institutions so that it is possible for people to live that way.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter II:<span> </span>The School, The Teacher, and the Educated Individual<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Education is more than schooling; it is “an inescapable accompaniment of everything experienced in life.”<span> </span>Everything we know is a result of learning, of education. <span> </span>“Every individual is therefore the product of a life-long process of education.”<span> </span>Living is education.<span> </span>While genetics may shape our development, the content of our minds comes from experience.<span> </span>Human beings, endowed with consciousness and language, are uniquely defined by learning.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Human societies shape what we learn and how we learn.<span> </span>We may learn what is true, what can stand the test of utility, or what has no basis in the laws of nature or of common sense.<span> </span>This brings us to the topic of mis-education.<span> </span>Miseducation may be that which is omitted or the teaching of things that just don’t stand the test of life.<span> </span>The most powerful educational force today is advertising.<span> </span>It is, unfortunately, not constrained by standards of truth. <o:p></o:p></div>
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There are four fields of education, the “cultivation which develops, either rightly or wrongly, first the perceptions, secondly the intelligence, thirdly the emotions, and finally, the actions of human beings.”<span> </span>Right education attunes us to the world we live in.<span> </span>Right education produces a “normal,” or optimal, human being capable of functioning effectively in life.<span> </span>Mis-education produces intellectual and spiritual deficiency. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Instruction is also of four kinds:<span> </span>Authoritarian, perceptual, experiential and exemplary.<span> </span>Learning is therefore of four kinds: Submission, comprehension, discovery and imitation.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Most of what we learn comes from others, teachers, living or dead.<span> </span>There is a difference between a teacher who has a sense of responsibility for what is learned and those, such as advertisers and propagandists, who do not.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The school is “any institution, organized either partially or exclusively for the purpose of enabling one or more individuals to engage in learning under the guidance or instruction of a teacher.”<span> </span>The list of “schools may include homes, churches, factories, offices, stores, newspapers and magazines, movie houses and broadcasting stations, hospitals, charitable institutions, political parties and social movements, government bureaus and military establishment.<span> </span>The content of instruction may be structured (curricula) or not.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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A good “school” equips individuals to live as normal human beings.<span> </span>“It will furnish him with some of the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind; it will imbue him with some devotion to the good, the true, and the beautiful; it will help him to some extent to develop the potentialities of normal human beings.<span> </span>It will help prepare him to understand his experiences; it will help teach him how to adjust himself to events which he may not at the moment be able to control; and, finally, it will help him in seeking to improve, from the standpoint of normal living, both the physical and material world and the cultural institutions by which he is environed.<span> </span>In sum, every good school will in some manner help equip him to live more like a normal human being.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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“The supreme challenge to teachers today is the production of rightly educated individuals; individuals who will live as human beings are capable of living not only for their own sake but also for the sake of mankind as a whole. … Good habits, good institutions, and all the other good things are the by-products of the right education of the individual.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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From the Chinese classics we learn that the order of a community starts with the cultivation of one’s personal life and then a regulated family life.<span> </span>It starts with self-understanding, or as the Delphian Oracle put it: “Know Thyself.”<span> </span>The cultivation of the personal life is the foundation of the order of all things.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter III:<span> </span>Adult Education and Adult Problems<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Borsodi noted that American society is led by aggressive, selfish and short-sighted individuals, rather than by the wisest and most disinterested.<span> </span>This must be changed.<span> </span>Where do we start?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Right education begins not with juvenile education but with adult education.<span> </span>Adult education focuses on the problems of living – not the problem of how to make money but rather a framework that embraces all aspects of life.<span> </span>There is no single solution, no all-inclusive formula.<span> </span>There are, as noted above, at least thirteen major adult problems of living.<span> </span>These problems are universal.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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A unique feature of Borsodi’s system is that it is focused on the individual.<span> </span>The solution of problems is an individual endeavor, not a public or social issue to be solved by an expert or agency.<span> </span>In a democratic society we are expected to each make our own decisions and to become informed in order to do so.<span> </span>We thus need schools and teachers who can re-educate adults.<span> </span>The role of the wise in the community is not to solve its problems but to empower every adult to do so.<span> </span>They are the stewards of the community, and a product of life-long education.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Schools <i>prepare</i> us for life but there is a curious disconnect between childhood school learning and adult problems.<span> </span>We need to continue to learn in order to address the problems of living during our adult years. <span> </span>Borsodi also noted that school is compartmentalized, indeed the institutions of life, such as church and state, are in separate compartments, and so is the business world.<span> </span>“The concept of universality is for all practical purposes extinguished.<span> </span>We need to understand the full scope of the life we live.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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He further stressed that our problems are our problems, not the group’s, not society’s, not government’s, not the expert’s.<span> </span>Specialization tends towards “one size fits all.”<span> </span>It serves the interest of the institution that is making the decisions.<span> </span>We have acquired a lot of information, which continues to accumulate at a rapid rate, but we lack adequate tools for evaluation and integrating it in such a way as to make it useful to individuals and communities to address their own problems.<span> </span>There are, indeed, few who have the necessary scope of knowledge to bring about this integration.<span> </span>It is they, not the varied special interest, to whom we need to turn for stewardship of the community.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The thoughts of most people are shaped by advertising, by professionals “who are paid to disregard objective truth. <span> </span>…. Today not merely public opinion but the common beliefs, tastes and customs of the population are manufactured to order.” <span> </span>We are bombarded by advertising in the mass media, in newspapers, magazines, radio (and now TV and the digital media). It has become increasingly true that the time we spend reading and the books we are offered are more for entertainment than application.<o:p></o:p></div>
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I believe Borsodi would have been appalled at how culture itself has been commoditized.<span> </span>In his day, the market was about products.<span> </span>Over the course of the last quarter of the twentieth century, the US developed a service economy as manufacturing went offshore.<span> </span>More recently, the advertising market has shifted yet again to user experience, or UX.<span> </span>The focus is on the consumers’ emotional engagement with products and services.<span> </span>In effect, we now pay directly for what was once an advertising cost.<span> </span>It has become a new commodity in itself.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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What Borsodi means by adult education is not remedial, or delayed, education, i.e., not what they missed while young.<span> </span>It is not more undigested information.<span> </span>It is not “mere intellectual titillation and entertainment.” It is about broadening and developing the individual.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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There was then an ongoing revolution in juvenile education with leaders like John Dewey and yet, noted Borsodi, “Americans have [not] shown the slightest improvement in their ability to deal with social problems.”<span> </span>The Great Depression and World War II attested to our inability to either prevent or adequately prepare for the issues of the culture we have created.<span> </span>Children cannot be educated to prepare for such events.<span> </span>These issues require the attention of seasoned and responsible adults.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi had a variety of issues with progressive education.<span> </span>So, what is the alternative?<span> </span>He wrote:<o:p></o:p></div>
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“My answer is by furnishing people in every community a new kind of leadership through the agency of a new kind of educational institution; by establishing schools of living or community universities and through them, providing such leadership in every community; by organizing the potential leadership of communities – the educated, thoughtful and concerned minority – in such a manner that every individual and group in the community will think it natural to turn to the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind for light upon the problems which they have failed to solve or which they have not been able to solve properly.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Through such study groups and under such leadership, it would for the first time become possible to bring to bear upon these problems integrated, objective, and impartial study of the manner in which mankind in its long history has tried to deal with problems of individual living and the social problems of groups, communities and nations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In such schools of evaluation and integration of all knowledge and wisdom would fire the imaginations of the people.<span> </span>Such schools and such leadership would make it possible to escape from the segmentation and special interest with which the problems of living are disposed today.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Evaluation and integration of the data of all the sciences and of the wisdom of all teachers, past and living, on each problem would become possible from the standpoint of the whole human being and the whole of life.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A specifically educational method and educational leadership would develop and deal with individual and social problems on the basis of reason, not superstition; universality, not insularity; of common welfare, not special interest; of function, not convention; of science, not prejudice; and of beauty, not novelty.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi did not suggest that this system would not prevent problems from occurring but rather would prepare people to deal with them adequately.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi referenced the Danish folk school movement, and the teachings of Bishop Grundtvig who believed he could uplift the lives of Danish farmers through inspired education.<span> </span>The Folk Schools transformed Denmark from a medieval to a modern nation.<span> </span>It reduced tenancy and made farmers independent (far more so than even in the US).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi cited John Frederic Oberlin (1740 – 1826), an obscure Protestant pastor in France, who transformed a local church into a school (for living) and thus transformed the culture of an entire Vosges Valley in a decade.<span> </span>He persuaded the peasants to build their own roads, reform agriculture, build better cottages and barns, revive arts and crafts, establish a library, local schools and a nursery school.<span> </span>He received many honors for his work and Oberlin College in Ohio was named after him.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi also cited Dr. J. J. Tomkins in Nova Scotia who created a school for his parishioners to help them to learn self-reliance: “Under the leadership of educators using adult education – and neither business nor government – as their means for organization and implementation, these impoverished people became their own bankers, their own merchants, their own wholesale distributors of their produce; even their land developers and building contractors.<span> </span>They learned how to help themselves family by family and through cooperatives which they organized, group by group and community by community.”<span> </span>Thus, Father Tomkins, with the help of educators who embraced his vision, “succeeded in revolutionizing the conditions of living of these remote victims of modern Commercialism and mis-education.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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In China, Dr. James Yen, a product of China’s literary aristocracy, set up adult educational schools in a remote province.<span> </span>Almost 500 local villages adopted the model and supported their schools on their own.<span> </span>Novelist Pearl S. Buck wrote:<o:p></o:p></div>
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“We realized that literacy alone was not enough.<span> </span>Literacy isn’t education – it is only a tool for education, a means to the whole end.<span> </span>The people had to get an education which involved the whole of their life … not so much to fit them for life as to re-make life.<span> </span>Later … we tackled public health, agriculture, economics and local government.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Yen told Buck that stopping at literacy, as Borsodi noted had happened in the US, “… would bring disaster.<span> </span>There begins the downfall of education.<span> </span>I say sometimes that non-education is better than mis-education.<span> </span>Now when these people want a better living and a better life, that is wholesome.<span> </span>But if you only instill into them a lot of new ideas and new desires and don’t equip them with real knowledge or real skills to satisfy their new desires, then all you have done is to make a disturbance in the community of a very undesirable kind.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Yen did not seek to make the people different – the farmers remained farmers – but to help them achieve a better life.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The School of Living<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Borsodi recounted that when he formed the School of Living in 1934 a few miles from the village of Suffern, New York, it “was intended to be, and still is, a research institution rather than a school pure and simple.“ It is located only 35 minutes from New York City and many of the hundreds of people who have attended the School of Living came from the City “and other centers of urban mis-education.”<span> </span>The School of Living reshaped the lives of many who attended.<span> </span>It “changed their values, their habits, their ideas ….<span> </span>The idea of co-operative land acquisition has brought together whole groups of people who otherwise could not, or would not, have dared to establish homesteads of their own.”<span> </span>It helped people born and raised in the city to learn not only the skills but also gain the understanding to pursue self-determined lives.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas><v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f"><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="A close up of text on a white background
Description automatically generated" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s1028" style="height: 144.65pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 224.6pt; margin-top: 9.55pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 224.6pt; z-index: 251661312;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata cropbottom="11140f" cropleft="3735f" cropright="8018f" croptop="8215f" o:title="A close up of text on a white background
Description automatically generated" src="file:////Users/williamh.sharp/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image001.png"><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape>It takes a School in each community, with proper leadership, to guide adult education.<span> </span>Borsodi presented an image of the educational process that included all traditional forms of education from common schools to vocational schools to universities and professional schools.<span> </span>All of these programs serve the community.<span> </span>Before and after the formal educational process is the School of Living.<span> </span>It shapes the community.<span> </span>It provides the final stage of education for the university/professional school graduate and prepares them for leadership in their community.<span> </span>And, of greatest importance, it provides life-long learning for the community.<span> </span>Whatever their level of attainment in this system, all are “engaged in one great, common undertaking – utilizing the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind in learning how to live.”<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZDJz1im838U6OT_TJJ1P09IqsrkQHcn-NiTc90RT2-K8ru6HQuS6GigNWzswJA06A3FKJrWysJbRlad1eYj318wzYXS3kLxQw4rMgP6DaVqEat6DEOMy3H6yzVYSIh2ShsRusM8B5qL6I/s2048/E+and+L+Schools.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1311" data-original-width="2048" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZDJz1im838U6OT_TJJ1P09IqsrkQHcn-NiTc90RT2-K8ru6HQuS6GigNWzswJA06A3FKJrWysJbRlad1eYj318wzYXS3kLxQw4rMgP6DaVqEat6DEOMy3H6yzVYSIh2ShsRusM8B5qL6I/w328-h210/E+and+L+Schools.jpeg" width="328" /></a></div><o:p></o:p></div>
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Realistically, Borsodi reflected, the state of the academy, and of the professions, can be “mediocre and visionless”; however, “It is not what they are at present that counts.<span> </span>It is not the feeble light that flickers in their heart at present which is important.<span> </span>It is what the best of them already are and what the poorest of them might be led to make of themselves which counts.<span> </span>…<span> </span>If they [the educated minority] cannot discharge this responsibility, then nobody can.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi suggested a reorientation of the university.<span> </span>He suggested they become economically independent, regional institutions.<span> </span>In 1942 Borsodi had developed such a model for St. John’s College.<span> </span>He envisioned that, instead of launching the young into a chaotic commercial world of some distant city, they return home to serve, stay connected to the university, form a university extension program and bring that institution into the direct service of local communities.<span> </span>These regional universities would be governed by the men and women who graduate from them.<span> </span>Quoting James Creece to support his case, Borsodi described “a self-governing association of men for the purpose of study; an institution privileged by the state for the guidance of the people; an agency recognized by the people for resolving the problems of civilization.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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Juvenile Education<o:p></o:p></h1>
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While Borsodi’s system was for adult education, he wrote extensively about the education of the young.<span> </span>He considered juvenile and adult learning two distinct systems of education.<span> </span>Some juvenile education can be conducted in schools, much of it outside the classroom.<span> </span>In <i>Education and Living</i> he covered four age spans from birth to age 20 and a chapter that further developed his early adult education model as introduced just above.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The First Six Years – Character building.<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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The first six years of education occur in the home.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Characteristically, Borsodi provides a description of a range of methods of instruction that have been used throughout history.<span> </span>The first of these is the authoritarian method, i.e., drill sergeants and military schools (Borsodi did in fact attend a military school while young).<span> </span>This method is of value, he wrote, in conditioning the student to adopt certain habits such as cleanliness, self-awareness and safety, and behavior (courtesy and consideration, etc.).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The second is the perceptual method, or learning by comprehension.<span> </span>Perception is the use of the senses.<span> </span>This is a universal style and can be applied systematically in learning things like colors, musical scales and other things that rely on the senses.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The experiential method is learning from discovery.<span> </span>It comes from reflection on experience, including reading.<span> </span>It is the foundation of self-instruction.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The final method is example, learning from imitation and practice.<span> </span>The family and the teacher are early exemplars of behavior which the young automatically mimic.<span> </span>The foundation for character is, of course, the home – in what Comenius called the “mother’s school.”<span> </span>Most of the basics, including the beginnings of reading and writing, science and culture, history, arithmetic, music, domestic economy (Borsodi provided a long list) are taught in the mother’s school.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Much of our character is fixed in these first six years at home.<span> </span>Borsodi had doubts that a normal home environment could be found in the city.<span> </span>Again, he put a great deal of stress on what he considered “normal,” which is optimal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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During the early years the emotional character of the person is formed.<span> </span>There is physical contact with mother and other members of the family, a sense of belonging, of being loved and of returning love.<span> </span>We know, since at least Freud, that the roots of abnormal behavior are often due to the experiences of childhood.<o:p></o:p></div>
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It is in the home that not only the virtues but also the love of virtue is cultivated.<span> </span>Borsodi listed virtues including:<span> </span>Cleanliness, dutifulness and filial obedience, good faith and loyalty, prudence, cooperation, diligence, punctuality, tolerance, patriotism, initiative, sympathy and veracity. <o:p></o:p></div>
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It is in the home that habits are cultivated including hygienic habits, occupational habits, fundamental skills such as walking, sitting, standing and posture; speaking, counting, drawing, use of toys, appliances and implements; crossing roads, handling animals, plants and the soil; and minimum standards of good taste in food, clothing, furniture, decoration, and works of art and craft.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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It is during the early years at home that social behavior is learned – associating with other children, adults, the elderly, various groups; learning respect and civic obligations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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It is in the home that basic beliefs and common lore are learned.<span> </span>These beliefs shape our relationship to our world, to plants and animals and the earth and cosmos; to institutions such as the home, family, community and state, school and church; money business, agriculture, industry, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Rural or urban?<span> </span>The countryside and the city shape us in different ways.<span> </span>The transition from rural to urban had a tremendous impact on educational theory.<span> </span>In the city is both diversity and centralization.<span> </span>Schooling is standardized. <span> </span>Pressure is exerted to conform to patterns defined by the built environment.<span> </span>There is a disconnect with the natural order of life. <span> </span>It is harder to maintain a strong family identity in dense populations (although ethnic neighborhoods did play a large role in forming communal character).<span> </span>In the city we “are driven to escape into atomistic urban isolation.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">From Six to Twelve – Introduction to Learning<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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The role of the common school is to continue the education of the child.<span> </span>It provides services beyond the function of the family, particularly disciplined learning.<span> </span>It is in the school that the young learn “history and geography, the arts and sciences” in depth.<span> </span>The danger, of course, is that the school can usurp the role of the family.<span> </span>This is to be avoided.<span> </span>The common school is not a cloister. <span> </span>It is a part of the community.<span> </span>It is embedded in the layers of education Borsodi described in his diagram above.<span> </span>In a small community, it may be located in the same building as the school of living.<span> </span>Indeed, the community should be planned architecturally to integrate its various core activities.<span> </span>It is in a sense a folk school.<span> </span>In contrast is the rootless urbanite.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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In the common school, students learn to master “three instruments of civilization:” language, numbers and graphics.<span> </span>These are the symbolic disciplines.<span> </span>These are the tools for communicating knowledge.<span> </span>With a mastery of these skills” they can matriculate in the great school called civilization, the faculty of which includes the greatest writers, the greatest artists, the greatest scientists, and the greatest teachers of all time.”<span> </span>Borsodi stressed that the objective is not the lowest common denominator of the urban school but the elevation of each student according to their ability.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There is a vocational component to Borsodi’s model. <span> </span>By the tenth grade all children can learn a vocation.<span> </span>Common school is not just abstract learning but learning to live in the world, to produce things, by working, by mastery of craftsmanship.<span> </span>There are those who will move on to college and those who will choose vocations.<span> </span>Both are of equal value and dignity.<span> </span>Borsodi considered it a crime that a farmer or blue-collar worker should be considered inferior to those working in city jobs, even teaching.<span> </span>Both the professional and the craftsman will enter the school of living and share a lifetime of learning and association. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">From Twelve to Sixteen – Preparation for Work<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Borsodi went into greater depth concerning the function of the vocational school.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Learning to work begins early and at home.<span> </span>Borsodi’s objectives included reviving local “agriculture, home life and the social and economic life of the smaller communities of the nation.”<span> </span>A vocation includes every occupation.<span> </span>It is not necessarily about earning a living; about earning money.<span> </span>Borsodi explained that “vocation” means “calling.”<span> </span>Some vocations are commercial, some non-commercial (such as the family) and some a mix.<span> </span>There are four main categories.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The first, and in Borsodi’s opinion, the most important, and the largest non-commercial and non-monetary vocation is the family – homemaking and motherhood.<span> </span>It is held in low esteem in our industrialized society.<span> </span>This form of vocation is exclusively non-commercial.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Following are husbandry and the professions, either commercial or non-commercial.<span> </span>Borsodi stressed that non-commercial vocations are not “business” – not for the sole purpose of making money; they are a way of life, a calling, an ethos.<span> </span>Farming is such a vocation.<span> </span>Indeed, he noted, many students in professional schools have not “found themselves.”<span> </span>There are many who study law, medicine, theology, and education who have no natural aptitude for the work.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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At root, trade and commerce are essential to human community.<span> </span>They represent an economy.<span> </span>A natural ecosystem is an economy; human economy should also be natural.<span> </span>Both words share the root “eco,” which means “home.”<span> </span>“Economy” originally applied to households, and the home is the primary productive unit in Borsodi’s model.<span> </span>In an agrarian society most people are producers.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The home is the foundation of Borsodi’s view of society.<span> </span>Whatever the day job, every home should have an efficient kitchen and workshop.<span> </span>Men particularly should be skilled in making and repairing things, from furniture and appliances to automobiles and farm machinery.<span> </span>The gender roles are not exclusive.<span> </span>Men can work in the kitchen, clean the home and tend children.<span> </span>Both men and women can make and build, run a loom, build new things and repair things broken.<span> </span>The entire family is part of the family enterprise, and everyone works outdoors to produce food and maintain the homestead.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There is also an important role for art.<span> </span>Art and craft are hand and glove.<span> </span>Art is an expression of skill that results in beauty.<span> </span>Crafts and trades can be, and many have been, raised to a very high artistic level, for example the Medieval craft guilds and the arts and crafts movement as expressed by John Ruskin and William Morris in England and Elbert Hubbard and Gustav Stickley in America.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Finally, there is business which is all about making money.<span> </span>Borsodi noted that work for the sake of money has across much of history been held in contempt.<span> </span>Today business has climbed to the peak of the vocations.<span> </span>It is a product of modern industrialism where the objective is too often just a fast buck; ethics be damned.<span> </span>Whereas, the local economy is trade and barter’ people work out the value of things themselves.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">From Sixteen to Twenty – Vision<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Moving from the common school to the high school and college, the common school provides the basic skills, and the higher schools are about vision – the possibilities of life and living – and a philosophy of life.<span> </span>It is about a humane purpose in life.<span> </span>The city school teaches conformity.<span> </span>The normal school teaches thinking, inquiry and choice, about the nature of life, about family, community and the broader social world.<span> </span>Without vision, Borsodi writes, quoting Proverbs 29:18, “the people perish.”<span> </span>Without vision the young “stagger” through life.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote of his model that: “It might really produce a generation of mature and genuinely ‘free’ men and women – fit for political and economic freedom because they have been freed from both the vulgar superstitions of the past and the even more vulgar predilection for the material satisfactions of industrial civilization.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">After Twenty – Mastery<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Mastery is the product of practice, of perfecting what one does, be it vocational or professional.<span> </span>It is about developing skill and an attitude of perfecting one’s self.<span> </span>The professions are a path of mastery.<span> </span>It is about perfecting service rather than seeking wealth.<span> </span>It is about forming a fellowship of practitioners who promote a higher standard of quality and service.<span> </span>It is about keeping abreast of one’s field.<span> </span>There is no graduation:<span> </span>the “diploma would in effect be his certificate of admission to fellowship,” a fellowship of continuous learning.<span> </span>For Borsodi the professional association, and not some bureaucratic board, would certify its own members to practice, and monitor them.<span> </span>The objective of the profession is to serve to normalize life and society, to make it humane, optimize life and society.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Part II – Mis-Education<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Borsodi was highly critical of public education at all levels.<span> </span>He admired certain educators including Harvard’s Elliot, Chicago’s Hutchins, and St. John’s College leaders, but these were the rare exceptions.<span> </span>His critique of schools, colleges and universities came down to three issues:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Education had become highly centralized; cookie-cutter, one-size fits all.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It was fragmented and compartmentalized.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It was abstract and not practical and hands-one, in short not about living.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Most of that critique focuses on the problems of the centralization of industry, the economy, politics and education.<span> </span>The solution is decentralization.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi then defined decentralization in these terms:<span> </span>“Decentralization … is not merely the opposite of Centralization; it is not merely the negation of Centralization.<span> </span>It is a positive process.”<span> </span>As he described it, decentralization is communitarian, cooperative, provides local autonomy in the governance of affairs and promotes personal freedom.<span> </span>Borsodi’s decentralization is not a political model at all.<span> </span>It is first and foremost a model for development of human potential. The means to that end is education.<span> </span>We need not a new state but a new state of mind.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Education, Borsodi again stressed, must become society’s dominant institution.<span> </span>And it must be a local, not a national, or even a state, enterprise.<span> </span>He wrote (and this is a theme that can be found in George’s <i>Progress and Poverty</i>):<span> </span>“Civilization will only be saved if we turn for guidance to the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of mankind, and insist that the teachers and leaders of mankind do the job which they really should be doing – <u>teaching mankind how to live.”<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><u><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></u></span></span></span></a></u><o:p></o:p></div>
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I am not going deeply into Borsodi’s critique of education.<span> </span>He wasn’t the first to be critical of modern, “progressive,” education and he was by no means the last.<span> </span>To make sense of that would require a 60-year update of that critique.<span> </span><i>Education and Living</i> is more about Borsodi’s solution than his problem statement, and that solution, I would argue, is still valid.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Volume II<o:p></o:p></h1>
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The major theme of <i>Education and Living</i> was the question: “What is the goal of education and what is the role of the teacher?”<span> </span>Borsodi left no doubt as to the answer.<span> </span>He wrote, “education is to guide people in how to live well.”<span> </span>He insisted that ‘[t]he true role of the teacher is to seek and teach the truth – to guide old and young in the art of living intelligently, healthfully and tastefully, and in the art of organizing all social, political and economic institutions so that it is possible for all people to live that way.”<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a> <span> </span>“Education must help determine and shape culture.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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It is evident that Borsodi was strongly influenced by the educational philosophy of Thomas Jefferson.<span> </span>Jefferson believed that democracy could only work if the citizens were literate and well informed.<span> </span>Jefferson also firmly believed in small-scale, decentralized society, and he was a champion of personal independence.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The roots of Borsodi’s educational philosophy are in his own personal sense of independence and his self-education.<span> </span>His Borsodi’s aversion to public schools is evidenced in homeschooling his two sons during the 1920s.<span> </span>In <i>Flight from the City</i>, he described how he and Myrtle Mae developed a generalist, non-specialized, curriculum for them in order to develop an attitude that education is life-long learning for living.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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One of the key elements of Borsodi’s critique was specialization.<span> </span>We should understand that specialization is a rather recent historic trend, a product of the acceleration of the expansion of knowledge.<span> </span>Even into the nineteenth century there were only three basic professions:<span> </span>Law, medicine and theology.<span> </span>We could add military leadership and, towards the end of that century, business management.<o:p></o:p></div>
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With the twentieth century, specialization proliferated.<span> </span>Our modern college curriculum was taking shape; colleges developed departments for each field of knowledge and universities collected these departments into colleges.<span> </span>At that time many students were studying in Europe, and particularly in Germany, where academic departments such as economics, sociology, political science, philosophy, psychology by the end of the century, the sciences, as was as law, medicine and theology had been created.<span> </span>American students studying in Europe brought this model home.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The US land grant colleges had made agriculture a specialty, and all levels of education were being geared to prepare students for jobs.<span> </span>Education became increasingly centralized, standardized, and regulated creating uniform curricula.<span> </span>Commerce and industry were asserting powerful influence; businesses demanded employees who could perform specialized tasks.<span> </span>Liberal education, designed to develop character and critical thinking, was fast fading from the scene.<span> </span>The trend accelerated after World War II, in no small part driven by the G.I. Bill.<span> </span>The quantity mind was becoming increasingly dominant.<span> </span>Fewer and fewer people are trained to see how things are connected<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Before the modern age, education was the foundation for preparing (mostly) men for life in society.<span> </span>Since the Middle Ages learning was founded on the seven liberal arts.<span> </span>Education consisted largely of the “classics,” often in the original languages (Greek and Latin, and Hebrew for students of theology), and a familiarity with literature.<span> </span>Those “well-bred people”, people of good tastes, that is educated people, were expected to be conversant about great ideas.<span> </span>This gave them a common language and a common understanding of the human condition.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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In the nineteenth century (and well into the twentieth) literature included both social and political philosophy, and natural philosophy, what we call science today, was a popular subject.<span> </span>Jefferson and Franklin were both adept in natural philosophy.<span> </span>The works of Adam Smith and other early economists were widely read as literature.<span> </span>Even Darwin was considered required reading.<span> </span>The list included Emerson, Thoreau, Whiteman, Melville, Hawthorne and other American notables.<span> </span>It included poets and notably the great English poets.<span> </span>The so-called “Renaissance man” had encyclopedic knowledge.<span> </span>A comprehensive library, however, could be had in a few hundred books.<span> </span>The fabulous 1911, 32 volume, <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, was the masterwork of human knowledge that thoroughly described human civilization.<span> </span>It barely included then emerging technology such as the automobile and airplane.<span> </span>There is no mention of radio or wireless communication (there is an article about radioactivity).<span> </span>But it has been said that if you had the need and had no other books, you could build, or rebuild, a great civilization with this set of volumes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Over the course of the late nineteenth century, natural philosophy evolved into chemistry, physics, biology and other fields.<span> </span>Mechanics became engineering – a wide variety of specialized fields.<span> </span>Power printing multiplied the number of specialized books and journals.<span> </span>As knowledge exploded it became increasingly compartmentalized.<span> </span>The Dewey Decimal and Library of Congress classification systems were developed to organize this vast flood of diverse printed material.<span> </span>Each field tended to develop its own jargon.<span> </span>When I was in graduate school, there were at least 28 recognized special schools in the field of sociology, all fiercely competing for limited resources.<span> </span>I should also note that while Borsodi championed Harvard’s President Elliot, it was Elliot who advocated the elective system of education that steadily eroded the classical, or liberal education<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi understood the benefit of specialization.<span> </span>He considered himself a specialist first in economics and then in education.<span> </span>But he knew that the loss of a broad, humanistic, education, a holistic understanding of the human condition, deprived us of our essential humanity.<span> </span>He is by no means alone in this criticism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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By working through the major problems of living, by consulting the accumulated wisdom of humankind, by becoming informed and thoughtful, by seeing the big picture and the long view, we can achieve a capacity to comprehend and take appropriate and effective action.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The second volume of Education and Living is chiefly devoted to defining what Borsodi called “normal” living.<span> </span>Again, by normal he didn’t mean average; he meant optimal.<span> </span>Right education has the objective of “Humanization of Man.”<span> </span>Implementation of right education means the achievement of goals and Borsodi went to considerable length to define this.<span> </span>I will summarize these very briefly.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Part III:<span> </span>Right-Education<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Chapter VIII, Right-Education:<span> </span>The Humanization of Man<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Education is not just schooling but “all the influences which lead to the acquisition of the characteristics which man displays in the course of living.”<span> </span>It is about the ideas we learn.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Mis-education is “any process of education which produces human beings who behave in an abnormal, animal-like manner.”<span> </span>Mis-education is about ideas “which cannot be rationally validated.”<span> </span>Modern man is conditioned to behave abnormally.<span> </span>We are brought up, in the home, school and even colleges, to conform, not think and choose.<span> </span>As traditions fade, the mass media increasingly shapes what we think we know.<span> </span>We buy into fad and fashion.<span> </span>Industry defines the scope of our behavior.<o:p></o:p></div>
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With neither tradition nor modern indoctrination as options, what do we do?<span> </span>As society becomes increasingly unstable, people seek alternatives.<span> </span>Many seek social reform – changes in social and political institutions.<span> </span>Borsodi sided with Tolstoy in the belief that efforts to reform society “are not only worthless but often harmful.”<span> </span>It is not society that needs changing, it is what individuals understand about life and living.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span> </span>“Right-education is that education which results in the acquisition by human beings of characteristics which lead them to act individually and as members of groups, like normal [optimal] human beings.”<span> </span>It is about personal choice, rational and reflectively chosen and implemented in pursuit of the good life.<span> </span>It includes an understanding that the prevailing forms of education, and mass-media indoctrination, are mis-education.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This brings us back to the list of universal problems of living.<span> </span>This framework gives us not only a list of defined problems but a collection of information about the various ideologies associated with each, a review of which gives us a range of options.<span> </span>Which do we choose?<span> </span>This brings us to the definition of normal living.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter IX.<span> </span>The Ideology of Normal Living<o:p></o:p></h2>
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“Normal” is about standards for how human beings should live.<span> </span>“Normal” does not mean traditional or average.<span> </span>It starts not with society but with the individual.<span> </span>What is a human being?<span> </span>We are born male and female.<span> </span>We pass through a sequence of developmental stages.<span> </span>Family and community require thoughtful definition.<span> </span>The scale of community is important, and small is generally considered to be better.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As with all animal species we must address the issues of survival and generation.<span> </span>But we are more than animals.<span> </span>The Law of Living for human beings also calls for expression:<span> </span>For the normal individual self-expression involves the utilization of his entire personality, integrally and harmoniously, to realize his utmost human potentialities<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a> from birth to death. <span> </span>And this requires consultation with the accumulated knowledge of the human race.<o:p></o:p></div>
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“The man or woman who does not learn how to live normally; who does not observe the law of living in all three of its aspects, does not realize the full potentialities and creative possibilities of the human personality.<span> </span>The failure to realize these potentialities not only dooms the individual to dissatisfaction; it involves the substitution of frustration for satisfaction.<span> </span>Only by learning how to live normally in this full sense can modern man end the frustration to which his present devotion to the ideology of Progress and its implementation through Centralization, condemns him.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Definition of “Norm” and “Normal”<o:p></o:p></h2>
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There are two forms of norms of living:<span> </span>Knowing what to do and doing it.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote: “All the conditions of man, both normal and abnormal, are the consequences of his actions.<span> </span>To this there are probably no exceptions.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi made clear that “norm” and “normal” should not be confused with concepts such as “natural, “average,” customary,” and “uniform.”<span> </span>He defined each of these ideas to provide context.<span> </span>He also noted that while we must conform to natural laws, we are not merely animals; we have a higher set of standards of right and wrong, a higher level of understanding of the world in which we live.<span> </span>We must be careful about the artificial conditions we have imposed upon ourselves.<span> </span>While we consult culture – including custom and tradition – normal is not conformity.<span> </span>Normal is not defined by “standards” of uniformity.<span> </span>Normal is not average but rather lies outside of the “standard deviation” of the bell curve.<span> </span>It is exceptional, and it begins with questions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A key distinction between normal and abnormal is that between satisfaction and frustration.<span> </span>Normal living presumes a state of satisfaction.<span> </span>Normal living is also distinguished from mediocrity; indeed, it trends towards acquired genius, to creativity.<span> </span>The law of living is about self-expression.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Problem of Method<o:p></o:p></h2>
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The accumulated knowledge and wisdom of the human race, Borsodi believed, contained what we need to formulate the norms of living.<span> </span>Human nature has changed little, if at all, over the course of history:<span> </span>“All the major problems of living have been faced over and over again by the great minds of the past, and all the major solutions of the problems have been prescribed, and often tried over and over again, in the history of mankind.”<span> </span>We need to digest knowledge rather than merely accumulate it.<span> </span>We have learned enough, he wrote, “to eliminate most of the serious pre-scientific errors of … the past.”<span> </span>There is still, of course, much to be learned but our job is to use what we know rather than merely focus on gaining more knowledge.<span> </span>Which brings us to the problem of the method for evaluating, for digesting, what we have.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi proposed a triptych of methods:<span> </span>the deductive, the pragmatic, and the metric or homometric.<span> </span>We must use all three and by doing so we gain a geometric improvement in outcome.<span> </span>We use these methods to establish the validity of theory and practice.<span> </span>We use knowledge and method and action integrally.<span> </span>We have a broad array of knowledge including “history, biography, religion and philosophy, literature, poetry, music, the drama and the dance” which must be considered along with the scientific knowledge of biology and physics.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The basic drives are:<span> </span>hunger (self-preservation), sex (self-reproduction) and self.<span> </span>The first two drives we share with all animals.<span> </span>Only humans have the expressic instinct – or as Emerson put it, “an instinct for perfection.” <span> </span>Only humans have abstract language.<span> </span>We have the capacity for artistry.<span> </span>Finally, only humans are able to express themselves possessively – in clothing, architecture, furnishing of the home.<span> </span>All three instincts are part of our being.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote, “No action is normal which precludes the harmonious satisfaction of all three of man’s basic instinctual drives and basic norms.” To which he added, “… only those acts and patterns of action which involve no frustration of the basic survival, sexual, and expressic instincts are normal.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The above was argued logically by the method of deduction.<span> </span>Normal living is pragmatic.<span> </span>As such it throws off convention and embraces an alternative lifestyle that works; that is, relatively free of frustration.<span> </span>The pragmatic method uses the test of how well our actions work in life.<span> </span>For example, our diet--the food we eat.<span> </span>Does it promote health and longevity, provide energy, digest properly?<span> </span>Then and now we know that processed foods are a health risk.<span> </span>As a result, digestive remedies occupy a lot of store shelf space.<span> </span>We can choose healthier foods.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The third method is homeotic, which is to say, “by the numbers,” using statistics.<span> </span>Borsodi, as an economist, liked his facts and figures and he used them freely.<span> </span>You can lie with statistics – make them saying pretty much anything you like, and special interests, including advertisers, are good at massaging the numbers.<span> </span>They can also be used or refuted for purely ideological reasons.<span> </span>The studies of specialists can leave out a lot of important variables from other fields resulting in an incomplete presentation of things.<span> </span>We. must be more exacting.<span> </span>Our facts need to be validated and put to the test.<span> </span>We need an adequate, holistic approach to metrics.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter X.<span> </span>The Implementation of Normal Living<o:p></o:p></h1>
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There are three parts to normal living, the individual, the family and the community.<span> </span>Normal living includes homesteading, decentralization and education.<span> </span>They represent not separate things but a continuum.<span> </span>Borsodi described each of these in some detail, but, as he clearly stated above, his work was not simply theoretical.<span> </span>His objective was to use the homestead, the ideal of a decentralized society and education to achieve normal living, what he considered the birthright of every human being.<span> </span>Throughout his life he organized and built things.<span> </span>He found land, constructed buildings and brought people together to learn the art and science of the Good Life.<span> </span>What he pursued were not ideals, but objectives, and he worked to help people achieve them.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Part I.<span> </span>The Normal Individual<o:p></o:p></h1>
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We are biologically male and female and as such intended to live in union.<span> </span>While there are physical and mental differences between men and women, the idea that men are superior to women is a false ideology.<span> </span>But to fail to understand the biological differences between the sexes is also a mistake.<span> </span>We need to understand ourselves in terms of what nature has produced, not ideologies.<span> </span>In terms of education, we need to provide each individual with the knowledge and skills they need and want, not some generalized principle of instruction which disregards individual differences.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi addresses the difference between the sexes through the problem-centered framework, particularly the problem of association.<span> </span>He noted five alternative approaches to association:<span> </span>Authoritarian, fraternal, educational, co-ordinal and functional.<span> </span>He suggested a functional relationship between the sexes: “Their relationship with one another can therefore be normalized only by voluntary and co-operative division of their respective labors.<span> </span>If the rights and obligations of both sexes are to be observed in the manner in which men and women treat one another, their relationship must be complementary – from each according to ability, and to each according to need.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Life-Cycle of the Individual<o:p></o:p></h2>
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As previously suggested, there are stages in the lives of human beings.<span> </span>These stages are distinct in terms of biological, emotional, and intellectual characteristics.<span> </span>Borsodi defined nine ages of man:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Prenatal, the nine months from conception to birth<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Infancy, three years from birth to age 3<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Childhood, nine years from 3 to 12<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Puberty, one year between age 11 and 16, average 13<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Youth, twelve years from age 14 to 26<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Majority, 15 years between 25 and 49<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Maturity, 20 years between 40 and 60<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Seniority, 20 years between 60 and 80<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Senescence and Death, after age 80<o:p></o:p></div>
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Taken together, in sequence, they represent a Wheel of Life.<span> </span>The cycle of life involves the regeneration of the soil by returning to it what is taken out of it by decomposition and recompositing.<span> </span>Our bodies are formed from what comes out of the soil, our waste and finally our bodies go back into the soil.<span> </span>It is thus essential to consider the land upon which we live as a whole system and one which must be maintained in harmonic balance.<span> </span>“All the activities which in any manner affect health must be evaluated, properly practiced and adapted to one another if good, or abandoned if injurious.”<span> </span>This includes “proper breathing, proper clothing and shelter, proper sun, air and water bathing, proper posture and exercise, proper intercourse and proper thinking and feeling.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Each stage of life must be normalized.<span> </span>Borsodi emphasized balance and harmony.<span> </span>It is about a balance of body, mind and emotions.<span> </span>Parents, as adults, can be better educated to help their children through the early stages of life.<span> </span>Teachers need an adequate understanding of the needs of children and youth as they progress through life.<span> </span>Individualized, rather than generalized, principles and standardized teaching is required.<span> </span>The young are incorporated into the community and perform productive work according to their ability.<span> </span>At puberty, they become ready to bring up their own young into a normal state of life.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi believed that youth, age 16 to 26, is one of the least understood parts of the lifecycle.<span> </span>It is a period of maturation.<span> </span>He held that it should be part of the life of the family and the community. <span> </span>It is not a time to go away to school but of engagement, of beginning a productive life.<o:p></o:p></div>
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From the time the child begins to learn formally, the matter of education becomes one of great importance.<span> </span>Youth, he wrote, need inspiration as much as knowledge.<span> </span>This can take many forms, including travel, theater, concerts, museums, libraries, literature, drama and art, but above all an understanding of the problems of living. <span> </span>“Right-education during this period should endow the young with vision, with inspiration for creative work and play, and with a passion for truth and beauty and goodness.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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It is during youth that young men and women form their own families.<span> </span>Education should seek to normalize this relationship, this institution.<span> </span>Family, learning, productive work, and community engagement are integral.<span> </span>Borsodi, it should be noted, placed considerable emphasis on genetics, or rather eugenics.<span> </span>Procreation is a responsibility.<span> </span>It is about making good choices.<span> </span>The number of children and the quality of their lives is paramount.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Majority begins at the end of the rapid burst of physical and mental maturation of youth.<span> </span>At the time the legal age of maturity was 21; a merely arbitrary standard.<span> </span>Borsodi believed age 25 was more realistic.<span> </span>Majority is a period of “relative physical and intellectual stability.”<span> </span>It is still a time of mental flexibility, of adaptability.<span> </span>It is a period of material concern, of supporting oneself and one’s family.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In what is often called the middle years, we mature.<span> </span>Borsodi defined maturity as the time when “fascination with the novelties of life begins to change into awareness of their recurrence.”<span> </span>It is about the time we become grandparents.<span> </span>“The enduring values of life must take primacy.”<span> </span>And yes, physical, and possibly mental, decline begins.<span> </span>There is, ideally, a displacement from egocentric to a broader concern for others.<span> </span>With increased experience and skills, and declining focus on self-satisfaction, comes an increase in productivity and the ability to deal with other people.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Seniority usually begins with a marked decline in psychical and mental energy.<span> </span>A deepening understanding of life, of wisdom, may be achieved in later years, as long as memory is sound.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote: “The use of this wisdom should be the characteristic distinction of seniority.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Senescence and senility are not the same.<span> </span>As long as the light of reason shines in the eyes, that meaning and purpose are felt in life, we age gracefully.<span> </span>We have many examples of productive lives beyond 80.<span> </span>The life normally lived could probably extend beyond 100 years, and a useful and happy life can continue until death comes.<span> </span>Borsodi remained productive as he approached age 90 and in her 80s Mildred Loomis was still working to create a School of Living network.<span> </span>Indeed, the vitality of the School did not die until she did.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Accumulation of Wisdom<o:p></o:p></h2>
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With the inevitability of death comes the question of its meaning.<span> </span>Is death going to sleep never to awaken?<span> </span>Is there conscious life after death?<span> </span>Does the spirit that animates us during life return to its original state?<span> </span>Borsodi was apparently not a man of faith.<span> </span>He wrote:<o:p></o:p></div>
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Such inquiry, it seems to me, points to some such norm as this:<span> </span>Action here and now is the only thing which really counts.<span> </span>It is what to do here and now about this life which is our proper concern.<span> </span>If the manner in which we deal with each problem which confronts us here and now is the manner in which it is normal for human beings to deal with them, we shall not only enjoy all our rights and fulfill all our obligations to the past but to the future and to the eternal and absolute, whatever that may be.<o:p></o:p></div>
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And this leads us to one of the most important questions about human life, the continuity of consciousness.<span> </span>We each have two dates:<span> </span>the day we are born and the day we die.<span> </span>Only humans are aware of death; we have developed elaborate beliefs and rituals about death.<span> </span>Whether there is a conscious existence beyond death or not, there is the question of the continuance of human culture – what we pass from generation to generation.<span> </span>Borsodi framed this conclusion with this thought:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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“It is impossible to dispose of any very important problem humanly without asking four questions:<span> </span>What have we inherited from our ancestors which must be taken into account in present behavior?<span> </span>What has posterity the right to inherit which we must provide in the present?<span> </span>What do we owe the living?<span> </span>Finally, what do we owe ourselves as individuals after having taken into account what we have received from the past, what we are receiving in the present, and what everybody receives as they enter upon the future?<o:p></o:p></div>
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There is a universal pattern in life. This is what we call a “problem.”<span> </span>As each generation learns, it passes on its experience, its solutions to the problems of life, to the next.<span> </span>There is something of a chain of being here, of:<o:p></o:p></div>
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“… great humanists like Aristotle, and Confucius, and Mencius, and Cicero, and Shakespeare, and Voltaire, and Goethe, and John Stuart Mill, and Jefferson, and Lincoln; …to all the leaders and teachers of mankind, not only humanist and philosophic but also materialist and scientific, religious and artistic; and even to the masses of primitive and civilized mankind with their common lore and tradition wisdom, for light; testing rationally and by scientific method what we find in each and find anywhere applicable to each problem with which life confronts us.<o:p></o:p></div>
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It should be clearly understood that while we have that accumulated knowledge, there is no fixed answer to any problem.<span> </span>Each must be addressed on its own terms.<span> </span>We learn from the past but we life now.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Function and Organization<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Normal living is a program of action, of function and organization.<span> </span>It is about purpose.<span> </span>Purpose may be functional, or non-functional, “in accordance with whether or not the acts performed and the ends which individuals seek to attain are essential to the existence, to the continuance, and to the characteristic form of action or expression of both the specific organs of human beings and of human beings as a whole.”<span> </span>For example, eating is essential but eating for pleasure and without regard to health and nutrition is non-functional.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Normal living is balanced living. “Normal Living is impossible unless there is harmonic fulfillment of all the major functions of man.”<span> </span>There is a penalty for disregarding any major human function--self-preservation, self-reproduction, and self-expression.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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We need not only purpose but also organization and method to fulfill them.<span> </span>“The essence of organization is time; the occupation of time; the planning of the spending of time.”<span> </span>The emphasis, again, is on living, on not wasting time.<span> </span>The bigger we get the more effort is required to organize not only time but space and material.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Normal Family<o:p></o:p></h1>
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In Borsodi’s view, the isolated individual, living alone, is not a healthy state.<span> </span>The family is the foundation of society.<span> </span>The individual is a fractional and fragile organism who “can only complete himself and express his real potentialities through a hierarchy of relationships with other individuals.”<span> </span>The most intimate of these relationships is the spouse, followed by close friends, members of the immediate family, members of a church, union, business/work, club or other association, people in the neighborhood, members of the community, individuals who constitute society or nation and finally with the larger circle of all races and nationalities.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi made a very clear case:<span> </span>“The primary problem of the individual today, if he is to live a normal life is … learning how to live normally either in the family in which he was born, in some family which he, or she, joins, or in some family which they help establish.”<span> </span>And the family today, he wrote, is far from normal.<span> </span>The institution of the family in modern society has disintegrated and “as the family disintegrates, man himself is degenerating” citing “statistics of modern dependency and delinquency, of modern neurosis, insanity and suicide.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi defined the family not as a household but as a continuum; an institution that continues through time.<span> </span>We might call it an “architype,” or what Fuller called a “pattern integrity.”<span> </span>Borsodi said the family is a corporate entity, an artificial person of which people are its agents and beneficiaries.<span> </span>In other words, the family persists through time, generation after generation. <span> </span>It is both a horizontal relationship of those currently in the family group and also vertically in relation to those dead and those yet to be born.<span> </span>He included a chart by Shirley Miles (who illustration <i>Education and Living</i>), a genealogical representation of ancestry and posterity (<span style="background-color: white;">page 418</span>).<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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A normal family group according to Borsodi, “as distinguished from a mere household” consists of:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A group living on the same homestead or estate; composed<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Of a sufficiently large number of persons, of both sexes and all ages from infancy to old age, belonging to not less than three generations<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Related to one another by kinship (consanguineously and genealogically, by law, agnatically by marriage or legally by adoption), or by vassalage, (as servant, lodger, or guest)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Equipped with a permanent and hereditable estate and homestead (land, buildings, furnishings, tools, machines, animals), consisting of all the room and things necessary to produce the group’s most important needs and desires including that of privacy<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Organized to associate together intimately<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To work together on the maintenance of the homestead, and<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To contribute severally to its support from their outside earnings<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Conscious of the nature of the institution to which they belong, of the rights they enjoy – the right to whatever they may genuinely need and the family can furnish – to which they are entitled by virtue of membership in the group, and of their obligations to it in consideration of which they make such contributions to its life and for its support as they are capable of making.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi added that traditional patriarchal families, in which the woman is subordinate and denied proper education and other basic rights, is not normal.<span> </span>He went to some length to describe this problem.<o:p></o:p></div>
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It is clear that the chief characteristics of the family is the homestead.<span> </span>Borsodi saw little promise of family in the city, in an environment dominated by industry, and living in rented dwellings.<span> </span>The deplorable state of the family in urban environments supported his claim (not that it is appreciably better in rural environments today).<span> </span>In short, the normal family requires a different culture and a different social environment, which we will address later.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">
The Functions of the Family<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Borsodi prefaced this discussion with a note about the organization of the family that in order to organize itself for normal living, reorganization – normalization – is needed:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It must be composed of a proper number and kind of persons<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It must be properly managed<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It must be properly equipped.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The family came into existence not as an arbitrary organization but because of what it proved capable of doing for its members.<span> </span>In short, it evolved naturally.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote that it satisfies eleven functions:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their needs for survival.<span> </span>Providing for the survival of its members constitutes what I think of as the family’s maintenance function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their need of protection against the vicissitudes of life.<span> </span>Providing this protection constitutes what I shall call the family’s security function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their need of tangible equipment for a start in life.<span> </span>Providing this constitutes what I think of as the endowment function of the family.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their need of controlling their fellow members. <span> </span>Providing this constitutes what I consider the family’s disciplinary function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><span> </span>Their need of work.<span> </span>Providing this constitutes what I think of as the family’s vocational function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their need of play and revival of their spirit.<span> </span>Providing this constitutes what I think the family’s recreational function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their need of rest and recovery from exertion.<span> </span>Providing this constitutes what I think of as the family’s recuperational function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their need of education.<span> </span>Providing this constitutes what I think of as the family’s character-building function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their sexual and genetic needs.<span> </span>Providing this constitutes what I think can be most appropriately called the family’s eugenic function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their need of love.<span> </span>Providing this constitutes what I think of as the family’s erotic function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">Their need of association.<span> </span>Providing this constitutes what I think can best be called the family’s harmonic function.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Borsodi provided a more extended description of each of these functions.<span> </span>I should point out that he covered much of the ground Abraham Maslow would some years latter define as the hierarchy of needs.<span> </span>Personally, I think Borsodi had a much better practical understanding of the “lower” band, what Maslow called deficiency needs.<span> </span>Borsodi saw these in a much more positive light.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In terms of maintenance, what Borsodi describe as “survival” is more than just staying alive.<span> </span>It implies a quality of life consistent with the values of a community; with standards that give us human dignity.<span> </span>In the US and around the world, vast numbers of people live in poverty, many homeless and with food insecurity.<span> </span>How often is the organization of the family considered to be the remedy for this?<span> </span>But then, how do we achieve <i>normal</i> family organization?<span> </span>Does our society have such standards?<span> </span>Borsodi, as he had since organizing his homestead, and especially after founding the School of Living, insisted on the importance of the homesteads, where the family produced much of what it needed and also established a fitting quality of life.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Security applies to extraordinary events. This includes unemployment, illness, periods of pregnancy and child nurturing, death in the family or other separations, accidents and injuries, fires-floods-storms and such, and old age.<span> </span>Security is not only physical needs but a subjective feeling of adequacy.<span> </span>Security may be pursued personally and individual, by reliance on politics or institutions and through the family.<span> </span>The family has been a highly efficient means of achieving security through history, but this potential has steadily eroded since industrialism.<span> </span>The family today, wrote Borsodi, is a product of mis-education.<span> </span>Its deterioration is also a product of the state of our urban-industrial culture, assuming its roles such as childbirth in hospitals, social security, and old-age homes (we could add child-care and public schooling).<span> </span>The family as a functional institution could only be restored by re-education, by right education and that was a role for the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The family carries the primary responsibility for the character of its members.<span> </span>Discipline is not a public responsibility.<span> </span>Reliance on public discipline marks the decline of both family and society.<span> </span>Corporal punishment is not a good solution.<span> </span>There are a variety of means to encourage conformity to family values, etiquette and morality, which have been covered in the section above on individual development.<span> </span>Exemplary modeling is high on the list.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The family is a working unit, producing much of its own needs.<span> </span>Money is needed and can be gained through crafts and trades and outside employment (although a barter system is also a part of the School’s community).<span> </span>There are a considerable range of skills involved in homesteading and a domestic economy, derived from vocational skills.<span> </span>At an appropriate age, children join the family work, learn skills, participate and enjoy the fruits of their labor.<span> </span>In earlier days, farmers in their 80s continued to work productively; as a member of the extended family they can produce and enjoy the benefits of contributing to the life of the family.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi was a pioneer in appreciating and utilizing appropriate technology, appliances, machines and tools that reduced drudgery and made work more pleasant.<span> </span>The objective is to live a satisfying life through enjoyable and fulfilling work.<span> </span>This is a dignified, and Normal, life.<o:p></o:p></div>
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As in that Bible verse, there is a time for everything, and in normal living there is a time for rest and recuperation; revival of body and spirit.<span> </span>There is time for good sleep, for bathing and washing, for rest, for reflection and for recreation.<span> </span>In traditional times the family would read aloud, join in worship, sing and make music and play games.<span> </span>Much time was spent out of doors.<span> </span>There were picnics, gatherings and festivals.<span> </span>In Medieval times, there were holidays and/or festivals on the average of every three days.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The family is an integral unit that shares a collective personality.<span> </span>It is about basic values – and Borsodi considers no other institution but the family can adequately convey values.<span> </span>It is more able to embrace the emotional nature than intellectual education.<span> </span>It instills and cultivates character – a quality that defines a civilized human being.<span> </span>But, in industrial society, the responsibility of developing character has shifted from the family to the state.<span> </span>This has proven to be far from the best interest of the individual, the family and to the state and society.<span> </span>In the extended family, character is an ongoing dynamic; it is life-long continued education, done consciously.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The family instills the attitude of loving kindness.<span> </span>There are a variety of forms of love in a family.<span> </span>They include to varying degrees the emotional relationship between husband and wife, members of the extended family, friends, neighbors, community, and the human race at large.<span> </span>In the absence of such bonds we often find depression, anti-social behavior, suicide, and other self-negating conduct.<span> </span>The family is the institution in which these bonds are established and nurtured.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The goal of the family is harmony.<span> </span>Society brings us a variety of antipathies and antagonisms including hostility towards strangers, domination, sibling antagonism, incest, mother-fixation and sexual adventure.<span> </span>We live in a society of jealousy, prejudices and petty grievances.<span> </span>These topics represent the sessions at the psychiatrist’s office.<span> </span>They can also lead to criminal behavior.<span> </span>A normal family works to overcome these adversities – to nip them in the bud.<span> </span>It is a process of confronting issues and problem solving, of ongoing education and re-education within the family group.<o:p></o:p></div>
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For Borsodi, the benefits of the normal family or group can only be achieved by each member discharging their obligations to that collective, and he suggested something on the order of a bill of rights to help understand how we achieve them.<o:p></o:p></div>
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">
The Organization of the Family<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Most of the activity of our daily lives is more or less organized which involves some thought and planning.<span> </span>It is mostly in forms that have evolved as tradition.<span> </span>It is intended to be orderly.<span> </span>Traditional forms of organization have, however proved to be increasingly inadequate.<span> </span>They were produced before the modern urban-industrial era.<span> </span>Accidental forms must be distinguished from deliberate forms of organization.<span> </span>We need more deliberately designed forms of social life.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi’s family organization is planned as a group.<span> </span>It involves the composition of the family group, management and equipment.<span> </span>These are the first of nine planning steps defined by Borsodi which he intended to cover in greater depth in another volume:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Evaluation<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Conception and formulation of purpose<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Composition and personal organization<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Saving<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Equipment<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Director or management<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Production<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Delivery<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Consumption<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">
Composition<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Composition has already been discussed above in the function of the family.<span> </span>Borsodi, characteristically, had a long list of the faults of abnormal families.<span> </span>He did so I believe for two reasons.<span> </span>The first was obviously to state the nature of the problem so that it could be solved.<span> </span>The second was to list all of the approaches to the problem drawn from the accumulative knowledge of the human race.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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To start, traditionally “families” were part of a larger collective, an extended family such as a tribe or clan.<span> </span>That is too large for Borsodi.<span> </span>Such groups are rule bound, authoritarian and ill-disposed to the development of individual potential.<span> </span>The modern family, averaging 3.8 persons, is too small.<span> </span>Modern families also have a variety of forms which Borsodi considered less than optimum, such as broken families.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi then listed the defining criteria of a normal family:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Given that the function of the family is to continue the human race, the minimum number of children must be three.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The family group is three and perhaps four generations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Given absorption of realties from breaks of some kind, an extended family group might be eight to ten adults, three to eight children and a minimum of four sub-families.<span> </span>In short, a normal family could be composted of 13 to 23 related persons.<span> </span>The size of the family is limited by the size of the homestead that can support them adequately.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->One child will inherit the household and the entirety of the land.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->There is a suggestion that the voluntary association of the family, such as marriage and relatives, be by carful selection.<span> </span>Marriage is not a response merely of romantic engagement.<span> </span>It is undertaken deliberately and thoughtfully.<span> </span>Consideration should also be made regarding inheritable genetic risks.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">
Management<o:p></o:p></h2>
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There is a science of business management but not for managing the family.<span> </span>Borsodi sought to meet this need.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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There are, to start, five forms of management:<span> </span>authoritarian, functional, fraternal, educational and co-ordinal, and perhaps some combination of these systems.<span> </span>Traditionally family management has been authoritarian.<span> </span>Only functional, or cooperative, management, Borsodi believed, is applicable to normal family organization.<span> </span>Two reasons why:<span> </span>The family is composed of unequal individuals.<span> </span>Second, the family requires voluntary and loving cooperation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Functional management includes five assumptions:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The family is in essence a corporate entity and must have a name, e.g. the Jones Family. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The family must have a permanent home address.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It assumes the family has a purpose essentially the same as the eleven functions and purposes already described<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It assumes the perpetuity of the family, a generational extension.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It has a set of by-laws.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The leader of the family “directs not by exercising power but by exerting influence.”<span> </span>There is an innate division of powers and responsibilities in the family, but it is natural to see one member at the center.<span> </span>The structure and operation of the family group is in large part determined by nature.<span> </span>Leaders are not chosen, they emerge.<span> </span>Decisions are by the family as a whole – each member has a voice.<span> </span>In a functional family, differences can be worked through.<span> </span>Borsodi completely rejected coercion in any form.<span> </span>A normal family is educated, informed, purposeful.<span> </span>Difficulties can arise.<span> </span>Lacking authority, there is no way to impose the will of the majority.<span> </span>However, should irreconcilable differences emerge, the solution may be a splitting of the family – someone leaves the group; by resignation, suspension or expulsion.<span> </span>Resignation often occurs when a member joins another family or starts a new one by marriage.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Income is not only money, but also goods and services supplied by the family members.<span> </span>The family does not preclude individuals from retaining earned income, but earnings are assumed to benefit the family.<span> </span>Those not earning outside income may receive allowances to meet both personal expenses and for discretionary spending.<span> </span>The family may also contribute to outside entities.<span> </span>Departing members may also receive endowments, trusts and dowries.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The family, not individuals, owns the property.<span> </span>Rather than inheritance, the family is, again, a corporation, and there are thus no estate sales.<span> </span>Where there is a tradition of generational ownership of a farm (and an example was given of German farmers), high priority is given to preservation of land and buildings.<span> </span>These, it is clearly understood, will go to future members of the family.<span> </span>Which brings us to the question of durable and capital goods.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyWMEbH83FThLxS2AU04pIt3UOgbUKhLSCLbfgOjyqJFdWkulx1hBeOXkohNvCcj08bemQ0VVubYK5Zq807xfVaDm-wy1SN7xnof0EuZS8sDPqcqfbTd860fWpYiDc6bZESMAiUA5WPhpQ/s617/Borsodi+Homestead.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="617" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyWMEbH83FThLxS2AU04pIt3UOgbUKhLSCLbfgOjyqJFdWkulx1hBeOXkohNvCcj08bemQ0VVubYK5Zq807xfVaDm-wy1SN7xnof0EuZS8sDPqcqfbTd860fWpYiDc6bZESMAiUA5WPhpQ/w395-h286/Borsodi+Homestead.jpeg" width="395" /></a></div><o:p></o:p></div>
<h2 style="break-after: avoid; font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 14pt; margin: 0in 0in 6pt 0.5in;">
Equipment<o:p></o:p></h2>
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The city family is equipped to live for the moment, which Borsodi did not consider normal living.<span> </span>He proposed a different approach to “equipment” is needed for normal living.<span> </span>Borsodi noted that Ruskin struggled with the definition of equipment and solved it by distinguishing between wealth and illth.<span> </span>Wealth is not the capital of the rich, it is the accumulation of real value.<span> </span>Ruskin, a socialist, coined the term “illth” to indicate the reverse, the pathology of wealth accumulated for its own sake, in short, predatory capitalism.<span> </span>Equipment includes a home, and a normal home, as is other equipment, is owned, not leased.<span> </span>Nor is it under mortgage.<span> </span>It also does not include that equipment obtained by credit and held in debt.<span> </span>This does not preclude buying on credit but only with the certainty of readily paying off the debt incurred.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi provided definitions of equipment.<span> </span>Some are of economic values, some of less tangible significance.<span> </span>They include:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A shrine and sanctuary, which may be the outdoors, a grove, or indoors, a chapel; a place to gather for the important rites of passage of the family group.<span> </span>It is a place with symbolic importance, albeit not necessarily religious.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Fields, woods and gardens; surrounded by growing things<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Animals, livestock and pets.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Wells and water<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Music and musical instruments<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Books and magazines <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Objects of art – an appreciation of arts and crafts.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Shops and studios to create esthetic and useful objects.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Machinery and tools, for domestic and commercial use.<span> </span>The family should be well equipped with a wide variety of machines and appliances.<span> </span>This is something of a <i>Whole Earth Catalog</i> collection; some is for production, some for recreation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Storage facilities, including root cellars, dry storage, well-stocked pantries, barns, bins and cribs, and refrigerators and freezers.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Current supplies:<span> </span>food, fuel, building materials, fabrics, spare parts, hardware, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A family surplus or reserve.<span> </span>This includes food, savings and perhaps most importantly working capital.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Transportation.<span> </span>This may be personal or public transpiration.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Dwellings for multiple generations of family, relatives/members and visitors.<span> </span>It may be a family compound.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Land.<span> </span>It doesn’t take a lot, but it needs to be sufficient, fertile and productive.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A final question for the family is where should they live?<span> </span>Humans are adaptable.<span> </span>We live in cities, towns, villages and on isolated properties.<span> </span>The answer to where to live a normal life is <i>rural</i>, the country life.<span> </span>Borsodi summarized: “Man, no matter how often he has tried to urbanize himself, can only live like a normal human being in an essentially rural place of residence.<span> </span>The penalty for disregarding this norm is mass-frustration, cultural decadence and race suicide.”<span> </span>Strong words.<span> </span>But it is only in a rural setting that the conditions can be met that Borsodi established for the normal family.<span> </span>It is only in these circumstances that we can live, as Thoreau did, deliberately.<span> </span>Or, as he warned, the alternative is a life of quiet (or not so quiet) desperation, of constant striving and stress and insecurity.<span> </span>Borsodi also drew on Buddha and Confucius for right living.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi concluded his discussion of the family with these lines:<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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“It is my conviction that there is literally overwhelming evidence indicating that of all the purposes which have justified individuals both in living and in dying – the love of truth, the love of justice, the love of beauty, the love of country, the love of God – none is more capable of vindicating the individual in his ceaseless struggle to live than love of family.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Normal Community<o:p></o:p></h1>
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A normal family cannot thrive in an abnormal community.<span> </span>Either the home community must be normalized, or the family relocate.<span> </span>Since a community cannot be entirely insular, the job of normalization includes the larger world, indeed, all of it.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi makes an important distinction between a community and society.<span> </span>It is in large part scale: “Relative to his local community, the individual is a fraction of a group of people living on an area of land both of which are still concrete and comprehensive to him.”<span> </span>In a society, say a city, the relationship is abstract and centralized.<span> </span>The individual is impersonalized, anonymous.<span> </span>The economics of a city is so complex that not even economists understand it.<span> </span>In a community, the economy is direct and personal.<span> </span>It is a basic function of that community and understood by all.<o:p></o:p></div>
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For Borsodi, “people and land are Siamese twins …<span> </span>they are actually inseparable.”<span> </span>Human relationships are thus founded on dirt, the Earth.<span> </span>In the city, in society, relationships lack solid foundation.<span> </span>Instead of production, society operates on money, an abstraction.<span> </span>In society we are dependent, and that dependency produces insecurity.<o:p></o:p></div>
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What is the ideal density of a community?<span> </span>“The evidence,” wrote Borsodi, “suggests that the norm would be that density which results in: (I) the most efficient use, cultivation and conservation of is natural resources, including all forms of land – agricultural land, forest, mineral land, site land and the waters of the area; in (II) maximizing the health of the population; in (III) the development of the highest plane of living the existing state of science makes possible; in (IV) permitting men and women to express their personalities most fully amid the widest diffusion and the greatest employment of art and craft.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Land must be made available in order to create an agrarian culture.<span> </span>Returning to Henry George, Borsodi argued that there is plenty of land around the world but that it has been pre-empted by speculators.<span> </span>One study he cited concluded that one-third of the farmland in the US could support over 200 million people, an average of 16 acres per family, depending on region and soil fertility.<span> </span>The Japanese and Chinese could support a family on two to three acres.<span> </span>That was the size Borsodi proposed for a family homestead, with a roughly equal size of shared commons.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi described the community is a (if not officially) corporate entity, an artificial person:<o:p></o:p></div>
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“Whenever and wherever you find a population unit which has (I) a name; which has both (II) members and (III) an area of land; which has (IV) both a center and its commuting region; which has (V) a common body of laws and conventions or ways in which people are supposed both to behave and not to behave; which has (VI) leaders; which has (VII) institutions which implement common and group purposes, and which has (VIII) definite function which it tries to fulfil, you have what I call a community.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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There are, of course, major differences between a normal and abnormal community.<span> </span>A normal community will have family homesteads and families will be an integral part of the community entity.<span> </span>Members of the community know each other.<span> </span>The land will be held in commonwealth, not privately.<span> </span>Homes and moveable goods will be privately held.<span> </span>The common rules are observed voluntarily.<span> </span>There is no centralized authority.<span> </span>Leadership is functional, not authoritarian.<span> </span>The purpose of the community is to enable all its members “to live like genuinely civilized human beings.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The Functions of the Community<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Borsodi stated that there are seven functions that cannot be fulfilled by the individual alone; these are the functions of community.<span> </span>The functions of the community come under the category of Gregational problems of living.<span> </span>The norm is to rely on personal action to the extent possible, yet each community must fulfill seven gregational functions:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The police – defensive or martial – function.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The inspirational function<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The economic function<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The social function<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The recreational and recuperational function<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The public health function<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The affiliation function<o:p></o:p></div>
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In relation to these functions, Borsodi offered additional considerations as follows.<span> </span>These were introduced by three prime considerations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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First, “No function should be socially or governmentally implemented if it can be fulfilled equally well by private action.<span> </span>Social institutions do not take over the functions of the family but provide services the person cannot.<span> </span>Schools, thus, are not for teaching the basics of character development – it is the family.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Even in the best community, there is some anti-social or criminal behavior.<span> </span>The police function is local or, where appropriate, regional.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Second, “No gregational function should be implemented by compulsion – by recourse to government – if any voluntary institution can be established by which it might be fulfilled.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi addressed the inspirational function, which includes vision and stimulus for action.<span> </span>It requires courage.<span> </span>Inspiration is not the function of institutions and organizations but comes from the members meeting together.<span> </span>This function includes art, music, literature, festival, oration and community dialog in pursuit of the true, the good and the beautiful.<span> </span>Participation is voluntary.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Third, “No function is properly assigned to a larger population unit if it can possibly be fulfilled by a smaller one.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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There are functions within a community that must be dealt with by the community as a whole, its economy, for example.<span> </span>The first of these is that the land must be held in commonwealth with each family securing rights to use the land.<span> </span>Second are those arrangements that facilitate trade such as a monetary system, a pricing system and a market, labor and wage system, utilities and transportation.<span> </span>Again, these are all localized functions managed by the community.<span> </span>It is a third economy, neither capitalism nor communism.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The community is the foundation of human association with one another; through regular meetings and social affairs.<span> </span>The central hub of the community, or region (see image below), with parks and markets, library, the School, meeting rooms, auditoriums and gyms, theaters, markets, shops, etc.; is a space for meeting and association.<span> </span>Clubs, societies and associations organize events and festivals.<span> </span>The communal space, and surrounding countryside, offer recreation and recuperation not only of a personal but social nature.<span> </span>This includes sports, poolrooms, eating and drinking places, forests and lakes and trails.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Public health has a communal dimension.<span> </span>This includes community water and sewage disposal.<span> </span>It addresses outbreaks of infectious diseases and epidemics and provides medical and surgical facilities (perhaps regionally).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi defined affiliation as a sense of our common humanity world around.<span> </span>This affiliation is from the bottom up, not top-down.<span> </span>It is voluntary.<span> </span>Borsodi wrote, “ultimate sovereignty should always remain in the face-to-face local group” but collaboration and cooperation are tools for establishing the larger common interest.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Of course, the achievement of these three considerations rest upon the shoulders of the normal person and normal family.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Organization of the Community<o:p></o:p></h2>
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The town is a universal expression of human association and organization.<span> </span>In America the basic unit of population is the township.<span> </span>Borsodi quoted de Tocqueville (<i>Democracy In America</i>, 1835): “The village or township is the only association which is so perfectly natural that wherever a number of men are collected it seems to constitute itself.”<span> </span>The township is the “smallest division of community.”<span> </span>De Tocqueville found the New England town ideal.<span> </span>In them he found a passion for liberty.<span> </span>They govern to suit themselves, discords are infrequent, the conduct of local business easy, the people politically well educated, there is no distinction of rank, and cooperation in local affairs.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi noted that the tradition of the town or village has roots in England and has been influenced by German settlers.<span> </span>Both had a strong sense of a place well demarked from the rest of the world called a town or “mark” – a collection of people who occupied a place, with a strong sense of identity to both the land and its people.<span> </span>There is a strong sense of the occupants’ right to the land, land that has been held by families for centuries.<span> </span>When a family line comes to an end, the village assigns the land to another of its members.<span> </span>It is a place of such a scale so as people may live harmoniously.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi firmly stressed that the land must be held in trust, in commonwealth.<span> </span>Henry George advocated that.<span> </span>Frank Lloyd Wright, a student of George, did similarly in his concept of Broadacres City, and Borsodi had already provided leadership in land trust (and would continue to do so).<o:p></o:p></div>
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How big is a town?<span> </span>The German mark and English town/manor/parish ran between 900 and 3,000 acres and between a dozen to 60 families – or 300–500 individuals.<span> </span>These numbers evolved spontaneously and should be considered a product of nature.<span> </span>There are well-defined patterns in the organization of a traditional community.<span> </span>Borsodi also takes note of trading areas.<span> </span>Traditionally there were markets and in the American horse-and-buggy era, towns, and markets were located within an hour or two buggy/wagon ride – some five to eight miles per hour.<span> </span>Towns then tended to be 12-15 miles apart.<span> </span>Town markets were visited weekly or monthly.<span> </span>Borsodi called this travel zone a commutation area.<span> </span>The most distant point people travel constitutes a boundary around the community: “The land within this natural boundary constitutes the community’s actual area; the people living within it, the community’s true population.”<span> </span>Today, rural Walmarts are more like 25 miles apart.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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I have written about the ideal numbers of human association elsewhere. <span> </span>British anthropologist Robin Dunbar established the number of association comfortable to the human nervous system at around 150.<span> </span>That is about the size of traditional villages and tribal groups.<span> </span>By extension, with connections to neighboring villages, the span of association is about 800.<span> </span>The ancient Greeks considered 10,000 to be the limit of a functional polis.<span> </span>Jefferson proposed wards (counties) of 50,000 people.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The American census divides rural from urban at 2,500 people – the small town.<span> </span>Borsodi’s homesteading “colony” of 40 three generation families would run between 300 and 400.<span> </span>The drawing of an ideal community by Shirley Miles, below, has about 100 households, closer to 800–1,000 people (and I’m estimating that at about a half square mile).<span> </span>Regionally, they are closely connected like the squares of a checkerboard.<span> </span>Borsodi described a regional as something with a sufficient division of labor to provide services like a university, hospital, professional services, small manufacturing, etc. <span> </span>That would suggest a “township” of perhaps 150 to 250 square miles, depending on topography.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Cities are, of course, larger than towns, but the idea of a city has another important distinction.<span> </span>The town/community is a unity of center and outlaying region while the city has been separated from the region upon which it is depends for sustenance.<span> </span>The city is a parasite, exploiting its surrounds (now globally).<span> </span>Today, even a rural town can have a foodshed extending thousands of miles; it is no longer self-sufficient, no longer in any real sense a community.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi first discussed the essential functions of cities in <i>This Ugly Civilization</i> (1929).<span> </span>He observed that the city emerged as a spontaneous human institution.<span> </span>It must have served some purpose.<span> </span>Borsodi listed a number of these.<span> </span>First and foremost, it is a citadel, a refuge from attack.<span> </span>A temple was often found in the center of early cities.<span> </span>It serves as a marketplace.<span> </span>It hosts universities.<span> </span>It may become the capitol seat of a government.<span> </span>It is a terminal for transportation, for railroads, and/or a harbor.<span> </span>It has warehouses, factories, banks.<span> </span>It is the home of the headquarters of a variety of types of organizations.<span> </span>It attracts spectacles.<span> </span>Most ancient cities had only a few thousand, or a few tens of thousands of inhabitants.<span> </span>Today cities are huge – some in the tens of millions.<span> </span>As we go down the list, more today than in 1948, we find cities no longer support most of these functions.<span> </span>The economies that maintained these large cities are gone.<span> </span>The factories moved to distant places.<span> </span>Many places in the US are rustbelts, economically distressed and shrinking.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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In <i>Education and Living</i>, Borsodi considered that cities of around 25,000, none over 100,000, could provide all services not found in local communities and regions and draw its needs from the surrounding communities it serves.<span> </span>“The modern city must be reduced in size until it draws no more wealth – and no more population – from the region it serves than is necessary to fulfill the functions which alone justify its existence.<span> </span>Its normalization and humanization require decentralization.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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A city, as defined by Borsodi, represents a region.<span> </span>A region is a collection of communities freely associating across a geographic area to share resources.<span> </span>Scottish pioneer town planner, Patrick Geddes, described regions in detail.<span> </span>Like Borsodi, he found them a potentially organic entity.<span> </span>Borsodi asserted that a region is not merely a vague abstract like society.<span> </span>He distinguished it from “the tragic absurdity of the concept of nation.”<span> </span>Borsodi believed that nations are a cause of social disorder. They divide humanity into warring factions and require coercive power.<span> </span>In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson proposed that we have the right to abolish or reorganize a nation that does not fulfill its function of the pursuit of life, liberty and happiness – or, in short, does not support normal living.<span> </span>Borsodi goes to some length describing the failings of collective power.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Composition of the Community<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Membership applies to “those individuals in a community who have accepted responsibility for all of the community’s vital activities.”<span> </span>Membership, further, is composed of “families which both live there and have a permanent stake in the community’s commonwealth – which have not only made their homes in the community but also own a homestead in it.”<span> </span>Homesteading families must be a determining majority for a community to flourish.<span> </span>Those who are not members of family homesteads are not, thus, considered members of the community.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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There must be a degree of homogeneity in a community – a common language, shared values, and a sense of collective identity.<span> </span>This does not mean ant-like conformity but rather a foundation of common interest.<span> </span>In a normal community, each individual is self-determining.<span> </span>It does not require racial uniformity.<span> </span>It does not require ideological or dogmatic uniformity.<span> </span>On the contrary, diversity is necessary for a resilient ecosystem.<span> </span>Bottom line, it requires a common commitment to the wellbeing of the community.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Every community must judge the qualification of its members.<span> </span>This includes recruitment of new members as well as maintenance.<span> </span>A community is not a mere aggregation but an organization of people living self-sufficiently on the land--homesteading families.<span> </span>Each adult member of these families has a vote in community affairs.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A community requires leadership:<span> </span>“No community can be normal; none can be as desirable a place in which to live as it might and should be, unless it contains a class of individuals notable for their vision and aspirations, and a class tough-minded enough to realize dreams and to make actualities out of their own and the community’s ambitions.”<span> </span>A community must have a plan.<span> </span>It must include a range of occupations; a doctor, a dentist and a representative of other professions, of craftspeople and shopkeepers who provide the daily necessities.<span> </span>It must meet the artistic and spiritual needs of its members as well as the material needs – “poets, musicians, dancers, dramatists, painters, sculptors and architects.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Management of the Community<o:p></o:p></h1>
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There are two distinct levels of management:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Management of the community as a whole: “The leadership and harmonization of all the group and public activities of the people of a community,” and<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Management of the community’s institutions, such as health and public safety, schools, businesses and farmers’ organization, social clubs, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Management is perhaps not the right word, as it is not about control.<span> </span>Leadership is a better term but in the sense of influence rather than directing.<span> </span>Borsodi described leadership styles:<span> </span>Military, clerical, business, government and education.<span> </span>He found only education as the appropriate leadership style for the community:<span> </span>“The norm is:<span> </span>the community’s leading institution should be a school, (a School of Living in small, local communities; a University in all regional centers); its leaders, the community’s real elite (its teachers in the inclusive sense in which I define them in the first part of this work); the method of leadership by this educated minority, persuasion.”<span> </span>Educational leadership exemplifies the ideals of the community.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The areas requiring management include:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Businesses, owned by individuals, not distant corporations, that work collaboratively rather than competitively <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Social services, non-profit enterprises, owned and operated by community members.<span> </span>This includes the School.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Government; the coordination of social services, roads, utilities, and such.<span> </span>This involves some form of revenue (taxes or donations) to support these services.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Finance (banking); again, locally owned institutions<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Land tenure<o:p></o:p></div>
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Institutions of the Community<o:p></o:p></h1>
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A community must include <i>all</i> of the institutions needed to fulfill its functions:<span> </span>“By institutions I mean in almost every instance a combination of five things: (I) ideas about something which needs doing; (II) tangible things and natural resources which can be used to implement the ideas – land, buildings, machinery, tools, livestock, supplies, commodities, stocks of merchandise; (III) techniques for using the equipment and producing and distributing the goods, or furnishing the services, for which the idea calls; (IV) technically and professionally trained personnel; and (V) organizations which plan, finance, own and operate community institutions.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi gives special emphasis to schools. “Every community must have a full complement of schools; without schools for dealing with both adult and juvenile problems, a community is obviously incapable of fulfilling its inspiration functions.”<span> </span>There must be a substantial number of well-educated people in the community.<span> </span>Books and journals are useful, but a school is essential.<span> </span>It is the responsibility of families to form and support the School.<span> </span>It is they who run the school, not some government agency.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Following is a summary of Borsodi’s descriptions of these institutions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span>Inspirational Institutions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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School of Living – a university in extension; led by a full-time, professionally trained Dean and a panel of specialists or experienced masters in each profession and craft; sponsored by a Fellowship of men and women concerned with the normalization of living. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Common Schools, (preferably one in each neighborhood), and a high school, (preferably a folk school); staffed with professional teachers; managed by the faculty; sponsored by a local membership association. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Vocational Schools; preferably sponsored by organizations composed of men and women in the various vocations for which the young are preparing themselves. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Library and Museum; an institution preservative of all the arts and sciences. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Auditorium, with halls for lectures, meetings and conferences, and facilities for drama, concerts, dancing, broadcasting, etc. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Churches; priests, pastors, rabbis; congregations. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Newspapers; preferably more than one so as to give expression to more than one interpretation of events.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Literary, musical, dramatic, historic, scientific societies, etc., each of which would sponsor community activities in its own field.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Art Commission; (planning, zoning, appearance of both public and other structures, monuments, roads, parks, etc.).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">II.<span> </span>Governmental Institutions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Town Hall; town meeting; public officials; police force; court, lawyers, and laws and ordinances. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Jail; preferably a mere house of detention.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Armory; militia.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fire Department; preferably a volunteer fire company.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Highway Department; paved roads, sidewalks in town center.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sanitation Department; garbage and sewage disposal system, preferably using a compost "factory" for waste disposal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">III.<span> </span>Social Institutions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Hotels; motor courts-rest houses for visitors and travelers.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Restaurants; bars, ice cream parlors, road houses.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Social Clubs; luncheon clubs, country clubs, fraternal lodges, women's, young women's, children's, men's, young men's organizations. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Public Comfort Stations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">IV.<span> </span>Economic Institutions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<b>Enterprises preferably implemented competitively:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Factories, preferably for the finishing of the raw materials which are produced in the community on its farms and in its forests, mines and quarries, fisheries-creameries, canneries, abattoirs, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Handcrafts; contractors and builders; carpentry and other wood· working shops; machine shops, smithies, and other metal-working shops; tailors, weavers, upholsterers, decorators; bakers, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Retail Stores.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Enterprises preferably implemented cooperatively:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Land; business sites; home sites, (preferably subsistence homesteads for those mainly employed in business, industry and the professions) ; farm sites, (preferably family-sized); grazing sites, (preferably cooperatively managed); forest sites, for soil and water conservation, timber, fuel; park, camp, playground sites; mine and quarry sites; river, lake, ocean, harbor sites. <span> </span>The allocation, use and conservation of the community's land and natural resources might he assigned to a land authority and planning board which would fulfill functions now left to land-owners and speculators, real estate dealers, sub-dividers, boards of assessors, zoning boards, forestry departments, conservation departments, irrigation districts, and specifically in certain areas to the U. S. Reclamation Service, the Tennessee Valley Authority, Port of New York Authority, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Banks; commercial, building and loan, consumer credit unions, depositors' checking, savings, bank-of-issue, (money).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Public Utilities; water supply, (for the town center only); gas; electricity, street cars, bus lines.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Post Office, telephone, telegraph, cable, radio companies.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Depots; railroad station, bus terminal, airport, harbor-wharfs, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Produce and Farmers' Market-both wholesale and retail.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fair Grounds; sheds, stables, tracks, etc., with seasonal fairs and regular market days sponsored by farmers' associations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Public Storage; elevators, locker plants, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Insurance; life, fire, health, accident, liability, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Guilds; trade and manufacturers' associations; labor unions; farmers' associations, professional associations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Arbitration Association.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Community Chest; for supporting charities and welfare agencies.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">V.<span> </span>Recreational Institutions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Theatres and Concert Halls; theatrical companies, movies; "little theatres," amateur theatricals; operatic companies; orchestral, band, choral concerts; sponsored by drama and musical associations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Play grounds; camp sites, picnic grounds; swimming, skating, boating, wading facilities; athletic fields, tennis courts, baseball grounds, golf courses, coasting, skiing and toboggan slides; parks, band stands, outdoor auditorium and theatre.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Festivals and Holidays; pageants, processions, fairs, folk dancing, folk singing.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Retreats; mountain, forest, seashore.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">VI.<span> </span>Health Institutions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Health Center; health examination board; ante-natal, post-natal, birth control, sex instruction, marriage advisory, mothers', infant-welfare clinics; nursery school; immunization clinic, quarantine board; sanitation and hygienic inspection service; sponsored by a public health administration.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hospital; rehabilitation clinic and service; trained nurses, mid-wives, physicians, dentists, oculists, etc., sponsored by local medical and hospital association. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Sanitariums; neurotic; tubercular, etc.: delinquent; degenerate, perverted, dependent, and poor.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Asylums; orphaned, old, feeble-minded, insane, crippled, blind, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Cemeteries; mortuaries; crematoriums.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">VII.<span> </span>Affiliation Institutions<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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Memberships in Clearing Houses and Central Banks by the community's banks, credit unions, building and loan associations, etc.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Memberships in Organized Central Markets by local elevators, cotton warehouses, cooperatives, brokers, etc., dealing in produce, grain, petroleum, coal, timber and other commodities.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Delegates from local fraternities, trade and professional associations, unions, political parties, etc., to state and national conventions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Legislative Representatives; councilmen, county board members, assemblymen or legislators; congressmen and senators.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Family vs. Institution<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Again, it must be made clear that Borsodi preferred the family as the foundation of a community.<span> </span>The list above is classically Borsodi; he tried to capture everything.<span> </span>These institutions, however, should be organized only where community members think they provide something their families cannot.<span> </span>This is covered more fully below.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Part IV:<span> </span>Re-Education<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Re-education is about the normalization of humankind, “of first determining the proper ends and purposes to which human beings should devote their lives; secondly of instilling in them the desire to devote their lives to this newly defined objective; thirdly of supplying them with knowledge of how it is possible to achieve it, and finally of leading them to act in accordance with it.”<span> </span>Individuals and families can be taught to solve their own problems and exercise initiative.<span> </span>It is adult education, about adult problems.<span> </span>It draws on the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of humankind.<span> </span>It is integral (and not specialized).<span> </span>Since we have been mis-educated, it is about re-education.<span> </span>It is about right-education.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Adult education is not delayed education.<span> </span>“True adult education must consist of a comprehensive program which aims to furnishing the responsible adult an adequate basis for (I) choosing among alternative ideologies those which are valid postulates of action; for (II) choosing the specific social, political and economic institutions which need to be established, reformed or abolished in order to implement ideas calling for group and public action; for (III) choosing means of implementing ideas which call for personal action; and for (IV) choosing leaders who are educators rather than power-seekers.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Above all, adult education is about personality and character-building.<span> </span>It motivates as well as informs.<span> </span>It is about “cultivation of the Holy Earth, to the organization of normal families and the creation of normal communities.”<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Schools of Living:<span> </span>The Organization of Re-Education<o:p></o:p></h2>
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The School of Living is a new type of university intended to establish in every community a graduate school for adults, which would be “the central and most influential institution in each of the communities of the nation.”<span> </span>It educates parents to bring up their own children to normal living and produces an educated minority—teachers – to guide the community. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Sinclair Lewis’ <i>Mainstreet</i> depicted small towns starved for fellowship, lacking in spirt, without vision or plan, populated by two-legged animals infected with materialistic barbarism.<span> </span>The School of Living and the normal community restore these essentials. <span> </span>Small communities can be normalized.<span> </span>We must learn how to attract the attention of people in the community.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Human beings are endowed with imagination, memory, understanding. “They dream dreams and try to realize them.”<span> </span>The School of Living is an institution to help each achieve their highest aspirations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A School of Living is a fellowship united by a great idea about life here and now, which is “simply the teaching of normal living; the method of realizing it.”<span> </span>This takes commitment, a vision of a better world, a decision to prepare, to learn from the accumulated wisdom of humankind, to solve the problems of living.<span> </span>The method is organized informal education.<span> </span>It doesn’t happen in a classroom; it is for active people.<span> </span>It should involve festival.<span> </span>It’s not about fear, sex, vanity and greed but “truth well-told.”<span> </span>It is not zeal or bigotry but human and proportion.<span> </span><i>Get their interest.<span> </span>Create a desire to live like normal human beings by moving people to action.<b><o:p></o:p></b></i></div>
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It can start with a study group, affiliated with a “mother” School, for analyzing the 13 major problems of living and exploring the alternative solutions of each of them.<span> </span>The group raises funds to employ a trained leader (Deans in Schools of Living) “who devote themselves, apart from whatever time they spend in homesteading and housekeeping, primarily to the work of building and equipping the School, enlarging its membership, and completing its panel, so that the School might begin the work of normalizing their community.”<span> </span>The School should be financially independent.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The School can finish basic studies, confer degrees of bachelor of living, master of living and doctor of living.<span> </span>It has a research library organized according to the major problems, and ideally it would employ a research librarian.<span> </span>It should have an extension relationship to a regional university (see Melbourne below).<span> </span>It should have its own impressive building, at the very center of the community, with meeting rooms, seminar rooms, office, library.<span> </span>A list of subject expertise to draw on includes:<o:p></o:p></div>
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The School should maintain a perpetual survey of people and land use in the community from which is drawn the community plan (as in Shirly Mile’s drawings).<span> </span>The plan should extend to 100 years into the future. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The School provides three activities: “Instructional, which deals with the present; festal and commemorative which has its roots in the past; and inspiration, which looks to the future.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Challenge to the Teachers of Mankind.<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Borsodi cited Robert M. Hutchins of the University of Chicago: “The crusade to which we are called …. is nothing less than to procure a moral, intellectual and spiritual revolution throughout the world.<span> </span>The whole scale of values by which our society lives must be reversed.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Borsodi, as noted, advocated leadership.<span> </span>He described six types of leaders:<span> </span>Religious, military, hereditary, business and, of greatest importance, educational, and he gave a long list of educational leaders from ancient to modern times.<span> </span>These are unofficial leaders who have no power or authority.<span> </span>They work by persuasion and influence, by learning and reason; they need no school or classroom; they are members of their community.<span> </span>They “must individually bear some share of the responsibility for the state of mankind.”<span> </span>They must equip themselves to lead.<span> </span>The job is to build a new world, a new culture.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The School of Living Community<o:p></o:p></h2>
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Borsodi asked Shirley Miles<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="color: #954f72; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a> to draw a diagram of a community equipped with all of the essential institutions. <span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 174pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 149.85pt; margin-top: 5.6pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 317.65pt; z-index: 251659264;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:////Users/williamh.sharp/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image002.jpg"><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape>Miles provided a bird’s-eye view of a community as envisioned by Borsodi.<span> </span>Since we no longer have the institutions around which a successful community can be formed, the School of Living is the center of the homesteading community.<span> </span>Not a courthouse, not a church, but a school.<span> </span>This is not a school in any way like those then or today; and we’ve gone a long way downhill since.<span> </span>The School of Living is an institute, a locally managed learning program that seeks to bring out the best of our humanity, to promote strong families and communities.<span> </span>Borsodi was, of course, not alone in this hope.<span> </span>It has always been the foundation of what we call the American way of life, a free, democratic society of self-reliant people who govern their own affairs at a local level.<span> </span>A large literature on this issue was published during his lifetime (relatively little of late).<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwdjncPFdByx-8Xsr8lRVS5gXSQwdXTrWHkGx_21RAfgER-jRPg4Mpi8d-1p1GgL3ojpA08eQe6hgpOlc6ZKdvQrNXw6X80Ka6EllyC5uRAhYJ2vQ_AhNrk39ka6Ls8QYjQWilnNDOu4Xp/s1990/School+of+Living.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1990" data-original-width="1382" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwdjncPFdByx-8Xsr8lRVS5gXSQwdXTrWHkGx_21RAfgER-jRPg4Mpi8d-1p1GgL3ojpA08eQe6hgpOlc6ZKdvQrNXw6X80Ka6EllyC5uRAhYJ2vQ_AhNrk39ka6Ls8QYjQWilnNDOu4Xp/s640/School+of+Living.png" /></a></div><o:p></o:p></div>
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Community was intended to be a major outcome of the School of Living.<span> </span>The School of Living would give organizational structure to a community of homesteaders.<span> </span>The School as depicted, is at the very center of the community.<span> </span>Miles listed a number of other features of the homesteading community drawn from her own small-town experience, mostly located in the community square surrounding the School</div></div><div class="WordSection2"><ul>
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Description automatically generated" id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 141.1pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 210.65pt; margin-top: 9.35pt; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 253.3pt; z-index: 251663360;" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata o:title="A close up of a map
Description automatically generated" src="file:////Users/williamh.sharp/Library/Group%20Containers/UBF8T346G9.Office/TemporaryItems/msohtmlclip/clip_image003.jpg"><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape>Miles also provided this drawing of a cluster of communities. The one in the center has the school and houses community activities. The total population represented by this image would be less than 3,000 people. There is still only one School. While seemingly dense, although still probably less than one person per acre, it would allow the relocation of large populations away from cities. At worse, it is far better than suburban living.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgGCUtnU8fUS60fI4E68hre8XrYoOQLByrVPReuITJAVjFWwARsl5qIkY_c42WPe-L7cKEBC2mL4FNMBXo_hZJr4IOuCLmA_kS0IkLOlslxHMW2TWEi2x-oTbiaGeo2GpBN_1sdNn3MVOy/s1328/School+of+Living+Region.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="878" data-original-width="1328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgGCUtnU8fUS60fI4E68hre8XrYoOQLByrVPReuITJAVjFWwARsl5qIkY_c42WPe-L7cKEBC2mL4FNMBXo_hZJr4IOuCLmA_kS0IkLOlslxHMW2TWEi2x-oTbiaGeo2GpBN_1sdNn3MVOy/s640/School+of+Living+Region.png" width="640" /></a></div><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> His deck of cards eventually became some 8,000 statements. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Abraham Maslow, founder of humanistic and transpersonal psychology, Mildred footnoted, commended Borsodi’s ideas and included references in his work.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8pt;"> Education and Living pdf: </span><a href="https://www.schoolofliving.org/borsodi"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">https://www.schoolofliving.org/borsodi</span></a><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> This is a theme amplified in the work of Borsodi’s contemporary Alfred Korzybski: <a href="http://korzybskiinstitute.blogspot.com/">http://korzybskiinstitute.blogspot.com</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> I can think of no better mission statement for the School of Living.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> General systems theory was developed in the 1950s (and Borsodi was a precursor of this framework) to address the problem of the fragmentation of knowledge and especially of academic and professional specialization.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> Borsodi was a pioneer, along with his friends Aldous Huxley and Abraham Maslow, and with contemporary Alfred Korzybski, in the use of the term “human potentialities.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://C16D7160-A2CC-4DEE-87B0-D377C35D360D#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a> Shirley Miles was a member of Liberty Homestead at Dayton and founder of Melbourne Village. She was, as the caption indicates, then homesteading in Ohio<o:p></o:p></div>
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Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-80169752674256767132019-01-01T08:08:00.001-08:002019-01-01T08:08:48.625-08:00Borsodi-Loomis Legacy Articles<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
Bill Sharp © 1/1/19<o:p></o:p></div>
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Over the last several years I have published a series of articles exploring the Legacy<a href="applewebdata://5A341A79-F7B8-4F95-A142-64EDA514941C#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>of Ralph Borsodi (founder) and Mildred Loomis (co-founder) of the School of Living.<span> </span>These appeared in the School of Living <i>Green Revolution</i>(Edited by Bob Flatley).<span> </span>Following is a list of these articles with links<a href="applewebdata://5A341A79-F7B8-4F95-A142-64EDA514941C#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</div>
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Please be advised I consider these articles copyrighted under my name but available with appropriate citation, please. <span> </span></div>
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The work began with Mildred’s biography of her long-time friend and colleague:<span> </span><i>Ralph Borsodi:<span> </span>Reshaping Modern Culture</i>. <span> </span>Biographical material about Borsodi is rare and sources often contain errors and contradictions.<span> </span>I don’t think Borsodi planned to make his personal correspondence and papers public. <span> </span>He was always reticent about his private life.<span> </span>Mildred did have and made an effort to preserve the records of the School of Living as well as her own records but following her death in 1986 correspondence, documents, photos and other material were mostly lost and the Borsodi Memorial Library Mildred had established was dispersed.<span> </span></div>
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Because of other closely related interest over the years before I learned about him, I found Borsodi’s ideas intriguing.<span> </span>Reading his biography, however, left a lot of unanswered questions.<span> </span>I conducted web research, bought copies of Borsodi’s books (out of print, rare and rather expensive – but now digitalized and free to access or download) and reviewed the Borsodi archive at the University of New Hampshire.<span> </span>In 2016 recovered newsletters and a handful of other documents filled some gaps and gave me additional insight into the history of the School of Living. <span> </span>I believe we now have enough to understand the core values and practices of the Legacy.</div>
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A review of Borsodi’s life and works are in the first three articles.<span> </span>They contain a review of all of his writings.<span> </span>Article 4 considers what a New School of Living founded on these core values and principles would look like.<span> </span>I wrote that article after visiting the Borsodi homestead and the original School of Living building and community near Suffern, New York.<span> </span>Article 5 addressed the foundational principle of the Legacy, which is decentralism – forming small, human-scaled communities that are free of centralized government, economics or other institutional controls. </div>
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After a period of reflection and conversation, Article 6 returned to the idea of reviving the Legacy.<span> </span>I must thank GR editor Bob Flatley for encouraging that article (actually for the entire series).</div>
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The next four articles are about the collaboration between Mildred and Borsodi.<span> </span>I built this series on the theme of decentralism (Article number 5, above, can be considered part of this series).<span> </span>Of greater importance, however, I tried to see the School of Living from Mildred’s perspective, rather than my own, in these three articles<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div>
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The tenth article in this series is my attempt to put decentralism into a modern perspective.<span> </span>“Decentralism is a rarely used and little understood concept but the philosophical content remains highly relevant under any name. From the beginning I have worked with both the School of Living Legacy and Transition Towns (established 2006).<span> </span>Transition Towns is founded on the principle of “localization” which can be considered a synonym of decentralization. </div>
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In 2016, we received several boxes of material from the estate of a former School of Living trustee.<span> </span>A good part of this material consisted of old issues of publications edited by Mildred Loomis beginning in 1945.<span> </span>Among boxes of more of less routine correspondence and other research, I was able to find bits and pieces of information that helped construct a more detailed description of Mildred’s stewardship of the School of Living from 1945 – when the School of Living was moved to her homestead in Ohio – to her death in 1986<a href="applewebdata://5A341A79-F7B8-4F95-A142-64EDA514941C#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div>
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I should note that the title “Grandmother of the Counterculture” was bestowed on Mildred by the editor of the <i>Mother Earth News</i>.<span> </span>As I studied the material from the Counterculture era, roughly late 1960s and lingering through the 1970s, I found that both Mildred and Borsodi were troubled by the free living and escapist attitude of the Hippie youth.<span> </span>It had nothing to do with a “generation gap.”<span> </span>This was a result of a profound difference in fundamental values that transcends generational differences.<span> </span>The last article, drawn mostly from Mildred’s own words, gives some insight into the demise of the Legacy following her death.<span> </span>I will leave it to the reader to draw their own conclusions after reading this material.</div>
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I should note that after the death of Mildred’s husband, she moved to the new School of Living center in Maryland.<span> </span>She had worked for several years to establish this community.<span> </span>By and large it didn’t fulfill her vision and she moved to Deep Run Farm near York, Pennsylvania, where she spent the last years of her life trying to preserve the Legacy she and Borsodi had sought to leave.</div>
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This series was completed in the third, and next to last, issue of <i>Green Revolution</i><a href="applewebdata://5A341A79-F7B8-4F95-A142-64EDA514941C#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span> </span>Mildred chose that title for the School of Living newsletter in 1963.<span> </span>So in another sense, the Legacy closes.<span> </span>The articles provide insight into what she had hoped to achieve.<span> </span>I consider it something of both a privilege and an irony to have completed the history of the <i>Green Revolution</i>as that publication came to an end.<span> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div>
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With 2019 the title of the School of Living Newsletter is <i>School of Living News.</i><span> </span>On balance, I believe the name change was the right thing for them to do.<span> </span>The School of Living newsletter has had at least six names over the year, each consistent with the expression of its mission at the time.<span> </span>A redefinition of the mission of the current School of Living board is long overdue.<span> </span>This change of name, and dropping the core concept of decentralization, integral education and human potentiality, may be of benefit to them as they search for their mission.</div>
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There was one more issue of the <i>Green Revolution</i>to come, Winter 2018, and I was asked for one more article.<span> </span>This last article described the current status of the twin streams of my work that started together in 2010:<span> </span>The Borsodi-Loomis Legacy and Transition Towns.<span> </span></div>
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Resilient Communities takes the “bar” of the Borsodi-Loomis Legacy and Transition Towns up a notch or two.<span> </span>The Legacy started during the Great Depression, a horrendous economic collapse, followed by World War II.<span> </span>Resilient Community brings us into the twenty-first century era of global economic and political instability, continued rising population, rapid depletion of nonrenewable resource and climate change.<span> </span>It promotes a model for local communities that are secure enough to weather the worst.<span> </span>It is about achieving self-sufficiency and self-determination.<span> </span>Rather than intentional communities, it is at the level of existing, highly diversified towns and urban neighborhoods. <span> </span>My interest in Borsodi and Loomis is that they established principles and practices that I believe are even more relevant today than they were then.</div>
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In October 2018 I published a book that focused on education and personal development related to building leadership capacity for Resilient Communities.<span> </span>This is a core value of the original Borsodi and Loomis Legacy.<span> </span>The book is <i>Self-Reliance:<span> </span>Achieving Personal Resiliency and Independence</i>, William Sharp, on <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07J1Q84RZ/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1538681689&sr=1-6&keywords=sharp+self-reliance" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">Kindle</a></span>.</div>
<div class="Bill" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: black; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0in 0in 6pt; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0.5in; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
More information can be found at <span class="MsoHyperlink" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.transitioncentre.org/" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;">www.transitioncentre.org</a></span>.<span> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn1">
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<a href="applewebdata://5A341A79-F7B8-4F95-A142-64EDA514941C#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a>I use a capital “L” to signify a proper name for this work, short for The Borsodi-Loomis Legacy. It is that Legacy and the wisdom it embodies that I wish to restore for use by others seeking an alternative to this problematic society as did Borsodi, Loomis and friends.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="applewebdata://5A341A79-F7B8-4F95-A142-64EDA514941C#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a>It is my intent to write a book about the Borsodi-Loomis Legacy.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn3">
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<a href="applewebdata://5A341A79-F7B8-4F95-A142-64EDA514941C#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a>These are also being digitalized for use by future scholars and interested people.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn4">
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<a href="applewebdata://5A341A79-F7B8-4F95-A142-64EDA514941C#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a>Beginning January 2019 the newsletter title is <i>School of Living News</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3951928925514304552.post-24060790489285254642016-01-12T11:14:00.000-08:002016-01-12T11:14:29.630-08:00Elbert Hubbard: Master Craftsman<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;">
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Elbert Hubbard was to the Arts and Crafts Movement in
America what William Morris was in England, and I think much more:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>he democratized the movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard created a small arts and crafts
industry in East Aurora, New York that did much to define the movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His theme was that art was the product of
design and the designer and artist are one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His products can be defined by two qualities:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beauty and Utility.<o:p></o:p></div>
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What is the relevance of Hubbard and his work to the School
of Living?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It lies in the idea of small
manufacturing and shop work, hand craftsmanship and a commitment to an ideal of
quality that defines our humanity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
products are not only art but also practical goods for everyday living; the
production of which both serves the needs of the community and gives it a
stronger economic base.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard was also
one of the leading idealists of his age promoting equality, good jobs, honorable
labor in gardens, on farms and in the workshop, and a warm and humorous
personality that embraced the beggar and the icons of American industry with a
smile, a handshake and a good story.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hubbard was a successful businessman (as was Ralph Borsodi) but
an iconoclast who published a journal aptly named <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Philistine</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had the quality of being liked by almost
every class, except the narrow-minded, dogmatic, superstitious clan that
characterized the American underbelly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He was a close student of Emerson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Little Journeys</i> took him,
in imagination, into the households, and souls, of hundreds of people, through
all history, whose ideas and ideals had a positive influence on the course of
human affairs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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In an introduction to his life (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Notebook of Elbert Hubbard</i>) we find a list these qualities,
penned by his wife Alice, that she thought defined his life:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->He is an idealist, dreamer, orator, scientist; a
businessman and a philosopher.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->He is like Jefferson in his democracy, in
teaching a nation to love to govern itself and to simplify living.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->He knows that freedom to think and act, without
withholding the right from any other, evolves humanity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->He is like Lincoln in that he would free all
mankind … there can be no free man on the earth so long as there is one slave.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->His work is to emancipate American men and women
from being slaves to useless customs, outgrown mental habits, outgrown
religion, outgrown laws, outgrown superstition.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->He sees, too, that just so long as there is one
woman (and this is before woman could vote) who is denied any right that man
claims for himself, there is no free man.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->He is like Emerson in seizing upon truth,
embalmed and laid in pyramids of disuse.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Economic freedom is the first necessity in human
happiness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He knows too, that food,
shelter, clothing, fuel, are not enough to fill man’s needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Man has a soul to be fed and evolved as
well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Love, beauty, music art, are
necessities, too.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Elbert Hubbard was born (1856) in the age of the horse and
buggy and oil lamp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a country boy
who became a highly successful businessman, a career he gave up to pursue his
deep sense of humanity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Hubbard started work as a soap salesman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He became a market leader.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He gave up this career, which would have made
him a very rich man, in favor of one in literature and the arts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard established one of the premier arts
and crafts businesses in America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He made
his mark as a social critic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
satirical and flamboyant style commanded American literature for two
decades.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the quintessential
American self-made man and his life story is largely a self-constructed legend.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He witnessed the US become one of the dominate industrial
powers on Earth – electric lights, the automobile, the airplane – and died on a
personal mission to Europe in pursuit of an understanding of and sense of
resolution to the conflict of World War I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He and his wife were lost at sea when a German U-boat torpedoed the Lusitania
(1915).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Elbert Hubbard’s life was a legend, his legacy profound but
like too many of the great souls of our tradition he is becoming a forgotten
man.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think this life is a story worth
telling.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
Biography<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard was born near Bloomington, Indiana, a small, frontier
prairie town.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father was a country
physician.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like most country doctors he
was well respected but poor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When he
collected a fee for his service it was often in kind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a close and loving family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Hubbard was a free thinker.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were plenty of books in the house and
Bert became an avid reader at a young age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He had a “hungry mind.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also had
an intense love of nature.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Young Bert grew up like other small-town Midwesterners of the
day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He went to school and church.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was nine years old when the American Civil
War ended.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the summers he worked as a
farm hand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had an extraordinary love
of horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was well liked but early
on displayed streaks of both stubbornness and tenacity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His first venture into salesmanship, at age
14, failed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Then an uncle invited him to
sell soap<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
door to door.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bert was very good at
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He loved the work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He loved mingling with people of all sorts.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
The uncle had married the sister of one John Larkin and went into
the soap business with him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both the
marriage and the business partnership broke up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>John Larkin married Bert’s sister.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When Larkin moved to Buffalo, New York, to set up a new soap business
that became a market giant, he invited Bert to join him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was offered a one-third partnership and
was to direct marketing and sales.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
was the era of massive commercial expansion in America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The industrial age was in full swing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Factories were springing up all over to
produce consumer goods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salesmen were on
the move from house to house, town to town.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sears and Montgomery-Wards were selling goods by catalog.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Railroads were carrying freight to within
reach of every farm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Larkin Company
begin to make a fortune<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
and Elbert Hubbard was making his mark as one of the countries most innovative
marketers<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard had, early in life, been drawn to Benjamin Franklin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Franklin was self-educated, a very successful
self-made businessman, a printer, a philosopher, a distinguished scientist and
man of influence’ who dedicated, and staked, his life on the creation of a free
and democratic society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard also
discovered Whitman, the poet of Democracy; he was deeply attracted to the works
of Emerson and he was also drawn to a then famous, or infamous, free-thinker,
Robert Ingersol<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From them he adopted the watchwords of:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Initiative, thrift, efficiency,
self-reliance, patience, courage, industry and good cheer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He knew that success came from hard work,
dedication to an ideal and a drive to rise above the ordinary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h1>
A New Career<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard, like Borsodi later, bought a home outside the city, in the
village of East Aurora, on the rail line, east of Buffalo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wanted a place to keep his horses and
where he could roam the countryside.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
decided to drop the pursuit of wealth for a life in literature and sold his
interest in Larkin for $75,000<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Considering that Larkin and other officers of
the company were moving into the multi-millionaire class, this might seem
foolish but it also makes clear that Hubbard, despite his talent in business,
was drawn to the beat of a different drum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He had a deep, personal yearning to satisfy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was 36 and not about to retire.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
To develop his writing skills Hubbard got himself admitted to
Harvard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He didn’t stay long; formal
schooling just wasn’t his style.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From
Harvard, however, it was only a short ride to Concord, to the home of Emerson
and Thoreau’s Walden and Hubbard spent much time in deep study there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1894 he went to England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Very much like Emerson a lifetime earlier, he
had a list of places and people to visit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He took long walking tours of the England and Scotland to visit the
homes of literary greats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He met John Ruskin
and William Morris (see below) and came away from Morris with a vision.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was impressed by Morris’ craft enterprises
and that Morris had created a literary style that influenced millions of people
and creating a sizable market for both quality goods and social innovation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard returned to East Aurora with a dream of writing novels
and of publishing fine books.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also
had the idea for a series of essays called “Little Journeys.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In these he would, each month for two
decades, report on an imaginary visits to the home of an esteemed person.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A number of those homes he had indeed
visited.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That the owner was long dead
did not discourage Hubbard from having an imaginary conversation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These stories are a suburb collection of
literature that combines the real with the imaginative and sets forth the
workings of the mind of Elbert Hubbard and gives him scope to weave his social
philosophy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Settling in back home he sought a publisher for his first literary
effort, a novel, but, inspired by Morris, he also set up his own shop to print
fine, leather-bound books.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first of
these books was of Solomon’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Song of
Songs</i>, an edition of 600 copies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
quickly sold out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike Morris,
Hubbard’s market was the middle class.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He would make it his business to supply quality goods and social insight
to this up and coming segment of America society.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
To promote sales, and to publish his social criticism, Hubbard
produced a little magazine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was in
fact small in size; only 4 ½ by 6 inches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was 32 pages printed on fine paper in a stylish type and bound in
butcher paper:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“because there was meat
inside,” Hubbard quipped.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was one of
a genre of some 1,100 such journals, that had small (the other part of “small”)
lists of subscribers, in print in the US at the time, and possibly by far the
most successful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He called the journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Philistine</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The subtitle was:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“A
Journal of Protest.”</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The style was
satirical.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He found his stride, like
Ingersol, as an iconoclast. While shattering the idols of outdated America
myth, he promoted Emerson’s self-reliance. The first edition came out in 1895.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He printed 2,500 copies of the first issue of
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Philistine</i> and they sold
out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Subscriptions poured in and this
delightful little journal started a profitable 20-year career to the end of
Hubbard’s life<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard started his printing business by buying out an old-style
printing shop and set it up in the barn next to his house.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He found a printer who understood period
styles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Step by step he developed the art
and craft of making fine but affordable books.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Type was hand set, much as Franklin had done the job, the books were
hand printed on quality paper, hand illustrated and hand bound in soft leather.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard advertised and sold them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He adopted the name Roycroft, which meant
“king’s craftsmen,” for his growing enterprise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He built the first Roycroft workshop<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> in
1898, from which would appear a growing array of handcrafted products including
mission style furniture, hammered copper bookends, bowls and desk sets, lamps and
candlesticks and above all, fine books.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hubbard steadily expanded his business.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
An important turning point for Hubbard occurred during the war
with Spain, in 1899.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wrote a 1,500
word essay, inspired by a comment from his young son Elbert, Jr., for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Philistine</i>, “A Message to
Garcia.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was about a messenger named
Rowan who was given the task of delivering a message from President McKinley to
a leader of the Cuban resistance, General Garcia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rowan set out at great personal risk, no
questions asked, to complete his mission to help free Cuba from European
tyranny.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The moral of the story was the
then popular American myth of just getting the job done.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard wrote a classical summary of the
story:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“In all this Cuban business there
is one man stands out on the horizon like Mars at Perihelion<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard was immediately deluged with request
for reprints.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Batches of reprints were
run off 100,000 at a time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two hundred
magazines and newspapers reprinted the essay.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hubbard instantly became an American celebrity and was in great demand
as a speaker.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
The Roycroft enterprise flourished.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It soon had 200 employees and that number
would grow to 500 by the time of Hubbard’s death sixteen years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He built an inn<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
to receive a rising tide of visitors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh6AyKJQ6TpvLU1xp0EnNrhpqUNLk5o6xeYNXvdFY71r8AUQH8zQ_g3qi0OuK5xDzJBHvXzg1yUzi-cYCYskyBsxvZ2cQU7dcugmRSTMmqGUMGUztN9x677kPBkWiLvpNeehuMYAfxdgbU/s1600/Elbert+Hubbard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh6AyKJQ6TpvLU1xp0EnNrhpqUNLk5o6xeYNXvdFY71r8AUQH8zQ_g3qi0OuK5xDzJBHvXzg1yUzi-cYCYskyBsxvZ2cQU7dcugmRSTMmqGUMGUztN9x677kPBkWiLvpNeehuMYAfxdgbU/s200/Elbert+Hubbard.jpg" width="200" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Philistine</i> became his pulpit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He made himself an American Populist prophet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He personally exemplified the American
self-made man but he was also a satirist calling his fellow citizens to account
for their foolish ways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His style was
blunt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a great speaker, a
humorist, had a tremendous presence on the stage, a master showman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He even did a vaudeville act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had a signature style of dress:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>long hair, flannel shirt, brogans, tie and
hat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was sometimes, or so he said,
refused rooms at hotels in towns were he was to speak.<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">A story about him exemplifies
his image:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One fall day he was raking
leaves in front of the Inn when a wealthy man drove up in horse and buggy and
ordered Hubbard, who he thought a mere hired hand, to hold his horse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The gentleman marched into the Inn and
demanded an audience with Hubbard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
was politely led back outside where Hubbard was patiently holding the reins of
the horse.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard started publishing another magazine, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fra</i>, in 1908. It was a large, 9 x 14 inch format, fine black
and red type and illumination and lots of artful advertisement – his own work<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was “The Journal of Affirmation.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard wrote many of the articles but
published articles by other contributors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was never the success of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Philistine</i> but he continued to publish it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He built a media persona he called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Fra</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It promoted him as the “The Sage of East
Aurora.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard loved the growing community of workers who staffed his
enterprise at East Aurora.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was part
of his legend.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He made himself the
Sheppard of his growing flock:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He became
the benign protector of his company of employees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He treated his employees with fairness and
compassion and provided amenities not typically found around American
businesses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sunday nights he held chapel
and gave free inspirational talks to the staff and public.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Alice Moore<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="Bill">
Another major change in Hubbard’s life was Alice Moore. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alice was a schoolteacher in the area.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was not an attractive woman but had a keen
mind that engaged Hubbard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inevitably
they formed a secret liaison that lasted many years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bertha became aware of the affair and Alice
was sent into exile, to Boston where she pursued graduate work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard, under the pretext of meeting with
his publishers in Boston, continued the liaison.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They had a child together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Learning of this child Bertha confronted
Elbert and for a time they were reconciled, and in fact had another child of
their own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bertha offered to adopt the
child he had by Alice (Alice declined the offer).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
After a number of years of separation Elbert and Alice were drawn
back together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard set up a
household for Alice in Concord, Massachusetts (Emerson’s former home) where
they spent much time together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard
again used the pretense of business for his absences from East Aurora.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The affair was an open secret; Hubbard’s
eldest son actually spent much time with him and Alice in Concord.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inevitably the affair became public and
Bertha filed for divorce and immediately afterwards Elbert and Alice were
married.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
The scandal was a national media event.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The small community of East Aurora was
outraged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of his employees,
however, stood with him and despite some withdrawals, subscriptions to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Philistine</i> actually surged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
In fairness we should note that Hubbard, personally, was deeply
affected by this turn of events.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He and
Bertha actually loved each other deeply and her love for him continued to the
end of her life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was the ideal
corporate wife but Alice was more suited for his bohemian lifestyle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Publically there is another story.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The scandal was enough to ruin most men but Hubbard
was unfazed by it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Being a man of
controversy he indeed thrived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Infamy
being what it is in the American mind, he became the most sought after speaker
in the country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One paper offered him
$30,000 a year for a column.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alice rose
to the occasion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She took over daily
operations at Roycroft and eventually became close to the employees and was
slowly accepted by much of the community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>She was an excellent organizer and proved an invaluable partner for
Hubbard during the remaining years of their lives.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h1>
The Arts and Crafts Movement<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="Bill">
When Emerson visited England in the 1840s he saw the deleterious impact
of industrialism already working on society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He saw the forces of urbanization and steam power reshaping English
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He saw both the wealth and poverty
of the new order.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From this experience he
resolved to seek a path back to nature, to seek a path free of the influences
of European culture, and to find an antidote to industrialism, to urbanism and
to the assault on the human experience they caused.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Emerson wasn’t alone in his revolt against the emerging
industrial order.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Romanticism and
Idealism were strong undercurrents in Britain and in the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emerson met and became lifelong friends of
Thomas Carlyle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carlyle, and John Ruskin
(below), were the pillars of an anti-modernist movement that took root in
England and spread to the US.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was
the foundation of the Arts and Crafts Movement that sought to turn aside from
machine driven industrialism and return to hand crafting products that were
both beautiful and useful.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
<a href="" name="_GoBack"></a>The Arts and Crafts Movement took its form
in the life and work of Englishman William Morris.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morris was both an artist and an
entrepreneur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was also an active and
outspoken socialist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He drew on Thomas
Carlyle and John Ruskin but made his own enduring mark on English cultural life
and his influence spread to Europe and the US.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the US, perhaps the best-known leaders of the Arts and Crafts
movement were Gustav Stickley and Elbert Hubbard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frank Lloyd Wright’s early career was
interwoven with this movement, as were other architects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed a Craftsman home architecture emerged
which included the still popular and efficient bungalow motif<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Borsodi’s home and School of Living building
construction is an example of the Craftsman style.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Carlyle and Ruskin <o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="Bill">
Emerson had read enough of Carlyle to make a long, horse-drawn
detour into Scotland to meet him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite
profound differences in temperament they became life-long friends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emerson helped get Carlyle’s works published
in America.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Thomas Carlyle (1795 – 1881) was a renowned writer and speaker in
his day and is still much studied.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
wrote history and satire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While he lost
the deep faith of his family he retained a Calvinist bias throughout his life: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>extremely moral and often condemnatory in tone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some critics compared him to the Old
Testament prophets and one critic called him “a bombastic preacher.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He hated his industrial age and turned back
to both a medieval and heroic past for role models.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He loved the heroic sagas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He turned to German literature when he
decided that English literature had become degenerated<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He shared with Emerson a love of the German
philosopher Goethe’s idealistic philosophy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His translations of German idealistic literature sold well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Carlyle’s satirical works gave him his first audience but his
major works were in history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps the
most influential of Carlyle’s works was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Past
and Present</i>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Four books and 47
chapters – a daunting pile of verbiage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
wrote a large history of the French Revolution before tuning to the lives of
Napoleon, Cromwell and Frederick the Great. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
He was irascible, difficult and temperamental yet he had a large
popular following and a genius, it was said, for friendship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is little of the objective in his
writing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is almost autobiographical:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a story of his struggle with his world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a called a pamphleteer with a
cause.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He sought to shock.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He used generalities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had a mystical conception of right and
wrong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By drawing people’s attention to
the sprit of the age, the very idea of a spirit of the age, he sought to
provoke them to question the plutocratic Victorian culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
John Ruskin (1819 -1900) was the scion of a wealthy commercial
family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the product of the best
of art and life of his time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruskin’s
father was a successful and wealthy businessman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He paved the way for a life of ease for his
son.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like Morris, with whom he shared
both the wealthy upbringing and doubt about efficacy of is own class, Ruskin
despised modern industrial and commercial life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So too, as we have seen, did Scott and Helen Nearing, who were both born
into wealth and to a lesser extent, Ralph Borsodi, and for that matter Elbert
Hubbard, who turned their backs on the promise of fortune.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
He, like Morris, attended Oxford as a gentleman-commoner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like Morris he was a prize-winning poet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was an accomplished artist but made his
fame as a critic of art and architecture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He traveled extensively in Europe making beautiful sketches and writing
books on style and culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He began
submitting articles for publication when he was fifteen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a severe critic of the drift of
English industrial culture, including art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He was an early and strong supporter of the Pre-Raphael Brotherhood, who
were, in turn, strongly influenced by him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He was an advocate of socialism and supported various radical causes
during his life.<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Carlyle and John Ruskin were unlikely friends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their temperaments were vastly different but
they were drawn by their common distaste of modern culture and love of the
Middle Ages<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where Carlyle scolded, Ruskin explored.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He sought the cause of what he considered
civilization taking a wrong turn.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His founding
principle was aesthetic:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He found his
values in art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He despised capitalism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He saw its bad taste as a real evil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He despised the financial valuation of human
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Money he saw as the value that
corrupted. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVbaCRMeyjT2txDqppAr9mHUJo3fQIugoaVNbBRhhvcu2XzM-P1pfUHAC5LtvAYVtpJ2qwJ5_y73yfEff-NAdZCCP673U6662w2HrA94cMBSw5OIq5_d_n5-f_EgruPceFHMH3lLl1RzGW/s1600/Ruskin+Artwork.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVbaCRMeyjT2txDqppAr9mHUJo3fQIugoaVNbBRhhvcu2XzM-P1pfUHAC5LtvAYVtpJ2qwJ5_y73yfEff-NAdZCCP673U6662w2HrA94cMBSw5OIq5_d_n5-f_EgruPceFHMH3lLl1RzGW/s320/Ruskin+Artwork.jpg" width="320" /></a>Ruskin’s work is widely
known today, and he is still closely studied; for his art, his artistic
criticism and his social criticism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
art, and particularly his sketching, is of the highest quality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He left a small library of writings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These include a broad foundation of theory
about art and architecture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It takes
books to explore his ideas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In brief
however, we can start with the notion about the necessity of artifacts being
beautiful and/or useful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Art, he said,
was not just a matter of taste, not something exterior, but involves the whole
person.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aesthetics is the foundation of
human endeavor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Work without art is
inhumane.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Through the appreciation of
beauty we derive a sense of truth about the world we live in and about
ourselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Art is thus about the conduct
of life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In art is the joy and
fulfillment of life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is art and
architecture, in the end, that defines a people and an epic of history.<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Art is an expression of being, not just appreciation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Art is the foundation of morality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruskin saw a vast difference between
“moralizing” and “moral being.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
practice of art starts not just with technique but with self-exploration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not pencil, pen, brush, paint and
canvas or the myriad skills associated with producing a work of art, but the
exploration and formation of character that comes out of the discipline of art,
of studied observation and deep reflection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Out of the practice of art comes a deeper understanding of self, of
others, of the world of nature and through art the creative expression of
life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Art is never an end, always a
means.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This applies not only to the
creation of works of art but also to any endeavor in life.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Ruskin coined the term “Illth,” a term adopted by the Nearings
and Borsodi and Hubbard, to define the dark side of commercialism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It means “ill-being,” rather than
“well-being.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruskin saw in rampant
commercialization, and particularly the extensive division of labor in industry,
which reduced jobs to mindless, repetitive, skill-less drudgery (as did Borsodi
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">This Ugly Civilization</i>) the root
cause of Illth.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h2>
William Morris<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="Bill" style="text-indent: 0in;">
William Morris (1834 – 1896) was born
into a wealthy commercial family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
father died when he was 13 but left the family very well off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was Welsh but barely acknowledge the
heritage that so formed his temperament<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At an early age he was drawn to the history
and art of the Middle Ages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He inherited
a love of that era from his father.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
grew up, in grand Victorian style, on a country estate surrounded by
greenery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He received a classical
education at a boarding school established for the sons of British gentlemen
commoners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was trained in the
Imperial tradition, founded by Thomas Arnold, to mold young Christian gentlemen
into an Aristocracy to rule England and the Empire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He then went to Oxford where he briefly
studied history and deepened his fascination with the Middle Ages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did not take his degree.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Oxford he began to meet the artistic friends
who would shape his life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He started
writing poetry (and later was considered a successor to Keats and as the
English poet laureate) and practiced art (only one oil painting survives).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After Oxford he briefly articled as an
architecture apprentice. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1851 the
Crystal Palace, the iconic image of industrial progress, dominated the London
skyline.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morris refused to attend what
he considered a garish, artless, exhibition.<span style="font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill" style="text-indent: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
When he came of age Morris inherited a sizable annual income from
his father’s estate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was free to
spend his life as he pleased.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He fell
under the influence of the Pre-Raphael Brotherhood (see “A little Journey,”
below).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Brotherhood was founded by a
group of artist in 1848 and Morris and his Oxford friends joined a few years
later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were part of a group that
developed a distinctive a style in protest to what they considered a corrupted
Renaissance art following Michelangelo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They sought themes that were natural, realistic, and painted with bright
colors (see image below).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The great
majority of their paintings were portraiture with a medieval theme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
In the Brotherhood Morris found kindred spirits, both as artists
and in social values.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Medievalism was
popular among the romantic youth of the day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was in no small part a revolt against industrialization as depicted
in Dickens’ England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They shared a
growing hatred of modern civilization with its shoddiness, loss of community
and appalling poverty. The Middle Ages became their lost golden age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Morris and friends gathered to read Morte d’Arthur on Sundays and
they learned Sir Galahad by heart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Theirs was a chivalric joust with Victorianism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Brotherhood adopted the values of art as
a guide to self-development and reformation of a world turning ugly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It provided a retreat into a timeless,
dreamy, mystical world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It gave them a
sense of mystery, of the sacred, and a dedication to ideals largely unappreciated
at that time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a bohemian life,
iconoclastic, an outlet for youthful energy and carried a hint of
outlawry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Brotherhood gave them a
sense of organic community, based on pre-capitalistic values, mutual
helpfulness and a sense of social obligation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Many embraced High Anglicanism and drew moral strength from it but were
full of doubts and misgivings about established religion.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGSuAGGuLxg2Szlg6w3LNgvIPgsT_cnkyaYiVqwFKJyDwOjHKTzWeiPWcDo24uoq5yvJQFKzEfao-ETDb1SYh3lREmxbGixJtjhrtNV1sUPHqzr1cBKMss2n4vvW60sucN1EDcw0xDArlQ/s1600/N01543_9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGSuAGGuLxg2Szlg6w3LNgvIPgsT_cnkyaYiVqwFKJyDwOjHKTzWeiPWcDo24uoq5yvJQFKzEfao-ETDb1SYh3lREmxbGixJtjhrtNV1sUPHqzr1cBKMss2n4vvW60sucN1EDcw0xDArlQ/s320/N01543_9.jpg" width="320" /></a>One participant in the
works of the Pre-Raphael artist, at least in the passive role of model, was
Morris’ wife, Jane Burden.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She appeared
in Morris’ one surviving oil painting but her face and figure are found in the
works of other Brotherhood artists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
paintings were set against medieval backgrounds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She had a melancholy beauty that evoked a
protective chivalric response.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was
said to be the Guinevere of the Brotherhood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Like Guinevere, who betrayed King Arthur, Jane took up with one of
Morris’ closest friends in a triage to which he seemingly acquiesced. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
During the last eight years of his life Morris wrote six
novels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The themes were utopian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">News
From Nowhere</i> perhaps best summaries the ideals in these.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Nowhere” is a more or less literal
translation of “utopia.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In it a
character of his time has a vivid dream of England in the mid-twenty-first
century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He “awakes” a stranger in this
new world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some things are familiar but
much is astonishing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a world of
happy people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no
government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are no schools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no money.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are no machines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Horses draw carts and wagons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no ugliness, no squalor, no poverty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everything is produced by people seeking to
express themselves through their work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When the land was opened at the close of the industrial age, the story
goes, people flocked back to it eager to grow their own food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Food and handmade goods are found in stalls
where one is given what one needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Everyone offers what they can.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
balance is instinctively achieved to keep society prosperous.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Morris might be said to be the jewel in the crown of the arts and
crafts movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had not only the
vision but also energy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He loved work,
hated idleness, and bristled with superabundant energy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was audacious and versatile.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His vision was of an earthly paradise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Industry had killed art and civilization so
he sought to banish the machine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
an English paradise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Art is the spirit
of England, he said.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ugly is moral
baseness – he might have said sinful but he was a pagan at heart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His England was that of Chaucer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He idealized a time (more ideal than real) when
there was order in the land, a beautifully ordered countryside where nature and
art were blended.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He sought to restore
that beauty. He revived ancient crafts<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He loved the old buildings, churches, barns
and even peasant cottages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They seemed
to grow out of the ground, well made, of good materials and built under happy
conditions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beauty, he strongly
believed, leads to happiness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
revival of craftsmanship he saw a revival of hope.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h1>
Arts, Crafts and Government<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="Bill">
It may be worthwhile to look at how the ideas of our subjects
translate into government and politics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
The three Englishmen<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
were, it must be said, very European in their outlook.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were drawn to a medieval past that, for
all its shortcomings, was stable and meaningful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It represented a pre-industrial ideal.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Carlyle, who had the humblest origin of the three Englishmen, had
a deeply feudal view of life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was
undemocratic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He preferred aristocratic
rule to socialism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While he respected
the institution of Parliament he saw the men at 10 Downing Street as weak
political leaders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He believed the times
called for strong but good, disinterest and competent men who acted in the
greater interest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They would, he
idealistically believed, achieve loyalty through their fitness to rule.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Ruskin, though of commoner origins was schooled in the Victorian
ideal of aristocratic leadership.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like
Carlyle he was anti-democratic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He did
not, however, believe in Carlyle’s heroic leadership.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His remedy was the planned, socialistic
society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Morris’s started his political activity supporting liberal causes
and was drawn into socialism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At that
time a strong socialist movement was building in England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Fabians, formed towards the end of his
life, would include such notables as Sidney and Beatrice Webb, George Bernard
Shaw and H. G. Wells.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morris, a
contemporary of Marx, who lived out much of his life in London, was sympathetic
to communism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morris, like Ruskin, saw industrial commercialism
as the enemy of art and of society, as an oppression of the working class and
destructive to skilled craftsmanship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
was anti-capital, anti-Victorian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But,
unlike Marx, he believed that the common people, the workers, should abandon
the industrial mode of production and return to the land and the small
shop.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He wrote much about his ideals and
was in demand as a political speaker.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
America rejected both the feudal past and aristocratic rule in
favor of downhome democracy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That is,
with the exception of the likes of Alexander Hamilton<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
who was anti-democratic and championed an American commercial aristocracy; an
attitude which Jefferson, Jackson and other notable American’s opposed.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Elbert Hubbard was of such a democratic mind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was raised a Midwestern country boy whose
education was in Emerson, Whitman and Populism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He embraced the idea of a laissez-faire for its emphasis on self-reliance
but had little to say, in fact, about government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His writings idealized self-development and
self-realization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Borsodi, with his conviction
of decentralization, was entirely sympathetic with local people running their
own affairs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For him people could learn
what they needed to live well from the community school and very adequately
govern their own local affairs.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h1>
Arts and Crafts in America<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="Bill">
Following Morris’ example, numerous craft guilds were established
in Britain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some were corporations, like
Morris’ Firm, while others were groups of craftsmen forming themselves into
guild-like associations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was a
common rejection of modernism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was
always that underlying romantic value of the dignity of work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most had a political, a socialist, agenda<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ruskin had his own guild, a feudalistic
association, under his admittedly benevolent aristocratic leadership.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The movement spread to both Europe and
America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Europe, in Germany, it took
a bizarre path into mechanization as exemplified by Bauhaus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Bauhaus style turned man and nature into
machines and produced the ultramodern style of architecture characterized by
concrete, steel, and glass; composed of stark and harsh angles<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
The Arts and Crafts movement also produced the art nouveau style
that represented a streamlined, fast-moving life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tiffany would become an iconic, stylistic,
and expensive, American tradition.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
The United States already had a deeply rooted folk art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shaker style furniture was popular in the
last quarter of the nineteenth century (and is today).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shaker design was derived from an ascetic
lifestyle, simple, plain and very finely crafted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Hudson River School, with vast landscapes
of the American frontier portrayed on large canvases, made a mark in romantic
art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were art colonies<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
and institutes that promoted arts and letters all over the country, such as
Chautauqua and the Delphian Society just to name two.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were architects who designed and built
craftsman-styled houses, perhaps most notably Richardson and Green and
Green.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gustav Stickley’s company
produced both fine mission furniture and craftsman home designs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were mail order, prefabricated,
craftsman homes that could be bought from catalogs and shipped by rail.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Morris had a profound influence on the Arts and Crafts movement
and industry that emerged in the US during the last decade of the nineteenth
century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were art exhibits at the
great exhibitions and the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While these exhibits brought art and
artifacts from around the world, and particularly awakened an interest in
oriental art, they also brought the English Arts and Crafts movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps the two best-known exemplars of this
style, transplanted in America, were Stickley and Hubbard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
But a final note:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where
did medievalism go?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is still very
much with us.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can be found in Mary
Stewart’s popular books on Merlin and King Arthur, in the sword and sorcery
genre of fantastic fiction, in the profound popularity of Tolkien’s works, in
Star Wars, in Harry Potter, and a vast range of romantic literature and
cinema.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many cities host Renaissance
Fairs where one may spend a day in medieval surroundings.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h1>
A Literature of Protest<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="Bill">
Elbert Hubbard’s literature of protest was directed to the common
man and woman of America during one of its most progressive periods<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. Hubbard
started Roycroft at a time the American Frontier Movement was reaching its apex.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was the era of the self-reliant farmer and
small town businessman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was the era
of Populism and Progressivism, two movements Ralph Borsodi cut his teeth
on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was an expression of Emerson’s
Self-Reliance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard was an exemplar
of the self-made (wo)man but deep in his soul was a yearning for a type of life
Borsodi came to call “quality mindedness.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard expressed his deeper yearnings in writings and in
products.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Roycroft products included
furniture, beaten copper and leather goods and above all finely printed
books.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were handcrafted books set unhurriedly
and carefully in type with hand-painted illustrations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His market was not the wealthy but the middle
class, the rising class of self-reliant people who gave the American Century
its character.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was the age of
Mainstreet, of small-town roots and sense of community, local self-reliance, a
willingness to work and a well-formed, down-home character; an age that formed
the values of a people who wanted above all peace – now lamented by many, now
aging people, who experienced the last remnants of the culture.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h2>
The Philistine<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="Bill">
This little, pocket-sized, journal was available for a
subscription of one dollar per year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
was tastefully done; advertisements were bits of artwork, mostly crafted by
Hubbard himself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The insides of the
covers contained quotable epigrams.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
bulk of the writing was done by Hubbard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The theme was often “Heart-to-Heart Talks with Philistines by the Pastor
of his Flock.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I find in these issues
stream-of-consciousness writing, anecdotes, aphorisms, thoughts on the
conditions of the world at large; reminders of the style of Franklin’s popular “Poor
Richard’s Almanac,” of an earlier era.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hubbard expressed his opinions with wit and satire:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Things can be better than the trite stuff of
established life.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
In one issue I find a little piece, a page and a half, that
should appeal to those today, a century later, concerned with raising the
minimum wage:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoQuote">
“We are hearing a good deal about the high cost of living,
but things are going to be higher than they are now, and we had better make up
our mind to it and not shed any lachrymose pearly drops.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoQuote">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Henry Ford’s five
dollars a day as a minimum wage is not so very far away, and it is understood
that any man who is paid five dollars a day for his labor is to do a minimum of
monkeying and for him supervision is to be reduced to a chemical trace.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoQuote">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“A higher standard of
wages means a higher standard of living, and a higher standard of living means
better men and better women.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoQuote">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“We are farmers, manufacturers,
railroad men, miners, merchants, teachers, and when all Europe is cultivating
paresis, fighting, destroying, and all the time consuming, this is our
opportunity, and we are going to improve it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard liked to write stories he found inspiring, such as the
following: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoQuote">
“Then there is another man here who has builded himself a
monument, and set a standard in well-doing that is bound to make his name
deathless.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoQuote">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The man is Jesse L.
Nusbaum, born in Michigan, educated in Denver, graduated into the Desert, and
given his Ph.D., his A.M, and his Phi Beta Kappa key from the Hopis and Zunis
in joint council assembled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nusbaum is
an ethnologist, a naturalist, a man of mountain and plain, and a builder.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoQuote">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“With the aid of the
Indians, …., he has reproduced … habitations [that] will house a hundred
people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tier on tier scrapes the sky,
built of stone, wood, adobe, thatched after the manner of Indians of the olden
time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You reach it by ladders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The place is wild, weird, strange and
represents the rudimentary survival of a civilization fast becoming but a
memory of things that were.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoQuote">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
People attribute the quote “Build a better mousetrap, and the
world will beat a path to your door” to Emerson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Actually it was Hubbard who penned that line.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h1>
Little Journeys<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard produced “Little Journeys” month after month for nearly
twenty years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were originally
published in pamphlets, six by eight inches, bound in butcher paper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are 170 of these Little Journeys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They have since been bound into fine volumes,
fourteen of them stretching a half-yard of shelf.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
The volume titles of the collected works include:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Good Men and Great, Famous Women, American
Statesmen, Eminent Painters, English Authors, Eminent Artists, Eminent Orators,
Great Philosophers, Great Reformers, Great Teachers, Great Businessmen, Great
Scientists, Great Lovers and Great Musicians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h2>
A Little Journey<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="Bill">
I have the original, 1902 edition, of Hubbard’s “Little Journey”
to the home of the great artist Raphael, one of the 12 eminent artists Hubbard
“visited.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The story starts,
coincidentally, with reference to Morris and the Pre-Raphaelite movement:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The term ‘Pre-Raphaelite’ traces a royal
linage to William Morris.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just what the
word really meant, William Morris was not sure, yet he once expressed the hope
that he would some day know ….”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is,
in fact, the story of brotherhood.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard opened his biography of Raphael in the little city of
Urbanio, Italy, his birthplace, in 1483.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The house where he was born still stands and in it is a Madonna and Child,
painted by his father; the faces, as was the tradition of this era, are those
of an infant Raphael and his mother.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
mother died when he was eight, the father at 11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The story is that he was dearly loved child
of what we would today call a middle class family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His care passed on to a stepmother who also
loved him and a local priest, who seeing Raphael’s extraordinary talent
apprenticed him to Perugino, a renowned artist of his day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Raphael soon outshone his master but the
story is that they shared a warm friendship to the end of Raphael’s life.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
At 21 Raphael went to Florence where he quickly attained the top
tier in the rank of artist that included Leonardo and Michelangelo, a brotherhood
of artist founded on mutual respect – there being no shortage of work, no
demand for competition except in the excellence of the art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And like them he wins the favor and
friendship of popes.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Raphael married late, his bride soon died and within a year he
joined her in a common crypt at age 37.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
As with all of Hubbard’s work, there is a moral to the tale, so
let’s return to the beginning of this Little Journey, back to William Morris
and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
Brotherhood, that included Morris and seven friends, was a group that, as noted
above, left an indelible mark on English art and culture and no small
impression on its social philosophy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Raphael became the advocate of a radical aesthetic mood:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“He used the human form and the whole natural
world as symbols of spirit … [a] haunting and subtle spiritual
wistfulness.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This mood is reflected in
the Madonna figures, portrayed as “tender, gentle and trustful;” as expressed
in Morris’s and friends attraction to the Arthurian mythos, of chivalry and
country romance of a vanished age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard related that this mood can be found in Morris’ “John
Ball” story of the Ideal, Romantically inspired, Life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This life is simple.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Work is done for the love of it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When things are wanted they are made by
hand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no division of labor, no
deformation of the spirit:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men and woman
are skilled in many ways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no
disparity of wealth and poverty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
is a deep sense of place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Art is an
expression of the beauty and joy of life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hubbard summarizes this as “the Ideal -- & the Natural.”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
There is in this art, Hubbard wrote, an elemental paganism and so
it was in Raphael’s time – a pagan infidelity the Popes, who championed the
early renaissance (and we must remember this is the lifetime of Columbus and
the spread of printing), men more worldly than those of earlier and later,
darker times, winked at, acknowledged and dismissed for the sake of the
sublimity of spirit in the art.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morris
and friends were less fortunate in their time, suffering biting criticisms for
their apostasy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Hubbard celebrated this pagan spirit (and it is a mood we find in
Emerson’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nature</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard saw in this elemental sentiment
something universal in the human soul, shared across time and space, that
defines a human brotherhood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Yes,” he
wrote, “we are all brothers, to all who have trod the earth….”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h1>
Eclipse<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="Bill">
In the spring of 1915, Hubbard booked passage for himself and
Alice on the Lusitania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had been
writing and speaking against the war in Europe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He wanted a closer look.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Knowing
the danger he tried to dissuade Alice but she refused.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arm-in-arm they strode aboard this
ill-destined ship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On May 7th a German
U-boat torpedoed the Lusitania<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He and Alice slipped into the depths, it is
rumored, in the privacy of their cabin; entombed together at the bottom of the
sea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Of all the victims of this tragedy, and there were other eminent
men and women aboard, Hubbard, it has been suggested, was the most
mourned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The nation’s papers lingered
over the story; a great American icon had been lost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In East Aurora the town came out, and many
more – 3,000 in fact, following the mayor and a grieving Bertha Hubbard, to pay
their last respect to him on the Roycroft campus.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
His son, Elbert Hubbard, Jr. took over management of Roycroft
with the assistance of an ad-man Hubbard had hired, Felix Shea<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Publication of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Philistine</i> ceases – only Elbert Hubbard had the style to
produce that journal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A memorial edition
of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fra</i> was published but it too
went out of print after a year or so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Roycroft continued until 1932 when it too slipped under the waves of the
Great Depression.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Inn remains in
operation and there is a small museum and an association of Roycrofters,
followers of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fra</i>, still cherishing
his legend now a century after his death.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Original copies of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Philistine</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fra</i> can be
costly but examples can be found.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So too
original single prints of “Little Journeys,” but bound sets of these can be
found in relative abundance for under a hundred dollars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a very readable collection.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Three books, in various editions, of Hubbard’s works were
published posthumously by his son:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Note
Book of Elbert Hubbard<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Elbert
Hubbard’s Scrap Book<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="Bill" style="margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Philosophy of Elbert Hubbard<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
In these three volumes, which can be secured at very reasonable
cost, can be found much of what Hubbard thought and wrote during his life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h1>
Final Thoughts<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="Bill">
The Arts and Crafts Movement shares a parallel life with the
Homesteading Movement Ralph Borsodi exemplified.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both were founded on undercurrents of
Populism and Progressivism, the two great liberal movements that defined the
lives of Hubbard and Borsodi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both men
shared a profound misgiving about the course American life was taking in the
twentieth century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both were businessmen
and economic reformers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both sought to
elevate the quality of life and mind of everyday people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both exemplified Emerson’s great ideal of
Self-Reliance, of stalwart individualism, of deep thinking, of love of the land
and fields, and in the challenge of outworn and outdated institutions and superstitions.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Of the two, Hubbard was more capitalistic and even nationalistic
in his attitude, but saying that, he abhorred the excesses of both the robber barons
and the jingoist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard loved America;
he loved the land, the people and the great liberal traditions of the country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard was a master showman and
salesman:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>he loved the stage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He read voraciously.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a talented writer who exercised wit
and a biting sarcasm to shred the façade of unquestioned values.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His literary output was huge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His profound love of beauty and quality, at
affordable cost, shaped every activity to which he turned his hand.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
I can only wonder what Hubbard might have done had he lived into
the post World War I era, let alone into the Great Depression.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard died before Ralph Borsodi found his
vocation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I don’t know if Borsodi read
Hubbard.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’m not sure they would have
agreed about many things, but I’m sure they would have shared a wide range of
values about the regeneration of the American society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Arts and crafts has always been bedrock for the School of Living
and the intentional community movement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
is a deeply rooted value of practices such as permaculture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We find it in the carefully handcrafted
products we make and buy and in the tradition of living on the land.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The American farmer has a long tradition of
adding craft to husbandry to supplement income and to fill the winter months
with productive work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard found a
way to provide a living wage to 500 crafts(wo)men and to produce a large volume
of fine products, many of which are valued to this day, a century since his
death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His example teaches us something
important about building a community economy of quality; an economy of that is
both prosperous and cultivates the good life.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<h2>
Century Twenty-one<o:p></o:p></h2>
<div class="Bill">
My purpose is not to just tell an old story, a great story of how
we came to better define our humanity, but to suggest a new story.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Elbert Hubbard has been gone for a century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From Emerson to Hubbard to Borsodi we see a
continuity and steady development of an ideal, and models for realizing that
idea, for reversing the dehumanization of industrialization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Borsodi gave us a model of a human-scaled
agriculture and agrarian community, centered upon a school to develop a sense
of quality in life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard gave us a
model for a human and community scale of economic enterprise that produces
goods that enhance the quality and humanity of life, including quality books
(and journals) that have raised the consciousness of untold numbers of people.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Emerson felt the shift, the decline, in our sense of humanity as
the industrial era dawned; Hubbard as it reached it’s peak and Borsodi as we
shifted into a global economy that has shaped, and caused anxiety in our lives
today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All sought to elevate our
consciousness to a greater sense of self-reliance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Today our sense of security is undermined by a perfect wave of
challenges including climate change, steadily rising population and a finance
driven economy that produces wealth for a few and insecurity for the many.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
Food security is a ticking bomb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>An organism, or society, is only as secure as its source of food.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Storms, draughts, exhaustion and development
of farmland, water scarcity, the rising cost of energy and political and
economic insecurity around the globe, are all matters of concern.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Friends living in our great cities are talking
to me about their dependence upon resources beyond their reach; resources that they
feel are becoming increasingly doubtful.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
The back-to-the-land movement starts with the idea of a secure
homestead that can produce what a family needs to survive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The School of Living is about creating
communities of homesteaders; communities of people with an elevated sense of
humanity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hubbard’s Roycroft was about
meeting the material and cultural needs of the community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The answer to the needs of cities is clearly
in developing a regional food system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
is in rebuilding America’s capacity to produce its own material goods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dominant agricultural and industrial business
is not going to change.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An alternative
is clearly needed and I strongly argue that alternative is to be found in a
localization movement that is founded upon self-reliant families and
communities and small, family owned farms and shops that produce an abundance
to serve the urban markets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And yes,
there is land and labor in the cities that can be repurposed along these lines.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Bill">
<br /></div>
<div class="Bill">
We need a model updated to the conditions of the twenty-first
century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have the foundation; we need
the infrastructure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More coming on this.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
A Philistine, in this context, is one who is dismissive and critical of shoddy
culture and social practices.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
The demand for soap represented a growing concern for cleanliness, sanitation
and good health.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
That fortune built at least two Frank Lloyd Wright (himself strongly influenced
by the Arts and Crafts movement) masterpieces in Buffalo, the Larkin Building,
now gone, and the Martin house, now under reconstruction.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Hubbard invented the practice of just dropping off a box of soap products at
people’s houses and letting them decide if the products were worth paying
for.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No bills, no sales pressure, no
hassle. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Ingersol was flamboyant; a larger than life figure in an age of showmen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a personal style that attracted
Hubbard.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
His settlement would, in those days, provide a comfortable upper middle class
life for Hubbard and family for life, indeed would have the buying power of
nearly $2,000,000 today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Subscriptions to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Philistine</i>
exceeded 200,00 by the end of Hubbard’s life.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Like Borsodi, Hubbard built with stone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He paid local farmers a dollar a wagonload for stones from their fields.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Perihelion is when a planet is closest and stands out bright and beautiful. It
suggest a person who has done something of note. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
The Roycroft Inn is still in business.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Ralph Borsodi was also a successful ad man, working for his father’s printing
business.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Fra symbolizes both “brother” and spiritual advisor.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Wright’s Usonian house reflected, in a more modernistic form, this cozy and
efficiency type of dwelling and his Broadacre City was a community of one acre
homesteads.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Much as Tolkien turned to Nordic traditions expressed in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Hobbit</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lord of
the Rings</i>.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
There are those who dismiss the Middle Ages as violent and brutal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And for that matter, Raphael’s own
Renaissance, Machiavellian age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
In contrast, Frank Lloyd Wright, who was also of Welsh decent, treasured the
primal cultural heritage which he expressed in his organic architecture, naming
his home, in fact, Taliesin after a great Welsh tradition.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
His stained glass and other traditional crafts adorned many ancient buildings.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
And we could add to this distinguished list of industrial critics the names of
Blake (“dark Satanic Mills”), Wordsworth and Coleridge. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Hamilton, a student of Adam Smith, was the architect of the American industrial
order.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Today that agenda can be found in the social justice theme of the
sustainability movement.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Art historian do suggest that modern, abstract art is an expression of the
existential angst of the day; chaos, confusion, disharmony, atonality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ironically Picasso’s, and other radical
artist of his time, were the inspiration for military camouflage, abstract forms
that break up the shape of objects and confuse the sense of sight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Camouflage has indeed become a sophisticated
art form.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Scott and Helen Nearing were members of such communities.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Hubbard visited it.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
It was a style that Mildred Loomis was very good at a lifetime after Hubbard’s
prime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Footnote">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The commander of the
U-20, <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Kapitänleutnant Walther
Schwieger followed the Lusitania’s victims to a watery grave in 1917 after
sinking 49 ships, the sixth highest score by a German U-boat commander.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3951928925514304552#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Shea wrote a biography about Hubbard. Albert Lane wrote a book about Hubbard
and his work at an early stage of his career. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another good biography, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">As Bees in Honey Drown</i>, was written by East Aurora resident Charles
Hamilton in close collaboration with Hubbard’s eldest son.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is mostly the story of Hubbard and Alice,
a woman that Hubbard, Jr. deeply admired despite the strain of the affair on
their family<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Bill Sharphttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06092279153298758860noreply@blogger.com2